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1
Blekesaune, Morten. "The Fertility of Female Immigrants to Europe from Christian and Muslim Countries." Journal of Religion and Demography 7, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-12347109.
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Abstract This article investigates the fertility of female immigrants to Europe in relation to the characteristics of individual women (n=1,667), their countries of origin in Africa, Asia and Latin-America (n=68) and the European country where they reside (n=22), using the European Social Survey (ESS) collected between 2010 and 2017 (rounds 5 to 8). Many immigrants have fertility outcomes that converge towards the native fertility of their country of residence in Europe, a surprisingly strong factor. Immigrants from Muslim countries have higher fertility, though, and they compress their fertility over fewer years than immigrants from Christian countries. Multivariate estimates indicate that the effects of fertility rates and religious composition of countries of origin and individual religiousness are of similar magnitude for post-migration fertility rates. The highest fertility outcomes are found among highly religious immigrants from Muslim countries migrating to relatively high fertility countries in Europe at an early fertile age.
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Sobotka, Tomáš. "POST-TRANSITIONAL FERTILITY: THE ROLE OF CHILDBEARING POSTPONEMENT IN FUELLING THE SHIFT TO LOW AND UNSTABLE FERTILITY LEVELS." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S20—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000323.
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SummaryThis study discusses fertility trends and variation in countries that completed the transition from high to around-replacement fertility in the 1950s to 1980s, especially in Europe, East Asia and North America, and summarizes the key relevant findings for those countries with a more recent experience of fertility decline towards replacement level. A central finding is that there is no obvious theoretical or empirical threshold around which period fertility tends to stabilize. Period fertility rates usually continue falling once the threshold of replacement fertility is crossed, often to very low levels. While cohort fertility rates frequently stabilize or change gradually, period fertility typically remains unstable. This instability also includes marked upturns and reversals in Total Fertility Rates (TFRs), as experienced in many countries in Europe in the early 2000s. The long-lasting trend towards delayed parenthood is central for understanding diverse, low and unstable post-transitional fertility patterns. In many countries in Europe this shift to a late childbearing pattern has negatively affected the TFR for more than four decades. Many emerging post-transitional countries and regions are likely to experience a similar shift over the next two to three decades, with a depression of their TFRs to very low levels.
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CASTRO, RUBÉN. "LATE-ENTRY-INTO-MOTHERHOOD WOMEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FERTILITY RECUPERATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000121.
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SummaryIn countries where age at parenthood has shifted to older ages, a necessary precondition for fertility recuperation is that women having their first child later in life (after age 30) will also eventually achieve a higher completed fertility, compared with the previous cohorts. This study analysed the changes in age-at-first-child-conditional fertility rates in Western Europe through three birth cohorts (1936–1940, 1946–1950 and 1956–1960). It was found that generations where recuperation is first evident (1956–1960 cohort) are characterized by comparatively higher fertility of late age-at-first-child women. This characteristic is not found in Eastern Europe, where ages at first birth and cohort fertility remained fairly constant across the cohorts analysed.
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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesus, Gianluca Egidi, Luca Salvati, Giovanni Quaranta, Rosanna Salvia, and Antonio Gimenez-Morera. "High-to-Low (Regional) Fertility Transitions in a Peripheral European Country: The Contribution of Exploratory Time Series Analysis." Data 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data6020019.
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Diachronic variations in demographic rates have frequently reflected social transformations and a (more or less evident) impact of sequential economic downturns. By assessing changes over time in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) at the regional scale in Italy, our study investigates the long-term transition (1952–2019) characteristic of Mediterranean fertility, showing a continuous decline of births since the late 1970s and marked disparities between high- and low-fertility regions along the latitude gradient. Together with a rapid decline in the country TFR, the spatiotemporal evolution of regional fertility in Italy—illustrated through an exploratory time series statistical approach—outlines the marked divide between (wealthier) Northern regions and (economically disadvantaged) Southern regions. Non-linear fertility trends and increasing spatial heterogeneity in more recent times indicate the role of individual behaviors leveraging a generalized decline in marriage and childbearing propensity. Assuming differential responses of regional fertility to changing socioeconomic contexts, these trends are more evident in Southern Italy than in Northern Italy. Reasons at the base of such fertility patterns were extensively discussed focusing—among others—on the distinctive contribution of internal and international migrations to regional fertility rates. Based on these findings, Southern Italy, an economically disadvantaged, peripheral region in Mediterranean Europe, is taken as a paradigmatic case of demographic shrinkage—whose causes and consequences can be generalized to wider contexts in (and outside) Europe.
