Journal articles: 'Fetal brain Abnormalities'

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Angtuaco, Teresita L. "Ultrasound Imaging of Fetal Brain Abnormalities." Ultrasound Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 2005): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnq.0000186664.76284.da.

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Pfeifer, Cory M., Scott D. Willard, and Patricia Cornejo. "MRI depiction of fetal brain abnormalities." Acta Radiologica Open 8, no. 12 (December 2019): 205846011989498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058460119894987.

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Tao, Guowei, and David T. Yew. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Fetal Brain Abnormalities." Neuroembryology and Aging 5, no. 1-2 (2008): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000116732.

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Stavljenic-Rukavina, Ana. "Molecular Genetics and Fetal Brain." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, no. 3 (2008): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1069.

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Abstract Molecular aspects of genetic diseases that affect the nervous system are in the focus of scientific interest investigators from many fields of medicine and the knowledge of genetic abnormalities as well as phenotypic heterogeneity is rapidly expanding. This review is aimed to provide clinician's practical insight into molecular aspects of certain brain abnormalities and disorders based on prenatal ultrasound assessment and clinical findings. Additionally some risk determinants are included in order to elucidate its contribution to molecular mechanism underlying the disease development. Making a specific diagnosis of a genetically determined neurological disorder or defects requires access to a laboratory that can assist in arranging for appropriate testing to be carried out. Therefore this review contains technological aspects of molecular genetic testing, international guidelines and policies related to genetic testing and recommendation for application in clinical medicine.

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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Continuum of Brain Abnormalities in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-14-5-4.

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Andersen, Stine Linding, Allan Carlé, Jesper Karmisholt, Inge Bülow Pedersen, and Stig Andersen. "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction: evidence of fetal programming?" European Journal of Endocrinology 177, no. 1 (July 2017): R27—R36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0947.

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Fetal programming is a long-standing, but still evolving, concept that links exposures during pregnancy to the later development of disease in the offspring. A fetal programming effect has been considered within different endocrine axes and in relation to different maternal endocrine diseases. In this critical review, we describe and discuss the hypothesis of fetal programming by maternal thyroid dysfunction in the context of fetal brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. Thyroid hormones are important regulators of early brain development, and evidence from experimental and observational human studies have demonstrated structural and functional abnormalities in the brain caused by the lack or excess of thyroid hormone during fetal brain development. The hypothesis that such abnormalities introduced during early fetal brain development increase susceptibility for the later onset of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring is biologically plausible. However, epidemiological studies on the association between maternal thyroid dysfunction and long-term child outcomes are observational in design, and are challenged by important methodological aspects.

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Darbinian, Nune, Armine Darbinyan, John Sinard, Gabriel Tatevosian, Nana Merabova, Faith D’Amico, Tarek Khader, et al. "Molecular Markers in Maternal Blood Exosomes Allow Early Detection of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010135.

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Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause developmental abnormalities (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; FASD), including small eyes, face and brain, and neurobehavioral deficits. These cannot be detected early in pregnancy with available imaging techniques. Early diagnosis could facilitate development of therapeutic interventions. Banked human fetal brains and eyes at 9–22 weeks’ gestation were paired with maternal blood samples, analyzed for morphometry, protein, and RNA expression, and apoptotic signaling. Alcohol (EtOH)-exposed (maternal self-report) fetuses were compared with unexposed controls matched for fetal age, sex, and maternal race. Fetal brain-derived exosomes (FB-E) were isolated from maternal blood and analyzed for protein, RNA, and apoptotic markers. EtOH use by mothers, assessed by self-report, was associated with reduced fetal eye diameter, brain size, and markers of synaptogenesis. Brain caspase-3 activity was increased. The reduction in eye and brain sizes were highly correlated with amount of EtOH intake and caspase-3 activity. Levels of several biomarkers in FB-E, most strikingly myelin basic protein (MBP; r > 0.9), correlated highly with morphological abnormalities. Reduction in FB-E MBP levels was highly correlated with EtOH exposure (p < 1.0 × 10−10). Although the morphological features of FAS appear long before they can be detected by live imaging, FB-E in the mother’s blood may contain markers, particularly MBP, that predict FASD.

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Stark, Zornitza, George McGillivray, Amanda Sampson, Ricardo Palma-Dias, Andrew Edwards, Joanne M. Said, Gillian Whiteley, and A. Michelle Fink. "Apert syndrome: temporal lobe abnormalities on fetal brain imaging." Prenatal Diagnosis 35, no. 2 (November 13, 2014): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.4515.

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Akiyama, Shizuko, Neel Madan, George Graham, Osamu Samura, Rie Kitano, Hyuk Jin Yun, Alexa Craig, et al. "Regional brain development in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation: A volumetric fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 24, 2022): e0263535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263535.

