Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fetal death Risk factors'
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1
Bell, Ruth. "Trends in late fetal death 1982-2000 : the influence of changing risk factors." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424086.
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Myers, Patricia D. "The Association of Maternal Pregnancy Complications and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000068.
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Maia, Carolina Bastos. "Predição do resultado perinatal em gestações trigemelares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-26082014-114541/.
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O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a mortalidade perinatal em gestações trigemelares, e analisar os fatores preditores dos seguintes desfechos: número de crianças vivas no momento da alta hospitalar, nenhuma criança viva no momento da alta hospitalar (desfavorável) e pelo menos uma criança viva no momento da alta hospitalar (favorável). Realizado de forma retrospectiva, envolveu pacientes com gestações trigemelares que apresentavam três fetos vivos na primeira ultrassonografia realizada após 11 semanas, no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), no período de 1998 a 2012. Foram incluídas 67 pacientes das quais 77,6% referiam concepção espontânea. Quanto à corionicidade, 49,2% eram tricoriônicas e 50,8% eram não tricoriônicas; 16,4% apresentavam antecedente clínico prévio à gestação e 49,2% eram nulíparas. Em relação às intercorrências, a incidência de complicações obstétricas e/ou clínicas na gestação foi de 52,2%, e de intercorrências fetais, 25,2%, dentre as quais: 13,4% mal formações, 7,5% sindrome da transfusão feto fetal (STFF), 5,9% óbito fetal (OF), 4,5% insuficiência placentária, 4,4% fetos unidos, 1,5% feto acárdico. A idade gestacional média do parto foi de 31,9 ± 3,1 semanas, dos quais 83,5% foram cesáreas. O peso médio dos recém-nascidos vivos de 1.683 ± 508 g. Em relação à discordância de peso ao nascer: 57% apresentaram até 20%, 23,2% entre 20 e 30% e 19,6% acima de 30%. A taxa de óbitos fetais foi de 31,7%o nascimentos (IC95%: 11,7 - 67,8) e a mortalidade perinatal 249%o nascimentos (IC95%: 189 - 317). O tempo médio de internação dos recém-nascidos, que foram de alta vivos, foi de 29,3 ± 24,7 dias. A predição dos desfechos foi investigada por meio de regressão logística \"stepwise\", e incluiu as seguintes variáveis: idade materna, paridade (nulípara ou um ou mais partos anteriores), antecedente clínico, idade gestacional do primeiro ultrassonografia no HCFMUSP, corionicidade (gestações tricoriônicas e gestações não tricoriônicas), presença de complicação obstétrica ou clínica durante a gestação, intercorrência fetal e idade gestacional do parto. O nível de significância estatística utilizado foi de 0,005. Foram fatores significativos para predição do número de crianças vivas no momento da alta hospitalar: presença de intercorrência fetal (OR 0,1, IC95%: 0,03 - 0,36; p < 0,001) e idade gestacional do parto (OR 1,55, IC95%: 1,31-1,85; p < 0,001). Para a predição dos desfechos favoráveis e desfavoráveis a idade gestacional do parto apresentou significância estatística (OR 1,84, IC95%: 1.26 - 2.7; p=0,002 e OR 0.54, IC 95%: 0.37-0.79; p=0.002, respectivamente)The present study, involving triplet pregnancies, describes perinatal mortality and investigates predictors of the following outcomes: number of children alive, no child alive (unfavorable outcome) and at least one child alive (favorable outcome) at hospital discharge. It is a retrospective study involving triplet pregnancies with live fetuses at the first ultrasound scan, performed after 11 weeks of gestation, at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, São Paulo University Medical School Hospital, between 1998 and 2012. Final sample included 67 women, 77.6% reported spontaneous conception. Regarding the chorionicity, 49.2% were trichorionic; 16.4% had a medical complication prior to pregnancy, and 49.2% were nulliparous. The incidence of obstetric and/or clinical complications during pregnancy was 52.2%, and fetal complications occurred in 25.2%, (13.4% of major fetal abnormalities, 7.5% twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, 5.9% stillbirth, 4.5% placental insufficiency, 4.4% conjoined twins and 1.5% acardic twin). The average gestational age at delivery was 31.9 ± 3.1 weeks, and 83.5% were cesarean. The average birthweight was 1683 ± 508 g and birth weight discordance up to 20% occurred in 57% of the cases; 23,2% had 20 to 30% discordance and 19.6%, was greater than 30%. The rate of stillbirth was 31.7%o births (95%CI: 11.7 - 67.8) and the perinatal mortality was 249%o births (95%CI: 189 - 317). The average hospital stay was 29.3 ± 24.7 days amongst children that were discharged alive. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to investigate prediction according to: maternal age, parity (nuliparous/multiparous), prior clinical history, gestational age at the first ultrasound scan at HCFMUSP, pregnancy chorionicity (trichorionic/non trichorionic), occurrence of clinical and/or obstetric complications during pregnancy, occurrence of fetal complications and gestational age at delivery. Significance level was set at 0.05. The number of children alive at hospital discharge was correlated with the occurrence of fetal complications (OR 0,1, 95%IC: 0,03 - 0,36; p < 0,001) and gestational age at delivery (OR 1,55, IC95%: 1,31-1,85; p < 0,001). Whereas favorable and unfavorable outcome were associated with gestational age at delivery (OR 1.84, 95%CI: 1.26 - 2.7-; p=0,002 and OR 0.54, 95%CI: 0.37-0.79; p=0.002, respectively)
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Ødegård, Rønnaug A. "Preeclampsia - maternal risk factors and fetal growth." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-484.
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Preeclampsia is a complex and variable maternal disturbance that ranges from a dramatic onset at early gestation to slowly developing symptoms towards term. Hypertension and renal involvement with proteinuria are cardinal signs, which are often accompanied by fluid retention, blood-clotting dysfunction, and reduced organ perfusion. HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome is regarded as a variant of preeclampsia, and the fulminante disease, eclampsia, includes convulsions. Preeclampsia is the main cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in western countries (1, 2), and in Nordic countries, 17 percent of maternal deaths have been ascribed to preeclampsia (2). Antenatal care in Norway includes on average 12 doctor/midwife consultations per pregnancy (3), and since blood pressure monitoring and urinary testing are main aims of the consultations, preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that also generates substantial societal costs.
Paper II, III, IV and V reproduced with permission of Elsevier, sciencedirect.com
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Smoleniec, John Stefan. "Preterm fetal behavioural states and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324366.
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Moore, Vivienne M. "Fetal growth and cardiovascular risk factors in an Australian cohort /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm824.pdf.
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Stephansson, Olof. "Epidemiological studies of stillbirth and early neonatal death /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-143-8.
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Blair, Peter Sinclair Paul. "Assessing the changing risk factors associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/275cdd77-5f8e-487d-8e8d-3aa62eea16e8.
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Radford-Paz, Elisa. "Risk and protective factors for criminality among adults with FASD." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2013. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2128.
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This research explored the risk and protective factors associated with criminality among adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). While previous research has focused on identifying the factors that contribute to legal issues, there is a paucity of research on the protective factors that may lead to more positive outcomes for adults with FASD. The first paper examined the methodological issues encountered while conducting a mixed methods study on the experience of offenders and non-offenders with FASD. Difficulties with participant recruitment, the sample size, the terminology employed, and the appropriateness of psychometric measures were significant challenges that emerged during the research project. The second paper was a qualitative study that investigated the experience of adults with prenatal alcohol exposure and their families to determine the risk and protective factors for criminality. Families reported that neurobehavioural impairments such as difficulty with self-regulation and social skills deficits, combined with environmental demands that exceeded the capabilities of the individual with FASD, were important contributors to criminality. However, structure and supervision, education and employment, social and financial support, and positive peer influence were found to mitigate the risk of criminal behavior among adults with FASD. The findings from this thesis highlight the importance of including families in the research process as well as the need to have more family-centered services.
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Peterson, Caroline. "Psycho-Socio-Cultural Risk Factors for Breech Presentation." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/451.
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The Breech Baby Study is a mixed methods study which combines qualitative and quantitative inquiry. This study explores psycho-social-cultural risk factors for breech presentation from an evolutionary perspective. The quantitative component of the study uses Florida birth certificate and Medicaid data sets from 1992-2003 to evaluate the influence of ethnicity and socio-economic status on breech presentation.
Ethnicity and socio-economic status account for less than two percent of the variance of risk factors for breech presentation. The qualitative study includes 114 mothers of breech and cephalic presentation babies who completed the State Trait Personality Inventory and a socio-demographic survey. Of these, 52 mothers of cephalic presentation babies and 23 mothers of breech presentation also participated in an in-depth interview about formative life experiences and peri-conception through delivery.
The primary data analysis found mothers of breech presentation babies exhibit psycho-social-cultural characteristics unlike those found in mothers of cephalic presentation babies. These characteristics include being idealistic, analytical, polished, overextended, and fearful. Mothers of cephalic presentation babies were better equipped to adapt to unexpected situations and to be pragmatic in the face of unresolvable circumstances.
Mothers of breech presentation babies were further separated into two categories. One category is achievement focused woman while the other is non-present focused woman. While both sets of breech presentation mothers were idealistic, the achievement focused mothers were more likely to be analytical, polished, and overextended. In contrast, the non-present focused mothers had a history of abuse and were more likely to have an unresolved pregnancy outcome or to be fearful. Breech presentation is interpreted by attachment theory, evolutionary ecological reproductive theory, and developmental plasticity theory as a fetal strategy to adapt to the intra-uterine relationship environment and an attempt to predict the extra-uterine relationship environment.
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Han, Guangming. "Prevalence of Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors for Death among Elderly Americans." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/108.
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The main aim of this study is to explore the effects of risk factors contributing to death in the elderly American population. To achieve this purpose, we constructed Cox proportional hazard regression models and logistic regression models with the complex survey dataset from the national Second Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA II) to calculate the hazard ratios (HR)/odds ratios (OR) and confidence interval (CI) of risk factors. Our results show that in addition to chronic disease conditions, many risk factors, such as demographic factors (gender and age), social factors (interaction with friends or relatives), personal health behaviors (smoking and exercise), and biomedical factors (Body mass index and emotional factors) have significant effects on death in the elderly American population. This will provide important information for elderly people to prolong lifespan regardless of whether they have chronic disease/diseases or not.
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Macdonald, Jennifer. "History of pregnancy termination as a risk factor for preterm birth, Virginia 2000-20007." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1739.
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Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine if an association exists between prior induced and prior spontaneous pregnancy termination (PIPT and PSPT) and preterm birth (PTB) of first live births in Virginia. Methods: Data was collected by linking maternal data from Virginia’s live birth and fetal death registries. All first live, singleton births occurring in Virginia from 2000-2007 were analyzed. Logistic regression models that controlled for various demographic, medical and obstetric history factors were used to determine associations among prior pregnancy termination types. Results: Compared with women who had no history of previous pregnancy terminations, women who had 1 (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.31, 1.53), 2 (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.12, 1.24) and 3 or more (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.07, 1.13) total prior pregnancy terminations had an increased odds of experiencing PTB. Increased odds of PTB were found for women who had 2 (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.05, 1.18) and 3 or more (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.39, 1.61) PIPTs. Women who reported 1, 2, 3 or more PSPT had PTB odds-ratios of 1.4 (95% CI 1.37, 1.50), 1.7 (95% CI 1.48, 1.98) and 3.0 (95% CI 2.09, 4.22) times, respectively. Conclusion: Two or more PIPT and one or more PSPT were found to be a significant risk factor for PTB of a first live birth in Virginia, and women having 3 or more PSPT had three times the odds of experiencing this outcome. Health practitioners should take this data into account to target research, education and action strategies to those high risk groups of women associated with obtaining induced terminations and to those women more susceptible to spontaneous termination of pregnancy.
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Lamberts, R. J. "Sudden death in epilepsy : an analysis of potential underlying mechanisms and risk factors." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1469392/.
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People with epilepsy have a 16 to 24 fold higher risk of sudden death than the general population. Autonomic dysfunction, cardiac electrical abnormalities, and use of potentially arrhythmic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have all been reported in epilepsy and suggest that the heart may be involved. Peri-ictal ventricular arrhythmia has been described in video-EEG recordings of people with severe epilepsy i.e. individuals at high risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): a predominantly seizure-related type of sudden death without known anatomical or toxicological cause. Ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) in epilepsy and its association with SUDEP have not yet been investigated in people with less severe epilepsy in the community. Postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES)>20s after convulsive seizures (CSs) has been proposed as a new SUDEP risk marker, but these results have not been confirmed in a second study. Conflicting findings regarding the value of PGES>20s as a SUDEP risk marker may be explained by high intraindividual variability. I have undertaken three studies to obtain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of sudden death in epilepsy, directly by analysing a potential underlying cardiac mechanism (VT/VF in epilepsy) and evaluating whether this mechanism could be one of the causes of SUDEP in the community. Indirectly, the pathophysiology of sudden death in epilepsy was approached by analysing the intraindividual consistency and the facilitating co-factors of the recently proposed SUDEP risk marker PGES.
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Hietaniemi, M. (Mirella). "Studies on novel and traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514291296.
