Journal articles: 'Fertility – Spain'

1

Bledsoe, Caroline H., René Houle, and Papa Sow. "High fertility Gambians in low fertility Spain." Demographic Research 16 (May 3, 2007): 375–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2007.16.12.

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Carioli, Alessandra, Joaquin Recaño Valverde, and Daniel Devolder. "The changing geographies of fertility in Spain (1981-2018)." Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 50 (July 7, 2021): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.21.015.

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The objective of this article is to investigate the variation of fertility across Spain’s geographic areas between 1981 and 2018, to highlight spatial change over three decades of major fertility transformations. During the last decades, Spanish fertility decreased considerably to below replacement levels. Although total fertility remains below replacement level in Spain, there are important differences in subnational trends that seem to concentrate around certain areas. Starting from the assumption that there is fertility diversity across the country, which persists over time and such variation is not random but rather spatially driven, we aim to describe the divergence from national trends and analyse the dynamics of spatial patterns of fertility over time with spatial analysis tools. Using from Spanish municipality data, we use 910 territorial units that ensure spatial contiguity and construct yearly fertility indicators derived from census and register data, encompassing fertility by age, birth order, and age at childbirth. We investigate the spatial patterns of fertility and their changes over time, by means of spatial and correlogram analysis, exploring the effects of neighborhood definitions. Results confirm the presence of spatial autocorrelation for all variables throughout the considered timeframe, both at global and local scale. The considered time frame depicts substantial changes in the distribution of low and high fertility clusters, reshaping the geographical distribution of fertility in Spain, with big metropolitan areas as leaders in high fertility, as childbearing is deeply impacted by labor market covariates. The fertility decline in Spain has driven total fertility to below replacement levels in a short period of time, shifting the classical North-South divide of low-high fertility into an East-West clustering, with economic centres such as cities becoming the new focal points of higher fertility. The descriptive and econometric spatial approaches adopted in this article, together with the detailed data available for this study, make it possible to appreciate the scale of fertility changes across the country, its heterogeneity across regions, and the evolution of fertility determinants over time.

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TAKENAKA, Katsuyuki. "Regional Differences in Fertility in Spain." Geographical Review of Japa,. Ser. A, Chirigaku Hyoron 70, no. 7 (1997): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984a.70.7_433.

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COOKE, LYNN PRINCE. "Gender Equity and Fertility in Italy and Spain." Journal of Social Policy 38, no. 1 (January 2009): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408002584.

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AbstractGender equity and its effects on fertility vary across socio-political contexts, particularly when comparing less with more developed economies. But do subtle differences in equity within more similar contexts matter as well? Here we compare Italy and Spain, two countries with low fertility levels and institutional reliance on kinship and family, but with employment equity among women during the 1990s slightly greater in Italy than Spain. The European Community Household Panel is used to explore the effect of this difference in gender equity on the likelihood of married couples having a second birth during this time period. Women's hours of employment reduce the birth likelihood in both countries, but non-maternal sources of care offset this effect to different degrees. In Spain, private childcare significantly increases birth likelihood, whereas in Italy, father's greater childcare share increases the likelihood, particularly among employed women. These results suggest that increases in women's employment equity increase not only the degree of equity within the home, but also the beneficial effects of equity on fertility. These equity effects help to offset the negative relationship historically found between female employment and fertility.

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Morales, Marina. "Intergenerational transmission of fertility outcomes in Spain." Manchester School 89, no. 4 (May 10, 2021): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/manc.12366.

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Kotzamanis, Byron. "Fertility of nationals and foreigners in Spain, Italy, and Greece during and after the economic recession and refugee crisis." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 77 (January 26, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo.19061.

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This article provides an overview of trends in fertility of foreign and national women in Greece, Spain, and Italy during the last decade and before the Covid pandemic. It focuses on the fertility of foreigners and compares this with that of ‘nationals’. The main analysis focuses on a period marked, firstly, by the economic recession and stagnation, and then by the recent wave of the ‘refugee crisis’. Foreigner fertility in the three south Mediterranean countries differs significantly from that of nationals, with the former having higher fertility rates and lower mean age at childbearing. However, although foreigners make a large contribution to births, their impact on period fertility (total fertility rate or TFR) is limited. At the same time, although the fertility of both groups decreased during the first years of the recession, foreigner TFRs fell faster in both absolute and relative terms in Italy and Greece. However, after 2014, the foreigner period fertility among the three countries differs as a relative stabilisation is observed in Spain and Italy, while indicators rise in Greece. This divergence is due to the various composition changes in the settled after-2014 foreigners in the three countries and the strong recovery of foreigner births in Greece (as fertility in Greece was much more affected by the recession).