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Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) is a common prenatally diagnosed cerebellar malformation, characterized by cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle, upward rotation of the hypoplastic vermis, and posterior fossa enlargement with torcular elevation. DWM is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities such as cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments, which cannot be explained solely by cerebellar malformations. Notably, the pathogenesis of these symptoms remains poorly understood. This study investigated whether fetal structural developmental abnormalities in DWM extended beyond the posterior fossa to the cerebrum even in fetuses without apparent cerebral anomalies. Post-acquisition volumetric fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis was performed in 12 fetuses with DWM and 14 control fetuses. Growth trajectories of the volumes of the cortical plate, subcortical parenchyma, cerebellar hemispheres, and vermis between 18 and 33 weeks of gestation were compared. The median (interquartile range) gestational ages at the time of MRI were 22.4 (19.4–24.0) and 23.9 (20.6–29.2) weeks in the DWM and control groups, respectively (p = 0.269). Eight of the 12 fetuses with DWM presented with associated cerebral anomalies, including hydrocephalus (n = 3), cerebral ventriculomegaly (n = 3), and complete (n = 2) and partial (n = 2) agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC); 7 presented with extracerebral abnormalities. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected by microarray analysis in 4 of 11 fetuses with DWM, using amniocentesis. Volumetric analysis revealed that the cortical plate was significantly larger in fetuses with DWM than in controls (p = 0.040). Even without ACC, the subcortical parenchyma, whole cerebrum, cerebellar hemispheres, and whole brain were significantly larger in fetuses with DWM (n = 8) than in controls (p = 0.004, 0.025, 0.033, and 0.026, respectively). In conclusion, volumetric fetal MRI analysis demonstrated that the development of DWM extends throughout the brain during the fetal period, even without apparent cerebral anomalies.

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Nagaraj, Usha D., and Beth M. Kline-Fath. "Clinical Applications of Fetal MRI in the Brain." Diagnostics 12, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030764.

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Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a widely used tool in clinical practice, providing increased accuracy in prenatal diagnoses of congenital abnormalities of the brain, allowing for more accurate prenatal counseling, optimization of perinatal management, and in some cases fetal intervention. In this article, a brief description of how fetal ultrasound (US) and fetal MRI are used in clinical practice will be followed by an overview of the most common reasons for referral for fetal MRI of the brain, including ventriculomegaly, absence of the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) and posterior fossa anomalies.

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Crnogorac, Snezana, Aleksandar Jurišić, and Aleksandar Grdinić. "Ultrasound vs Magnetic Resonance in the Assessment of CNS Anomalies." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 4 (2013): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1323.

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ABSTRACT Central nervous system (CNS) malformations are some of the most comon congenital abnormalities. Long-term follow-up studies suggest that the incidence may be as high as 1 in 100 births. Imaging technologies have been remarkably improved and contributed to prenatal evaluation of fetal CNS development and assessment of CNS abnormalities. The routine examination of the fetal brain can be achieved with axial planes by conventional transabdominal ultrasonography. In order to provide a complete view of the different brain structures a detailed fetal neurosonogram requires additional coronal and sagittal views. Three-dimensional (3D) sonography should be performed transvaginally using the multiplanar approach. Transvaginal high-resolution 3D ultrasound can demonstrate cerebral fine vascular anatomy such as medullary vessels, intracranial calcification, vascular abnormalities. Parallel slicing provides a tomographic visualization of internal morphology similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fetal MRI appears to be a useful adjunct to ultrasound to confirm or exclude certain abnormalities. MRI is a valuable complementary tool to detailed neurosonography which allows an evaluation of the normal brain maturation from the second trimester. It also offers a higher diagnostic performance for some congenital abnormalities such as cortical development or posterior fossa assessment. How to cite this article Crnogorac S, JuriÓiƒ A, Grdiniƒ A. Ultrasound vs Magnetic Resonance in the Assessment of CNS Anomalies. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(4):496-499.

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Attallah, Sharkas, and Gadelkarim. "Fetal Brain Abnormality Classification from MRI Images of Different Gestational Age." Brain Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090231.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common imaging technique used extensively to study human brain activities. Recently, it has been used for scanning the fetal brain. Amongst 1000 pregnant women, 3 of them have fetuses with brain abnormality. Hence, the primary detection and classification are important. Machine learning techniques have a large potential in aiding the early detection of these abnormalities, which correspondingly could enhance the diagnosis process and follow up plans. Most research focused on the classification of abnormal brains in a primary age has been for newborns and premature infants, with fewer studies focusing on images for fetuses. These studies associated fetal scans to scans after birth for the detection and classification of brain defects early in the neonatal age. This type of brain abnormality is named small for gestational age (SGA). This article proposes a novel framework for the classification of fetal brains at an early age (before the fetus is born). As far as we could know, this is the first study to classify brain abnormalities of fetuses of widespread gestational ages (GAs). The study incorporates several machine learning classifiers, such as diagonal quadratic discriminates analysis (DQDA), K-nearest neighbour (K-NN), random forest, naïve Bayes, and radial basis function (RBF) neural network classifiers. Moreover, several bagging and Adaboosting ensembles models have been constructed using random forest, naïve Bayes, and RBF network classifiers. The performances of these ensembles have been compared with their individual models. Our results show that our novel approach can successfully identify and classify numerous types of defects within MRI images of the fetal brain of various GAs. Using the KNN classifier, we were able to achieve the highest classification accuracy and area under receiving operating characteristics of 95.6% and 99% respectively. In addition, ensemble classifiers improved the results of their respective individual models.

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Huang, Hao. "Delineating Neural Structures of Developmental Human Brains with Diffusion Tensor Imaging." Scientific World JOURNAL 10 (2010): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.21.

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The human brain anatomy is characterized by dramatic structural changes during fetal development. It is extraordinarily complex and yet its origin is a simple tubular structure. Revealing detailed anatomy at different stages of brain development not only aids in understanding this highly ordered process, but also provides clues to detect abnormalities caused by genetic or environmental factors. However, anatomical studies of human brain development during the fetal period are surprisingly scarce and histology-based atlases have become available only recently. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures water diffusion to delineate the underlying neural structures. The high contrasts derived from DTI can be used to establish the brain atlas. With DTI tractography, coherent neural structures, such as white matter tracts, can be three-dimensionally reconstructed. The primary eigenvector of the diffusion tensor can be further explored to characterize microstructures in the cerebral wall of the developmental brains. In this mini-review, the application of DTI in order to reveal the structures of developmental fetal brains has been reviewed in the above-mentioned aspects. The fetal brain DTI provides a unique insight for delineating the neural structures in both macroscopic and microscopic levels. The resultant DTI database will provide structural guidance for the developmental study of human fetal brains in basic neuroscience, and reference standards for diagnostic radiology of premature newborns.