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Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.3.3.
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We seek to explain the differences in fertility rates across high-income countries by focusing on the interaction between the increasing status of women in the workforce and their status in the household, particularly with regards to child care and home production. We observe three distinct phases in women's status generated by the gradual increase in women's workforce opportunities. In the earliest phase, characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, women earn low wages relative to men and are expected to shoulder all of the child care at home. As a result, most women specialize in home production and raising children. In an intermediate stage, women have improved (but not equal) labor market opportunities, but their household status lags. Women in this stage are still expected to do the majority of child care and household production. Increasing access to market work increases the opportunity cost of having children, and fertility falls. Female labor force participation increases. Working women in this phase of development have the strongest disincentives to having additional children since the entire burden of child care falls on them. In the final phase of development, women's labor market opportunities begin to equal those of men. In addition, the increased household bargaining power that comes from more equal wages results in much higher (if not gender-equal) male participation in household production. Female labor force participation is higher than in the intermediate phase. The increased participation of men in the household also reduces the disincentives for women to have additional children, and fertility rates rise compared to the intermediate phase. The intermediate, low-fertility phase might describe Japan, Italy, and Spain in the present day, while the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and the modern-day United States may be entering the final phase. After presenting the empirical evidence, we predict that high-income countries with the lowest fertility rates are likely to see an increase in fertility in the coming decades.
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Karabchuk, Tatiana. "Job Instability and Fertility Intentions of Young Adults in Europe: Does Labor Market Legislation Matter?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220910419.
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Total birth rates have fallen dramatically in many European countries during the last 40 years. Job and income instability caused by labor market polarization are significant drivers of declining birth rates because employment certainty and stability are crucial to childbirth planning among young adults. This article investigates the impact of job instability on the fertility intentions of young adults in Europe, focusing on employment protection legislation (EPL) in European countries. I use data from twenty-seven countries that participated in the European Social Survey in 2004 and 2010 to show that job instability measured as temporary employment, informal work, and unemployment decreases fertility intentions among European youth regardless of the EPL in the country. Unemployed young adults tend to plan less for having their first child in the countries with high EPL. Contrary to the hypotheses, multilevel modeling showed that young people in temporary or informal employment in countries with low EPL show decreases in their fertility intentions.
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Berman, Eli, Laurence R. Iannaccone, and Giuseppe Ragusa. "FROM EMPTY PEWS TO EMPTY CRADLES: FERTILITY DECLINE AMONG EUROPEAN CATHOLICS." Journal of Demographic Economics 84, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 149–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2017.22.
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Abstract:Total fertility in the Catholic countries of Southern Europe has dropped to remarkably low rates (=1.4) despite continuing low rates female labor force participation and high historic fertility. We model three ways in whichreligionaffects the demand for children – through norms, market wages, and childrearing costs. We estimate these effects using new panel data on church attendance and clergy employment for 13 European countries from 1960 to 2000, spanning the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Using nuns per capita as a proxy for service provision, we estimate fertility effects on the order of 300 to 400 children per nun. Moreover, nuns outperform priests as a predictor of fertility, suggesting that changes in childrearing costs dominate changes in theology and norms. Reduced church attendance also predicts fertility decline, but only for Catholics, not for Protestants. Service provision and attendance complement each other, a finding consistent with club models of religion.
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Makszin, Kristin, and Dorothee Bohle. "Housing as a Fertility Trap: The Inability of States, Markets, or Families to Provide Adequate Housing in East Central Europe." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 937–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419897748.
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This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot. We explore housing finance and policy in East Central Europe to understand the connection between housing, in particular independent household formation, and the demographic crisis. The combination of high debt-free homeownership rates with illiquid housing finance and limited rental markets produces conditions where housing restricts independent household formation and likely has a restrictive effect on fertility. We first assess the housing regime type in East Central Europe and demonstrate that it closely corresponds to the “difficult housing regime” in Southern Europe, which has well-established negative effects on independent household formation and fertility. Then we present a detailed case study of Hungary, which is a country with very low fertility rates and substantial changes in housing finance and policy over time. In particular, the issue was recently politicized through housing policies centered on household formation to counter the demographic crisis. We present a detailed analysis of policies related to access to housing for young adults through increased access to markets or state housing support schemes. These policies attempted to reduce dependence on families, but after the crisis, we find that these policies reinforce, rather than challenge, dependence on families for housing solutions, thereby limiting independent household formation. While these policies may serve a rhetorical role demonstrating a state response to the demographic crisis, we claim that their impact on fertility can be at most minimal because of stringent restrictions in access that concentrates on upper-middle-income households and limited financial commitment.