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Carducci, Alicia. "European Fertility: An Examination of Shifting Fertility Trends in Italy, Spain, and Sweden." Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union 2017, no. 1 (September 2017): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/urceu.201701.05.

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Fernández-Ondoño, E., L. Rojo Serrano, M. N. Jiménez, F. B. Navarro, M. Díez, F. Martín, J. Fernández, F. J. Martínez, A. Roca, and J. Aguilar. "Afforestation improves soil fertility in south-eastern Spain." European Journal of Forest Research 129, no. 4 (March 25, 2010): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-010-0376-1.

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Aisa, Rosa, Joaquín Andaluz, and Gemma Larramona. "Fertility patterns in the Roma population of Spain." Review of Economics of the Household 15, no. 1 (March 13, 2015): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-015-9289-6.

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10

Rafael Caro-Barrera, José, María de los Baños García-Moreno García, and Manuel Pérez-Priego. "Projecting Spanish fertility at regional level: A hierarchical Bayesian approach." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): e0275492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275492.

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The transition from a demographic regime of high mortality and high fertility to one with low mortality and low fertility is universal and comes along with the process of socio-economic modernization. The Spanish total fertility rate has decreased to below replacement levels in the last decades. The decline has persisted since the 1960s and is diverse across the country. Based on that diversity, the use of population forecasts, not only at national but at regional levels, for planning purposes (governments and private sector) with large horizons has become a must to provide essential services. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model we constructed probabilistic fertility forecasts for Spain at the regional level. Although this approach is already issued by the United Nations little research has been done focusing on the Spanish subnational level. Our objective is to disaggregate the national projections of the total fertility rate for Spain into regional forecasts. The results of this research will show the model fitting, first to the national level and then using a multifaceted and continuous evolution of fertility over time, at the regional level, to check its convergence.

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Bernardi, Fabrizio, and Marco Cozzani. "Soccer Scores, Short-Term Mood and Fertility." European Journal of Population 37, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-021-09576-2.

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AbstractPrevious research has shown that seemingly irrelevant events such as unexpected outcomes in sporting events can affect mood and have relevant consequences for episodes of crime and violence, investing behavior and political preferences. In this article, we test whether mood shocks associated with unexpected results in soccer matches in Spain affect fertility. We use data on betting odds and actual scores to define mood shocks and link them to births by month and province in Spain, between 2001 and 2015. We find that unexpected losses of local teams lead to a small decrease in the number of births nine months thereafter. The effect is larger for more unexpected losses, in those provinces with the largest amount of support for the local team and robust to a number of placebo tests. We argue that these results are consistent with the gain–loss asymmetry predicted by prospect theory.

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12

Marco-Gracia, Francisco J., and Margarita López-Antón. "Rethinking the Fertility Transition in Rural Aragón (Spain) Using Height Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168338.

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Based on an analysis of the life trajectories of 2510 conscripts and their families from a Spanish rural area in the period 1835–1977, this paper studies the development of the fertility transition in relation to height using bivariate analyses. The use of heights is an innovative perspective of delving into the fertility transition and social transformation entailed. The results confirm that the men with a low level of biological well-being (related to low socio-economic groups) were those who started to control their fertility, perhaps due to the effect that increased average family size had on their budget. The children of individuals who controlled their fertility were taller than the children of other families. Therefore, the children of parents who controlled their fertility experienced the largest intergenerational increase in height (approximately 50% higher). This increase could be due to the consequence of a greater investment in children (Becker’s hypothesis) or a greater availability of resources for the whole family (resource dilution hypothesis).

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13

Palma, Agnieszka. "Fertility Trends in European Countries." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 2, no. 353 (April 15, 2021): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.353.01.