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Iacono, R. P., and J. T. W. Van Dalen. "Transient pupillary abnormalities following fetal brain transplantation for Parkinson's disease." Neuro-Ophthalmology 9, no. 6 (January 1989): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01658108908997379.

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Lebel, Catherine, Carmen Rasmussen, Katy Wyper, Lindsay Walker, Gail Andrew, Jerome Yager, and Christian Beaulieu. "Brain Diffusion Abnormalities in Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 32, no. 10 (October 2008): 1732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00750.x.

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Tsuchiya, K., S. Katase, T. Seki, Y. Mizutani, and J. Hachiya. "MR imaging of fetal brain abnormalities using a HASTE sequence." British Journal of Radiology 69, no. 823 (July 1996): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-69-823-668.

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Merz, E., and S. Pashaj. "OP09.08: 3D neurosonography in fetal syndromes associated with brain abnormalities." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 54, S1 (September 30, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.20737.

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Kozlova, O. I., and M. V. Medvedev. "Диагностические возможности пренатальной эхографии в диагностике аномалий разви- тия срединных структур головного мозга во втором триместре беременности." Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy 12, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2021-12-4-50-57.

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Introduction. Тhe application of the volume ultrasound expands opportunities of prenatal diagnosis and increases the detection of brain abnormalities.Objective: to assess diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis of the cerebral midline structures abnormalities in the second trimester of pregnancy.Materials and methods. 39 women, who had fetuses with cerebral midline structures abnormalities, were included into the study.Results. Abnormal image or absence of the septum pellucidum are informative signs of the cerebral midline structures abnormalities. Agenesis of the corpus callosum always has indirect ultrasound signs.Conclusion. The volume ultrasound improves the multiplane fetal brain assessment, prenatal diagnosis of brain abnormalities.

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Merz, Eberhard, and Sonila Pashaj. "Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 4 (2017): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1535.

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ABSTRACT Presence or absence of the fetal corpus callosum plays an important role in prenatal counselling. With the recent development of 3D ultrasound technology, it is not only possible to demonstrate the corpus callosum precisely in the median plane but also to perform measurements of its different anatomical parts. This permits the diagnosis of hypoplasia and hyperplasia of the corpus callosum. Three-dimensional ultrasound enables even the unexperienced sonographer to take volumes of the fetal brain. Showing these volumes to experts in the field of neurosonography, corpus callosum pathologies can be detected via virtual examinations. Regarding all corpus callosum anomalies, hypo- and hyperplasia are the less reported corpus callosum abnormalities in the literature. Further investigations are necessary to predict the outcome of fetuses with corpus callosum pathologies. How to cite this article Pashaj S, Merz E. Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):288-293.

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Wang, Xiaojie, Verginia C. Cuzon Carlson, Colin Studholme, Natali Newman, Matthew M. Ford, Kathleen A. Grant, and Christopher D. Kroenke. "In utero MRI identifies consequences of early-gestation alcohol drinking on fetal brain development in rhesus macaques." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 18 (April 20, 2020): 10035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919048117.

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One factor that contributes to the high prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is binge-like consumption of alcohol before pregnancy awareness. It is known that treatments are more effective with early recognition of FASD. Recent advances in retrospective motion correction for the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) fetal brain MRI have led to significant improvements in the quality and resolution of anatomical and diffusion MRI of the fetal brain. Here, a rhesus macaque model of FASD, involving oral self-administration of 1.5 g/kg ethanol per day beginning prior to pregnancy and extending through the first 60 d of a 168-d gestational term, was utilized to determine whether fetal MRI could detect alcohol-induced abnormalities in brain development. This approach revealed differences between ethanol-exposed and control fetuses at gestation day 135 (G135), but not G110 or G85. At G135, ethanol-exposed fetuses had reduced brainstem and cerebellum volume and water diffusion anisotropy in several white matter tracts, compared to controls. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings performed on fetal brain tissue obtained immediately following MRI demonstrated that the structural abnormalities observed at G135 are of functional significance. Specifically, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes measured from individual neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex and putamen strongly correlated with diffusion anisotropy in the white matter tracts that connect these structures. These findings demonstrate that exposure to ethanol early in gestation perturbs development of brain regions associated with motor control in a manner that is detectable with fetal MRI.

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Lie, Mabel L. S., Ruth H. Graham, Stephen C. Robson, and Paul D. Griffiths. "MRI for Fetal Developmental Brain Abnormalities: Perspectives From the Pregnant Patient." Qualitative Health Research 28, no. 8 (March 26, 2018): 1295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732318764390.

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Driggers, Rita W., Cheng-Ying Ho, Essi M. Korhonen, Suvi Kuivanen, Anne J. Jääskeläinen, Teemu Smura, Avi Rosenberg, et al. "Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities." New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 22 (June 2, 2016): 2142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1601824.

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Driggers, R. W., C. Y. Ho, E. M. Korhonen, S. Kuivanen, A. J. Jääskeläinen, T. Smura, A. Rosenberg, et al. "Zika Virus Infection With Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 37, no. 1 (March 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000512046.09676.84.

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Sarnat, H. B., P. G. Barth, and K. Shishikura. "EPENDYMAL ABNORMALITIES IN NEUROBLAST MIGRATORY DISORDERS OF THE HUMAN FETAL BRAIN." Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 52, no. 3 (May 1993): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005072-199305000-00228.