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Szántó, Ildikó. "Problems of a Declining Hungarian Birth Rate: A Historical Perspective." Hungarian Cultural Studies 7 (January 9, 2015): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2014.1.
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In contrast to its immediate neighbors, for over a century Hungary has had a seriously declining birth rate. This paper aims to provide an overview of this anomaly through a historical perspective by considering the major findings of a series of demographic studies that identify the key factors behind falling levels of fertility. It does so by focusing on four major periods. The first period covers the era prior to the demographic transition that commenced before 1880, when the demography was characterized by high birth rates and high death rates. The second period is one of demographic transition, between 1880 and 1960 coinciding with modernization, and is the period when death rates fell, while at the same time being accompanied by a decrease in birth rates. The third period is the post-transitional era of 1960-1980. The fourth covers the post-socialist change of 1990-2010. Hungary was the first country in Europe after the Second World War in which the level of fertility declined below a level of simple replacement of the population, which is less than 2.1 births per woman. Since 1981 the population has been declining byabout 0.15 – 0.20 percent per year, and currently fertility in Hungary is one of the lowest in Europe. The Hungarian age structure will become increasingly problematic as the fertile age group of the population continues to shrink.
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Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Rares, Gianluca Egidi, Rosanna Salvia, Luca Salvati, Adele Sateriano, and Antonio Gimenez-Morera. "Recession, Local Fertility, and Urban Sustainability: Results of a Quasi-Experiment in Greece, 1991–2018." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031052.
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Fertility is a spatially non-stationary property of regional demographic systems. Despite the wealth of quantitative (micro–macro) information delineating short-term population dynamics in advanced economies, the contribution of economic downturns to local fertility has still been under-investigated along urban–rural gradients, especially in low-fertility contexts. Recent studies have assumed suburban fertility rates as systematically higher than urban and rural fertility rates. This assumption (hereafter known as the “suburban fertility hypothesis”) has been grounded on stylized facts and spatial regularities in advanced economies that reflect a significant role of both macro (contextual) and micro (behavioral) factors that positively influence fertility in suburban locations. To test the suburban fertility hypothesis at the macro-scale, the present study compares gross fertility rates from seven regional units of the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2018. A refined spatial analysis of gross fertility rates during an economic expansion (1999–2008) and recession (2009–2018) was carried out in 115 urban, suburban, and rural municipalities of the same area. Experiencing sequential waves of economic expansion and recession, Athens’ socio-demographic dynamics were considered a sort of “quasi-experiment” for Southern Europe, linking late suburbanization with the multiple impacts of (rapid) economic downturns. Compared with both urban and rural locations, a higher fertility rate in suburban municipalities (15–20 km away from downtown Athens) was observed during the study period. However, a subtle distinction was observed during the economic expansion versus the recession. In the first period, the highest birth rates were recorded in industrial locations west of Athens, hosting economically disadvantaged communities with a relatively young population structure. With the recession, the highest fertility was associated with residential and service-specialized (wealthier) locations east of Athens, attracting resident population from neighboring areas, and better responding to crisis. The results of our study document how recent urban expansion and economic downturns have intrinsically shaped fertility dynamics, with implications for urban sustainability and social cohesion of metropolitan regions.
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Matsuda, Shigeki. "Young Men’s Employment and Their Marriage: A Comparison among Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the UK, France, and Sweden." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 204–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341491.
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Abstract In Europe, falling fertility rates are regarded as part of a second demographic transition precipitated by changing values. Low fertility rates in developed Asian countries, however, are thought to be due to decreasing marriage rates, as a result of worsening young men’s employment. This study proposes the hypothesis that men in non-regular employment – those with low incomes and those who are unemployed – have lower probabilities of getting married. Male employment was analyzed using a logistic regression of micro data for 20- to 49-year-old men in Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the UK, France, and Sweden. The study’s findings generally supported the hypothesis and clearly confirmed that there is a relationship between employment and marriage in Asian countries, and especially in Japan.