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Abstract The atherosclerotic plaques develop with the adhesion of inflammatory cells and lipids onto the innermost layer of the vessel. They may eventually occlude the vessel impairing blood flow. A severe complication is the rupture of a plaque resulting in the formation of a thrombus that can cause myocardial infarction or stroke. Though a large number of risk factors for atherosclerosis have been identified, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is far from unravelled. The aim of the present work was to study both traditional as well as potential novel risk factors of atherosclerosis. The first study examined the relationship between IGF-I concentrations and carotid artery atherosclerosis and its metabolic risk factors. Low IGF-I concentrations were associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. A positive association was observed between IGF-I concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness in women. The results suggest that IGF-I may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Interestingly, the effect may manifest differentially in men and women. The second study focused upon the effects of obesity and weight loss on liver gene expression. A global decrease in gene expression was observed. The down-regulated genes included genes involved in the ubiquitin cycle, which may point to a reduction in oxidative stress due to the hypocaloric diet. The down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma cofactor 1 alpha (PGC-1α) may be related to improved insulin sensitivity. Several novel genes not previously linked to obesity and weight loss were also discovered. In the third and fourth studies, the developmental origins of atherosclerosis hypothesis was studied in a rat model of fetal undernutrition. Unfavourable changes in the obesity-related peptide hormones adiponectin and resistin were observed which could predispose to insulin resistance in later life. In addition, total cholesterol levels were elevated in the undernourished offspring. The gene expression changes in the rat pups suggest that the development of pancreas was affected, which might further contribute to disturbances in insulin and glucose metabolismTiivistelmä Ateroskleroosi eli valtimonkovettumatauti on sairaus, joka saa alkunsa verisuonen sisäseinämään kiinnittyvistä tulehdussoluista ja veren rasvapartikkeleista, joista muodostuu pitkän ajan kuluessa ateroskleroottisia plakkeja. Plakit voivat kasvaessaan heikentää veren virtausta valtimoissa ja pahimmillaan jopa tukkia suonen kokonaan. Mikäli plakki repeää, voi muodostua verihyytymä joka sydämessä aiheuttaa sydäninfarktin ja aivoissa aivoinfarktin. Vaikka useita ateroskleroosille altistavia tekijöitä tunnetaan, taudin syntymekanismit ovat vielä suurelta osin selvittämättä. Tämän väitöskirjatyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia sekä ateroskleroosin perinteisiä että mahdollisia uusia riskitekijöitä. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä tutkittiin insuliininkaltaisen kasvutekijä I:n (IGF-I) yhteyttä kaulavaltimon ateroskleroosiin sekä perinteisiin ateroskleroosin riskitekijöihin. Matalat IGF-I pitoisuudet liittyivät moniin ateroskleroosin riskitekijöihin. Naisissa korkeammat IGF-I pitoisuudet kuitenkin yhdistyivät paksumpaan kaulavaltimoon, mikä viittaa ateroskleroosiin. Tulosten perusteella IGF-I saattaa liittyä ateroskleroosin kehitykseen ja mahdollisesti sen vaikutukset ilmenevät naisissa ja miehissa eri tavoin. Toisessa osatyössä tutkittiin maksan geenien ilmentymistä lihavuudessa ja laihdutusjakson jälkeen. Laihduttaneessa ryhmässä 142:n geenin ilmentyminen oli vähentynyt ja vain yhden lisääntynyt suhteessa kontrolliryhmään. Ubikitiini-syklin geenien ilmentymisen väheneminen voi viitata vähentyneeseen oksidatiiviseen stressiin elimistössä dieetin seurauksena. Muun muassa diabetekseen liittyvän geenin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma cofactor 1 alpha, väheneminen puolestaan voi liittyä parantuneeseen insuliiniherkkyyteen laihduttaneissa. Lisäksi tässä työssä tuli esiin monia uusia, mielenkiintoisia geenejä, joita ei aiemmin ole yhdistetty lihavuuteen tai ateroskleroosiin. Kolmannessa ja neljännessä osatyössä selvitettiin ns. Barkerin hypoteesia, eli sitä, voisiko sairastumisalttius määräytyä jo sikiökauden ja varhaiskehityksen aikana. Rottakokeemme osoittivat, että sikiöaikaisen aliravitsemuksen seurauksena kolesteroliarvot olivat korkeammat ja että lihavuuteen liittyvien peptidihormonien, adiponektiinin ja resistiinin, pitoisuuksissa oli tapahtunut epäsuotuisia muutoksia, jotka voivat altistaa insuliiniresistenssille Tulokset viittasivat myös siihen, että aliravitsemus oli mahdollisesti vaikuttanut haiman kehitykseen, mikä voi myös osaltaan vaikuttaa mm. insuliini- ja sokeriaineenvaihduntaan. Tämänkaltaiset muutokset saattavat altistaa ateroskleroosille myöhemmällä iällä
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Kaikkonen, K. (Kari). "Risk factors for sudden cardiac death from an acute ischemic event in general population:a case-control study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514290473.
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Abstract
Specific prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) caused by an acute coronary event in the general population has remained a challenge for clinicians since the recognizable risk factors for this fatal outcome of an underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) may be partly the same as those of a non-fatal coronary event.
This case-control study was designed to compare genetic and several other factors between consecutive series of survivors (n = 644) and victims of SCD (n = 425) from an acute coronary event. Only subjects with an acute coronary event verified at medico-legal autopsy were included in the SCD group. As controls, 809 subjects without any history of CAD, acute myocardial infarction or aborted cardiac arrest were examined. Subjects to the sub-studies were drawn from these study populations. The increased risk for SCD in the general population was associated with family history of SCD, male gender, smoking, cardiac hypertrophy and the severity of CAD. In the present study, 100% mortality was observed when all these risk factors were present at the time of an acute coronary event. In the subjects with a family history of SCD, the increased risk of SCD was correlated with the severity of CAD without any clustering of coronary risk factors, suggesting that genetic factors affecting the accelerated progression of CAD may have an important role in familial SCD. However, polymorphisms of genes affecting thrombosis, which are believed to have effects on plaque progression and the consequences of plaque complications, were not associated with an increased risk for SCD.
The present results show that the risk of SCD at the time of an acute coronary event can be assessed by generally available methods. If a subject is a male smoker and has a family history of SCD, the risk of SCD is substantially increased. In our study sample the currently known polymorphisms affecting thrombosis did not have a major impact in risk stratification of genetic susceptibility for SCD. Simple association studies have clear shortcomings when they attempt to reveal genetic associations with complex outcomes and thus new research strategies are needed to elucidate the genetic background of SCD.
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Wu, Yanlan, and 吴艳兰. "Risk factors for death in pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary children's hospital in Guangzhou city." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206970.
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Background:
Most of the previous studies about risk factors associated with death in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were done in western countries and focused on physiological and laboratorial indexes. Some of them had inconsistent results. There were few studies about the epidemiologic profile of mortality and risk factors associated with death in the PICU in China. Compared with other countries, China has different health care policy, insurance system, population, culture, and socioeconomic situation that may affect disease outcomes differently. Some data showed that Chinese PICUs had higher mortality. It is important to know more about the possible factors associated with excess death in PICU in a Chinese setting.
Objectives:
The objectives of this study were to estimate mortality (incidence proportion of death) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a tertiary hospital and identify the main risk factors associated with death in PICU.
Methods:
This was a case-control study. We retrospectively investigated the clinical data of patients who were admitted to the PICU during January 2010 to December 2013 in a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, China. All the dead cases in PICU during the studied period were chosen as cases, and the controls were randomly selected from the patients who were alive when they were discharged from the PICU during the same period. The incidence proportion of death was estimated, and then logistic regression model was carried out to explore the risk factors for death.
Results:
The overall mortality in this PICU was 6.5% (95% CI 5.6 % - 7.4%) during January 2010 to December 2013. The following factors were found to have significant association with higher risk for death: middle level socioeconomic status (OR 2.51, 95% 1.07 - 5.87) and low level socioeconomic status (OR 5.86, 95% CI 2.32 - 14.77) compared with the high level socioeconomic status; admission from pediatric emergency observation unit (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.10 - 3.91) compared with admission from transfer system (i.e. other hospital); critical severity of disease (OR 2.62 , 95% CI 1.48 - 4.64), and seriously critical severity of disease (OR 8.41, 95% CI 3.26 - 21.67) compared with non-critical severity of disease ; existence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.91- 6.91) compared with absence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; existence of comorbidity (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.68 - 5.86) compared with absence of comorbidity; infectious disease (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.07- 5.49), neoplasm (OR 4.53, 95% CI 1.63 - 12.62), neurological disease ( OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.85 - 9.59) and endocrine, immune and nutritional disease (OR 7.56,
95% CI 2.10 - 27.20 ) compared with respiratory disease .
Conclusion:
Our study was the first one to comprehensively investigate the risk factors for death in PICU of a tertiary hospital in China. We described profile of dead cases, estimated the mortality and investigated the risk factors associated with death in PICU. During January 2010 to December 2013 the mortality in the PICU was found to be 6.5%, and risk factors for higher mortality in PICU included lower level socioeconomic status, admission from the pediatric emergency observation unit, more severe conditions of disease, presence of comorbidity and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and disease categories of infectious diseases, neoplasm, neurological disease, and endocrine, immune and nutritional disease. Our study provided information for developing preventive strategy to reduce the mortality in PICU.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Pasupathy, Dharmintra. "An analysis of factors contributing to the risk and trend of delivery related perinatal death at term." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608790.
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Toukola, T. (Tomi). "Physical exercise and sudden cardiac death:characteristics and risk factors." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526220413.
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Abstract Physical activity with regular physical exercise (PE) has long been advocated because it lowers morbidity and mortality. However, there have been concerns about a transiently increased risk of adverse cardiac events such as sudden cardiac death (SCD) during PE. Our aim was to identify risk factors related to SCD during PE and clarify the effect of PE on cardiovascular well-being in the general population. In study I we found out that male gender as well as coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial scarring as autopsy-findings were clearly more common among exercise-related SCD. Typical northern activities in skiing and snow shoveling were among the three most common types of PE alongside cycling. In study II we analyzed the previously recorded electrocardiograms (ECG) of victims of SCD. Fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) in anterior leads was a common finding among subjects who died during exercise, especially among subjects with a prior diagnosis of CAD. In study III, we collected retrospectively out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) data in Northern Ostrobothnia between the years 2007 and 2012. The subjects who suffered SCA in relation to PE were younger and previously healthier, and they had more often a shockable rhythm as the initial rhythm. There was a markedly better prognosis for hospital discharge when SCA occurred during PE. In study IV, we noticed a decrease in cardiac mortality in subjects who were physically active or became active during follow-up in a population of 1,746 stable CAD patients. A similar effect could be seen affecting SCD mortality. No increase in cardiac mortality could be seen among those with the highest levels of habitual PE. In conclusion, ischemic heart disease and male gender, especially when fQRS is present in anterior leads, are characteristics related to exercise-related SCD. On the other hand, when SCA takes place during PE, the prognosis is markedly better compared to SCA occurring at rest. An active lifestyle is also linked to decreased cardiac mortalityTiivistelmä Säännöllinen aktiivinen elämäntapa on yhteydessä pienempään fyysisten ja psyykkisten sairauksien riskiin. Tutkimuksissa on kuitenkin havaittu raskaampaan liikuntaan liittyvä väliaikaisesti lisääntynyt akuutin sydäntapahtuman, kuten äkkikuoleman, riski. Väitöskirjatutkimuksessa tutkitaan rasitukseen liittyvän sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman erityispiirteitä ja fyysisen aktiivisuuden merkitystä hyvinvoinnille. Ensimmäisessä osajulkaisussa havaittiin, että rasitukseen liittyvissä kuolemissa oli ruumiinavauslöydöksenä merkittävästi enemmän sepelvaltimotautia, sydänlihaksen arpeutumista ja sydänlihaksen liikakasvua verrattuna äkkikuolemiin levossa. Miessukupuoli oli selkeästi yliedustettuna rasituspopulaatiossa, sillä peräti 94 % oli miehiä. Yleisimmät rasitusmuodot olivat hiihto, pyöräily ja lumenluonti. Toisessa osatutkimuksessa tutkittiin edeltävien EKG-muutosten yhteyttä rasitusperäisiin äkkikuolemiin. Havaitsimme, että QRS-kompleksin pirstoutuminen etuseinäkytkennöissä oli selkeästi yleisempi löydös rasitusryhmässä. Tämä löydös oli erityisen merkittävä sepelvaltimotautipotilailla. Kolmas julkaisu sisältää tiedot sairaalan ulkopuolisista sydänpysähdyksistä Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla vuosina 2007–2012. Tässä aineistossa havaitsimme, että rasitukseen liittyvän sydänpysähdyksen alkurytmi oli useammin defibrilloitava, potilaat olivat nuorempia ja terveempiä, ja maallikkoelvytys aloitettiin useammin. Rasituksessa elottomaksi menneillä oli suhteellisen hyvä selviämisennuste. Neljännessä tutkimuksessa havaitsimme selkeästi paremman ennusteen niillä stabiilia sepelvaltimotautia sairastaneilla, jotka olivat liikunnallisesti aktiivisia. Sydänperäinen kuolleisuus oli pienempi myös niillä potilailla, jotka onnistuivat lisäämään liikunnallista aktiivisuuttaan. Samankaltainen tulos todettiin sydänperäisten äkkikuolemien osalta. Sepelvaltimotauti ja miessukupuoli ovat hyvin yleisiä löydöksiä, kun sydänperäinen äkkikuolema tapahtuu rasituksessa. Myös QRS-kompleksin pirstoutuminen etuseinäkytkennöissä liittyi rasitusperäisiin kuolemiin. Toisaalta potilaan ennuste selvitä on selkeästi parempi sydänpysähdyksen tapahtuessa rasituksessa. Osoitimme myös, että liikunnallinen aktiivisuus ja sen pienikin lisäys parantavat sepelvaltimotautipotilaiden ennustetta
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Salawu, Emmanuel Oluwatobi. "Spatiotemporal Variations in Coexisting Multiple Causes of Death and the Associated Factors." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6108.