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This work is intended as an attempt to illustrate and compare the pattern of fertility in European countries: Belarus, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. It deals with the analysis of fertility trends, with an emphasis on birth by parity. Using data from the Human Fertility Database (HFD) from the year 2016, it has considered the parameters of parity progression ratios (PPR), projected parity progression ratios (PPPR), age‑specific fertility rates (ASFR), age‑order specific fertility rates (AOSFR), and cumulated order‑specific fertility rates accordingly analysed. We have applied indicators known as the projected parity progression ratios to estimate trends of fertility. These offer a more detailed view of the family formation process than the traditional total fertility rate (TFR).

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14

Bueno, Xiana. "Fertility decisions in transition: young adults’ perceptions on fertility three decades apart in Spain." History of the Family 25, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 386–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2019.1686049.

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15

Burillo, Pilar, Luca Salvati, Stephen A. Matthews, and Federico Benassi. "Local-Scale Fertility Variations in a Low-Fertility Country: Evidence from Spain (2002–2017)." Canadian Studies in Population 47, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42650-020-00036-6.

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16

Baizan, Pau. "Regional child care availability and fertility decisions in Spain." Demographic Research 21 (December 4, 2009): 803–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2009.21.27.

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17

Adsera, Alicia. "Marital fertility and religion in Spain, 1985 and 1999." Population Studies 60, no. 2 (July 2006): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324720600684817.

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18

García, Désirée, Rita Vassena, Marta Trullenque, Amelia Rodríguez, and Valérie Vernaeve. "Fertility knowledge and awareness in oocyte donors in Spain." Patient Education and Counseling 98, no. 1 (January 2015): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2014.10.009.

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19

Puig-Barrachina, Vanessa, Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, María Felicitas Domínguez-Berjón, Unai Martín, Miguel Ángel Luque, Miguel Ruiz, and Glòria Perez. "Decline in fertility induced by economic recession in Spain." Gaceta Sanitaria 34, no. 3 (May 2020): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.05.011.

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20

Marco Gracia, Francisco J. "How was the fertility transition carried out? Analysis of fertility control strategies and their evolution in rural Aragon, Spain (1880-1955)." Historia Agraria. Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 76 (November 28, 2018): 189–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.076e06m.

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The aim of this article is to analyse the fertility control strategies employed by families during the fertility transition and to understand their evolution over time. To achieve that goal, this study identified the use and popularization of stopping and spacing. This analysis employed data on the inhabitants of 10 rural villages in the Huerva River valley in north-eastern Spain. The results revealed that in the first stages of the fertility transition, the same fertility control strategies used in the pre-transitional period were employed. However, stopping quickly became the most common strategy. Although women exercised some type of control over fertility at some point in their lives from the beginning of the fertility transition, it was not until the late 1920s that women who were controlling outnumbered those who were not (on 1 July of each year).

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21

Perez, Margarita Delgado, and Massimo Livi-Bacci. "Fertility in Italy and Spain: The Lowest in the World." Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 4 (July 1992): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136019.

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22

Iglesias, Feliciano Hernandez, and Michelle Riboud. "Intergenerational Effects on Fertility Behavior and Earnings Mobility in Spain." Review of Economics and Statistics 70, no. 2 (May 1988): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1928309.

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23

Brodmann, S., G. Esping-Andersen, and M. Guell. "When Fertility is Bargained: Second Births in Denmark and Spain." European Sociological Review 23, no. 5 (June 28, 2007): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm025.

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24

Díaz, F. J., M. Tejedor, C. Jiménez, and R. A. Dahlgren. "Soil fertility dynamics in runoff-capture agriculture, Canary Islands, Spain." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 144, no. 1 (November 2011): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.021.

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Cristina Mora, G., Juan J. Fernández, and Margarita Torre. "Different Contexts and Trends: Latina Immigrant Fertility in theUSand Spain." International Migration 56, no. 5 (September 12, 2017): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12373.

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26

Pavía-Miralles, Jose Manuel, Luis Eduardo Vila-Lladosa, and Bernardi Cabrer-Borrás. "Declining Fertility: Implications for Regional Education Planning." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 1 (January 2003): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3534.

