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Journal articles on the topic 'Fetal measurements'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Ferraioli, Armando. "Fetal Physiological Measurements." Journal of Clinical Engineering 13, no. 6 (November 1988): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004669-198811000-00012.

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Płotka, Szymon, Adam Klasa, Aneta Lisowska, Joanna Seliga-Siwecka, Michał Lipa, Tomasz Trzciński, and Arkadiusz Sitek. "Deep learning fetal ultrasound video model match human observers in biometric measurements." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 045013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac4d85.

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Abstract Objective. This work investigates the use of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to automatically perform measurements of fetal body parts, including head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length, and to estimate gestational age and fetal weight using fetal ultrasound videos. Approach. We developed a novel multi-task CNN-based spatio-temporal fetal US feature extraction and standard plane detection algorithm (called FUVAI) and evaluated the method on 50 freehand fetal US video scans. We compared FUVAI fetal biometric measurements with measurements made by five experienced sonographers at two time points separated by at least two weeks. Intra- and inter-observer variabilities were estimated. Main results. We found that automated fetal biometric measurements obtained by FUVAI were comparable to the measurements performed by experienced sonographers The observed differences in measurement values were within the range of inter- and intra-observer variability. Moreover, analysis has shown that these differences were not statistically significant when comparing any individual medical expert to our model. Significance. We argue that FUVAI has the potential to assist sonographers who perform fetal biometric measurements in clinical settings by providing them with suggestions regarding the best measuring frames, along with automated measurements. Moreover, FUVAI is able perform these tasks in just a few seconds, which is a huge difference compared to the average of six minutes taken by sonographers. This is significant, given the shortage of medical experts capable of interpreting fetal ultrasound images in numerous countries.
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Rosati, Paolo, and Lorenzo Guariglia. "Early Transvaginal Fetal Orbital Measurements." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 22, no. 11 (November 2003): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2003.22.11.1201.

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4

Kastler, Bruno, Afshin Gangi, Carole Mathelin, Philippe Germain, Jean-Marie Arhan, Alain Treisser, Jean Louis Dietemann, and Auguste Wackenheim. "Fetal Shoulder Measurements with MRI." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 17, no. 5 (September 1993): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199309000-00021.

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5

Li, Xiao Bing, Gregor Kasprian, Jacqueline C. Hodge, Xiao Li Jiang, Dieter Bettelheim, Peter C. Brugger, and Daniela Prayer. "Fetal ocular measurements by MRI." Prenatal Diagnosis 30, no. 11 (September 8, 2010): 1064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.2612.

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6

Murao, F., H. Takamori, K. Hata, T. Hata, and M. Kitao. "Fetal liver measurements by ultrasonography." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 25, no. 5 (October 1987): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(87)90344-4.

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7

Idigo, Felicitas, Kingsley Ajibo, Angel-Mary Anakwue, Uloma Nwogu, and Ebbi Robinson. "Sonographic measurement of ear length among normal fetuses of pregnant Igbo women in port Harcourt, Nigeria." African Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.43.

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Background: Fetal ear length measurement has been associated with some clinical values: sonographic marker for chromo- somal aneuploidy and for biometric estimation of fetal gestational age. Objectives: To establish a baseline reference value for fetal ear length and to assess relationship between fetal ear length and gestational age. Methods: Ear length measurements were obtained prospectively from fetuses in 551 normal singleton pregnancies of 15 to 41 weeks gestation. Normal cases were defined as normal sonographic findings during examination plus normal infant post-delivery. The relationship between gestational age (GA) in weeks and fetal ear length (FEL) in millimeters were analyzed by simple linear regression. Correlation of FEL measurements with GA, biparietal diameter (BPD), Head circumference (HC), Abdominal Circumference (AC), Femur Length (FL) and maternal age (MA) were also obtained. Results: Linear relationships were found between FEL and GA (FEL=0.872GA-2.972). There was a high correlation between FEL and GA (r = 0.837; P = .001). Good linear relationship and strong positive correlation were demonstrated between FEL and BPD, AC, HC, and FL (p<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study provides normal baseline reference value for FEL. The study also showed good linear relationship and good correlation between FEL and fetal biometric measurements. Keywords: Fetal ear length; sonographic measurement; chromosomal aneuploidy.
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8

Maršál, Karel. "Antenatal Diagnosis of Intrauterine Growth Retardation by Ultrasound." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 8, S1 (January 1992): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300013064.

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AbstractUltrasound estimation of fetal weight or ultrasound measurement of fetal abdomen alone enables identification of small-for-gestational-age fetuses. A prerequisite for this is a reliable dating of pregnancy, which is provided by a routine ultrasound screening in the first half of gestation. The fetal growth can be followed by serial fetometric measurements. As a standard, charts of intrauterine growth based on the ultrasonic measurement can be used. As a secondary diagnostic test for monitoring fetal health in pregnancies suspected of intrauterine growth retardation, Doppler ultrasound evaluation of fetal and uteroplacental hemodynamics provided useful for early detection of imminent fetal distress.
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9

RAHMATULLAH, BAHBIBI, and ROSLI BESAR. "COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL-BASED SEGMENTATION METHODS FOR FETAL FEMUR LENGTH MEASUREMENTS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 07, no. 03 (September 2007): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519407002327.