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The study and practice of epidemiology and public health benefit from the use of mortality statistics, such as mortality rates, which are frequently used as key health indicators. Furthermore, multiple causes of death (MCOD) data offer important information that could not possibly be gathered from other mortality data. This study aimed to describe the interrelationships between various causes of death in the United States in order to improve the understanding of the coexistence of MCOD and thereby improve public health and enhance longevity. The social support theory was used as a framework, and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the coexistence of MCOD in approximately 80 million death cases across the United States from 1959 to 2005. The findings showed that in the United States, there is a statistically significant relationship between the number of coexisting MCOD, race, education, and the state of residence. Furthermore, age, gender, and marital status statistically influence the average number of coexisting MCOD. The results offer insights into how the number of coexisting MCOD vary across the United States, races, education levels, gender, age, and marital status and lay a foundation for further investigation into what people are dying from. The results have the long-term potential of helping public health practitioners identify individuals or communities that are at higher risks of death from a number of coexisting MCOD such that actions could be taken to lower the risks to improve people's wellbeing, enhance longevity, and contribute to positive social change.
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Ferm, Anna, and Nicklas Olsson. "Plötslig spädbarnsdöd, ett känsligt ämne : En litteraturöversikt om risker, förebyggande åtgärder och sjuksköterskans roll vid SIDS." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för vårdvetenskap på grundnivå, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-7196.
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Background: The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has always existed. In the early 1990's, researchers discovered that prone position was associated with a significantly higher risk for SIDS. This resulted in a lowered incidence of SIDS in the world. The campaign showed the value of risk knowledge and risk reducing methods, that's why new information campaigns about other risks regarding SIDS must occur. Aim: The aim was to describe the risk factors and preventive actions for SIDS, and the nurse's role regarding the preventive work. Method: A literature review based on 16 articles based on qualitative and quantitative studies. Result: This study shows that there are much more risk factors concerning SIDS than just the sleeping position. Use of a pacifier and breastfeeding have a risk reducing effect on SIDS, meanwhile high tog values, bedsharing and smoking during pregnancy increases the risk. SIDS is a very sensitive subject and parents can react with fear; this implies that the nurse has to have good communicating skills. Individual education gives the best parental compliance of risk reducing behavior regarding SIDS. The information that parents' should be given are risk factors and preventive methods in relations to SIDS. Conclusion: The risk factors and preventive methods that are of importance for SIDS, must be further investigated. Methods for how the nurse can inform the parents' is also a subject for further research on SIDS.
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Edner, Ann. "Apnea, small for date and autonomic imbalance - risk factors in relation to SIDS /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-503-4/.
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Kerche, Luciane Teresa Rodrigues Lima. "Fatores de risco para macrossomia fetal em gestações complicadas por diabete ou hiperglicemia diária /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95361.
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Orientador: Iracema de Mattos Paranhos CalderonResumo: Identificar fatores de risco para a macrossomia fetal na população de gestantes portadoras de diabete ou hiperglicemia diária. Método - Estudo retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, incluindo 803 pares de mães e recém-nascidos desta população específica, distribuídos em dois grupos - macrossômicos (casos, n = 242) e não-macrossômicos (controles, n = 561). Foram comparadas variáveis relativas à idade, paridade, peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC), ganho de peso (GP), antecedentes de diabete, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo, tipo e classificação do diabete e indicadores do controle glicêmico no terceiro trimestre. As médias foram avaliadas pelo teste F e as variáveis categorizadas foram submetidas à análise univariada, utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado (c²). Os resultados significativos foram incluídos no modelo de regressão múltipla, para identificação do risco independente de macrossomia, considerando-se OR, IC95% e valor de p. Para todas as análises foi estabelecido o limite de significância estatística de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados - Observou-se associação significativa entre macrossomia e GP > 16kg, IMC = 25kg/m2, antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e, especificamente, o de macrossomia, classificação nos grupos de Rudge (IB e IIA + IIB), média glicêmica (MG) ³120mg/dL e média de glicemia pósprandial (MPP) ³ 130mg/dL no terceiro trimestre. Na análise de regressão múltipla, o GP > 16kg (OR = 1,79; IC95% = 1,23 ¾ 1,60), o IMC = 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; IC95% = 1,27 ¾ 2,64), o antecedente pessoal de diabete (OR = 1,56; IC95% = 1,05 ¾ 2,31) e de macrossomia (OR = 2,37; IC95% = 1,60 ¾ 3,50) e a MG ³120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre (OR = 1,78; IC95% = 1,13 ¾ 2,80) confirmaram risco independente para macrossomia nestas gestações de risco. Conclusão - O GP > 16Kg, o IMC ³ 25Kg/m2, a MG ³ 120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre e a presença... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: To identify risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia. Method - Retrospective study, control-case, including 803 pairs of mothers and newborns belonging to this specific population, distributed in two groups- macrosomic (cases, n = 242) and non-macrosomic (controls, n = 561). Variables related to age, parity, weight and body mass index (BMI), weight gain (WG), diabetes history, high blood pressure and tabagism, diabetes type and classification and glycemic control indicators in the third trimester were compared. The means were evaluated by the F test and the categorized variables were submitted to univariate analysis using the chi square test (c²). The significative results were included in the multiple regression model for the identification of macrosomia independent risk considering OR, 95% CI and p value. The statistical significance limit of 5% was established for all the analysis. Results - There was significative association between macrosomia and WG > 16kg, BMI = 25kg/m², personal, obstetric and macrosomic history, classification in the Rudge groups (IB and IIA + IIB), glycemic mean (GM) = 120mg/dL and postprandial glycemic mean (PPGM) = 130mg/dL in the third trimester. In the multiple regression analysis, the WG > 16kg (OR= 1,79; 95%CI= 1,23 - 1,60), the BMI ³ 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; 95% CI = 1,27 - 2,64), the diabetes personal history (OR = 1,56; 95%CI = 1,05 - 2,31), and of macrossomia (OR = 2,37; 95%CI= 1,60- 3,50) and the GM ³ 120mg/dL in the third trimester (OR = 1,78; 95%= 1,13 - 2,80) confirmed independent risk for macrossomia in these risk pregnancies. Conclusion - The WG > 16kg, the BMI ³ 25kg/m², the GM = 120mg/dL in the third trimester and macrosomia and diabetes personal history were identified as risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia.
Mestre
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Louw, Jacobus Gidion. "Perception of personal and general risk of alcohol use during pregnancy among women in a high risk community in the Northern Cape province, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95915.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maternal drinking during pregnancy and its consequences are a growing health concern worldwide. It has also been identified as a significant problem in South African communities with some of the highest prevalence rates of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) reported in South Africa. The primary aim of this study was to explore how women in a South African community in the Northern Cape Province perceive the personal and general risk of drinking during pregnancy. The secondary aims were to ascertain whether there was evidence of unrealistic optimism, to examine whether there were personal characteristics that are associated with high or low risk perception, and to examine women‟s knowledge of FASD. A total of 128 women from De Aar in the Northern Cape, an area with a high prevalence of FASD, and therefore drinking during pregnancy, were recruited to take part in the study. Participants had previously taken part in a FASD prevention programme. Questionnaires were administered assessing the perception of the risk posed to a participant‟s own child should she drink during pregnancy, and the risk posed to others‟ children should they drink during pregnancy. The questionnaire also contained questions on FASD knowledge and demographic variables. Participants were between 18 and 44 years of age and reported high rates of unemployment. Most women had more than one child and 7.8% had a child diagnosed with FASD. No evidence for unrealistic optimism was found. Multiple regression analyses revealed both FASD knowledge, and the perception of how easy it would be for oneself to stop drinking, were significant predictors for both personal and general risk. A model including the perception of general risk, FASD knowledge and the perception of how easily one could stop drinking accounted for the most variance in the perception of personal risk (66.4%). Perception of personal risk on its own was the strongest predictor of the perception of general risk accounting for 56.1% of variance. There was no significant correlation between passage of time and FASD knowledge, but possible gaps in FASD knowledge were identified. The study provides an overview of the perception of the risk of drinking during pregnancy in the target population. It also suggests improvements to the research design and materials for further research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Moederlike drankgebruik gedurende swangerskap en die gevolge daarvan word wêreldwyd met groeiende kommer beskou. Dit is ook as ʼn wesenlike probleem in Suid-Afrika geïdentifiseer, met van die hoogste voorkomssyfers van Fetale Alkohol Spektrumafwykings (FASA) wat in Suid-Afrika aangeteken is. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om, in ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap in die Noord Kaap provinsie, die persepsie van persoonlike en algemene risiko van drink tydens swangerskap onder vrouens, te ondersoek. Die sekondêre doelstellings was om vas te stel of daar bewyse van onrealistiese optimisme is; te bepaal of daar persoonlike eienskappe is wat korreleer met ʼn hoë of lae risiko-persepsie, en om ook die vroue se kennis van Fetale Alkohol Spektrumafwykings (FASA) te ondersoek. 128 vroue van De Aar in die Noord-Kaap is gewerf om aan die studie deel te neem. Die gebied het 'n hoë FASA voorkoms, en dus ook alkoholgebruik tydens swangerskap. Deelnemers het voorheen deelgeneem aan 'n FASA voorkomingsprogram. Vraelyste is voltooi rakende die persepsie van die risiko vir 'n deelnemer se eie kind sou sy tydens swangerskap drink, en die risiko vir ander se kinders, sou hulle tydens swangerskap drink. Die vraelys het ook vrae oor FASA kennis en demografiese veranderlikes ingesluit. Deelnemers was tussen 18 en 44 jaar oud en het hoë vlakke van werkloosheid gerapporteer. Meeste vrouens het meer as een kind gehad en 7.8% het ʼn kind wat met FASA gediagnoseer is gehad. Geen bewyse vir onrealistiese optimisme is gevind nie. Meervoudige regressie-ontleding het bevind dat beide FASA-kennis en die persepsie van hoe maklik dit vir ‟n deelnemer self sou wees om op te hou drink, beduidende voorspellers vir beide persoonlike en algemene risiko is. 'n Model wat die persepsie van algemene risiko, FASA-kennis en die persepsie van hoe maklik 'n deelnemer self kan ophou drink, het die grootste variansie in die persepsie van persoonlike risiko verduidelik (66,4 %). Persepsie van persoonlike risiko op sy eie, was die sterkste voorspeller van die persepsie van algemene risiko, opsigself verantwoordelik vir 56,1% van die variansie. Daar was geen beduidende korrelasie tussen die verloop van tyd en FASA kennis nie, maar moontlike gapings in die kennis van FASA is geïdentifiseer. Die studie bied 'n oorsig van die persepsie van die risiko van drankgebruik tydens swangerskap in die teikenbevolking. Dit stel ook verbeteringe vir die navorsingsmetodiek voor vir toekomstige navorsing.
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Joyce, Sarah Julia. "Demographic, clinical and environmental risk factors for prelabour rupture of membranes in Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0126.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis explores the risk factors and perinatal outcomes associated with prelabour rupture of membranes, with a particular focus on the environmental context. Prelabour rupture of membranes is defined as the rupture of fetal membranes before the onset of labour. It is a relatively common obstetric endpoint, occurring in approximately 8-10% of pregnant women at term (PROM) and in up to 40% of all preterm deliveries (pPROM). Despite the high prevalence of the condition, the biological mechanisms and risk factors, and in particular the role of environmental predictors, behind the development of PROM and pPROM remain largely unclear. A record-based prevalence design was used to analyse a population of 16,229 nulliparous, Caucasian women residing in Perth, Western Australia who gave birth to a single newborn during 2002-2004. Maternal age, socioeconomic status and threatened preterm labour during pregnancy were identified as risk factors for prelabour rupture of membranes. Term PROM was significantly associated with fetal distress (OR 1.19; 95%CI 1.00-1.43) and post-partum haemorrhage (OR 1.99; 95%CI 1.60-2.48). A number of perinatal complications were observed to be associated with the presentation of preterm PROM, including prolapsed cord (OR 13.95; 95%CI 4.57-42.61), ante-partum haemorrhage (OR 3.29; 95%CI 2.20-4.91), post-partum haemorrhage (OR 2.12; 95%CI 1.54-2.91), low birth weight (OR 17.79; 95%CI 13.87-22.82), very low birth weight (OR 20.01; 95%CI 14.12-28.35) and stillbirth (OR 5.42; 95%CI 2.87-10.21). However, the outcomes were similar between pPROM patients and other preterm deliveries, indicating that the complications arose due to the timing of the delivery. In contrast though, the risk factors between the two outcomes varied which may suggest that a different aetiological pathway exists between preterm PROM and other preterm deliveries. The frequency of complications decreased with increasing gestational age at delivery until the pregnancy reached full-term, whereupon an increase in gestational age at delivery resulted in an increased risk of fetal distress and post-partum haemorrhage. This finding is novel and may have important implications for the management of prelabour rupture of membranes, specifically with regard to the relative risks and benefits of expectant management (that is, the patient is admitted to an obstetric facility or hospital and closely monitored) versus planned delivery. ... This study represents the first attempt to investigate the potential associations between environmental risk factors and prelabour rupture of membranes. The results of the thesis provide a substantial contribution to our knowledge on prelabour rupture of membranes, including findings of direct relevance to clinical practice as well as a potentially contributing environmental exposure pathway. These original findings suggest a possible preventative approach to reducing the occurrence and associated morbidity of prelabour rupture of membranes may be feasible, and should be pursued if future research confirms the preliminary findings of this thesis.
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Ofori, Samuel N. "Isolated oligohydramnios in low-risk pregnancy- a prospective study of the maternal, placental and fetal aetiological factors and associated perinatal outcomes." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516884.