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Steller, Jon G., Diane Gumina, Camille Driver, Emma Peek, Henry L. Galan, Shane Reeves, and John C. Hobbins. "Patterns of Brain Sparing in a Fetal Growth Restriction Cohort." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154480.

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Objective: Our objective was to compare differences in Doppler blood flow in four fetal intracranial blood vessels in fetuses with late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) vs. those with small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: Fetuses with estimated fetal weight (EFW) <10th percentile were divided into SGA (n = 30) and FGR (n = 51) via Delphi criteria and had Doppler waveforms obtained from the middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and vertebral artery (VA). A pulsatility index (PI) <5th centile was considered “abnormal”. Outcomes included birth metrics and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Results: There were more abnormal cerebral vessel PIs in the FGR group versus the SGA group (36 vs. 4; p = 0.055). In FGR, ACA + MCA vessel abnormalities outnumbered PCA + VA abnormalities. All 8 fetuses with abnormal VA PIs had at least one other abnormal vessel. Fetuses with abnormal VA PIs had lower BW (1712 vs. 2500 g; p < 0.0001), delivered earlier (35.22 vs. 37.89 wks; p = 0.0052), and had more admissions to the NICU (71.43% vs. 24.44%; p = 0.023). Conclusions: There were more anterior vessels showing vasodilation than posterior vessels, but when the VA was abnormal, the fetuses were more severely affected clinically than those showing normal VA PIs.

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Bors, Roxana Georgiana, Maria Anghelache, Maria Ciocarlan, Vlad Dima, Mihaela Plotogea, and Valentin Varlas. "Zika virus disease in pregnancy and associated fetal neurological complications – a descriptive review." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 71, S2 (November 30, 2022): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2022.s2.14.

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Zika virus is a flavivirus transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes, and pregnant women are usually asymptomatic or have non-specific symptoms. The virus can cross the placental barrier and is intensely neurotropic, with destructive and malformative consequences on the fetal central nervous system, causing a series of severe abnormalities in infected fetuses in the first trimester, more severe than in TORCH infections. Viral infection can be suspected during ultrasound screening by highlighting severe microcephaly and macroscopic calcifications in the fetal brain. In addition, auditory, ocular, or musculoskeletal abnormalities have been reported. Prophylaxis of infection in pregnant women is essential due to the increased risk of fetal damage currently, there is no vaccine or approved treatment.

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Resta, Mariachiara, Franca Dicuonzo, and Maurizio Resta. "Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Fetal Brain Anomalies." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 4 (2017): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1540.

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ABSTRACT Prenatal Ultrasonagraphy (US) is the mainstay modality to diagnose fetal abnormalities especially in early pregnancy. Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a useful tool to confirm and to characterize a pathology that is suspected on US, especially in the detection of central nervous system pathologies. The use of ultrafast imaging tecniques gives additional importantant informations and optimal imaging quality, despite fetal motion, in clinical practice. Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), MR Spetroscopy and Functional studies have potential applications in the fetal brain imaging. Fetal MRI could recognize, in contradistinction to US, the development of fetal brain, the multilayered appearance of the cerebral parenchyma, the timing of sulci development and the myelination. The most common indications for fetal MRI are ventriculomegaly, midline anomalies, malformations of cerebral cortical development, posterior fossa anomalies, suspected haemorraghic-ischemic lesions, tumors. Fetal MRI is a safe and powerful complement to US for clinical management and prognostication. How to cite this article Resta M, Dicuonzo F, Resta M. Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Fetal Brain Anomalies. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):328-340.

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Shannon, Patrick, Courtney Hum, Tony Parks, GM Schauer, David Chitayat, Karen Chong, Shiri Shinar, Susan Blaser, Gaea Moore, and Tim Van Mieghem. "Brain and Placental Pathology in Fetal COL4A1 Related Disease." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 24, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1093526620984083.

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Introduction Although fetal brain injury due to COL4A1 gene mutation is well documented, fetal central nervous system (CNS) and placental histopathology lack description. We report CNS and placental pathology in fetal cases with symptomatic COL4A1 mutation. Methods We retrieved four autopsy cases of COL4A1 related disease, confirmed by genetic sequencing after fetal brain injury was detected. Results One case was a midgestation fetus with residua of ventricular zone hemorrhage and normal placental villi. Three cases were 30-32 week gestation fetuses: two demonstrated CNS small vessel thrombosis, with CNS injury. Both demonstrated high grade placental fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM). One additionally showed villous dysmorphism, the other demonstrated mild villous immaturity. The fetus whose placenta demonstrated high grade FVM was growth restricted. A fourth fetus demonstrated schizencephaly with a CNS arteriopathy with smooth muscle cell degeneration and cerebral infarcts; the placenta demonstrated severe villous dysmorphism and low grade FVM. Discussion These cases confirm that small vessel disease is important in producing intracranial pathology in COL4A1mutation. We report an arteriopathy distinct from microvascular thrombosis and demonstrate that placental pathology is common in fetal COL4A1 related disease. This tentatively suggests that placental pathology may contribute to CNS abnormalities by affecting circulatory sufficiency.

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Vena, Flaminia, Lucia Manganaro, Valentina D’Ambrosio, Luisa Masciullo, Flavia Ventriglia, Giada Ercolani, Camilla Bertolini, et al. "Neuroimaging and Cerebrovascular Changes in Fetuses with Complex Congenital Heart Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 6740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226740.