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The most important asset of any organisation or country is its reserve of human resource. The capacity of society to understand and successfully adapt to new situations is highly related to the levels of training and education of its individual members. The education system, therefore, is one of the main foundations of any society's future. Over the last decade, Spain and the Valencia region, in particular, have experienced precipitous drops in fertility that will inevitably reduce school enrolments. In this paper we quantify the magnitude of the reductions and, after some analysis, lay out the potential consequences for the regional education system, and for society as a whole.

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Kurek, Sławomir, and Milena Lange. "Urbanisation and changes in fertility pattern in Poland and in the selected countries of Western and Southern Europe." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17, no. 17 (January 1, 2012): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0008-2.

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Urbanisation and changes in fertility pattern in Poland and in the selected countries of Western and Southern EuropeSince the beginning of the 1990s profound changes have occurred in reproductive behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe. They involve a sudden fall in the fertility rate, accompanied by an increase in the age of mothers giving birth to their first child, and a growth in the percentage of extramarital births. A similar course of changes in reproductive behaviour was observed almost a decade earlier in the countries of Southern Europe (Greece, Spain and Italy), and at the beginning of the 1960s in the countries of Western Europe (e.g. France). The aim of the study is to show the spatial changes in the fertility pattern in Poland compared to the selected European countries - Italy, Spain and France. Since new fertility patterns take hold most quickly among the inhabitants of large cities, as a result of the weaker effects of tradition and earlier formation of social norms owing to suburbanisation processes, the analysis of changes in reproductive behaviours will be conducted in the context of changes in urbanisation level. The time frame of the study encompasses an extended duration, especially taking into account the period of 1970-2010. For the comparison of large cities, data from 2010 or the nearest available were examined.

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Perler, Laura, and Carolin Schurr. "Geographies of assisted reproduction: The Spanish egg donation economy as a global/intimate contact zone." Documents d'Anàlisi Geogràfica 68, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.725.

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This article starts from the idea that a fertility clinic is a “contact zone” where differently positioned subjects meet. Broader power relations become tangible in this specific geography of assisted reproduction. This article examines different scales, such as the fertility clinic itself, the national context of reproductive politics in Spain, and the transnational connections of contemporary clinic consortia. By doing so, we reveal the interrelationships that shape this contact zone from the intimate to the global. This interscalar analysis leads to a critique of a transnational fertility industry that is heavily inflicted with logics of productivity and capital accumulation and in which the lives of egg receivers are valued over the lives of egg donors.

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González, Libertad. "The Effect of a Universal Child Benefit on Conceptions, Abortions, and Early Maternal Labor Supply." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 160–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.3.160.

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I study the impact of a universal child benefit on fertility and maternal labor supply. I exploit the unanticipated introduction of a sizable child benefit in Spain in 2007. Following a regression discontinuity-type design, I find that the benefit significantly increased fertility, in part through a reduction in abortions. Families who received the benefit did not increase consumption. Instead, eligible mothers stayed out of the labor force longer after childbirth, which led to their children spending less time in formal child care. (JEL I38, J13, J16, J22)

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30

Davia, Maria A., and Nuria Legazpe. "Female employment and fertility trajectories in Spain: an Optimal Matching Analysis." Work, Employment and Society 28, no. 4 (January 7, 2014): 633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017013500117.

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31

Martín García, Teresa. "THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL SEX-COMPOSITION ON WOMEN'S FERTILITY IN SPAIN." European Societies 12, no. 1 (February 2010): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616690802474366.

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Davia, María A., and Nuria Legazpe. "The Role of Education in Fertility and Female Employment in Spain." Journal of Family Issues 35, no. 14 (June 11, 2013): 1898–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x13490932.

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33

Lauster, Nathanael. "A Room to Grow: The Residential Density-Dependence of Childbearing in Europe and the United States." Canadian Studies in Population 37, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2010): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6wc98.

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It is argued that cultural processes linked to the demographic transition produce new density-dependent fertility dynamics. In particular, childbearing becomes dependent upon residential roominess. This relationship is culturally specific, and that the cultural nature of this relationship means that professional and managerial classes are likely to be particularly influenced by residential roominess, while immigrants are less likely to be influenced. Hypotheses are tested linking residential roominess to the presence of an “own infant” in the household using census data from the Austria, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and the United States. Roominess predicts fertility in all countries, but to differing degrees.

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34

Holdsworth, Clare, and Jane Elliott. "The Timing of Family Formation in Britain and Spain." Sociological Research Online 6, no. 2 (August 2001): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.597.