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Background: There is an unsubstantiated conviction among clinicians that a significant reduction In amniotic fluid volume is a poor prognostic sign for pregnancy, even when it is an isolated finding. This belief has led to the inculcation of serial ultrasound assessments of amniotic fluid volume into the antenatal assessment of fetal well being with the aim of improving perinatal outcomes by closer monitoring and earlier delivery. In reality, there is no strong evidence base for this practice, while there are significant risks associated with premature delivery. There may also be cost and resource implications for the practice. Objective: The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether isolated oligohydramnios is significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in otherwise uncomplicated pregnancies, and to investigate the underlying associated maternal, fetal and placental aetiological factors. Materials and Methods: Amniotic fluid volumes were measured using ultrasound in 3328 low-risk pregnancies between 19 and 41 weeks. These were otherwise uncomplicated pregnancies recruited at the antenatal booking visit following a normal 1st trimester screening result (a negative 11-14 week combined nuchal translucency ultrasound and maternal serum-biochemistry fetal structural and chromosomal abnormality screening test). Maternal characteristics (age, parity, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, weight, smoking and alcohol consumption) during the course of the pregnancy, Placental characteristics (site, position and maturity), and Fetal renal blood flow parameters were also studied and analysed for possible associations. Results: Isolated oligohydramnios occurred more frequently with advancing maternal age and lower parity. However, maternal ethnicity, weight and socioeconomic status did not have any direct influence on the occurrence of isolated oligohydramnios and neither did the maternal life style factors studied. Increasing placental maturity was significantly associated with significantly reduced amniotic fluid but neither the placental site nor location was. There was a significant association between oligohydramnios and poor perinatal outcome as judged by meconium staining of amniotic fluid during labour, emergency Caesarean delivery for fetal compromise, an increased requirement for neonatal resuscitation and endotracheal intubation. In the population of pregnancies studied, there was no significant correlation between isolated oligohydramnios and a suspicious or pathological cardiotocogram during labour. However, a low birth weight less than 2500 g at birth, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, a prolonged length of neonatal intensive care unit stay, and perinatal deaths were all significantly associated with oligohydramnios. No association was seen with either a low Apgar score or a low fetal arterial cord blood pH. Conclusion: This study showed that an isolated reduction in amniotic fluid volume even in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy is significantly associated with a poor perinatal outcome, and can therefore not be safely ignored. This finding justifies the continued assessment of amniotic fluid volumes.
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Pease, Anna Susan. "Factors influencing infant care practices in the sleep environment among families at high risk of sudden infant death syndrome." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702488.
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Introduction. Advice for reducing the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) by modifying the infant sleep environment has led to significant reductions in the number of babies who die. The highest burden of SIDS now lies with the most deprived families in society, where rates remain higher than in the general population. This thesis employed a mixed methods approach to examine knowledge and attitudes to SIDS risk reduction advice and explore the factors that influence decision making for the infant sleep environment among families most at risk. Methods. The four parts to this programme of work included: 1) A systematic review of the literature to reveal how mothers' knowledge of SIDS risk reduction has been measured and provide a suitable tool for use in a quantitative survey. 2) An analysis of longitudinal postal questionnaires from birth to late infancy to assess whether a high risk scoring system for SIDS based on routine demographics identifies risky infant care practices. 3) A quantitative survey of mothers recruited from health visitor-led clinics in deprived areas of Bristol, UK to measure mothers' knowledge and attitudes to SIDS advice. 4) A qualitative survey using home interviews with mothers of infants at higher risk of SIDS to determine decision making processes for the infant sleep environment. Results. The systematic review screened over 3000 papers and uncovered a useful tool for measuring knowledge of SIDS risks. The analysis of 591 postal questionnaires found that a scoring system of demographic characteristics can pick up on differences in infant care for a higher risk group, especially sleeping position and breastfeeding. The face-to-face survey with 400 mothers found poorer knowledge of SIDS risks in a higher risk group using the same scoring system and home interviews with 20 mothers most at risk gave insights into the complex challenges of night time infant care for this group. The interviews suggested that mothers are influenced by family and friends, their own self-efficacy, beliefs they hold about infant safety and care and their perceived barriers to following the recommended advice. Conclusions. This work confirms that families at higher risk for SIDS have poorer knowledge of the risk factors and are more likely to engage in sleep practices that may put their infants at further risk of SIDS. It also confirms that decision-making for infant care is interconnected with social contexts and psychological constructs that can help or hinder when it comes to safe sleep. Where good reasons for following advice were lacking, mothers would fill in the blanks with their own interpretations that risk supporting unsafe sleep decisions. Interventions that target groups of parents where the risks of SIDS are higher, need to consider social influences, beliefs and understanding behind the safer sleep messages if they are to be effective and engage this group in change.
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Neumayr, Andreas Vipa Thanachartwet. "Malarial acute renal failure at Mae Sot general hospital, Thailand : outcome and associated risk factors for death and dialysis /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd414/5038610.pdf.
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Thematic Paper (M.C.T.M. (Clinical Tropical Medicine))--Mahidol University, 2008.LICL has E-Thesis 0038 ; please contact computer services. LIRV has E-Thesis 0038 ; please contact circulation services.
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Rogers, Catherine Hilary. "The Effect of the Death of a Child on Midlife Mental and Physical Health: An Exploration of Risk and Resilience Factors." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/8.
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The study examined the long-term effects of a death of a child on a variety of parental psychological and physical outcomes, incorporating several methodological and conceptual innovations over previous research. Prior bereavement research typically has focused on functioning within a short time period after the death and often has utilized self-selected samples of grieving parents; thus current models of grief may be inadequate. In contrast, this study broadened the timeframe in which bereavement is studied (average time since death= 20 years), and examined a sample of bereaved parents who were not self-selected. Participants were members of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (713 bereaved and 713 non-bereaved parents) who were assessed in 1957, 1975/77, and 1992/94 and were matched on family of origin demographic variables. Results show that bereaved parents reported a higher sense of purpose in life than non-bereaved parents. Further, higher levels of purpose in life was associated with lower levels of depression in bereaved parents, and with lower levels of physical illness in bereaved men. As expected, bereaved parents exhibited higher levels of depression than non-bereaved parents. For bereaved women, having someone with whom to share private thoughts and feelings was correlated with higher levels of depression, indicating that social support may be sought when functioning is poor. Higher job satisfaction was associated with lower levels of depression in bereaved women suggesting that role variegation is a factor promoting resiliency. Further, having another child after the death of a child was associated with lower levels of depression for bereaved women. Contrary to expectations, having other children in the home at the time of death was associated with lower social support and higher divorce rates for bereaved women. In sum, the current study suggests that the negative effects of the death of a child are longstanding. Several factors (e.g., purpose in life, role variegation) may promote resiliency and thus merit more scientific study and clinical attention.
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Clausson, Britt. "Risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes in small-for-gestational-age births." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2000. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-4858-5/.
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Kerche, Luciane Teresa Rodrigues Lima [UNESP]. "Fatores de risco para macrossomia fetal em gestações complicadas por diabete ou hiperglicemia diária." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95361.
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Identificar fatores de risco para a macrossomia fetal na população de gestantes portadoras de diabete ou hiperglicemia diária. Método - Estudo retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, incluindo 803 pares de mães e recém-nascidos desta população específica, distribuídos em dois grupos - macrossômicos (casos, n = 242) e não-macrossômicos (controles, n = 561). Foram comparadas variáveis relativas à idade, paridade, peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC), ganho de peso (GP), antecedentes de diabete, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo, tipo e classificação do diabete e indicadores do controle glicêmico no terceiro trimestre. As médias foram avaliadas pelo teste F e as variáveis categorizadas foram submetidas à análise univariada, utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado (c²). Os resultados significativos foram incluídos no modelo de regressão múltipla, para identificação do risco independente de macrossomia, considerando-se OR, IC95% e valor de p. Para todas as análises foi estabelecido o limite de significância estatística de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados - Observou-se associação significativa entre macrossomia e GP > 16kg, IMC = 25kg/m2, antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e, especificamente, o de macrossomia, classificação nos grupos de Rudge (IB e IIA + IIB), média glicêmica (MG) ³120mg/dL e média de glicemia pósprandial (MPP) ³ 130mg/dL no terceiro trimestre. Na análise de regressão múltipla, o GP > 16kg (OR = 1,79; IC95% = 1,23 ¾ 1,60), o IMC = 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; IC95% = 1,27 ¾ 2,64), o antecedente pessoal de diabete (OR = 1,56; IC95% = 1,05 ¾ 2,31) e de macrossomia (OR = 2,37; IC95% = 1,60 ¾ 3,50) e a MG ³120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre (OR = 1,78; IC95% = 1,13 ¾ 2,80) confirmaram risco independente para macrossomia nestas gestações de risco. Conclusão - O GP > 16Kg, o IMC ³ 25Kg/m2, a MG ³ 120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre e a presença...
To identify risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia. Method – Retrospective study, control-case, including 803 pairs of mothers and newborns belonging to this specific population, distributed in two groups- macrosomic (cases, n = 242) and non-macrosomic (controls, n = 561). Variables related to age, parity, weight and body mass index (BMI), weight gain (WG), diabetes history, high blood pressure and tabagism, diabetes type and classification and glycemic control indicators in the third trimester were compared. The means were evaluated by the F test and the categorized variables were submitted to univariate analysis using the chi square test (c²). The significative results were included in the multiple regression model for the identification of macrosomia independent risk considering OR, 95% CI and p value. The statistical significance limit of 5% was established for all the analysis. Results – There was significative association between macrosomia and WG > 16kg, BMI = 25kg/m², personal, obstetric and macrosomic history, classification in the Rudge groups (IB and IIA + IIB), glycemic mean (GM) = 120mg/dL and postprandial glycemic mean (PPGM) = 130mg/dL in the third trimester. In the multiple regression analysis, the WG > 16kg (OR= 1,79; 95%CI= 1,23 - 1,60), the BMI ³ 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; 95% CI = 1,27 - 2,64), the diabetes personal history (OR = 1,56; 95%CI = 1,05 - 2,31), and of macrossomia (OR = 2,37; 95%CI= 1,60- 3,50) and the GM ³ 120mg/dL in the third trimester (OR = 1,78; 95%= 1,13 - 2,80) confirmed independent risk for macrossomia in these risk pregnancies. Conclusion – The WG > 16kg, the BMI ³ 25kg/m², the GM = 120mg/dL in the third trimester and macrosomia and diabetes personal history were identified as risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia.
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Rogers, Catherine. "The effect of the death of a child on midlife mental and physical health an exploration of risk and risilience factors /." unrestricted, 2005. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07112005-100714/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2005.Title from title screen. Frank J Floyd, committee chair; Martha A. Foster, Lawrence P. Riso, Gregory J. Jurkovic, committee members. Electronic text (121 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p.104-121).
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May, Philip, Vries Marlene De, Anna-Susan Marais, Wendy Kalberg, David Buckley, Colleen Adnams, Julie Hasken, et al. "Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa." MDPI AG, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625052.
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Background: Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and total fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) were studied in a second sample of three South African rural communities to assess change. Methods: Active case ascertainment focused on children with height, weight and/or head circumference <= 25th centile and randomly-selected children. Final diagnoses were based on dysmorphology, neurobehavioral scores, and maternal risk interviews. Results: Cardinal facial features, head circumference, and total dysmorphology scores differentiated specific FASD diagnostic categories in a somewhat linear fashion but all FASD traits were significantly worse than those of randomly-selected controls. Neurodevelopmental delays were significantly worse for children with FASD than controls. Binge alcohol use was clearly documented as the proximal maternal risk factor for FASD, and significant distal risk factors were: low body mass, education, and income; high gravidity, parity, and age at birth of the index child. FAS rates continue to extremely high in these communities at 89-129 per 1000 children. Total FASD affect 196-276 per 1000 or 20-28% of the children in these communities. Conclusions: Very high rates of FASD persist in these general populations where regular, heavy drinking, often in a binge fashion, co-occurs with low socioeconomic conditions.
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Karlsson, Nadine. "Prospective cohort studies of disability pension and mortality in a Swedish county /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-204-0/.
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Goulart, Vanessa Vigna. "Óbito fetal em gestações únicas com diagnóstico de trissomias dos cromossomos 21,18 13 e monossomia do X." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-26112014-090258/.