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Measurement of fetal femur length is crucial for the estimation of fetal age and growth pattern. Due to the noisy nature of ultrasound images and the variation in image acquisition and measurement techniques, manual measurements are subject to interobserver and intraobserver variability. The motivation of this paper is to study the efficiency of automated methods used in the femur endpoint detection module of our proposed computer-assisted processing and analysis system, which is employed to determine the gestational age for promoting the standardization of fetal femur measurements, thus resulting in more reliable age estimates. The proposed methods are based on the morphological operators methods5and the morphological watershed segmentation method. We applied these methods on a set of 100 digitized fetal femur images of size 287 × 224 pixels with 256 gray-level images and a resolution of 100 pixels per inch (ppi) horizontally and vertically. The results showed that the watershed method was the more efficient one and gave reliable results for every femur image tested.
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10

Neilson, J. P. "Fetal Growth in Twin Pregnancies." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 37, no. 1 (January 1988): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000004232.

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AbstractIn 65 consecutive twin pregnancies, 722 measurement of fetal abdominal circumference have been obtained with ultrasound. Zygosity was established after delivery in 85% of the pregnancies. There was no difference in mean abdominal circumference measurements between monozygotic and dizygotic pregnancies. In both groups, the pattern of growth was linear throughout pregnancy in contrast to that predicted by birth-weight for gestational age charts. It is suggested that increasing trunk flexion, in later twin pregnancy, may distort accurate abdominal circumference measurement.
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11

Triwerdani, Arum, Syaifudin Syaifudin, Bedjo Utomo, and Abdul Basit. "Mechanical Fetal Simulator for Fetal Doppler Testing." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v4i2.5.

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The continuous use of fetal Doppler allows for discrepancies in values ​​that lead to misdiagnoses in patients. This study aims to determine the effect of sound source distance on the fetal simulator with the measurement point. The contribution of this research is that the mechanical fetal heart system has 4 distances so that later it can be analyzed whether there is an influence of the location of the sound source on the accuracy of measurements using a fetal simulator. To get the desired distance, a solenoid is used which ends with a pipe of 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 50 cm respectively. The solenoid used in the fetal simulator functions as a producer of the fetal heart. There is a rotary switch that functions for solenoid selection, namely 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm and 50 cm solenoids. Data collection was carried out on each solenoid and by placing the Doppler probe perpendicular and tilted. On the solenoid with a distance of 50 cm all measurement results exceed the allowable tolerance limit. The results showed that the BPM value of the two Doppler brands did not have a significant difference in value. When measuring fetal Doppler, the largest error value was 2.67%. The results of this study can be used as a reference when conducting an examination
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12

Bergstrom, Richard W. "Fetal Hemoglobin Alters Hemoglobin A_1c Measurements." Annals of Internal Medicine 115, no. 8 (October 15, 1991): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-8-656_1.

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13

Dawes, G. S. "The fetal ECG: accuracy of measurements." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 100, s9 (March 1993): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb10629.x.

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14

Evans, Tony. "Oh No, Not Fetal Measurements Again!" BMUS Bulletin 10, no. 1 (February 2002): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742271x0201000123.

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15

Ruissen, C. J., J. M. G. van Vugt, H. J. Hoogland, A. P. G. Hoeks, and J. de Haan. "Technical Aspects of Fetal Doppler Measurements." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 24, no. 1 (1987): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000298768.

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16

Bistoletti, Peter. "Fetal Weight Prediction by Ultrasound Measurements." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 22, no. 2 (1986): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000298895.

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17

Exacoustos, C., P. Rosati, G. Rizzo, and D. Arduini. "Ultrasound measurements of fetal limb bones." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01050325.x.

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18

Fayn, Evgueni, Daniel H. Zavitz, Howard A. Chou, Betina F. Cuneo, Emine Kübra Dindar, Terence Harper, Jack Garon, David Lipson, Boris M. Petrikovsky, and Marc Ovadia. "Impedance measurements on human fetal skin." Heart Rhythm 2, no. 5 (May 2005): S43—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.02.143.

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19

Bergmans, M. G. M., H. P. van Geijn, T. Weber, C. Nickelsen, S. Schmidt, and P. P. van den Berg. "Fetal transcutaneous Pco2 measurements during labour." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 51, no. 1 (September 1993): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(93)90183-d.

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20

Liu, Yuwei, Rongrong Xuan, Yuhuan He, Feng Ren, and Yaodong Gu. "Computation of Fetal Kicking in Various Fetal Health Examinations: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074366.