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Burkimsher, Marion. "Europe-wide fertility trends since the 1990s: Turning the corner from declining first birth rates." Demographic Research 32 (March 3, 2015): 621–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2015.32.21.
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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, Gianluca Egidi, Adele Sateriano, Stefano Poponi, Enrico Maria Mosconi, and Antonio Gimenez Morera. "Suburban Fertility and Metropolitan Cycles: Insights from European Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042181.
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Being largely diversified along the urban–rural gradient, fertility gaps have demonstrated to fuel metropolitan expansion, contributing to natural population growth and social change. In this direction, population dynamics and economic transformations have continuously shaped urban cycles in Europe. Assuming suburban fertility to be a relevant engine of metropolitan growth, the present study investigates and discusses the intrinsic relationship between fertility transitions and urban expansion, focusing on European metropolitan regions. An average crude birth rate referring to the last decade (2013–2018) was estimated from official statistics at 671 Functional Urban Areas (FUAs, Eurostat Urban Audit definition) of 30 European countries, distinguishing ‘central cities’ from ‘suburban’ locations. Local contexts with a higher crude birth rate as compared with neighboring settlements were identified analyzing differential fertility levels in urban and suburban locations. By providing an indirect, comparative verification of the ‘suburban fertility hypothesis’ in European cities, the results of this study demonstrate how suburbanization has been basically associated to younger and larger families—and thus higher fertility levels—only in Eastern and Southern Europe. Birth rates that were higher in suburbs than in central cities were observed in 70% of Eastern European cities and 55% of Mediterranean cities. The reverse pattern was observed in Western (20%), Northern (25%) and Central (30%) Europe, suggesting that urban cycles in the European continent are not completely phased: most of Western, Central, and Northern European cities are experiencing re-urbanization after a long suburbanization wave. Demographic indicators are demonstrated to comprehensively delineate settlement patterns and socioeconomic trends along urban–suburban–rural gradients, giving insights on the differential metropolitan cycles between (and within) countries.
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Bornarova, Suzana, Natasha Bogoevska, and Svetlana Trbojevik. "Changes in European Welfare State Regimes as a Response to Fertility Trends: Family Policy Perspective." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i1.p50-57.
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Following 1945, that is the Second World War, Europe faced a huge demographic increase in the number of births, known as baby-boom. Encouraged by the improvement of the living conditions after the devastating war, the return of the optimism, opening of the employment opportunities and the renewal of the idea about the family, this demographic trend entailed the so-called familism tide. In the mid 1960-ies however, demographic indicators in almost all European countries began to change suddenly. Massive development of contraception, increased birth control and family planning, as well as higher employment of women and their integration in the labour market, took place. As a result of these trends, in the 1970-ties European countries faced a considerable drop in fertility rates. This trend reached its peak during 1970-1980-ties when a dramatic drop in fertility rates took place, known as baby-bust. As a consequence, almost everywhere in Europe, the fertility rate dropped below the level needed for simple population reproduction or below 2.1 children per woman. Several related trends also contributed to the change in the demographic picture of Europe, such as: dropping birthrates, shrinking of the population, delay in births (increase in the age of birth of the first child), increase in the number of one-child families, as well as growth in the number of couples without children (universality of births is no longer present – at least 1 child per family). Similar trends are evidenced in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CIE), with one considerable difference – they took place around a decade later compared to the developed European countries. One common characteristic which shaped the demographic changes in CIE countries was the fact that they occurred simultaneously with the radical changes of the societal system from socialism towards democracy in the 1990-ties. Due to this, demographic changes in CIE countries gain in weight, are furthermore under the influence of the transitional processes and thus differ considerably compared to those in the developed countries. The differences are heavily attributable to two sets of factors: a) different institutional settings, especially in the family policies related to employment of women and child raising; and b) different effects of these family policies upon fertility rates and participation of women in the labour market. Given the above demographic trends, welfare states in Europe, adjust accordingly, predominantly through the policies and measures of family policy as one of the social policy domains. Following a detailed statistical analysis of demographic indicators in Europe, this paper will produce an analysis of the family policy responses to demographic trends based on the Esping-Andersens’ classification of welfare states: universal welfare states (Nordic countries); conservative welfare states (Continental European countries); liberal social states (Anglo-Saxon countries) and South-European social states (Mediterranean countries). A specific focus in the paper will be also given to the demographic trends and corresponding family policy developments in the Republic of Macedonia, as a country of South Europe. Cross-cutting issues in the analysis of the family policy models will be: the extent to which family policies are gender-neutral or gender-specific (are they women-friendly and do they promote active fatherhood?), measures for harmonization of work and family life (are women appropriately supported in performing their roles of mothers and active participants in the labour market at the same time) and the scope in which family policy is being designed to serve the purposes of population policy (how the concern and the interest of the state to increase fertility rates shapes family policy?).