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Objetivos: Descrever a frequência, e investigar fatores preditivos, de óbito fetal espontâneo (OF), em gestações com anomalias cromossômicas. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, abrangendo o período de novembro de 2004 a maio de 2012, realizado na Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídas gestações únicas com diagnóstico pré-natal de trissomia dos cromossomos 21 (T21), 18, 13 (T13/18) e monossomia do X (45X), realizado até a 26ª semana de gestação. Resultados: Foram incluídas 92 gestantes com idade materna média de 32,7 ± 8,7 anos. O diagnóstico das anomalias cromossômicas (T21 n=36, T13/T18 n=25, 45X n=31) foi realizado em idade gestacional média de 18,3 ± 3,7 semanas, por meio de biópsia de vilo corial (n=22, 24%), amniocentese (n=66, 72%) e cordocentese (n=4, 4%). Malformação major estava presente em 45 (49%); e hidropisia foi identificada em 32 (35%) fetos, sendo mais frequente no grupo 45X (n=24/31 (77%) versus T21: n=6/36 (17%) e T13/18: n=2/25 (8%), p < 0,001). Exame ecocardiográfico fetal especializado foi realizado em 60% (55/92) das gestações. Dessas, 60% (33/55) apresentaram alterações na morfologia e/ou função cardíaca, sendo o achado mais frequente a comunicação interventricular (39%). Fetos com T13/18 apresentaram incidência maior de anomalias cardíacas (60% versus 25% (T21) e 29% (45X), p= 0,01). Óbito fetal ocorreu em 55 (60%) gestações e foi mais frequente no grupo 45X (n=26/31 (84%) versus T21: n=13/36 (36%) e T13/18: n=16/25 (64%), p < 0,01). A análise multivariada stepwise demonstrou associação entre hidropisia e OF em fetos com trissomia 21 (LR= 4,29; IC95%= 1,9-8,0, p< 0,0001). Em fetos com monossomia X, a presença de alterações ecocardiográficas esteve associada com menor risco de OF (LR= 0,56; IC95% = 0,27-0,85, p= 0,005). Não foram identificados fatores preditores no grupo T13/18. Conclusão: A letalidade intrauterina de fetos com anomalias cromossômicas é elevada. A presença de hidropisia aumenta o risco de óbito fetal, em gestações com trissomia 21. Enquanto, em gestações com monossomia X, a ocorrência de alterações ecocardiográficas reduz esse riscoObjectives: To describe the frequency, and associated factors, of intrauterine fetal death (IUD), in pregnancies with chromosomal abnormality. Methods: This was a retrospective (November 2004 to May 2012) performed at de department of obstetrics, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School. Inclusion criteria were: singleton pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 (T21), 18, 13 (T13/18) and X monosomy (45X), performed up to 26 weeks gestation. Results: 92 women were included in the study with a mean maternal age of 32.7 ± 8.7 years. Fetal chromosomal abnormalities (T21 n=36, T13/T18 n=25, 45X n=31) were diagnosed at a mean gestational age of 18.3 ± 3.7 weeks, by chorionic villus sampling (n=22, 24%), amniocentesis (n=66, 72%) and cordocentesis (n=4, 4%). Major fetal structural abnormality was present in 45 (49%) cases; hydrops was diagnosed in 32 (35%) fetuses, and was more common in 45X group (n=24/31 (77%) versus T21: n=6/36 (17%) and T13/18: n=2/25 (8%), p < 0.001). Specialist fetal echocardiography was performed in 55 (60%) pregnancies and showed structural and/or functional abnormalities in 33 (60%) fetuses; ventricular septal defect was the most common finding (39%). T13/18 fetuses showed a higher incidence of cardiac abnormalities (60% versus 25% (T21) and 29% (45X), p= 0.01). IUD occurred in 55 (60%) pregnancies and was more common in 45X group (n=26/31 (84%) versus T21: n=13/36 (36%) and T13/18: n=16/25 (64%), p < 0.01). Stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated an association between hydrops and IUD in T21 pregnancies (LR= 4.29; 95%CI= 1.9-8.0, p < 0.0001). In 45X pregnancies, cardiac abnormalities were associated with a lower risk of IUD (LR= 0.56; 95%CI = 0.27-0.85, p= 0.005). No predictors of IUD were identified in T13/18 group. Conclusion: Intrauterine death rate is high in pregnancies with a fetal chromosomal abnormality. Presence of hydrops increases the risk of this complication in trisomy 21 fetuses. Whereas the presence of a cardiac abnormality is protective in X monosomy pregnancies
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Arroyo, Juan Pablo. "Exploring Potential Risk Factors of Fetal Origins of Diabetes| Maternal Stressors during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes among Women in a Hospital in the Municipality of Caguas, Puerto Rico." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1543402.
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Puerto Rico has the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes, low birth-weight, and the second highest prevalence of preterm-birth in all the U.S. and its non-incorporated territories. These conditions are related. Birth-weight at both ends of the spectrum and preterm-birth are associated with an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and immune-inflammatory dysregulations. Maternal psychosocial stressors during pregnancy have also been recognized as potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and have been consistently associated with preterm-birth and low birth-weight across populations. Current evidence points toward epigenetic fetal metabolic-programming as the mechanism that underlies the increased risk for the previously mentioned morbidities. However, the particular psychosocial stressors that may contribute to the high prevalence of low birth-weight and preterm-birth in the population of Puerto Rico have not been well studied.
The present study assesses the relationships between particular psychosocial stressors, socioeconomic status, food insecurity, and birth outcomes. The results of this study show that low-risk pregnancy women were more likely to have babies with a higher ponderal index if they were exposed to stressors during gestation months 5, 6, and 7, or if exposed to "relationship stress" at any time during pregnancy. Women exposed to "financial difficulties" at any time during pregnancy were more likely to deliver babies at an earlier gestational age. Differences in birth outcomes between the exposed and non-exposed women were independent of maternal anthropometric measurements, maternal age at birth, number of previous births, and sex of the baby. Significant differences in birth outcomes were found between categories of father's self-identified and identified by others ethnicity, but sample size within categories was small. Although mothers with children at home had higher levels of food insecurity, and the level of food insecurity was correlated with higher levels of stress, no birth outcome measure was associated with food insecurity.
Some results are atypical in comparison with other populations, and therefore these findings may contribute to the understanding of population differences in the relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and birth outcomes. The relatively small sample size and strict exclusion criteria of this study may limit the generalizability of the findings. Epidemiological similarities between Puerto Rico and other populations, and the possibility of a higher ponderal index increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes in the population of Puerto Rico need to be examined in future research.
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De, Luca Federico. "Measuring people's knowledge and exploring the use of this measure for policies : assessing healthcare professionals' knowledge about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and its risk factors." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/364842/.
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This thesis focuses on how it is possible to measure people’s knowledge on a topic where certain statements can effectively discriminate between knowledgeable and non knowledgeable people. It presents an application in measuring healthcare professionals’ knowledge about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and its risk factors. Identifying the best and worst prepared healthcare professionals allows policymakers to reconsider the structure of their healthcare system and to implement targeted training initiatives about this topic. To do so, this research uses data belonging to the SIDS Project, a project meant to provide the first data about this topic in the United Kingdom and Spain. The mail survey referring to the United Kingdom was carried out in the South Central Strategic Health Authority in 2012, while the Spanish one was carried out in the provinces of Barcelona, Lérida and Tarragona in 2012 and 2013. The target population for the British survey consisted of general practitioners (GPs), while the target population for the Spanish survey consisted of paediatricians. Moreover, data about Italy were also available, which allowed cross country comparisons involving three different realities. This research shows that the Back-To-Sleep (BTS) message seems to have been effectively adopted by the British GPs, but, surprisingly, not as well received by the Spanish and Italian paediatricians. In the first case, in fact, more than 90% of the respondents recommended parents the supine position exclusively. In Spain and Italy, instead, this percentage was of 58% and 69% respectively. By contract, instead, the whole SIDS prevention message seems to have been better received in Spain and Italy than in the United Kingdom. British policymakers should reconsider the role of GPs in terms of delivering parents the BTS message, as they were found to be quite prepared. Spanish and Italian policymakers, instead, should try to increase the degree of adoption of the BTS message among their healthcare professionals. In particular, Spanish policymakers should urgently intervene in order to clarify that the supine position is the only one that can be deemed to be a protective factor against SIDS.
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Wisten, Aase. "Sudden cardiac death among the young in Sweden 1992-1999 : from epidemiology to support of the bereaved." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Folkhälsa och klinisk medicin, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-571.
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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in a young person is a rare but tragic event, and the potential of prevention is unknown. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the prevention by analysing SCD in the young in Sweden during the period 1992-1999. Data of SCD in the young based on a national registry is not previously reported. The approach is broad, covering the spectrum from epidemiology to supportive needs of families confronted with SCD. The survey methods comprised analyses of national registries, questionnaires, personal interviews, forensic-, police-, medical- and military conscription records. The SCD group selected from the database of the National Board of forensic Medicine consisted of 181 persons, 15 to 35 years old, who had suffered an SCD during 1992-1999 in Sweden, 132 men (73 %) and 49 women (27 %). The mean incidence was 0.93 per 100,000 per year. The trend showed no decrease during the surveyed years, 1992-1999. The most common diagnoses were the structurally normal heart (21 %), coronary artery disease (18 %), and dilated cardiomyopathy (12 %). In a study group of 162 individuals (19 cases of aortic aneurysm, 17 men and two women, were excluded), ECGs, symptoms and lifestyle factors were analysed and related to the autopsy findings. ECGs were available in 66 individuals (59 men and seven women) and 50 % of these were pathological. The most frequent aberrations were repolarisation abnormalities and in half of the cases with more than one ECG a development in a pathological direction was seen. In four out of ten seeking medical advice because of symptoms an ECG was taken and three of these were pathological. Possibly cardiac-related alpitations were common, but also non-specific symptoms such as fatigue after an influenza- like illness. It was not possible to link a certain sign or symptom to a specific diagnosis. In 26 (16 %) there was a family history of SCD. Physical activity and body mass index (BMI) in men were the same as in a control group, whilst women had a higher BMI and a lower level of physical activity than the controls. In coronary artery disease deaths there were a high percentage of smokers and BMI was higher than in the controls in both sexes. Competing athletes more often died during physical activity than non-athletes, but were not overrepresented in the SCD group. The majority of the athletes who died during physical activity had an underlying structural cardiac disease. Death during sleep was the most common mode of death in subjects with structurally normal heart. A lack of supportive structures in the handling of bereaved relatives were disclosed in the interviews. Most participants felt that they had been left mainly to themselves to find information and support. A common reflection from the bereaved was that there is a need of the same supportive routines in cases of a single death as in accidents where there are several casualties. The bereaved had a need of getting an explanation and a need of supportive structures. The cognitive dimension of understanding and the emotional dimension of being understood were found to be significant for the complex processes of mourning and recreating one’s life as a bereaved. In summary, SCD was uncommon in the young, but the incidence was not decreasing during the study period. The most common autopsy findings were the structurally normal heart and coronary artery disease. Symptoms preceding SCD were common but often misinterpreted. The SCD group was very similar to the normal population with regard to life style factors. In certain cardiac disorders physical activity seemed to trigger sudden death, whilst in others death during sleep was the most common mode of death. There is no single test which predicts if a person is at risk of SCD. A further cardiac evaluation in cases with pathological ECGs, and in cases with a positive family history or serious unexplained symptoms such as syncope, might permit the early identification of persons at risk of SCD. ECG is an underused tool in the investigation of symptoms, and a database with old ECGs available for comparison could be useful in the prevention of SCD. There is a need of better care of the bereaved, and based on our findings we propose the introduction of a supportive program.
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Filipov, Danielle. "Avaliação da dose fetal em radioterapia de mama, com câmara de ionização cilíndrica, usando blindagem e filtros físico e dinâmico." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2010. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1311.
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Quando uma mulher grávida é submetida à radioterapia mamária, o feto pode ser gravemente afetado pela dose periférica. Com o objetivo de verificar essa dose, um objeto simulador humanóide foi irradiado na mama esquerda. O phantom é um manequim adaptado, com alguns materiais (de densidades próximas a da água) dentro e fora do mesmo. A irradiação foi feita usando feixes de raios X de energia de 6 MeV, provenientes de um acelerador linear “Clinac 600C”. Durante as irradiações, foi empregada uma blindagem, constituída de blocos e placas de chumbo, em torno da região abdominal do manequim. Além disso, foram utilizados dois tipos de filtros: físico, com angulação de 30o, e dinâmico. Através de uma câmara de ionização cilíndrica posicionada na região fetal do simulador, verificou-se que, ao final do tratamento mamário, a dose de radiação periférica atinge valores entre 3,90 e 48,67 cGy quando se irradia com o filtro físico, e entre 1,75 e 13,78 cGy para o filtro dinâmico; ambos com a blindagem. Através dos dados obtidos, conclui-se que a implantação do filtro físico incrementa a dose periférica devido ao aumento da intensidade da radiação de fuga e ao espalhamento causado pelo material atenuador. Além disso, a blindagem empregada não foi suficiente para bloquear toda radiação secundária: Ao se empregar o filtro em cunha, segundo a literatura, as doses podem ser capazes de induzir o retardo mental e o câncer durante a vida pós-nascimento. Já com o filtro dinâmico esses riscos são reduzidos drasticamente, chegando a ser ínfimos.When a pregnant woman is submitted to breast radiotherapy, the fetus may be seriously affected by the peripheral dose. In order to verify that dose, a humanoid phantom, was irradiated at the left breast. The phantom is an adapted manikin, with some materials (densities close to water) inside and outside of it. The irradiation was done using a 6 MeV x-ray beam energy from a linear accelerator “Clinac 600C”. During the irradiation, a shield around the abdominal area of the manikin, consisting of blocks and slabs of lead was used. In addition, two types of filters were used: a physical, with 30o angulation, and an enhanced dynamic one. Through a cylindrical ionization chamber, positioned in the simulator ́s fetal region, it was found that, at the end of the breast treatment, the peripheral doses reach values between 3.90 and 48.67 cGy, when the physical wedge was used. With the application of the enhanced dynamic wedge, the values were between 1.75 and 13.78 cGy. According to the obtained data, the physical wedge can increase the peripheral dose due to the larger background radiation intensity and to the scattering caused by the attenuator material. In addition, the shielding couldn ́t block all the secondary radiation, which, according to the literature, can be able to induce mental retardation and cancer during postnatal life. However, the induction to these effects is negligible, when the type of wedge was changed.
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Copley, G. Bruce. "Epidemiologic risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide by the U.S. Air Force : using administrative data systems and multiple cause of death information to improve prevention policy /." (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2000. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.
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Stålberg, Gabriella. "Vulnerability and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Psykiatri, Akademiska sjukhuset, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-209626.