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Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are often associated with significant neurocognitive impairment and neurological delay. This study aims to elucidate the correlation between type of CHD and Doppler velocimetry and to investigate the possible presence of fetal brain abnormalities identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: From July 2010 to July 2020, we carried out a cross-sectional study of 63 singleton pregnancies with a diagnosis of different types of complex CHD: LSOL (left-sided obstructive lesions; RSOL (right-sided obstructive lesions) and MTC (mixed type of CHD). All patients underwent fetal echocardiography, ultrasound evaluation, a magnetic resonance of the fetal brain, and genetic counseling. Results: The analysis of 63 fetuses shows statistically significant results in Doppler velocimetry among the different CHD groups. The RSOL group leads to higher umbilical artery (UA-PI) pressure indexes values, whereas the LSOL group correlates with significantly lower values of the middle cerebral artery (MCA-PI) compared to the other subgroups (p = 0.036), whereas the RSOL group shows a tendency to higher pulsatility indexes in the umbilical artery (UA-PI). A significant correlation has been found between a reduced head circumference (HC) and the presence of brain injury at MRI (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Congenital left- and right-sided cardiac obstructive lesions are responsible for fetal hemodynamic changes and brain growth impairment. The correct evaluation of the central nervous system (CNS) in fetuses affected by CHD could be essential as prenatal screening and the prediction of postnatal abnormalities.

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Carroll, S. G. M., H. Porter, S. Abdel-Fattah, P. M. Kyle, and P. W. Soothill. "Correlation of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and pathologic findings in fetal brain abnormalities." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 16, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00199.x.

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Girardi, Guillermina. "MRI-based methods to detect placental and fetal brain abnormalities in utero." Journal of Reproductive Immunology 114 (April 2016): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2015.05.008.

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Kumar, N. Suresh, and Amit Kumar Goel. "Detection, Localization and Classification of Fetal Brain Abnormalities using YOLO v4 Architecture." International Journal of Performability Engineering 18, no. 10 (2022): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.23940/ijpe.22.10.p5.720-729.

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Clotea, Eliza, Roxana Georgiana Bors, Vlad Dima, Mihaela Plotogea, and Valentin Varlas. "Current therapies to reduce the risk of brain damage associated with preterm birth." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 71, S2 (November 30, 2022): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2022.s2.15.

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Premature birth is an important public health problem associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. Due to the triggering mechanisms of premature birth as well as the immaturity of the fetal brain, it is more prone to injury. Thus, these premature babies have an increased risk of immediate neurological complications as well as late neurodevelopmental abnormalities, which can have lifelong repercussions. Prompt identification of fetal brain injury and their treatment, as well as the supervision at regular time intervals of the neurodevelopment of children born prematurely, are a real challenge for the medical system.

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Wong, A., T. Chavez, S. O'Neil, J. Votava-Smith, D. Miller, S. delCastillo, A. Panigrahy, and L. Paquette. "Synchronous Aberrant Cerebellar and Opercular Development in Fetuses and Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease: Correlation with Early Communicative Neurodevelopmental Outcomes, Initial Experience." American Journal of Perinatology Reports 07, no. 01 (January 2017): e17-e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1597934.

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AbstractPatients with congenital heart disease (CHD) demonstrate multidomain cognitive delays. Cingulo-opercular and cerebellar brain networks are critical to language functions. This is a description of our initial experience aiming to identify an anatomic correlate for CHD patients with expressive language delays. Fetal CHD patients, prospectively enrolled, underwent serial fetal (1.5T), postnatal pre- and postoperative (3T) MRI. Non-CHD patients were enrolled retrospectively from the same epoch. Comparable fetal and neonatal T2 contrast was used for manual linear cross-sectional measurement. Multivariable analysis was used for adjustments and curve fitting. Neurodevelopment was assessed with Battelle Developmental Inventory, 2nd ed. between 9 and 36 months of age. This interim analysis included patients from our longitudinal CHD study who had fetal, postnatal imaging and neurodevelopmental data—yielding a total of 62 mothers (11 CHD fetuses and 51 non-CHD fetuses). Altered brain trajectories were seen in selected cerebellar and opercular measurements in CHD patients compared with the non-CHD group. Smaller inferior cerebellar vermis measurements were associated with multiple communication-related abnormalities. Altered early structural development of the cerebellum and operculum is present in patients with CHD, which correlates with specific neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

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Griffiths, Paul D., Michael Bradburn, Michael J. Campbell, Cindy L. Cooper, Nicholas Embleton, Ruth Graham, Anthony R. Hart, et al. "MRI in the diagnosis of fetal developmental brain abnormalities: the MERIDIAN diagnostic accuracy study." Health Technology Assessment 23, no. 49 (September 2019): 1–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta23490.