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Fetal movement has always been considered an essential indicator to evaluate the health of the unborn fetus. Many factors affect fetal movement. The frequency of fetal kicking is an important measurement of whether fetal development is progressing and healthy. Various instruments and methods of detecting fetal movement have been used and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Although limited by the fetal environment in utero, the finite element method and musculoskeletal model can be used to calculate fetal lower limb movement. This review aims to summarize the current detection techniques for fetal movement, especially in the lower limbs. These will be outlined by describing the different measurements of fetal movement, and the related biomechanical analyses of fetal lower limb skeletogenesis and the associated muscular development to better evaluate and calculate the movements of the fetus in the womb.
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21

Vinkesteijn, A. S. M., P. G. H. Mulder, and J. W. Wladimiroff. "Fetal transverse cerebellar diameter measurements in normal and reduced fetal growth." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 15, no. 1 (January 2000): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00024.x.

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22

Harrison, Gill, and Vickie Aitken. "Fetal Biometry in Obstetric Practice." BMUS Bulletin 5, no. 1 (February 1997): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742271x9700500103.

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Fetal biometry plays an important role in every woman's antenatal care. As clinical decisions are based on these measurements it is imperative that standards are kept high and all departments use standardised charts. Thus minimising inaccurate diagnoses in fetal dating and growth estimation, which may have serious consequences for fetal well being. Standardisation of fetal biometry was assessed by circulating a postal questionnaire to superintendent sonographers in 121 hospitals within the Thames regions. The main aims were to determine whose charts were in use and the measurement techniques employed; to investigate the impact of more recently published charts; and to study other related issues. A 49% response rate was achieved. Results demonstrated a lack of standardisation in the use of all charts for fetal biometry, with the exception of the crown rump length charts. A number of discrepancies were noted in the measurement techniques employed, when compared to the charts in use. These findings are discussed in relation to clinical practice.
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23

Scholbach, T., J. Stolle, and J. Scholbach. "Three-Dimensional Volumetric Spatially Angle-Corrected Pixelwise Fetal Flow Volume Measurement." Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound 32, S 02 (December 2011): E122—E128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1281867.

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Abstract Purpose: Early attempts to calculate fetal global perfusion used 2 D images. The results were not sufficiently reliable. That‘s why RI measurements are still in use despite the fact that they do not reflect the amount of blood passing through the fetus. We present a novel three-dimensional approach to overcome these limitations. Materials and Methods: In 124 singleton pregnancies between the 23rd and 4st gestational week, a three-dimensional color Doppler sonographic record of the umbilical cord was made, resulting in 281 volume data sets. With dedicated software (PixelFlux) the spatial angle of the umbilical vein was calculated and the true global fetal perfusion was calculated from its horizontal transection as the product of the area of all pixels and the spatial angle-corrected velocity. To validate the PixelFlux technique, phantom flow measurements were carried out. Results: Phantom flow measurements revealed a highly significant correlation of actual flow volumes and those measured by the PixelFlux technique (p < 0.001; rPearson = 0.987 – 0.991) with an even higher interobserver correlation (p < 0.001; rPearson = 0.997). We found a significant correlation of fetal volume flow to gestational age and weight (r = 0.529 at spatial angles below 30° to r = 0.724 at spatial angles below 5°) and a significant influence of the spatial angle on this correlation (p = 0.003; r = – 0.865). Conclusion: Spatial angle-corrected global fetal perfusion measurement improves existing approaches to fetal perfusion evaluation, and is feasible, simple and fast. Thus, it can be recommended to explore the relationship of fetal perfusion and disturbances of fetal development.
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Chitty, Lyn S., Douglas G. Altman, Annabel Henderson, and Stuart Campbell. "Charts of fetal size: 2. Head measurements*." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 1 (January 1994): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13007.x.

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Chitty, Lyn S., Douglas G. Altman, Annabel Henderson, and Sruart Campbell. "Charts of fetal size: 3. Abdominal measurements." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 2 (February 1994): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13077.x.

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Miric Tesanic, D., E. Merz, and S. Wellek. "Fetal Lung Volume Measurements using 3D Ultrasonography." Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound 32, no. 04 (August 1, 2011): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1245832.

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27

Schluter, PJ, G. Pritchard, and MA Gill. "Ultrasonic fetal size measurements in Brisbane, Australia." Australasian Radiology 48, no. 4 (December 2004): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.2004.01384.x.

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Mansour, Trina, and Bryan Oshiro. "Accuracy of Sonographic Fetal Biometry Measurements [26M]." Obstetrics & Gynecology 127 (May 2016): 113S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000483465.54962.f0.

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29

Kilani, Rami, Wesam Aleyadeh, Luay Abu Atieleh, Abdul Mane Al Suleimat, Maysa Khadra, and Hassan M. Hawamdeh. "Inter-observer variability in fetal biometric measurements." Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 57, no. 1 (February 2018): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2017.12.006.

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Chalana, Vikram, Thomas C. Winter, Dale R. Cyr, David R. Haynor, and Yongmin Kim. "Automatic fetal head measurements from sonographic images." Academic Radiology 3, no. 8 (August 1996): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(96)80187-5.

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31

Bojikian, Karine Duarte, Christiane Rolim de Moura, Ivan Maynart Tavares, Mauro Toledo Leite, and Antonio Fernandes Moron. "Fetal ocular measurements by three-dimensional ultrasound." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 17, no. 3 (June 2013): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.02.006.