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This thesis offers a broad approach in elucidating biological risk factors, as well as psychological and social functioning in schizophrenia. The aims are as follows: (I) investigate the association between birth characteristics and schizophrenia, (II) study the association between levels of neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), social function and longitudinal outcome in schizophrenia, (III) compare social functioning of patients with schizophrenia with their biological siblings and (IV) explore how siblings to patients with schizophrenia perceive the sibling relationship and their role. Paper I was a cohort analysis of 11,360 same-sexed twins in which obstetric records were used. Low birth weight and small head circumference were associated with later development of schizophrenia. To some extent the results persisted in the within-pair analyses conducted on 82 pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Fifty-six patients with schizophrenia were included in paper II. Levels of NPY in CSF correlated to social competence at index admission. For each standard deviation increase in baseline NPY, there was a concomitant increased risk of being unemployed, having moderate or severe symptoms or recent hospitalization at the 3-year follow-up. In paper III, social functioning was investigated using the Swedish version of the videotaped test Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills (AIPSS) in 70 participants (25 patients with schizophrenia, 20 siblings and 25 randomly selected controls). The patients presented severe deficits in social functioning. The siblings expressed subtle impairments in nonverbal language but did not generally differ from the controls. To explore the siblings’ perspective on schizophrenia a qualitative study was conducted with interviews of 16 siblings in paper IV. A unifying major theme was an emotional sibling bond. Siblings developed several coping patterns, including avoidance, isolation, normalization, care giving and grieving. A third major theme consisted of the fear of inheriting schizophrenia. In conclusion, fetal growth, altered levels of NPY in CSF and subtle impairments in nonverbal social behavior might be important risk factors in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia revealed extensive impaired social functioning, and from the siblings’ perspective, a brother or sister’s diagnosis of schizophrenia seems to have a profound psychological impact on the siblings.
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Ribeiro, Ana Freitas. "Fatores de risco para óbito por influenza (AH1N1)pdm09, Estado de São Paulo, 2009." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-08042015-095247/.
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Introdução- Em abril de 2009, novo subtipo viral foi identificado, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Em 11 de junho de 2009, a Organização Mundial da Saude anunciou o início de uma pandemia de influenza. Objetivo- Investigar os fatores de risco para óbito por Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 em pacientes e em gestantes hospitalizados com Doença Respiratória Aguda Grave-DRAG. Nas gestantes, foram analisados também os desfechos gestacionais e neonatais. Metodologia- Foram realizados dois estudos caso-controles, em pacientes e em gestantes hospitalizados com Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 confirmada laboratorialmente e DRAG. Os casos evoluíram para óbito e os controles para cura. Os casos e controles foram selecionados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação-SINANInfluenza- web, sendo sorteados dois controles no estudo dos pacientes, e quatro no das gestantes, pareados por semana epidemiológica da data de internação do caso. O primeiro estudo foi realizado nas regiões Metropolitanas de São Paulo e de Campinas, de 28 de junho a 29 de agosto de 2009. Nas gestantes, o estudo incluiu o Estado de São Paulo, de 09 de junho a 01 de dezembro de 2009. Foram realizadas avaliações dos prontuários hospitalares e entrevistas domiciliares, a partir de formulários padronizados. Foram empregados testes de Mann-Whitney-U ou quiquadrado para comparação das variáveis, e cálculos dos odds ratio brutos-ORb e seus intervalos de confiança-IC95 por cento , para avaliação dos fatores de risco. No primeiro estudo foi definido modelo de regressão logística múltipla para análise dos fatores associados ao óbito. Resultados- No primeiro estudo, foram investigados 193 casos e 386 controles, 73,6 por cento dos casos e 38,1 por cento dos controles tinham alguma condição de risco para complicações relacionadas à influenza. No modelo final, as seguintes variáveis foram fatores de risco para óbito: idade entre 18 a 59 anos, Odds Ratio Ajustado-ORa de 2,31, 95 por cento IC 1,31-4,10, (referência pacientes < 18 anos), presença de pelo menos uma condição de risco (ORa=1,99, 95 por cento IC 1,11-3,57), mais de uma condição de risco (ORa=6,05 95 por cento IC 2,76-13,28), obesidade (ORa=2,73, 95 por cento IC 1,28- 5,83), imunossupressão (ORa=3,43 95 por cento IC 1,28-9,19) e ter tido atendimento prévio à internação (ORa=3,35, 95 por cento IC 1,75-6,40). O tratamento antiviral, quando administrado nas primeiras 48 horas do início dos sintomas foi fator de proteção para óbito, (ORa=0,17, 95 por cento IC 0,08-0,37). Houve benefício também da administração do antiviral entre 48 a 72 horas, (ORa=0,30, 95 por cento IC 0,11-0,81). Em gestantes, foram investigados 48 casos e 185 controles. Foram fatores de risco para óbito: ter tido atendimento prévio à internação, (ORb de 8,03, 95 por cento IC 2,38-27,09) e terceiro trimestre de gestação, (ORb=4,45, 95 por cento IC 1,15-29,25). Tratamento antiviral foi fator de proteção, quando administrado até 48 horas do início dos sintomas (ORb=0,14, 95 por cento IC 0,05-0,37), e de 48 a 72 horas, (ORb=0,13, 95 por cento IC 0,02-0,68). Em relação aos desfechos gestacionais, houve maior proporção de perdas fetais e partos prematuros entre os casos, p=0,001. As gestantes que evoluíram para óbitos tiveram recém nascidos vivos com mais baixo peso e índices inferiores no Apgar do primeiro minuto, p=0,016, quando comparado aos controles que tiveram parto durante a internação, p<0,001. Conclusão: A identificação dos pacientes de maior risco e o tratamento precoce são fatores importantes para a redução da morbimortalidade por influenza.Introduction - In April 2009, a new viral subtype was identified, influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. On June 11, the World Health Organization announced the beginning of the influenza pandemic. Objective - To investigate the risk factors for death from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in hospitalized patients and pregnant women with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections-SARI. In the pregnant women, the gestational and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. Methodology - Two case control studies were performed in hospitalized patients and pregnant women with laboratory confirmed influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and SARI. The cases died and the controls recovered. The cases and controls were selected from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases-SINAN-Influenza-web. Two controls were randomly selected in the study of patients and four in the pregnant women, matched by epidemiological week of the date of admission of the case. The first study was conducted in the metropolitan regions of São Paulo and Campinas, from June 28th to August 29th, 2009. The study on pregnant women included the State of São Paulo, from June 09th to December 1th, 2009. Evaluations of the medical records and home interviews were conducted using standardized forms. The Mann-Whitney U test or the chi-square tests were performed to compare the variables, in addition to calculations of crude odds ratio- ORc and their 95 per cent confidence intervals for the assessment of the risk factors. In the first study a multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze factors associated with death. Results - In the first study, 193 cases and 386 controls were investigated, 73.6 per cent of cases and 38.1 per cent of controls presented some risk condition for developing influenza-related complications. In the final model, the following variables were risk factors for death: aged between 18 and 59 , Adjusted Odds Ratio-ORa of 2.31, CI95 per cent 1.31-4.10, (reference patients <18 years), the presence of at least one risk condition (ORa=1.99, CI95 per cent 1.11-3.57), more than one risk condition (ORa=6.05 CI95 per cent 2.76-13.28), obesity (ORa=2.73, CI95 per cent 1.28-5.83), immunosuppression (ORa=3.43 CI95 per cent 1.28-9.19) and being attended prior to hospitalization (ORa=3.35, CI95 per cent 1.75-6.40). Antiviral treatment, when administered during the first 48 hours of onset of symptoms, was a protective factor for death, (ORa=0.17, CI95 per cent 0.08-0.37). There were also benefits from antiviral administration between 48 and 72 hours, (ORa=0.30, CI95 per cent 0.11-0.81). In the pregnant women, 48 cases and 185 controls were investigated. The risk factors for death were: being attended prior to hospitalization, (ORc 8.03, CI95 per cent 2.38-27.09) and third trimester of pregnancy, (ORc=4.45, CI95 per cent 1.15-29.25). Antiviral treatment was a protective factor when administered within 48 hours of onset of symptoms (ORc=0.14, CI95 per cent 0.05-0.37) and between 48 and 72 hours, (ORc= 0.13, CI95 per cent 0.02-0.68). In relation to pregnancy outcomes, there was a higher proportion of fetal losses and premature births among cases, p=0.001. The pregnant women who died had live newborns with lower weight and lower Apgar scores in the first minute, p=0.016 compared to controls who gave birth during hospitalization, p<0.001. Conclusion: The identification of high-risk patients and early treatment are important factors in the reduction of morbidity and mortality from influenza.
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Silva, Daniela Vieira. "Distribuição temporal das mortes de vítimas de trauma e fatores associados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7139/tde-27042018-120332/.
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Introdução: a distribuição trimodal das mortes de vítimas de trauma ainda é amplamente aceita por pesquisadores. Entretanto, estudos apontam uma mudança nesse padrão, passando de tri para bimodal. Este panorama das mortes e os fatores associados ainda não foram investigados no contexto brasileiro, o que reforça a relevância desta investigação. Objetivo: analisar a distribuição temporal e os fatores associados às mortes de vítimas de trauma. Método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, constituído por análise retrospectiva de laudos de autópsia de vítimas admitidas no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) Central de São Paulo entre janeiro e dezembro de 2015 que responderam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: ser vítima fatal de causa traumática; apresentar lesões codificáveis pela Abbreviated Injury Scale; e ter o tempo de morte identificado (tempo entre o evento traumático e a confirmação do óbito). A variável dependente foi o tempo da morte e as independentes contemplaram idade, gênero, raça, causa externa, Injury Severity Score (ISS), New Injury Severity Score (NISS), número de regiões corpóreas acometidas e região corpórea mais gravemente lesada. Estatísticas descritivas e regressão logística múltipla multinomial foram realizadas para análise dos dados, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a casuística compôs-se de 1.500 vítimas, com predomínio do gênero masculino (75,7%) e da raça branca (58,1%). A idade média foi de 49,7 (±23,6) anos. O trauma contundente prevaleceu na amostra (68,6%) e a causa externa mais frequente foi queda (33,5%). A análise da gravidade do trauma das vítimas mostrou que a maioria apresentava trauma moderado ou grave segundo o ISS (média 21,6±15,3; 58,0% com ISS 16) e o NISS (média 27,7±17,4; 70,9% com NISS 16). As vítimas tiveram em média 2,4 (±1,3) regiões corpóreas acometidas. A distribuição das mortes ocorreu em três momentos distintos: imediatas (mortes na cena), precoces (mortes em até 24 horas após o trauma) e tardias (mortes com tempo 24 horas após o trauma). Prevaleceram na amostra as mortes tardias (44,7%), seguidas das imediatas (28,2%) e precoces (27,1%). As vítimas de mortes tardias apresentaram maior média de idade e frequência de quedas do que as que morreram precoce ou tardiamente. Entre aqueles que morreram na cena, a gravidade do trauma mensurada pelo ISS e NISS e a média no número de regiões corpóreas acometidas eram maiores em relação aos outros dois grupos. Os fatores associados às mortes imediatas foram número de regiões corpóreas acometidas, NISS e as causas externas pedestre/ciclista, motociclista, ocupante de automóvel, agressões, lesões autoprovocadas e causa desconhecida. Para as mortes precoces, os fatores de risco foram número de regiões corpóreas acometidas, NISS e lesões autoprovocadas. Por fim, para as tardias, os fatores preditivos foram idade e mecanismo de trauma contundente. Conclusão: a distribuição temporal das mortes foi trimodal, com maior frequência de mortes tardias, e os fatores associados aos óbitos contemplaram variáveis sobre o evento traumático e a gravidade do trauma, além da idade. Os resultados desta investigação trazem importantes subsídios para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas de prevenção do trauma e de estratégias de capacitação dos profissionais da saúde visando à redução desse desfecho clínico.Introduction: the trimodal distribution of deaths of trauma victims is still widely accepted by researchers. However, studies point to a change in this pattern, ranging from tri to bimodal. This panorama of deaths and associated factors have not yet been investigated in the Brazilian context, which reinforces the relevance of this investigation. Purpose: to analyze the temporal distribution and the factors associated with the deaths of trauma victims. Method: a cross-sectional, quantitative study consisting of a retrospective analysis of autopsy reports of victims admitted to the Central Medical-Legal Institute of Sao Paulo from January to December 2015, who responded to the following inclusion criteria: being a fatal victim of traumatic causes; having lesions coded by the Abbreviated Injury Scale; and having the time of death identified (time from the traumatic event to the confirmation of death). The dependent variable was the time of death, and the independent variables included age, gender, race, external cause, Injury Severity Score (ISS), New Injury Severity Score (NISS), number of body regions affected and body region more severely injured. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and multinomial multiple logistic regression, with significance level of 5%. Results: the sample consisted of 1,500 victims, predominantly male (75.7%) and white (58.1%). The mean age was 49.7 (± 23.6) years. Blunt trauma prevailed in the sample (68.6%) and the most frequent external cause was fall (33.5%). The analysis of the severity of the trauma of the victims showed that the majority had moderate or severe trauma according to the ISS (mean 21.6±15.3, 58.0% with ISS 16) and NISS (mean 27.7±17.4, 70.9% with NISS 16). The victims had on average 2.4 (±1.3) body regions affected. The distribution of deaths occurred in three distinct moments: immediate (death on the scene), early (death within 24 hours after trauma) and late (death time 24 hours post trauma). Late deaths (44.7%) prevailed in the sample, followed by immediate deaths (28.2%) and early deaths (27.1%). Victims of late deaths had a higher mean age and higher frequency of falls than those who died early or late. Among those who died on the scene, the severity of the trauma measured by ISS and NISS and the mean number of injured regions were greater than the other two groups. The factors associated with immediate deaths were number of affected body regions, NISS and external causes pedestrian/cyclist, motorcyclist, motor vehicle occupant, aggressions, self-harm and unknown cause. For early deaths, the risk factors were number of body regions affected, NISS and self-harm. Finally, for the late, predictive factors were age and blunt trauma mechanism. Conclusion: the temporal distribution of deaths was trimodal, with a higher frequency of late deaths, and the factors associated with death included variables on the traumatic event and the severity of the trauma, besides age. The results of this investigation bring important subsidies for the establishment of public policies for the prevention of trauma and training strategies of health professionals aimed at reducing this clinical outcome.