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Background Ultrasonography has been the mainstay of antenatal screening programmes in the UK for many years. Technical factors and physical limitations may result in suboptimal images that can lead to incorrect diagnoses and inaccurate counselling and prognostic information being given to parents. Previous studies suggest that the addition of in utero magnetic resonance imaging (iuMRI) may improve diagnostic accuracy for fetal brain abnormalities. These studies have limitations, including a lack of an outcome reference diagnosis (ORD), which means that improvements could not be assessed accurately. Objectives To assess the diagnostic impact, acceptability and cost consequence of iuMRI among fetuses with a suspected fetal brain abnormality. Design A pragmatic, prospective, multicentre, cohort study with a health economics analysis and a sociological substudy. Setting Sixteen UK fetal medicine centres. Participants Pregnant women aged ≥ 16 years carrying a fetus (at least 18 weeks’ gestation) with a suspected brain abnormality detected on ultrasonography. Interventions Participants underwent iuMRI and the findings were reported to their referring fetal medicine clinician. Main outcome measures Pregnancy outcome was followed up and an ORD from postnatal imaging or postmortem autopsy/imaging collected when available. Developmental data from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and questionnaires were collected from the surviving infants aged 2–3 years. Data on the management of the pregnancy before and after the iuMRI were collected to inform the economic evaluation. Two surveys collected data on patient acceptability of iuMRI and qualitative interviews with participants and health professionals were undertaken. Results The primary analysis consisted of 570 fetuses. The absolute diagnostic accuracies of ultrasonography and iuMRI were 68% and 93%, respectively [a difference of 25%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 21% to 29%]. The difference between ultrasonography and iuMRI increased with gestational age. In the 18–23 weeks group, the figures were 70% for ultrasonography and 92% for iuMRI (difference of 23%, 95% CI 18% to 27%); in the ≥ 24 weeks group, the figures were 65% for ultrasonography and 94% for iuMRI (difference of 29%, 95% CI 23% to 36%). Patient acceptability was high, with at least 95% of respondents stating that they would have iuMRI again in a similar situation. Health professional interviews suggested that iuMRI was acceptable to clinicians and that iuMRI was useful as an adjunct to ultrasonography, but not as a replacement. Across a range of scenarios, iuMRI resulted in additional costs compared with ultrasonography alone. The additional cost was consistently < £600 per patient and the cost per management decision appropriately changed was always < £3000. There is potential for reporting bias from the referring clinicians on the diagnostic and prognostic outcomes. Lower than anticipated follow-up rates at 3 years of age were observed. Conclusions iuMRI as an adjunct to ultrasonography significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy and confidence for the detection of fetal brain abnormalities. An evaluation of the use of iuMRI for cases of isolated microcephaly and the diagnosis of fetal spine abnormalities is recommended. Longer-term follow-up studies of children diagnosed with fetal brain abnormalities are required to fully assess the functional significance of the diagnoses. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN27626961. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 49. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Ederies, M., and Ashley Robinson. "Neuroimaging of Fetal Infection." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 15, no. 05 (July 17, 2017): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604219.

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AbstractInfection during pregnancy is common and the developing fetal brain is vulnerable to vertical transmission due to immaturity of the fetal immune system. Infection is a major cause of multiple organ abnormalities, including the neuraxis, due to the neurotropism of the infectious agents. This review sets out to give an overview of fetal infection, review the general principles of the nature and timing of the infectious insult with respect to outcomes, review the neuroimaging of infection by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and review the various pathogens involved, including the two most common, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma, and also other common viral and nonviral infections.

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Pooh, KyongHon, and Ritsuko K. Pooh. "Fetal Ventriculomegaly." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 4 (2007): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1118.

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Abstract The causes of fetal ventriculomegaly vary. Ventriculomegaly can be caused by not only obstruction of cerebrospinal flow tract but also brain maldevelopment or other reasons. Recent advanced imaging technology and approaching technique of transvaginal sonography have contributed to an accurate prenatal diagnosis and clearly revealed fetal intracranial condition. However, management of the condition and counseling of parents are still difficult, because the initial cause, absolute risk, and degree of resulting neurological deficit cannot be determined with confidence. Ventriculomegaly is evaluated according to atrial width > 10 mm and mild ventriculomegaly is defined as an atrial width of 10 to 15 mm. In ventriculomegaly cases, accurate detection of intracranial structure and additional abnormalities is required. Furthermore, ventriculomegaly may resolve spontaneously or progress during pregnancy. Therefore, detailed neuroscan by advanced imaging technology, detailed extra-CNS scan, longitudinal serial scan during pregnancy are mandatory for proper counseling and management. Longitudinal observation study of not only short-term but also long-term neurological prognosis will be required.

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Huang, Hao. "Characterization of Fetal Brain Development with Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging." US Neurology 05, no. 02 (2010): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usn.2010.05.02.89.

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Human brain anatomy is characterized by dramatic structural changes during fetal development. It is extraordinarily complex and yet its origin is asimple tubular structure. Revealing detailed anatomy at different stages of human fetal brain development not only aids in understanding this highlyordered process, but also provides clues to detect abnormalities caused by genetic or environmental factors. For example, the characterization ofwhite matter axon growth could provide important clues to understanding the inhomegeneity of white matter injuries in cerebral palsy. However,anatomical studies of human brain development during this period are surprisingly scarce, and histology-based atlases have only recently becomeavailable. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a novel method of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is capable of delineating anatomical components withhigh contrast and revealing structures at the microscopic level. The volumetric measurement from 3D DTI data can quantify structural growth. Asdiscussed in this article, the fetal brain DTI database will be a valuable resource for human brain developmental study and will provide referencestandards for diagnostic radiology of premature newborns.

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Ungureanu, Delia Roxana, Roxana Cristina Drăgușin, Răzvan Grigoraș Căpitănescu, Lucian Zorilă, Anca Maria Istrate Ofițeru, Cristian Marinaș, Ciprian Laurențiu Pătru, et al. "First Trimester Ultrasound Detection of Fetal Central Nervous System Anomalies." Brain Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010118.