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Wodarz, Dominik, Shaun Stipp, David Hirshleifer, and Natalia L. Komarova. "Evolutionary dynamics of culturally transmitted, fertility-reducing traits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1925 (April 15, 2020): 20192468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2468.
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Human populations in many countries have undergone a phase of demographic transition, characterized by a major reduction in fertility at a time of increased resource availability. A key stylized fact is that the reduction in fertility is preceded by a reduction in mortality and a consequent increase in population density. Various theories have been proposed to account for the demographic transition process, including maladaptation, increased parental investment in fewer offspring, and cultural evolution. None of these approaches, including formal cultural evolutionary models of the demographic transitions, have addressed a possible direct causal relationship between a reduction in mortality and the subsequent decline in fertility. We provide mathematical models in which low mortality favours the cultural selection of low-fertility traits. This occurs because reduced mortality slows turnover in the model, which allows the cultural transmission advantage of low-fertility traits to outrace their reproductive disadvantage. For mortality to be a crucial determinant of outcome, a cultural transmission bias is required where slow reproducers exert higher social influence. Computer simulations of our models that allow for exogenous variation in the death rate can reproduce the central features of the demographic transition process, including substantial reductions in fertility within only one to three generations. A model assuming continuous evolution of reproduction rates through imitation errors predicts fertility to fall below replacement levels if death rates are sufficiently low. This can potentially explain the very low preferred family sizes in Western Europe.
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Turner, Adair. "Population priorities: the challenge of continued rapid population growth." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1532 (October 27, 2009): 2977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0183.
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Rapid population growth continues in the least developed countries. The revisionist case that rapid population could be overcome by technology, that population density was advantageous, that capital shallowing is not a vital concern and that empirical investigations had not proved a correlation between high population growth and low per capita income was both empirically and theoretically flawed. In the modern world, population density does not play the role it did in nineteenth-century Europe and rates of growth in some of today's least developed nations are four times than those in nineteenth-century Europe, and without major accumulation of capital per capita , no major economy has or is likely to make the low- to middle-income transition. Though not sufficient, capital accumulation for growth is absolutely essential to economic growth. While there are good reasons for objecting to the enforced nature of the Chinese one-child policy, we should not underestimate the positive impact which that policy has almost certainly had and will have over the next several decades on Chinese economic performance. And a valid reticence about telling developing countries that they must contain fertility should not lead us to underestimate the severely adverse impact of high fertility rates on the economic performance and prospects of many countries in Africa and the Middle East.
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Tymicki, Krzysztof. "Zamierzenia prokreacyjne a możliwość ich realizacji w kontekście czynników biologicznych." Studia Demograficzne, no. 2(164) (December 6, 2013): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/sd.2013.2.1.
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The article presents both theoretical and empirical aspects of studies on fertility intentions in the context of factors shaping fecundity. In most contemporary societies couples declare their preference for two children. These declarations stand in opposition to registered total fertility rates, both period and cohort rates, which rarely reach value of 2 in Europe. The gap between fertility intentions and their realization might be partially explained by the impact of reproductive ageing (biological factors) which may play an increasingly significant role due to postponement of childbearing. A natural pattern of a decrease in fecundity over age might influence on reproductive outcome of women who postpone to conceive a child, and consequently results in an increased risk of involuntary childlessness or lower parity progression ratios. The data coming from the Generations and Gender Survey in Poland (GGS-PL) makes it possible to check the main hypothesis about an age-specific decrease in fecundity, which is manifested by a prolonged waiting time to pregnancy. The data were collected via the retrospective questions included into the GGS-PL questionnaire. Results show that there is a significant increase in waiting time to pregnancy among women older than 34 years. This finding supports theoretical predictions concerning the age-related decrease in fecundity. Its relevance is discussed by referring to explanations of the gap between fertility intentions and completed fertility in terms of voluntary and involuntary childlessness, as well as biological factors related to reproductive ageing.