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Both fertility and marriage behaviour have changed considerably throughout Western Europe. While fertility has declined across the continent there has been an increase in the age of marriage, accompanied by an increase in cohabitation rates and marriage dissolution. These cross- national trends have been suggested to be indicative of a second demographic transition. Both Beck and Giddens have attempted to locate these changes in family formation within a wider context of social change associated with late modernity. However, in this paper we argue that in trying to provide a universal theory to understand the second demographic transition it is important not to overlook important cross- national differences. Previous comparative research has established that in the South young people tend to marry later, but have children earlier in partnerships. While in the North, marriage and leaving home occur earlier but the link between marriage and childbirth is weaker. In this paper we use data from the British National Child Development Study and the Spanish 1991 Sociodemographic Survey in order to compare the processes of family formation in Britain and Spain. The emphasis is on understanding the sequencing and timing of a) leaving home, b) forming a partnership, and c) giving birth to a first child in relation to each other rather than as independent events.

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Duguy, B., P. Rovira, and R. Vallejo. "Land-use history and fire effects on soil fertility in eastern Spain." European Journal of Soil Science 58, no. 1 (February 2007): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00802.x.

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36

García-Ispierto, I., F. López-Gatius, P. Santolaria, J. L. Yániz, C. Nogareda, and M. López-Béjar. "Factors affecting the fertility of high producing dairy herds in northeastern Spain." Theriogenology 67, no. 3 (February 2007): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.09.038.

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37

Reher, David, and Glenn Sandström. "Dimensions of Rational Decision-Making during the Demographic Transition; Aranjuez (Spain) Revisited." Historical Life Course Studies 2 (March 2, 2015): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9356.

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A set of linked reproductive histories taken from the Spanish town of Aranjuez during the demographic transition is used to address key issues regarding reproductive change and reproductive choice. This paper builds on the existing literature and especially on the findings first shown in Reher & Sanz-Gimeno (2007) and in Van Poppel et al. (2012) where the links between childhood survival and reproductive decision-making were specified. This paper goes beyond the original ones in two important ways: (a) the sex composition of the surviving sibset is included in the analysis and (b) behavior is modeled by means of event history analysis. In these models, controls for the survival status of the previous child are introduced so as to distinguish between biological factors related to the cessation of breastfeeding and both short term (child replacement) and more long-term reproductive strategies. The results offer convincing proof that couples were continually regulating their fertility in order to achieve reproductive goals both in terms of net fertility and of the sex composition of the resulting sibset. Here results show that both sexes were desired by parents but that lack of surviving males had greater influence on fertility behavior. As expected, controls for the survival status of the previous-born child were important though they did not diminish appreciably the overall effect of the number of surviving offspring. This article offers strong proof for the existence of active decision-making during the demographic transition and applies a method to model these behaviors over the full reproductive history of the couple.

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Sánchez-Navarro, Virginia, Raúl Zornoza, Ángel Faz, and Juan Antonio Fernández. "Cowpea Crop Response to Mineral and Organic Fertilization in SE Spain." Processes 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050822.

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Mineral fertilization is considered to be useful for improving soil fertility and yields. However, its use is linked to global warming and soil and water pollution by its rapid mobilization. On the other hand, organic fertilization is recommended to maintain or improve soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks while contributing to climate change mitigation. The main goal of this study was to assess the effect of two different fertilizer types, mineral and organic, during three cowpea crop cycles on the soil’s physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, crop yield, crop quality and nutritional composition when considering two cowpea cultivars (Feijão frade de fio preto (FP) and Feijão frade de fio claro (FC)). The use of mineral fertilizers was seen to contribute to improved soil fertility due to the increase in soil properties, such as recalcitrant carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium content, available K and available Mg. On the other hand, organic fertilizers only increased the nitrate content in the soil. There were no differences in terms of cowpea crop yield, quality and nutritional composition by fertilizer type. Thus, both fertilizer types contributed to the same crop yield and quality, and thus the use of organic fertilizers can result in a sustainable alternative for maintaining cowpea crop yield and quality.