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Objective: To evaluate the potential of the first-trimester ultrasound (US) features for the detection of central nervous system (CNS) anomalies. Methods/Methodology: This is a prospective one-center three-year study. Unselected singleton pregnant women were examined using an extended first-trimester anomaly scan (FTAS) that included the CNS assessment: the calvaria shape, the septum (falx cerebri), the aspect of the lateral ventricles, the presence of the third ventricle and aqueduct of Sylvius (AS) and the posterior brain morphometry: the fourth ventricle, namely intracranial translucency (IT), brain stem/brain stem–occipital bone ratio (BS/BSOB) and cisterna magna (CM). The spine and underlying skin were also evaluated. The cases were also followed during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and at delivery. FTAS efficiency to detect major CNS abnormalities was calculated. Results: We detected 17 cases with CNS major abnormalities in a population of 1943 first-trimester (FT) fetuses, including spina bifida with myelomeningocele, exencephaly-anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, hydrocephaly, cephalocele and Dandy-Walker malformation. The CNS features in the abnormal group are presented. In the second trimester (ST), we further diagnosed cases of corpus callosum agenesis, cerebellar hypoplasia, vein of Galen aneurysm and fetal infection features (ventriculomegaly, intraventricular bands, intraventricular cyst and hyperechoic foci), all declared normal at the FTAS. During the third trimester (TT) scan we identified a massive fetal cerebral haemorrhage absent at previous investigations. We report a detection rate of 72.7% of fetal brain anomalies in the FT using the proposed CNS parameters. The sensitivity of the examination protocol was 72.7%, and the specificity was 100%. Conclusion: A detailed FT CNS scan is feasible and efficient. The majority of cases of major CNS abnormalities can be detected early in pregnancy. The visualization rates of the CNS parameters in the FT are great with short, if any, additional investigation time. FT cerebral disorders such as haemorrhage or infections were missed in the FT even when an extended evaluation protocol was used.

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Allison, B. J., S. B. Hooper, E. Coia, G. Jenkin, A. Malhotra, V. Zahra, A. Sehgal, et al. "Does growth restriction increase the vulnerability to acute ventilation-induced brain injury in newborn lambs? Implications for future health and disease." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 8, no. 5 (August 9, 2017): 556–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441700037x.

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Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preterm birth are frequent co-morbidities, both are independent risks for brain injury. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms by which preterm FGR increases the risk of adverse neurological outcomes. We aimed to determine the effects of prematurity and mechanical ventilation (VENT) on the brain of FGR and appropriately grown (AG, control) lambs. We hypothesized that FGR preterm lambs are more vulnerable to ventilation-induced acute brain injury. FGR was surgically induced in fetal sheep (0.7 gestation) by ligation of a single umbilical artery. After 4 weeks, preterm lambs were euthanized at delivery or delivered and ventilated for 2 h before euthanasia. Brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected for analysis of molecular and structural indices of early brain injury. FGRVENT lambs had increased oxidative cell damage and brain injury marker S100B levels compared with all other groups. Mechanical ventilation increased inflammatory marker IL-8 within the brain of FGRVENT and AGVENT lambs. Abnormalities in the neurovascular unit and increased blood–brain barrier permeability were observed in FGRVENT lambs, as well as an altered density of vascular tight junctions markers. FGR and AG preterm lambs have different responses to acute injurious mechanical ventilation, changes which appear to have been developmentally programmed in utero.

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Tanimura, Kenji, Akiko Uchida, Mizuki Uenaka, Hitomi Imafuku, Shinya Tairaku, Hiromi Hashimura, Yoshiko Ueno, Takumi Kido, and Kazumichi Fujioka. "Fetal Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Associated with and without Fetal Growth Restriction." Diagnostics 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020306.

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Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) can cause fetal growth restriction (FGR) and severe sequelae in affected infants. Clinicians generally suspect cCMV based on multiple ultrasound (US) findings associated with cCMV. However, no studies have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of fetal US for cCMV-associated abnormalities in FGR. Eight FGR and 10 non-FGR fetuses prenatally diagnosed with cCMV were examined by undergoing periodic detailed US examinations, as well as postnatal physical and imaging examinations. The diagnostic accuracy of prenatal US for cCMV-associated abnormalities was compared between FGR and non-FGR fetuses with cCMV. The diagnostic sensitivity rates of fetal US for cCMV-related abnormalities in FGR vs. non-FGR fetuses were as follows: ventriculomegaly, 66.7% vs. 88.9%; intracranial calcification, 20.0% vs. 20.0%; cysts and pseudocysts in the brain, 0% vs. 0%; ascites, 100.0% vs. 100.0%; hepatomegaly, 40.0% vs. 100.0%; splenomegaly, 0% vs. 0%. The diagnostic sensitivity of fetal US for hepatomegaly and ventriculomegaly in FGR fetuses with cCMV was lower than that in non-FGR fetuses with cCMV. The prevalence of severe long-term sequelae (e.g., bilateral hearing impairment, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and severe developmental delay) in the CMV-infected fetuses with FGR was higher, albeit non-significantly. Clinicians should keep in mind the possibility of overlooking the symptoms of cCMV in assessing fetuses with FGR.

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Vladareanu, Radu, and Vlad Zamfirescu. "Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Promise Detection of Metabolic Changes in the Brain of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Fetuses." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 1 (2015): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1387.

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ABSTRACT Technical and therapeutic advances have driven the development of fetal MRI, which is likely to become an increasingly important modality in the evaluation of sonographically complex or occult anomalies of the fetal brain and body. All radiologists involved in prenatal imaging should be aware of the applications and limitations of this modality. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have consistently demonstrated brain structural changes on intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). There is a need to improve MRI characterization of the anatomical patterns of brain reorganization associated with IUGR and to develop specific imaging biomarkers. Contrary to acute perinatal events, IUGR is a chronic condition that induces brain reorganization and abnormal maturation rather than gross tissue destruction. Diffusion MRI offers a promising approach to assess abnormalities in brain maturation and develop biomarkers for clinical use. The association between IUGR and short- and long-term neurodevelopmental and cognitive dysfunctions has been extensively described. Preliminary clinical results suggest that diffusion MRI could also be suitable to detect maturational changes occurring in chronic fetal conditions, including fetal cardiac defects and IUGR. How to cite this article Zamfirescu V, Vladareanu R, Vladareanu S. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Promise for Detection of Metabolic Changes in the Brain of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Fetuses. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(1):40-43.