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Bacevičienė, Miglė. "Vidutinio amžiaus Kauno gyventojų gyvenimo kokybė, subjektyvusis sveikatos vertinimas ir jo reikšmė prognozuojant mirtį." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20051108_133643-41328.
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INTRODUCTION. Quality of life (QOL) – and individual’s perception of his or her own health – has become the subject of great interest in Lithuania.
THE AIM OF THE STUDY. The aim of the study was to assess the determinants of the quality of life and self-rated health and to clarify the importance of perceived health in determining the risk of death among middle-aged Kaunas population.
MAIN RESULTS. Quality of life in middle-aged Kaunas women was found to be lower than in men, except for the spirituality domain. Older age showed worse quality of life. Low income and lower educational level, manual work, living alone, unemployment, disability and retirement were associated with worse QOL in middle-aged Kaunas population.
Overweight and obese men had lower probability of rating their overall QOL worse as compared to men with normal body mass. Diabetes, coronary heart disease and smoking were associated with worse QOL in men. Moderate-to-heavy alcohol consumption was associated with lower risk of having worse QOL as compared to light alcohol consumption group among men. Obesity for women increased the odds of having worse QOL as compared to women with normal body mass. Moderate-to-heavy alcohol consumption was associated with better QOL in the physical and independence domains and with worse QOL in the social relationships domain among women. Smoking and inadequate physical activity were associated with worse QOL among women. CHD increased women’s probability of scoring lower in... [to full text]
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Pandey, Deb Prasad Verfasser], Gunther [Akademischer Betreuer] Köhler, and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] [Oehlmann. "Venomous snakes of medical relevance in Nepal: study on species, epidemiology of snake bite and assessment of risk factors of envenoming and death / Deb Prasad Pandey. Betreuer: Gunther Köhler. Gutachter: Gunther Köhler ; Jörg Oehlmann." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077557787/34.
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Pandey, Deb Prasad [Verfasser], Gunther Akademischer Betreuer] Köhler, and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] [Oehlmann. "Venomous snakes of medical relevance in Nepal: study on species, epidemiology of snake bite and assessment of risk factors of envenoming and death / Deb Prasad Pandey. Betreuer: Gunther Köhler. Gutachter: Gunther Köhler ; Jörg Oehlmann." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077557787/34.
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Damaso, Ênio Luís. "Validação da calculadora de risco para parto pré-termo antes da 34ª semana de gestação disponibilizada pela Fetal Medicine Foundation: um estudo caso-controle em uma população de mulheres brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17145/tde-10012017-134802/.
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Introdução: Prematuridade é a principal causa de morbimortalidade perinatal. A aplicação de um instrumento que identifique o grupo de pacientes de risco para parto pré-termo (PPT) permitirá a aplicação de estratégias de prevenção e reduzirá essa complicação. Objetivos: validar a calculadora de risco para PPT espontâneo antes da 34ª semana de gestação, disponibilizada pela Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF), em uma amostra de mulheres brasileiras. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional que analisou 1325 gestantes admitidas para seguimento pré-natal. Variáveis maternas de interesse foram coletadas por meio da análise de questionários, prontuários e contato telefônico. Em seguida, os dados foram inseridos na calculadora para cálculo do risco de PPT. As gestantes foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a ocorrência de PPT antes da 34ª semana (Grupo 1) ou parto após 37 semanas de gestação (Grupo 2). Análise de regressão múltipla foi efetuada para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis estudadas sobre a ocorrência de parto pré-termo antes da 34ª semana e para a construção de um modelo de discriminação, que foi avaliado pelo índice c. Curva ROC foi utilizada para os cálculos de sensibilidade e especificidade e, com base nesses valores, do valor de corte acima do qual o risco de PPT antes de 34 semanas foi significativamente maior em nossa amostra de pacientes. Resultados: A prevalência de PPT espontâneo antes da 34ª semana foi de 1.3%. As variáveis que apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os Grupos 1 e 2 foram: tabagismo (p=0,0002), antecedente de prematuridade de prematuridade repetitiva entre 16 - 30 semanas sem parto prévios a termo e de prematuridade eletiva (p<0,0001 e p=0,0271, respectivamente) e risco calculado de PPT antes de 34 semana (1.32% X 0.78%, p<0,01). A regressão múltipla confirmou que o tabagismo e os antecedentes de PPT aumentaram o risco de PPT espontâneo em nossa amostra. Na avaliação do desempenho do teste índice para detectar PPT antes de 34 semanas, observou-se área sob a curva significante de 0.64 e o ponto de corte acima do qual o risco de PPT aumenta significativamente foi 0.7%. Conclusões: a calculadora de risco de PPT antes da 34ª semana da FMF é um bom instrumento para rastrear gestantes em nossa amostra populacional e o valor de corte acima do qual esse risco aumenta é 0.7%.Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The use of an instrument to identify the group of patients at risk for preterm birth (PTB) will allow the implementation of prevention strategies, therefore reducing this complication. Objectives: To validate the calculator for assessment of risk for spontaneous delivery before 34 weeks of pregnancy, provided by the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) for a group of Brazilian women. Methods: This retrospective and observational cohort study comprised 1,325 women undergoing routine antenatal care. Maternal variables were collected through the analysis of questionnaires, medical records and telephone calls. Then the data were inserted in the software to calculate the risk of PTB. The patients were divided in two groups according to the occurrence of PTB before 34 weeks (Group 1) or birth after 37 weeks of pregnancy (Group 2). Multilevel regression analysis was used to determine the effects of maternal characteristics on the occurrence of PTB before 34 weeks and to build a discrimination model which was evaluated by the index c. ROC curve was used to determine sensitivity and specificity, and the cutoff value above which it the risk of PTB before 34 weeks was significantly higher in our patient sample. Results: The prevalence of spontaneous PTB before 34 weeks was 1.3%. Variables that showed significant differences between groups 1 and 2 were: smoking (p=0.0002), history of repetitive PTB between 16-30 weeks without prior term and elective PTB (p<0.0001 and p=0.0271, respectively), and the risk of PTB before 34 week (1.32% vs. 0.78%, p<0.01). Multilevel regression analysis confirmed that smoking and history of PTB increased the risk of spontaneous PTB in our patient sample. On the assessment of performance index test to detect PPT before 34 weeks there was a significant area under the curve of 0.64 and the cutoff above which it the risk of PTB before 34 weeks was significantly higher was 0.7 %. Conclusions: the calculator for assessment of risk for spontaneous delivery before 34 weeks of pregnancy is a good tool for screening pregnant women in our population sample and the cutoff value above which it the risk increases is 0.7%.
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Mateus, Sónia Matilde Fonseca. "Acidente vascular cerebral: fatores de risco, exames imagiológicos e repercussões económicas." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16842.
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Os acidentes vasculares cerebrais são a primeira causa de mortalidade em Portugal. É uma patologia com vários fatores de risco e mecanismos etiopatogénicos, cujo diagnóstico é possível através de exames complementares de diagnóstico. O diagnóstico, tratamento e reabilitação acarreta muitos custos a nível socioeconómico, sendo importante perceber quais os fatores mais frequentes, onde deve incidir a pesquisa, tratamento e também quais os exames que fornecem informação mais completa e rápida, contribuindo para a formação de um modelo de auxílio à tomada de decisão e obtenção de bons resultados no combate e resposta da doença, otimizando custos. Realizou-se um estudo retrospetivo, descritivo, correlacional com um grupo de 3209 indivíduos que realizaram triplex scan carotídeo e um segundo grupo com 1657 indivíduos sem acidente vascular cerebral.
Antecedentes familiares de doenças cérebro e cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, tabagismo, doenças cardíacas embólicas e a dislipidémia em simultâneo com fibrilhação auricular são fatores que revelaram maior influência na probabilidade de ter acidente vascular cerebral de qualquer tipo.
Os indivíduos têm maior probabilidade de morte mais jovens se tiverem acidente vascular cerebral ou fatores de risco como história de tabagismo ou diabetes mellitus. A idade é o fator com maior influência no aumento do risco de morte instantânea após evento.
Ressonância magnética crâneo-encefálica e o triplex scan cervical foram os exames que apresentaram maior sensibilidade na deteção de lesão intra e extracraneana, respetivamente.
Combinando técnicas de análise de decisão em contexto de incerteza e decisão multicritério, analisaram-se várias estratégias de realização do triplex scan cervical e angio ressonância levando em conta o custo e o benefício esperados. Esta análise permitiu identificar três estratégias eficientes (em ordem crescente de custos e benefícios): não realizar nenhum dos exames; realizar apenas o triplex scan cervical; realizar primeiro o triplex scan cervical e, se este for negativo, realizar a angio ressonância; Stroke: risk factors, imagiologic exams and economic repercussions.
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Stroke is the first cause of mortality in Portugal. This disease has several vascular risk factors and etiopathogenic mechanisms, whose diagnosis is possible through the aid of various diagnostic exams. The diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation entails substantial social and economic costs. Therefore, it is important to understand which are the most frequent risk factors, that should be emphasized in research and treatment, and also to understand which exams provide a more complete and rapid information, contributing to the development of a decision making model so as to achieve good results in combating the disease while optimizing costs. For this we conducted a retrospective, descriptive and correlational study, with a group of 3209 subjects who underwent carotid triplex scan and a second group of 1657 subjects without stroke.
Family history of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, smoking, embolic heart disease and dyslipidemia simultaneously with atrial fibrillation are factors that revealed greater influence on the probability of having stroke of any kind.
Individuals with stroke or risk factors such as smoking history or diabetes mellitus are more likely to have younger death. Age was the most influential factor in risk increase of instant death after stroke.
The skull-brain and cervical triplex scan were the tests that showed higher sensitivity in the detection of intra and extracreana injury, respectively.
Combining decision analysis techniques in the context of uncertainty and multi-criteria decision making, we analized various strategies for implementing the cervical triplex scan and angiography resonance taking into account their cost and expected benefit. This analysis identified three efficient strategies (in order of increasing costs and benefits): not conduct any examinations; perform only the cervical triplex scan; first perform cervical triplex scan and, if this is negative, perform resonance angiography.
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Tiago, Douglas Bernal. "Fatores clínicos, laboratoriais e expressão placentária de transportadores de glicose no diabetes melito gestacional: associação com a ocorrência de recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-18102013-154521/.