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Bohk-Ewald, Christina, Peng Li, and Mikko Myrskylä. "Forecast accuracy hardly improves with method complexity when completing cohort fertility." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (August 27, 2018): 9187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722364115.
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Forecasts of completed fertility predict how many children will be born on average by women over their entire reproductive lifetime. These forecasts are important in informing public policy and influencing additional research in the social sciences. However, nothing is known about how to choose a forecasting method from a large basket of variants. We identified 20 major methods, with 162 variants altogether. The approaches range from naive freezing of current age-specific fertility rates to methods that use statistically sophisticated techniques or are grounded in demographic theory. We assess each method by evaluating the overall accuracy and if provided, uncertainty estimates using fertility data of all available birth cohorts and countries of the Human Fertility Database, which covers 1,096 birth cohorts from 29 countries. Across multiple measures of forecast accuracy, we find only four methods that consistently outperform the naive freeze rates method, and only two methods produce uncertainty estimates that are not severely downward biased. Among the top four, there are two simple extrapolation methods and two Bayesian methods. The latter are demanding in terms of input data, statistical techniques, and computational power but do not consistently complete cohort fertility more accurately at all truncation ages than simple extrapolation. This broad picture is unchanged if we base the validation on 201 United Nations countries and six world regions, including Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, northern America, and Oceania.
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Dudel, Christian, and Sebastian Klüsener. "Male–Female Fertility Differentials Across 17 High-Income Countries: Insights From A New Data Resource." European Journal of Population 37, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 417–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-020-09575-9.
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AbstractObtaining cross-country comparative perspectives on male fertility has long been difficult, as male fertility is usually less well registered than female fertility. Recent methodological advancements in imputing missing paternal ages at childbirth enable us to provide a new database on male fertility. This new resource covers more than 330 million live births and is based on a consistent and well-tested set of methods. These methods allow us to handle missing information on the paternal age, which is missing for roughly 10% of births. The data resource is made available in the Human Fertility Collection and allows for the first time a comparative perspective on male fertility in high-income countries using high-quality birth register data. We analyze trends in male–female fertility quantum and tempo differentials across 17 high-income countries, dating as back as far as the late 1960s for some countries, and with data available for the majority of countries from the 1980s onward. Using descriptive and counterfactual analysis methods, we find substantial variation both across countries and over time. Related to the quantum we demonstrate that disparities between male and female period fertility rates are driven to a large degree by the interplay of parental age and cohort size differences. For parental age differences at childbirth, we observe a development toward smaller disparities, except in Eastern Europe. This observation fits with expectations based on gender theories. However, variation across countries also seems to be driven by factors other than gender equality.
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Dvořáková, Daniela. "Demographic changes in Europe – new challenges for the European labour market." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 2 (2012): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020051.
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The EU is about to face a significant changes in the demographic structure of its labour force. The main causes are the reduction in fertility rates, ageing of population and increasing immigration flows. According to the projections, already in the years 2013–2014 should the share of the EU’s working population start to decline. The number of people aged over 60 is increasing about two million every year. Shrinking working population and a higher amount of retired people will place additional strains on public sector finance. How to adopt the economy and other policies to this new situation? How to maintain European global competitivness and strong position in the world? This paper discuss the main demographic changes in Europe and how to deal with them, it presents and discuss solutions how to make from a challenge an opportunity.
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Aassve, Arnstein, Nicolò Cavalli, Letizia Mencarini, Samuel Plach, and Seth Sanders. "Early assessment of the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and births in high-income countries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 36 (August 30, 2021): e2105709118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105709118.
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Drawing on past pandemics, scholars have suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic will bring about fertility decline. Evidence from actual birth data has so far been scarce. This brief report uses data on vital statistics from a selection of high-income countries, including the United States. The pandemic has been accompanied by a significant drop in crude birth rates beyond that predicted by past trends in 7 out of the 22 countries considered, with particularly strong declines in southern Europe: Italy (−9.1%), Spain (−8.4%), and Portugal (−6.6%). Substantial heterogeneities are, however, observed.