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32

Gomez, Diego A., Philip A. May, Barbara G. Tabachnick, Julie M. Hasken, Elizabeth R. Lyden, Wendy O. Kalberg, H. Eugene Hoyme, et al. "Ocular measurements in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 182, no. 10 (July 17, 2020): 2243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.61759.

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33

Yang, Xin, Haoming Li, Li Liu, and Dong Ni. "Scale-aware Auto-context-guided Fetal US Segmentation with Structured Random Forests." BIO Integration 1, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15212/bioi-2020-0016.

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Abstract Accurate measurement of fetal biometrics in ultrasound at different trimesters is essential in assisting clinicians to conduct pregnancy diagnosis. However, the accuracy of manual segmentation for measurement is highly user-dependent. Here, we design a general framework for automatically segmenting fetal anatomical structures in two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound (US) images and thus make objective biometric measurements available. We first introduce structured random forests (SRFs) as the core discriminative predictor to recognize the region of fetal anatomical structures with a primary classification map. The patch-wise joint labeling presented by SRFs has inherent advantages in identifying an ambiguous/fuzzy boundary and reconstructing incomplete anatomical boundary in US. Then, to get a more accurate and smooth classification map, a scale-aware auto-context model is injected to enhance the contour details of the classification map from various visual levels. Final segmentation can be obtained from the converged classification map with thresholding. Our framework is validated on two important biometric measurements, which are fetal head circumference (HC) and abdominal circumference (AC). The final results illustrate that our proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of segmentation accuracy.
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Kupka, Tomasz, Adam Matonia, Michal Jezewski, Janusz Jezewski, Krzysztof Horoba, Janusz Wrobel, Robert Czabanski, and Radek Martinek. "New Method for Beat-to-Beat Fetal Heart Rate Measurement Using Doppler Ultrasound Signal." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 4079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154079.

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The most commonly used method of fetal monitoring is based on heart activity analysis. Computer-aided fetal monitoring system enables extraction of clinically important information hidden for visual interpretation—the instantaneous fetal heart rate (FHR) variability. Today’s fetal monitors are based on monitoring of mechanical activity of the fetal heart by means of Doppler ultrasound technique. The FHR is determined using autocorrelation methods, and thus it has a form of evenly spaced—every 250 ms—instantaneous measurements, where some of which are incorrect or duplicate. The parameters describing a beat-to-beat FHR variability calculated from such a signal show significant errors. The aim of our research was to develop new analysis methods that will both improve an accuracy of the FHR determination and provide FHR representation as time series of events. The study was carried out on simultaneously recorded (during labor) Doppler ultrasound signal and the reference direct fetal electrocardiogram Two subranges of Doppler bandwidths were separated to describe heart wall movements and valve motions. After reduction of signal complexity by determining the Doppler ultrasound envelope, the signal was analyzed to determine the FHR. The autocorrelation method supported by a trapezoidal prediction function was used. In the final stage, two different methods were developed to provide signal representation as time series of events: the first using correction of duplicate measurements and the second based on segmentation of instantaneous periodicity measurements. Thus, it ensured the mean heart interval measurement error of only 1.35 ms. In a case of beat-to-beat variability assessment the errors ranged from −1.9% to −10.1%. Comparing the obtained values to other published results clearly confirms that the new methods provides a higher accuracy of an interval measurement and a better reliability of the FHR variability estimation.
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Florian, Andreea Roxana, Gheorghe Cruciat, Georgiana Nemeti, Adelina Staicu, Cristina Suciu, Mariam Chaikh Sulaiman, Iulian Goidescu, Daniel Muresan, and Florin Stamatian. "Umbilical Cord Biometry and Fetal Abdominal Skinfold Assessment as Potential Biomarkers for Fetal Macrosomia in a Gestational Diabetes Romanian Cohort." Medicina 58, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091162.

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Backgroundand Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy-associated pathology commonly resulting in macrosomic fetuses, a known culprit of obstetric complications. We aimed to evaluate the potential of umbilical cord biometry and fetal abdominal skinfold assessment as screening tools for fetal macrosomia in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnant women. Materials and methods: This was a prospective case–control study conducted on pregnant patients presenting at 24–28 weeks of gestation in a tertiary-level maternity hospital in Northern Romania. Fetal biometry, fetal weight estimation, umbilical cord area and circumference, areas of the umbilical vein and arteries, Wharton jelly (WJ) area and abdominal fold thickness measurements were performed. Results: A total of 51 patients were enrolled in the study, 26 patients in the GDM group and 25 patients in the non-GDM group. There was no evidence in favor of umbilical cord area and WJ amount assessments as predictors of fetal macrosomia (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the abdominal skinfold measurement during the second trimester between macrosomic and normal-weight newborns in the GDM patient group (p = 0.016). The second-trimester abdominal circumference was statistically significantly correlated with fetal macrosomia at term in the GDM patient group with a p value of 0.003, as well as when considering the global prevalence of macrosomia in the studied populations, 0.001, when considering both populations. Conclusions: The measurements of cord and WJ could not be established as predictors of fetal macrosomia in our study populations, nor differentiate between pregnancies with and without GDM. Abdominal skinfold measurement and abdominal circumference measured during the second trimester may be important markers of fetal metabolic status in pregnancies complicated by GDM.
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Minarti, Minarti, and Risnawati Risnawati. "Posisi Ibu Hamil Memengaruhi Akurasi Pengukuran Kesejahteraan Janin." Jurnal Bidan Cerdas 2, no. 3 (September 6, 2020): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33860/jbc.v2i3.93.