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Jarmasz, Jessica S., Duaa A. Basalah, Albert E. Chudley, and Marc R. Del Bigio. "Human Brain Abnormalities Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 76, no. 9 (August 8, 2017): 813–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlx064.

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Bertolaccini, Maria Laura, Gregorio Contento, Ross Lennen, Giovanni Sanna, Philip J. Blower, Michelle T. Ma, Kavitha Sunassee, and Guillermina Girardi. "Complement inhibition by hydroxychloroquine prevents placental and fetal brain abnormalities in antiphospholipid syndrome." Journal of Autoimmunity 75 (December 2016): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2016.04.008.

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Griffiths, Paul D., Michael Bradburn, Michael J. Campbell, Cindy L. Cooper, Ruth Graham, Deborah Jarvis, Mark D. Kilby, et al. "Use of MRI in the Diagnosis of Fetal Brain Abnormalities in Utero (MERIDIAN)." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 72, no. 6 (June 2017): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000000454.

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Griffiths, Paul D., Michael Bradburn, Michael J. Campbell, Cindy L. Cooper, Ruth Graham, Deborah Jarvis, Mark D. Kilby, et al. "Use of MRI in the Diagnosis of Fetal Brain Abnormalities in Utero (MERIDIAN)." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 37, no. 4 (December 2017): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000527044.83315.fc.

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Pistorius, L. R., R. Gooskens, and P. H. Stoutenbeek. "OP13.09: Pulsed-wave Doppler of the middle cerebral artery in fetal brain abnormalities." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 30, no. 4 (September 21, 2007): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.4539.

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Cannon, Tyrone D., Theo G. M. van Erp, Isabelle M. Rosso, Matti Huttunen, Jouko Lönnqvist, Tiia Pirkola, Oili Salonen, Leena Valanne, Veli-Pekka Poutanen, and Carl-Gustav Standertskjöld-Nordenstam. "Fetal Hypoxia and Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients, Their Siblings, and Controls." Archives of General Psychiatry 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.1.35.

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Sreelakshmy, R., Anita Titus, N. Sasirekha, E. Logashanmugam, R. Benazir Begam, G. Ramkumar, and Raja Raju. "An Automated Deep Learning Model for the Cerebellum Segmentation from Fetal Brain Images." BioMed Research International 2022 (June 16, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8342767.

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Cerebellum measures taken from routinely obtained ultrasound (US) images have been frequently employed to determine gestational age and identify developing central nervous system’s anatomical abnormalities. Standardized cerebellar assessments from large-scale clinical datasets are required to investigate correlations between the growing cerebellum and postnatal neurodevelopmental results. These studies could uncover structural abnormalities that could be employed as indicators to forecast neurodevelopmental and growth consequences. To achieve this, higher-throughput, precise, and impartial measures must be used to replace the existing human, semiautomatic, and advanced algorithms, which seem to be time-consuming and inaccurate. In this article, we presented an innovative deep learning (DL) technique for automatic fetal cerebellum segmentation from 2-dimensional (2D) US brain images. We present ReU-Net, a semantic segmentation network tailored to the anatomy of the fetal cerebellum. Moreover, we use U-Net as a foundation models with the incorporation of residual blocks and Wiener filter over the last 2 layers to segregate the cerebellum (c) from the noisy US data. 590 images for training and 150 images for testing were taken; also, we employed a 5-fold cross-assessment method. Our ReU-Net scored 91%, 92%, 25.42, 98%, 92%, and 94% for Dice Score Coefficient (DSC), F1-score, Hausdorff Distance (HD), accuracy, recall, and precision, correspondingly. The suggested method outperforms the other U-Net predicated techniques by a quantitatively significant margin ( p 0.001 ). Our presented approach can be used to allow high bandwidth imaging techniques in medical study fetal US images as well as biometric evaluation on a broader scale in fetal US images.

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Denef, Marie, Laure Noel, Gaëlle Bruck, Justine Gudelj, Malek Tebache, Renaud Viellevoye, Michelle Nisolle, and Frédéric Chantraine. "First-line noninvasive management of cytomegalovirus primary infection in pregnancy." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 50, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2021-0384.

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Abstract Objectives To introduce a first-line noninvasive antenatal management of maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) primary infection based on ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Amniocentesis (AC) is used as a second-line tool in cases of abnormalities compatible with fetal CMV infection on US and/or MRI screening. Methods Between January 2011 and October 2018, pregnant women referred with a CMV primary infection on antibody screening were followed up by monthly US scans and a brain MRI at approximately 32 weeks. In cases with US and/or MRI abnormalities compatible with congenital CMV infection, AC was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Results Ninety pregnant women with a primary CMV infection were included (89 singleton and one twin pregnancy). The first-line screening by US and/or MRI was normal for 72 of 91 fetuses (79%). At birth, 19 of these 72 neonates (26%) had a positive urine sample for CMV but were asymptomatic. US and/or MRI abnormalities were identified in 19 fetuses (21%). AC confirmed a fetal CMV infection in 16 fetuses (84%); 12 pregnancies were terminated, and four were continued, with three symptomatic neonates at birth and one poor neurodevelopmental outcome at postnatal follow-up. Conclusions First-line noninvasive management of maternal CMV primary infection based on serial US scans and brain MRI can be offered to identify fetuses with severe symptomatic congenital CMV infection and reduce the number of ACs without compromising the fetal outcome.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fetal brain Abnormalities'

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