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Sánchez-Monedero, Miguel A., María L. Cayuela, María Sánchez-García, Bart Vandecasteele, Tommy D’Hose, Guadalupe López, Carolina Martínez-Gaitán, Peter J. Kuikman, Tania Sinicco, and Claudio Mondini. "Agronomic Evaluation of Biochar, Compost and Biochar-Blended Compost across Different Cropping Systems: Perspective from the European Project FERTIPLUS." Agronomy 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050225.

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This paper reports the results on the agronomic performance of organic amendments in the EU 7th FP project “FERTIPLUS—reducing mineral fertilizers and agro-chemicals by recycling treated organic waste as compost and bio-char”. Four case studies on field-scale application of biochar, compost and biochar-blended compost were established and studied for three consecutive years in four distinct cropping systems and under different agro-climatic conditions in Europe. These included the following sites: olive groves in Murcia (Spain), greenhouse grown tomatoes in Almeria (Spain), an arable crop rotation in Oost-Vlaanderen (Merelbeke, Belgium), and three vineyards in Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy). A slow pyrolysis oak biochar was applied, either alone or in combination with organic residues: compost from olive wastes in Murcia (Spain), sheep manure in Almeria (Spain), and compost from biowaste and green waste in Belgium and Italy. The agronomical benefits were evaluated based on different aspects of soil fertility (soil total organic carbon (TOC), pH, nutrient cycling and microbial activity) and crop nutritional status and productivity. All amendments were effective in increasing soil organic C in all the field trials. On average, the increase with respect to the control was about 11% for compost, 20% for biochar-blended compost, and 36% for biochar. The amendments also raised the pH by 0.15–0.50 units in acidic soils. Only biochar had a negligible fertilization effect. On the contrary, compost and biochar-blended compost were effective in enhancing soil fertility by increasing nutrient cycling (25% mean increase in extractable organic C and 44% increase in extractable N), element availability (26% increase in available K), and soil microbial activity (26% increase in soil respiration and 2–4 fold enhancement of denitrifying activity). In general, the tested amendments did not show any negative effect on crop yield and quality. Furthermore, in vineyards and greenhouse grown tomatoes cropping systems, compost and biochar-blended compost were also effective in enhancing key crop quality parameters (9% increase in grape must acidity and 16% increase in weight, 9% increase in diameter and 8% increase in hardness of tomato fruits) important for the quality and marketability of the crops. The overall results of the project suggest that the application of a mixture of biochar and compost can benefit crops. Therefore, biochar-blended compost can support and maintain soil fertility.

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Visconti, Fernando, Enrique Peiró, Carlos Baixauli, and José Miguel de Paz. "Spontaneous Plants Improve the Inter-Row Soil Fertility in a Citrus Orchard but Nitrogen Lacks to Boost Organic Carbon." Environments 9, no. 12 (December 4, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9120151.

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The inter-row soils in conventionally run citrus orchards in Eastern Spain lose fertility, either physically, chemically, or biologically, as a consequence of machinery traffic and the use of herbicides. In order to regain inter-row soil fertility, two grass-cover management alternatives to the commonly used herbicide-kept bare management, namely, spontaneous plants and fescue, were established and left for four years until their effects on several physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored for two years more. The fescue ground cover exhibited lower average and maximum soil temperatures due to higher evapotranspiration rates but also higher annual soil water content on average and, additionally, higher rhizodeposition. Despite the fact that these new beneficial conditions helped enhance the soil’s biological fertility under fescue, the physical or chemical fertilities did not improve and neither did the organic carbon (SOC). The spontaneous plants also enhanced the biological fertility, but in this case, beneficial conditions were reflected by improvements in the chemical fertility, particularly the exchangeable potassium, and in the physical fertility by increasing the surface hydraulic conductivity and decreasing the bulk density. In the inter-rows of this citrus orchard, a seeded grass cover does not seem able to provide any soil fertility enhancement in comparison to a spontaneous one; rather the opposite. However, a lack of natural or man-driven nitrogen inputs poses a constraint to SOC gains. For this aim, the annual surface application of organic nitrogen-rich materials or even better, the fostering of N-fixing organisms would be recommended.

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Puyuelo, Belén, Joseba S. Arizmendiarrieta, Ignacio Irigoyen, and Ramón Plana. "Quality assessment of composts officially registered as organic fertilisers in Spain." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): e1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019171-13853.