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During pregnancy, the fetal heart rate is a picture of the well-being of the fetus in the womb. The mother's position affects the results of the assessment when taking measurements of the fetal heart rate. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of the measurement of fetal well-being based on the position of pregnant women. This type of research is analytic observational in Wajo Health Center, Katobengke Health Center, and Sulaa Health Center, from April - August 2019. The population in this study were all pregnant women registered in the KIA book. The research sample consisted of 60 respondents using inclusion criteria. The data analysis uses univariate analysis. The results showed there were differences in the value of the fetal heart rate measurements for each position. The average value (min-max) of DJJ measurement with the lying position (supine) 128-158 times per-minute, mean value 138.81 times per-minute; sitting position 124-158 times per-minute, mean value 143.41 times per-minute; standing position 126-159 times per-minute, mean value 145.58 times per minute. In a sitting and lying position, the resulting heart rate is in the normal range of 120-140 times per-minute; in a standing position, the heart rate obtained 150-160 times per-minute has the potential for tachycardia. The conclusion of this study is that the position of pregnant women affects the results of fetal heart rate measurement and the good position of the FHR measurement when lying on her back
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Sun, Lijuan, Jingjing Wang, Xiaoting Su, Xinlin Chen, Yuqing Zhou, Xiaoming Zhang, Hong Lu, et al. "Reference ranges of fetal heart function using a Modified Myocardial Performance Index: a prospective multicentre, cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e049640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049640.

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ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to establish the normal reference ranges of the fetal left ventricular (LV) Modified Myocardial Performance Index (Mod-MPI). A secondary aim was to evaluate the agreement between manual and automatic measurements for fetal Mod-MPI.DesignA prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional study.ParticipantsNormal singleton pregnancies.MethodsThe LV functions of normal singleton pregnancies were assessed in nine centres covering eight provinces in China using unified ultrasound protocols and settings and standardised measurements by pulsed Doppler at 20–24, 28–32 and 34–38 weeks of gestation. The isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), isovolumetric contraction time, ejection time (ET) and Mod-MPI were measured both automatically and manually.ResultsThis cross-sectional study included 2081 fetuses, and there was a linear correlation between gestational age (GA) and Mod-MPI (0.416+0.001×GA (weeks), p<0.001, r2=0.013), IRT (36.201+0.162× GA (weeks), p<0.001, r2=0.021) and ET (171.418–0.078*GA (weeks), p<0.001, r2=0.002). This finding was verified using longitudinal data in a subgroup of 610 women. The agreement between the manual and automated measurements for Mod-MPI was good.ConclusionsWe constructed normal reference values of fetal LV Mod-MPI. Automatic measurement can be considered for ease of measurement in view of the good agreement between the automatic and manual values.
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Feng, Yuan, Luo Xiao, Cai Li, Stephanie T. Chen, and Eric O. Ohuma. "Correlation models for monitoring fetal growth." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29, no. 10 (March 23, 2020): 2795–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280220905623.

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Ultrasound growth measurements are monitored to evaluate if a fetus is growing normally compared with a defined standard chart at a specified gestational age. Using data from the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project, we have modelled the longitudinal dependence of fetal head circumference, biparietal diameter, occipito-frontal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length using a two-stage approach. The first stage involved finding a suitable transformation of the raw fetal measurements (as the marginal distributions of ultrasound measurements were non-normal) to standardized deviations (Z-scores). In the second stage, a correlation model for a Gaussian process is fitted, yielding a correlation for any pair of observations made between 14 and 40 weeks. The correlation structure of the fetal Z-score can be used to assess whether the growth, for example, between successive measurements is satisfactory. The paper is accompanied by a Shiny application, see https://lxiao5.shinyapps.io/shinycalculator/ .
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Eroglu, Hasan, Gokcen Orgul, Emine Avcı, Orhan Altınboga, Gokhan Karakoc, and Aykan Yucel. "Comparison of automated vs. manual measurement to estimate fetal weight in isolated polyhydramnios." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 47, no. 6 (August 27, 2019): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2019-0083.