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Wiggans, G. R., D. J. Null, J. B. Cole, and H. D. Norman. "256 GENOMIC EVALUATION OF FERTILITY TRAITS AND DISCOVERY OF HAPLOTYPES THAT AFFECT FERTILITY OF US DAIRY CATTLE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab256.
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Genomic evaluations of dairy cattle became official in the United States in January 2009 for Holsteins and Jerseys, and later for Brown Swiss, Ayrshires, and Guernseys. Up to 33 yield, fitness, calving, and conformation traits are evaluated, and the fertility traits included daughter pregnancy rate and heifer and cow conception rates. Additional fertility traits, such as age at first calving and days from calving to first insemination, also are being studied. Male fertility (sire conception rate) is evaluated phenotypically rather than through genomics. Over 1 million animals have genotypes in the national database, which reflects collaboration with Canada and Europe. Most of the genotypes are from females and are from genotyping chips with <30 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). To combine data across chips, genotypes are imputed to a set of >77 000 SNP. The imputation process involves dividing the chromosome into segments of approximately equal length and determining the paternal or maternal origin of the alleles. Because some segments were never homozygous, they were assumed to contain an abnormality that resulted in early embryonic death. If a decrease in sire conception rate could be associated with a bull that was a carrier of such a chromosomal segment, the haplotype was designated as affecting fertility. Once the region was identified, bioinformatic analysis was used to discover the causative variant for many of those haplotypes. Accuracy of genomic evaluations is determined by size of the reference population and heritability of the trait. The reference population for Holsteins includes >180 000 bulls and cows. Because fertility traits have low heritabilities, genomic information is particularly useful in improving evaluation accuracy. Accuracy of fertility evaluations is expected to increase further by discovering causative variants for various aspects of conception and gestation through investigation of sequence data.
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Foster, Andrew. "Cohort Analysis and Demographic Translation: A Comparative Study of Recent Trends in Age Specific Fertility Rates From Europe and North America." Population Studies 44, no. 2 (July 1, 1990): 287–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000144606.
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Quilodrán, Julieta. "Los cambios en la familia vistos desde la demografía; una breve reflexión / Changes in the Family as Seen from Demography: a Brief Reflection." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v23i1.1301.
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Este texto contiene una serie de reflexiones producto de años de investigación y docencia en torno a los temas de fecundidad y nupcialidad, entendida esta última en su acepción más amplia de proceso de formación familiar. En primer lugar busca ubicar la evolución de estos dos fenómenos en el contexto de la dinámica demográfica general para luego destacar cuáles son los principales cambios observados en las sociedades desarrolladas y en la región latinoamericana. La transición demográfica que se efectuó durante dos siglos en los países de Europa, está realizándose en menos de uno en los que la iniciaron entrado el siglo XX. En torno a estos fenómenos –nupcialidad y fecundidad– han ocurrido al menos dos hechos inesperados: el descenso de la fecundidad por debajo del nivel de reemplazo y las transformaciones en la formación y la estabilidad de las parejas conyugales. En el ámbito de las familias, junto con el descenso continuo de la fecundidad de las parejas se ha incrementado la sexualidad fuera del matrimonio, los hijos nacidos al margen de éste, el control natal, la interrupción de uniones, las nuevas nupcias y las uniones informales.El objetivo del artículo es analizar los aspectos de la nupcialidad que están ejerciendo influencia sobre el régimen reproductivo en la era postransicional y que son justamente los que están en el centro de la discusión sobre la segunda transición demográfica. AbstractThis text contains a series of reflections drawn from years of research and teaching on fertility and marriage rates, the latter being understood in its broadest sense of the family formation process. It begins by attempting to place the evolution of these two phenomena within the context of general demographic dynamics in order to highlight the principal changes observed in developed societies and the Latin American region. The demographic transition that took place over two centuries in Europe is occurring in less than one in the countries where it began in the 20th century. These phenomena -marriage rates and fertility- have been accompanied by two unexpected events: the decrease in fertility to below replacement levels and transformations in the formation and stability of conjugal couples. Within the familial sphere, the continuous decline in couples’ fertility has been accompanied by extra-marital sex, children born outside wedlock, birth control, the interruption of unions, remarriage and informal unions.The aim of the article is to analyze the aspects of marriage rates that are influencing the reproductive regime in the post-transitional era, which are precisely those that are at the center of the discussion on the second demographic transition.