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Composting of organic wastes is a management strategy linked to circular economy models through the transformation of these wastes into an organic product, compost, which can be used as fertiliser, soil amendment or growing media. However, the concept of ‘compost quality’ is not enough defined to take a technical decision about which is its best use or application. In the last decade, different guidelines and regulations about organic fertilisers have been developed. For instance, in Spain the Fertilisers Regulation categorises compost under five kinds according to the raw materials used - organic amendment compost (OaC), manure compost (MaC), green compost (GrC), vermicompost (VC), ‘alperujo’ compost (AlC) -, and under three quality levels (A, B or C) depending exclusively on the heavy metals content. This work analyses the national database of all composts (307) marketed in Spain, considering the analytical parameters declared, with the objective of proposing a methodology to define a global quality index. For this assessment, two indicators are employed: a fertility indicator, related to the nutrients content, and a clean indicator, related to the heavy metals content. Results show an average compost formulation 2.5:2.5:2.5 (N:P2O5:K2O). MaC and OaC present the highest fertility indicator, whereas VC the lowest. Regarding the clean indicator, GrC, MaC and VC are cleaner than OaC. In the future, this new quality assessment should be completed by including other indicators related to physical and biological characteristic (e.g. porosity, stability/maturity, phytotoxicity) that could determine the most proper use of compost.

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SIMÓ, CARLES, and SALVADOR MÉNDEZ. "TESTING THE EFFECT OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC PARADOX: BIRTH WEIGHT OF NEWBORNS OF IMMIGRANT AND NON-IMMIGRANT MOTHERS IN THE REGION OF VALENCIA, SPAIN." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 5 (October 8, 2013): 635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000539.

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SummaryThe epidemiological paradox and ‘healthy migrant effect’ refer to the favourable health outcomes in unprivileged groups under unfavourable socioeconomic conditions. Weight at birth is associated with the epidemiological paradox. However, differences in fertility structure (mainly mother's age and first maternity) might be the cause of the difference in weight at birth between children of immigrant and non-immigrant mothers. This paper aims to analyse the impact of the epidemiologic paradox by distinguishing between the factors related to fertility structure, in addition to other socio-cultural factors. The importance of fertility structure as the cause of weight-at-birth differences of the newborns of immigrant and non-immigrant women, and between those of subgroups of immigrant mothers, is tested. Based on data from birth registries for the period 1998–2009, a variance analysis was performed for Spanish mothers and for those of five major immigrant subgroups living in the region of Valencia, Spain, which experienced significant migrant inflows within a short period of time. A Scheffé test between pairs of nationalities was carried out. Finally, linear regression models were built. The results suggest that the most relevant factors are those related to fertility structure, and that consequently the epidemiological paradox does not apply for immigrant mothers as a whole, although Bolivian immigrant offspring may be an exception. This unexpected result requires further research to test to what extent this is due to the special adaptation of multigenerational high-altitude populations in pregnancy. The factors associated with fertility structure must be controlled when trying to relate birth weight differences between ethnic groups to socioeconomic factors.

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Reher, David Sven, and Pedro Luis Iriso-Napal. "Marital Fertility and its Determinants in Rural and in Urban Spain, 1887–1930." Population Studies 43, no. 3 (November 1989): 405–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000144216.

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Bueno, Xiana, and Mary C. Brinton. "Gender egalitarianism, perceived economic insecurity, and fertility intentions in Spain: A qualitative analysis." Population Studies 73, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2019.1604979.

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Riphagen, F. E., and P. Lehert. "A survey of contraception in five West European countries." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 1 (January 1989): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017703.

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SummaryIn 1984 and 1985, a survey was conducted of 7696 women aged 15–44 living in Italy, France, Great Britain, Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany. The aim of the study was to examine the use of contraceptive methods, the differences in contraceptive use, knowledge of fertility, communication about contraception, motives for choice and the perceptions held by women regarding contraceptive methods, particularly oral contraception. The results show important differences between the countries studied.

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Marco-Gracia, Francisco J. "Adapting Family Size and Composition: Childhood Mortality and Fertility in Rural Spain, 1750–1949." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 51, no. 4 (March 2021): 509–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01626.