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Abstract Objective To understand the impact of the measurement method to predict actual birthweight in pregnancies complicated with isolated polyhydramnios in the third trimester. Methods A prospective study was conducted with 60 pregnant women between the 37th and 40th weeks of gestation. Routine biometric measurements were obtained by two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography. When a satisfactory image was obtained, the image was frozen to get two measurements. First, calipers were placed to get the manual measurement. Then automated measurement was captured by the ultrasonography machine in the same image. The fetal weight was estimated by using the Hadlock II formula. Results The mean difference was found to be 0.03, −0.77, −0.02 and 0.17 for biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL), respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between automated and manual estimated fetal weights (EFWs) and the actual birthweight was 0.919 and 0.796, respectively. The mean difference between actual and manual EFW measurement values was 46.16 ± 363.81 g (range between −745 g and 685 g) (P = 0.330). Also, the mean difference between actual and automated EFW measurement values was found to be 31.98 ± 218.65 g (range between −378 g and 742 g) (P = 0.262). The Bland-Altman test results have shown that, 666 g lower or 759 g higher values were obtained when the measurement was performed manually. On the other hand, EFW results were 396 g lower or 460 g higher than the actual birthweight with automated measurement tools. Conclusion The accuracy rate of fetal weight estimation with ultrasonography is high for both automated and manual measurements. Automated tools have a higher success to predict the EFW.
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Hairunpijit, Surapa, Surachate Siripongsakun, Chanisa Chotipanich, Pantajaree Hiranrat, Amarin Narkwichean, and Wipada Laosooksathit. "Student Competency for Midtrimester Obstetrics Scan upon Completion of the Master’s Degree in Medical Sonography." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2022 (October 27, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2625242.

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Objectives. To evaluate the competency of medical sonographer students who have completed training to estimate the gestational age (GA) and perform fetal biometric measurements compared to obstetricians. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study at the end of the medical sonographer students’ practice sessions. In total, 80 midtrimester (18–28 weeks) pregnant women were recruited, and an ultrasound was performed according to the International Society of Sonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) guideline. Estimated GA calculated from fetal biometric measurements was compared between medical sonographer students and qualified obstetricians. Subsequently, images were randomly evaluated by maternal-fetal medicine specialists to assess the measurement performance. Results. There was no significant difference in the estimated GA between the medical sonographer students and obstetricians (mean difference, 0.01 ± 2.92 day, p = 0.89). However, there was a significant difference in the measurement of the head circumference (HC) and abdominal circumference (AC) ( p < 0.001). The overall image quality of the fetal head, abdomen, and femur was considered a good to excellent score (77.5%–80%). There was a perfect and nearly perfect agreement regarding the presence of the placenta previa, adequacy of amniotic fluid, and position of the placenta (k = 0.9–1.0). Conclusions. The medical sonographer students demonstrated competency in GA estimation by fetal biometry measurement similar to obstetricians. However, the quality of the acquired images, according to the ISUOG recommendation, needs improvement, and this should be emphasized in the sonography course curriculum. The results suggest that medical sonographers can relieve obstetricians’ workload for ultrasound screening in midtrimester pregnancies.
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Nguyen, Thang M., Hitomi Nakamura, Atsuko Wakabayashi, Takeshi Kanagawa, Shinsuke Koyama, Tateki Tsutsui, Toshimitsu Hamasaki, and Tadashi Kimura. "Estimation of mouse fetal weight by ultrasonography: application from clinic to laboratory." Laboratory Animals 46, no. 3 (July 2012): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2012.011117.

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Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal growth to estimate fetal weight has been widely used in clinical obstetrics but not in laboratory mice. Even though it is important to assess fetal growth abnormalities for gene-targeting studies using mice, there have been no reports of accurately estimated fetal weight using fetal biometric parameters in mice. The aim of this study was to establish an accurate mouse formula using fetal biometric parameters under ultrasound imaging. Using a high-frequency ultrasound system with a 40 MHz transducer, we measured 293 fetuses of biparietal diameter and mean abdominal diameter from day 12.5 postcoitus (p.c.) until day 18.5 p.c every day. Thirteen algorithms for humans based on head and/or abdominal measurements were assessed. We established an accurate formula based on measurement of the abdomen in Jcl:ICR mice to investigate gestational complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction.
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Laqua, Daniel, Carina Brieskorn, Jan Hannes Koch, Markus Rothmayer, Steve Zeiske, Marcel Böttrich, and Peter Husar. "Improved FPGA controlled artificial vascular system for plethysmographic measurements." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0150.

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AbstractThe fetal oxygen saturation is an important parameter to determine the health status of a fetus, which is until now mostly acquired invasively. The transabdominal, fetal pulse oximetry is a promising approach to measure this non-invasively and continuously. The fetal pulse curve has to be extracted from the mixed signal of mother and fetus to determine its oxygen saturation. For this purpose efficient algorithms are necessary, which have to be evaluated under constant and reproducable test conditions. This paper presents the improved version of a phantom which can generate artificial pulse waves in a synthetic tissue phantom. The tissue phantom consists of several layers that mimic the different optical properties of the fetal and maternal tissue layers. Additionally an artificial vascular system and a dome, which mimics the bending of the belly of a pregnant woman, are incorporated. To obtain data on the pulse waves, several measurement methods are included, to help understand the behavior of the signals gained from the pulse waves. Besides pressure sensors and a transmissive method we integrated a capacitive approach, that makes use of the so called “Pin Oscillator” method. Apart from the enhancements in the tissue phantom and the measurements, we also improved the used blood substitute, which reproduces the different absorption characteristics of fetal and maternal blood. The results show that the phantom can generate pulse waves similar to the natural ones. Furthermore, the phantom represents a reference that can be used to evaluate the algorithms for transabdominal, fetal pulse oximetry.
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Turner, Steve. "Perinatal Programming of Childhood Asthma: Early Fetal Size, Growth Trajectory during Infancy, and Childhood Asthma Outcomes." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/962923.