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O diabetes melito gestacional (DMG) está relacionado ao crescimento fetal exagerado. Entender a influência de fatores relacionados ao crescimento fetal auxilia na identificação dos fetos com maior risco de desvios da normalidade. Objetivo: comparar fatores clínicos, laboratoriais e a expressão placentária de transportadores de glicose segundo o crescimento fetal em pacientes com DMG. Método: Para análise dos fatores clínicos e laboratoriais foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo com 425 gestantes com DMG do Setor de Endocrinopatias da Divisão de Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC FM-USP) no período de janeiro de 2003 a novembro de 2009. Para a análise da expressão placentária dos transportadores de glicose dos tipos 1 (GLUT1), 3 (GLUT3) e 4 (GLUT4) foram selecionados todos os casos de recém-nascidos grandes para idade gestacional (RNGIG) pareados com um caso controle de recém-nascido adequado para idade gestacional (RNAIG). Foram incluídas apenas gestações únicas e com DMG diagnosticado pelo teste de tolerância à glicose oral de 100 gramas, sem malformações fetais e com idade gestacional definida e confiável. Todas as gestantes realizaram dieta para diabetes, controle glicêmico diário e uso de insulina quando necessário. Os critérios de seguimento e tratamento seguiram rigorosamente as normas do Protocolo de Condutas do Setor de Endocrinopatias da Divisão de Clínica Obstétrica do HC-FMUSP. As gestantes foram divididas para análise dos dados em dois grupos: Fatores clínicos e laboratoriais com: 376 RNAIG e 49 RNGIG num total de 425 DMG. Expressão Placentária dos Transportadores de Glicose: 50 RNAIG e 44 RNGIG. Foram realizados testes de associação e médias das variáveis e relacionadas com os grupos de RNAIG e RNGIG. Resultados: Na análise univariada, dos fatores clínicos e laboratoriais, não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto a: idade materna, antecedente familiar de diabetes, antecedente pessoal de hipertensão arterial, número de gestações, valores de glicemia de jejum e 1 hora no TTGO-100g, idade gestacional no parto, sexo do RN, tipo de parto e índice de Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos quanto a: índice de massa corpórea pré-gestacional (p < 0,02); uso de insulina (p < 0,041); macrossomia anterior (p < 0,001); idade gestacional do diagnóstico do DMG (p < 0,001); glicemias de duas e três horas no TTGO-100g respectivamente com (p < 0,003) e (p < 0,026). Na análise de regressão logística foram considerados preditores independentes da ocorrência de RNGIG: o índice de massa corpórea pré - gestacional, a macrossomia anterior, aidade gestacional do diagnóstico do DMG e a glicemia de duas horas após sobrecarga de 100 gramas. Em relação a expressão dos transportadores de glicose não diferiram entre os grupos em relação a expressão de GLUT1 na decídua, GLUT3 na decídua e vilosidades e GLUT4 na decídua e vilosidades. Houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à: a expressão do GLUT1 nas vilosidades. Conclusões: O índice de massa corpórea pré - gestacional, a macrossomia anterior, a idade gestacional do diagnóstico do DMG e a glicemia de duas horas após sobrecarga de 100 gramas foram preditores da ocorrência de RNGIG. A expressão de GLUT1 nas vilosidades coriônicas teve relação com a ocorrência de RNGIGGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is related to excessive fetal growth. Knowing the influence of factors related to fetal growth assists in the identification of fetuses at high risk of deviations from normality. Objective: To compare clinical and laboratory tests and the placental expression of glucose transporters according to fetal growth in patients with GDM. Method: A retrospective study of clinical and laboratory factors related with large for gestational age newborns, included 425 pregnant women with GDM was carried out at Sector Endocrine Clinic of Obstetrics Hospital of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), between January 2003 to November 2009. For the analysis of placental expression of glucose transporters types 1 (GLUT1), 3 (GLUT3) and 4 (GLUT4) were selected all cases of newborns large for gestational age (LGA) paired with a case control newly born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). We included only patients with singleton pregnancies and GDM diagnosed by OGTT-100g, with newborns without malformations and birth weight classified as adequate or large for gestational age. All pregnant women received diet for diabetes, daily glycemic control and insulin when necessary. The criteria for monitoring and treatment followed strictly the standards of Conduct Protocol Endocrine Obstetric Clinic of the Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo. The pregnancies were divided for analysis into two groups: 376 cases of newborns AGA and 49 cases of newborns LGA. Data were analyzed and considered the probability value p <0.05. Results: In the univariate analysis of clinical and laboratory factors, there were no differences between the groups regarding maternal age, family history of diabetes, personal history of hypertension, number of pregnancies, blood fasting glucose and 1 hour in- OGTT 100g, gestational age at delivery, gender of the newborn, type of delivery, Apgar score at 1st and 5th minutes. There were statistically significant differences between the groups regarding: body mass index before pregnancy (p <0.02), insulin (p <0.041), previous macrosomia (p <0.001), gestational age at diagnosis of GDM (p <0.001), blood glucose levels two and three hours at 100 g OGTT, respectively, with (p <0.003) (p <0.026). In logistic regression analysis were considered independent predictors of the occurrence of LGA: body mass index before pregnancy, previous macrosomia gestational age at diagnosis of GDM and two hours after glucose overload 100 grams. Regarding the expression of glucose transporters, the groups did not differ regarding the expression of GLUT1 in the decidua, GLUT3 in the decidua and villi and GLUT4 in the decidua and villi. There were differences between the groups regarding the expression of GLUT1 in the villi. Conclusions: The body mass index before pregnancy, previous macrosomia, gestational age of diagnosis of GDM and two hours after glucose overload 100 grams were predictors of the occurrence of LGA. The expression of GLUT1 in chorionic villi was related to the occurrence of LGA newborn
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Vogt, Marianna. "Doença periodontal e resultados perinatais adversos em uma coorte de gestantes." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290423.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Antonio Wilson Sallum, Jose Guilherme CecattiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a prevalência de doença periodontal em uma amostra de gestantes de baixo risco gestacional, os fatores a ela associados, e sua correlação com a ocorrência de resultados perinatais adversos, como parto pré-termo, recém-nascido de baixo peso, recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional e amniorrexe prematura. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte com 334 gestantes fazendo acompanhamento pré-natal no Hospital das Clínicas da UNICAMP, que aceitaram participar voluntariamente e tiveram um único exame periodontal realizado no dia da consulta pré-natal. Os dados foram coletados da anamnese, do exame clínico periodontal e de informações relativas à gestação, parto e puerpério. Os parâmetros clínicos periodontais foram: índice de placa, índice de sangramento gengival à sondagem, profundidade de sondagem, nível de inserção clínica periodontal e retração gengival. As gestantes foram divididas em dois grupos: as com periodontite moderada a grave (P2-P4), e as sem doença ou com doença periodontal leve (P0-P1), pela classificação do índice WS. Avaliaram-se também a idade, paridade, raça, escolaridade, estado civil, hábitos alimentares, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), número de consultas de pré-natal, fumo, uso de bebidas e drogas, uso de medicação, vaginose bacteriana e doenças sistêmicas. Inicialmente foi utilizada uma abordagem analítica de corte transversal para a identificação de fatores associados à ocorrência de doença periodontal na gestação. Depois utilizou-se uma abordagem de estudo de coorte propriamente dito, estimando-se o risco de ocorrência dos resultados perinatais desfavoráveis (parto pré-termo, recém-nascido de baixo peso, recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional e amniorrexe prematura, variáveis dependentes principais do estudo) em função da condição periodontal. Foram analisadas as distribuições de freqüência das variáveis independentes pelas categorias de doença periodontal, estimando-se a Razão de Prevalência e seu IC95% para abordagem transversal. Foi então realizada a análise uni e multivariada para a estimativa do risco de ocorrência das variáveis perinatais desfavoráveis na abordagem de coorte, calculando-se a Razão de Risco e seu IC95% para cada uma delas. Foi estabelecido o nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de periodontite moderada a grave nas 334 gestantes foi de 47%, e se associou significativamente com a idade gestacional mais avançada ao exame periodontal (17-24 semanas: RP 1,40, IC95% 1,01-1,94; e 25-32 semanas: RP 1,52, IC95% 1,10-2,08), com a idade materna entre 25 e 29 anos (RP 1,65, IC95% 1,02-2,68), com a obesidade (RP 1,38, IC95% 1,04-1,82) e com a presença de sangramento gengival (ORajustado 2,01 - IC95% 1,41-2,88). Foram coletados os dados do parto de 327 gestantes e, entre elas, a doença periodontal esteve associada a um maior risco de ocorrência de parto pré-termo (RR 3,47 IC95% 1,62-7,43), de RN de baixo peso (RR 2,93 IC95% 1,36-6,34) e de amniorrexe prematura (RR 2,48 IC95% 1,35-4,56) na análise multivariada. A prevalência de doença periodontal entre gestantes de baixo risco gestacional é alta e associada com a maior idade gestacional, obesidade e sangramento gengival. A doença periodontal foi um fator de risco para a ocorrência de parto pré-termo, RN de baixo peso e de amniorrexe prematura
Abstract: This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease in a sample population of low-risk pregnant women, the factors associated with it and its correlation with the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcomes, including preterm births, low birth weigth, small for gestational age babies and premature rupture of the membranes. This cohort study included 334 pregnant women under prenatal care at the Hospital das Clinicas of the University of Campinas, Brazil, who voluntarily accepted to participate and had one single periodontal examination performed in the same day of a prenatal visit. Data was collected from anamnesis, periodontal clinical exam, and from information regarding pregnancy, delivery and postpartum. The clinical periodontal parameters were: plaque index, bleeding on probing index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level and gingival recession. Pregnant women were divided into two groups: those with moderate-to-severe periodontitis (P2-P4) and those with no disease or only mild disease (P0-P1), according to the WS classification index. Age, parity, race/color, years of schooling, marital status, number of prenatal visits, dietary habits, BMI (body mass index), smoking habits, use of alcohol and drugs, use of medication and presence of systemic diseases d bacterial vaginosis were also evaluated. Initially a cross sectional analytic approach was used for identifying factors associated with the occurrence of periodontal disease during pregnancy. After that, a real cohort approach was used, with the estimate of the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age baby and premature rupture of membranes, the main dependent variables of this study) according to the condition of periodontal disease. Distribution of independent variables within the two groups was analyzed by calculating prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals for the cross sectional approach. Uni and multivariate analysis for the estimation of the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes were performed for the cohort approach. The Risk Ratior and its 95%CI were estimated for each outcome. The significance level assumed was 5%. The prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis in 334 pregnant women was 47%, and it was significantly associated with more advanced gestational age at periodontal examination (17-24 weeks: PR 1.40, 95%CI 1.01-1.94; and 25-32 weeks: PR 1.52, 95%CI 1.10 ¿ 2.08), with maternal age between 25 - 29 years (PR 1.65, 95%CI 1.02 ¿ 2.68), with obesity (PR 1.38, 95%CI 1.04 ¿ 1.82) and with the presence of gingival bleeding (ORadjusted 2.01, 95%CI 1.41 ¿ 2.88). The data of 327 deliveries were collected and, among them, the periodontal disease was associated to a higher risk of preterm birth (RR 3.47 95%CI 1.62-7.43), of low birth weight (RR 2.93 95%CI 1.36-6.34) and of premature rupture of membranes (RR 2.48 95%CI 1.35-4.56) in the multivariate analysis. The prevalence of periodontal disease among low-risk pregnant women is high and it is associated with more advanced gestational age, obesity and gingival bleeding. Periodontal disease was a risk factor for the occurrence of preterm birth, low birth weight and premature rupture of membranes
Mestrado
Periodontia
Mestre em Clínica Odontológica
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Almeida, Marcia Furquim de. "Mortalidade neonatal em Santo André." Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-24102014-152306/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo da tese é descrever uma coorte de nascidos vivos e os óbitos neonatais dela derivados e estimar as probabilidades de morte segundo características do recém-nascido, da gestação, do parto e da mãe, bem como das causas de morte. Utilizou-se como fonte de obtenção de dados as Declarações de Nascido Vivo (DN) e de Óbito (DO),documentos básicos dos Sistemas Oficiais de Informação do país. A coorte foi formada por 3225 nascimentos vivos de mães residentes e ocorridos no Munícipio de Santo André, no 1º semestre de 1992. Para a identificação dos óbitos neonatais foi empregada a técnica de \"linkage\", pareando-se as DO com as respectivas DN, obtendo-se 55 óbitos neonatais. A proporção de nascidos vivos de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 6,8 por cento . Obteve-se associação estatisticamente significativa para os nascidos vivos de baixo peso e a presença de gestações de pré-termo, parto normal e cujo nascimento havia ocorrido no hospital público do SUS. Este hospital é referência para as gestações de risco do municipio. Essa associação estava presente também nos recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes e idosas e nos de mães prímiparas ou grandes multíparas. Não se encontrou associação entre o baixo peso ao nascer e sexo, bem como com a variável anotação do nome do pai na DN. Os óbitos concentraram-se no 10 dia de vida (54,5 por cento ).Verificou-se que 94,6 por cento das crianças morreram sem que estas tivessem deixado o hospital após o nascimento. Com relação às causas básicas de morte, as mais frequentes foram as afecções perinatais. A análise das causas múltiplas permitiu uma melhor avaliação da participação da imaturidade/prematuridade e das infecções perinatais no processo que levou a morte. Estas causas estiveram presentes como causa básica ou associada em 63,6 por cento e 25,5 por cento dos óbitos, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco para os óbitos neonatais foram baixo peso ao nascer, gestações de pré-termo e a ausência do registro do nome do pai. Os partos cesareanos foram considerados como fator de confusão para o risco de morte neonatal, o efeito protetor destes partos desapareceu ao se controlar o peso ao nascer. O maior risco de morte encontrado nos nascimentos no hospital público do SUS também deixou de existir ao se controlar a variável peso. Observou-se um risco de morte significativamente maior para os nascidos vivos de baixo peso do sexo masculino que nos do sexo feminino. A categoria de recém-nascidos de baixo peso e de pré-termo apresentou risco de morte 82 vezes maior que os de termo com peso igual ou superior a 2500 gramas. Não se encontrou um risco de morte significativo para os nascidos vivos de mães primíparas ou grandes multíparas e de mães adolescentes ou idosas em relação aos recém-nascidos de mães multíparas e com idade entre 20 e 34 anos. Foram considerados como nascidos vivos de risco os nascimentos de baixo peso. Observou-se um risco de morte significativamente maior por anomalias congênitas e afecções perinatais nos nascimentos de baixo peso que entre aqueles que tinham peso igual ou acima de 2500 gramas. O risco de morte por infecções perinatais foi 94,0 vezes maior nesse grupo de recém-nascidos. Os nascidos vivos de baixo peso do sexo masculino apresentaram uma chance 3,6 vezes mais elevada de morrer por afecções respiratórias que os do sexo feminino deste grupo. Os dados obtidos sugerem que muitos destes óbitos poderiam ter sido evitados se houvesse uma melhor identificação das gestações de risco no pré-natal e fosse assegurada uma adequada atenção ao parto e aos recém-nascidos, bem como indicam que nem todos recém-nascidos de risco receberam os cuidados nescessários após o parto.A cohort of live births was analysed and the risk of death according to some variables was estimated. The data was obtained from the birth and death certificates. The records were linked, and each death was matched with the birth certificate, in order to identify the neonatal deaths and the survivals of the cohort. It was studied 3,225 live borns of resident mothers of the Santo André Municipality. The births occurred in this area from 01/101/1992 to 06/30/1992. The incidence of low birthweight was 6.8 per cent and the proportion of preterm infants was 5.3 per cent . The low birthweight was associated to the preterm gestation, vaginal deliveries, and to the births which occurred on the SUS public hospital. There was also an association between the low birthweight and the live borns from adolescent and older mothers. The low and high parity were risk factors to the low birthweight. The abscence of notation of the father\'s name on the birth certificate was not associated to the low birthweight. The deaths occurred mainly in the first day of the life (54.5 per cent ) . The data showed that 94.6 per cent of the infant deaths occurred before hospital discharge . The perinatal afections were the leading cause of death. The prematurity/imaturity was assigned as underlying or associated cause in 63.6 per cent of the deaths and the perinatal infections in 25.5 per cent of these deaths. It was found a higher risk of death in low birthweight and preterm newborns and in infants with abscence of the father\'s name on the birth certificate. The cesarean section deliveries showed to be a confounding factor to the neonatal deaths, as well as, the type of the hospital in which the infants were deliveried. The male low birthweight infants presented higher risk of death than the female infants. The low birthweight and preterm babies showed a 82 times higher risk of dying than the normal weight and term infants. The low birthweight newborn showed a higher risk of death from congenital anommalies and perinatal afections. This group of live births, also presented a risk of death from perinatal infections 94.0 times higher than the normal weight babies. The male low birthweigth infants presented 3.6 times higher chance of dying from perinatal respiratory afections than the female newborns of this group. These results suggest that some deaths could be avoided by adequate prenatal, delivery and neonatal care in the maternity wards. The high risk death found in the preterm and very low birth weight infants also suggest that some of these high risk newborns did not had access to neonatal intensive care.