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An event-history analysis of ten rural villages in Spain from 1750 to 1949 indicates that the likelihood of parents having additional children was influenced by the number of their surviving children and the children’s sex composition. Parents whose children had a low survival rate had more children than parents whose children generally survived. Exclusively having daughters during the pre-transitional period also reflected, to a limited degree, the likelihood of new conception. The results suggest that some families adapted their reproductive behavior to their desired objectives. In the pre-transitional period, as well as during the transition itself, decisions to control or encourage fertility often appear to have been based on family size and composition.

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Grande, Rafael, and Alberto del Rey. "La fecundidad de las mujeres latinoamericanas y caribeñas en España: ¿adaptación, mantenimiento o interrupción?" Papeles de Población 23, no. 92 (April 30, 2017): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22185/24487147.2017.92.013.

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Rodríguez Sousa, Antonio Alberto, Carlos Parra-López, Samir Sayadi-Gmada, Jesús M. Barandica, and Alejandro J. Rescia. "Impacts of Erosion on the Sustainability of Organic Olive Groves: A Case Study (Estepa Region, Southwestern Spain)." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147983.

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Spain has more than 2.5 M ha of olive groves, with 60% of this area (i.e., 1.5 M ha) concentrated in the region of Andalusia (Southern Spain). Assuming the socio-ecological characteristics of these crops, of which their contribution to ecosystemic services (ES) is fundamental for society, it is highly relevant to direct their management towards practices that guarantee their durability. Organic management of olive groves constitutes a multifunctional model that contributes to ensuring its sustainability and represents 2.4–3.5% of the olive grove area in Spain. Taking the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Estepa (Southwestern Spain) as a study model, where organic olive groves are novel, a study of the impacts of erosion on the economic, social, and environmental factors associated with this management was carried out in addition to estimating its impacts. The results showed how organic management promotes edaphic fertility, keeping the levels of diffuse pollution under the legislative limits. Although the increase in erosion has negative effects on the sustainability/durability of agricultural holdings, organic management consolidates a sustainable model that satisfies farmers’ demands. Therefore, organic farming is a model that focuses on the correct use of natural resources associated with the geographical region of study, and contributes to increasing the sustainability of olive groves.

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Luna, F., and V. Fuster. "Reproductive pattern in a rural Mediterranean population: La Alpujarra, Spain." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 4 (October 1990): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018903.

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SummaryThe reproductive pattern of a sample of nuclear families from La Alpujarra (Andalusia, Spain) is analysed. The origin of the wife or consanguinity of the couple does not influence fertility. Variability in number of pregnancies is most closely associated with marriage duration followed by the wife's year of birth. Differences in the number of births are explained more by the number of pregnancies than by the number of miscarriages. The number of survivors to the first birthday is dependent on the number of births and to a lower extent on infant mortality. Data from incomplete families show that reproductive performance of the wife below the age of 45 cannot be accepted as a reliable estimate of complete reproduction.

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Vega-Nieva, Daniel J., Margarida Tomé, José Tomé, Luís Fontes, Paula Soares, Luis Ortiz, Fernando Basurco, and Roque Rodrígez-Soalleiro. "Developing a general method for the estimation of the fertility rating parameter of the 3-PG model: application in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in northwestern Spain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 7 (July 2013): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0491.

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Simple, operational tools are required for forest managers to quantify the effects of soil fertility on tree growth and ecosystem sustainability leading to precise, sustainable forest management. The simplified process-based 3-PG model (Landsberg, J.J., and Waring, R.H., For. Ecol. Manage. 95: 209–228, 1997) provides a useful framework for operational prediction of forest growth. However, no simple objective method for relating the effects of available soil nutrients to the model fertility parameter fertility rating (FR) is yet available. The present study aimed to compare several general modeling approaches for the estimation of FR values from soil relative nutrient contents (RNCs) to maximum nonlimiting values, measured in the whole soil profile, at continuous inventory plots of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in several locations under different parent materials in northwestern Spain. The modeling approaches tested provided good predictions of FR values from RNCs. In particular, using the minimum value of the most significant RNCs showed considerable potential for modeling FR values and plantation growth responses to them. This modeling approach showed promise to be further tested as a generally applicable strategy for estimating the effect of soil nutrients on forest plantations growth.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fertility – Spain'

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