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The “fetal origins hypothesis” or concept of “developmental programming” suggests that faltering fetal growth and subsequent catch-up growth are implicated in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease. Associations between reduced birth weight, rapid postnatal weight gain, and asthma suggest that there are fetal origins to respiratory disease. The present paper first summarises the literature relating birth weight and post natal growth trajectories to asthma outcomes. Second, issues regarding the interpretation of antenatal fetal ultrasound measurements are discussed. Finally, recent reports linking antenatal measurement and growth trajectory to early childhood asthma outcomes are discussed. Understanding the nature and timing of factors which influence antenatal growth may give important insight into the antecedents of early-onset asthma with implications for interventions.
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Frick, Nora, Claudius Fazelnia, Kathrin Kanzian, Wolfgang Hitzl, Thorsten Fischer, Rosemarie Forstner, and Gerhard Bogner. "The Reliability of Fetal MRI in the Assessment of Brain Malformations." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 37, no. 2 (August 15, 2014): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000363652.

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Objectives: To assess the inter- and intraobserver reliability of different fetal MRI measurements in cases of fetal brain malformations and to examine the concordance between ultrasonography (US) and MRI findings. Methods: Fetal brain MRIs and US findings of 56 pregnant women were retrieved from the institutional database. Standardized fetal brain MRI measurements were performed by 4 observers, and the inter- and intraobserver reliability was determined. Additionally, US and MRI findings were retrospectively compared. Results: The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was above 0.9 for the cerebellum and posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. The measurements regarding the third ventricle (0.50), the fourth ventricle (0.58), and the corpus callosum (0.63) showed poor reliability. Overall, the intraobserver reliability was greater than the interobserver reliability. US and MRI findings were discordant in 29% of the cases with MRI rendering an extended diagnosis in 18%, a change of diagnosis in 3.6%, and excluding pathological findings suspected on US in 7.1%. Conclusions: Fetal MRI is a valuable complement to US in the investigation of fetal brain malformations. The reliability of most parameters was high, except for the measurements of the third and fourth ventricles and the corpus callosum.
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Barel, Oshri, Ron Maymon, Zvi Vaknin, Josef Tovbin, and Noam Smorgick. "Sonographic fetal weight estimation - is there more to it than just fetal measurements?" Prenatal Diagnosis 34, no. 1 (November 17, 2013): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.4250.

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46

Whiteside, Wendy, Sarah K. Gelehrter, Carlen G. Fifer, Albert P. Rocchini, Cosmas Van de Ven, Marjorie C. Treadwell, Karena Wu, and Jeffrey D. Zampi. "Fetal Intracardiac Hemodynamic Measurements Using Pressure Guidewire During Fetal Atrial Septal Stent Placement." JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 12, no. 3 (February 2019): e25-e26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2018.11.037.

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47

Woods, James R., and Mark A. Plessinger. "The Fetal Auditory Brain Stem Response: Serial Measurements at Two Stimulus Intensities." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 93, no. 6 (December 1985): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988509300611.

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Eleven fetal lambs were tested for auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) at 105 and 90 db sound pressure level from 110 to 116 days until 133 days gestation. ABRs were elicited in response to 1200 clicks, presented at 16 clicks/sec, from a hearing aid receiver secured in the fetal external ear canal and recorded from subdermal stainless steel electrodes at the vertex (active electrode) and anterior pinna (reference electrode). Six term newborn lambs were tested similarly for ABR comparison. No fetal ABRs appeared before 117 days gestation. Thereafter, the ABRs exhibited decreasing peak latencies with increasing stimulus intensity and fetal age. Newborn ABR latency measurements were compared with predicted newborn values generated from linear regression analysis of fetal data. Newborn latencies to waves I and II approximated predicted values. Newborn latencies to waves III, IV, and V were much shorter than predicted, suggesting rapid maturation of higher brain stem and midbrain neurogenerators during late fetal development.
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Lundy, Paige, Emmanuel Vlastos, Joseph Domino, Grace S. Mitchell, Kristin Fickenscher, and Paul Grabb. "Ventricular size measurement methods in fetuses considered for prenatal closure of myelomeningocele." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 28, no. 2 (August 2021): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.12.peds20609.

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OBJECTIVE Prenatal closure of myelomeningocele is associated with a reduced rate of hydrocephalus treatment. This need for hydrocephalus treatment is positively correlated with fetal ventricular width. When ventricular width is 15 mm or greater, the benefits of prenatal closure, as a method to decrease hydrocephalus treatment, are reduced. Thus, fetal ventricular size is an important factor when counseling families who are considering intrauterine surgery with mitigation of hydrocephalus as the primary goal. This study sought to determine whether imaging modality (ultrasound [US] vs MRI) and interobserver variability were factors in any ventricular size disparity seen on imaging studies. METHODS The imaging studies of 15 consecutive fetuses who underwent prenatal myelomeningocele repair at Children’s Mercy Fetal Health Center, Kansas City, Missouri, were reviewed. All fetuses were imaged with US and fetal MRI; on average (range), procedures were performed 3.8 (0–20) days apart. Three comparisons were performed to analyze interobserver and intermodality variability in ventricular width measurements: 1) retrospective comparison of dictated ventricular widths measured with MRI and US by pediatric radiologists (PRs) and maternal-fetal medicine specialists (MFMs), respectively; 2) blinded measurements obtained with US by PRs versus initial US-based measurements by MFMs, and blinded measurements obtained with MRI by PRs versus initial MRI-based measurements by PRs; and 3) blinded measurements obtained with MRI by PRs versus those obtained with US. RESULTS Retrospective comparison showed that measurements with MRI by PRs were on average 2.06 mm (95% CI 1.43–2.69, p < 0.001) larger than measurements with US by MFMs. Blinded measurements with US by PRs were on average larger than dictated measurements obtained with US by MFMs, but by only 0.6 mm (95% CI 0.31–0.84, p < 0.001). When PRs measured ventricular size in a blinded fashion with both US and MRI, the mean width determined with MRI was significantly larger by 2.0 mm (95% CI 1.26–2.67, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The ventricular width of these fetuses was larger when measured with MRI than US by an amount that could impact recommendations for fetal surgery. Every center involved in counseling families about the risks and benefits of fetal intervention for spina bifida needs to be aware of these possible imaging-based disparities.
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Kwan, Angel H. W., Piya Chaemsaithong, Wing Ting Tse, Kubi Appiah, Ka Chun Chong, Tak Yeung Leung, and Liona C. Poon. "Feasibility, Reliability, and Agreement of Transperineal Ultrasound Measurement: Results from a Longitudinal Cohort Study." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 47, no. 10 (2020): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507549.

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<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To evaluate the feasibility, reliability, and agreement of serial transperineal ultrasound (TPU) assessment of fetal head station (parasagittal angle of progression [psAOP], head-perineum distance [HPD], and head-symphysis distance [HSD]) and sonographic cervical dilatation (SCD), compared to fetal head station and cervical dilatation determined by vaginal examination, respectively. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This was a prospective longitudinal study in singleton pregnancies undergoing induction of labor at term. Paired assessment of fetal head station and cervical dilatation by vaginal examination, with TPU assessment of psAOP, HPD, HSD, and SCD was made serially. Feasibility, correlation, reliability, and agreement were determined. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 1,139 paired measurements among 326 women were included. psAOP and HPD were achievable in all assessments. HSD was not achievable in 3.4% (11/326) due to high fetal head station. Fetal head station by vaginal examination was positively correlated with psAOP (rho = 0.70) but negatively correlated with HPD (rho = −0.57) and HSD (rho = −0.52). The feasibility to measure SCD reduced as cervical dilatation increased. Cervical dilatation and SCD were positively correlated (rho = 0.96) with strong agreement (concordant correlation coefficient = 0.925). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Measurements of psAOP and HPD are feasible and correlate significantly with fetal head station by vaginal examination. Measurement of HSD is not feasible when fetal head station is high. Measurement of SCD is feasible, but it is more difficult in the advanced stage of labor. The correlation, reliability, and agreement between SCD and cervical dilatation by vaginal examination are high.
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Tran, KC, J. Potts, J. Robertson, K. Ly, N. Dayan, NA Khan, and W. Chan. "Out-of-office blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis of hypertension in pregnancy: Survey of Canadian Obstetric Medicine and Maternal Fetal Medicine specialists." Obstetric Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x18819338.

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Background Multiple hypertension guidelines recommend out-of-office measurements for the diagnosis of hypertension in non-pregnant adults, whereas pregnancy guidelines recommend in-office blood pressure measurements. The objective of our study was to determine how Canadian Obstetric Medicine and Maternal Fetal Medicine specialists measure blood pressure in pregnancy. Methods An email survey was sent to 69 Canadian Obstetric Medicine and Maternal Fetal Medicine specialists in academic centers across Canada to explore the practice patterns of blood pressure measurement in pregnant women. Results The response rate was 48%. The majority of respondents (63.6%) preferred office blood pressure measurement for diagnosing hypertension, but relied on home blood pressure readings for ongoing monitoring and management of hypertension during pregnancy (59.4%). The preferred method of out-of-office blood pressure measurement was home monitoring; 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was not used due to limited availability and cost. Conclusions There is wide practice variation in methods of measuring blood pressure among Canadian specialists managing hypertension in pregnancy.
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