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Niewiadomska, Anna. "The Use of Age Management to Professional Activiation of the Elderly / Wykorzystanie zarządzania wiekiem w obszarze aktywizacji zawodowej osób starszych." Management 17, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2013-0021.
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Summary The increase in interest in the topic of aging is associated - to some extent - with the currently unavoidable demographic changes. On the one hand, life expectancy increases, on the other hand, fertility rates fall. As a consequence the proportion of younger generations is reduced, and the share of older generations. A disturbing fact has been the low level of economic activity of the elderly, among others in Europe for many years. The reasons for this are complex. However, looking for ways and means that would allow greater involvement of older people in the labour market should be considered. One such method, which in developed countries is gaining more and more interest is the management of age. The purpose of this article is to indicate the extent to which age management can be useful in improving the professional activity of generations of people 50 +. The background to the issue is the statistics on the labor force participation of older people in Europe.
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Cornell, Laurel L. "Infanticide in Early Modern Japan? Demography, Culture, and Population Growth." Journal of Asian Studies 55, no. 1 (February 1996): 22–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2943635.
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As Coale notes, over the long run human societies have been successful at maintaining a balance between population growth rates and economic resources. This has not been easy: some societies became extinct through overwhelming mortality or by failing to reproduce themselves, while others have burgeoned and outstripped their territories. Even at the end of the twentieth century, a hundred years after the onset of the demographic transition in Europe which transformed human birth and death rates forever, achieving the balance which creates homeostasis remains problematic. In east Asia alone, while the People's Republic of China is trying to bring the expected number of births per woman below 2.0, Japan is attempting the opposite, to raise the total fertility rate above its current level of 1.6. The same contests are being played out in developing and developed societies throughout the world. Thus creating a balance between birth and death rates and linking it to economic conditions so that a society neither outruns its economic resources nor fails to exploit them is a perduring human problem.
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Boyle, DB. "Disease and fertility control in wildlife and feral animal populations: options for vaccine delivery using vectors." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 3 (1994): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940393.
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A wide variety of vertebrates have been introduced into Australia during the 200 years of European settlement. Many have become pests causing significant environmental damage and having the potential to act as reservoirs of infectious diseases. Control of vertebrate pest species by fertility control is attractive on animal welfare grounds. Should exotic animal diseases become established in any of these feral animal populations vaccination would be an essential element in the control or eradication of disease. The only experience to date with vaccination of wildlife or feral animals has been the successful control of rabies in foxes in Europe by means of a live, attenuated rabies vaccine and a vaccinia-rabies recombinant vaccine. The feasibility of vaccination for disease control or fertility control in other vertebrate pests will depend on the development and evaluation of several vaccine vector strategies. The choice of vector, based on live viruses or bacteria, naked DNA coding for vaccine antigen or virus-like particles encapsidating genetic material coding for vaccine antigen, will depend on optimization of vector delivery strategies and immunogenicity of the vaccine antigen. Past experience from the vaccination of foxes against rabies suggests that rates of uptake of the vaccine bait and immunogenicity of the vaccine will be crucial factors in determining the success of other vaccines controlling disease or fertility.
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Vojkovic, Gordana, Ivana Magdalenic, and Zora Zivanovic. "Population ageing and its impact on labour force in the south east Europe countries." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 148 (2014): 701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1448701v.
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Population ageing has become an increasing challenge of our time. The process of demographic ageing is more intense in the Balkan countries, some of which have already held the world?s top positions. This paper examines the trends of population ageing in the Balkans and the South East Europe (SEE) countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, FYR of Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Croatia) at the beginning of the 21st century and the cross-country differences in the timing of the ageing process. In addition to the analysis of an overall effect of the main factors, this paper examines the influence of population ageing on labour force in the Balkan countries. There are three factors behind the increases in the share of the population aged 65 and over: declining fertility rates in recent decades which have reduced the relative number of young people, the rise in life expectancy and the cohort of baby boomers over the age of 60. The ageing of the Balkan countries population introduces several major policy challenges. Paper highlights the impact of population ageing on human resources and labor supply.
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Bloom, David E., Michael Kuhn, and Klaus Prettner. "AFRICA'S PROSPECTS FOR ENJOYING A DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND." Journal of Demographic Economics 83, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2016.19.
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Abstract:We assess Africa's prospects for enjoying a demographic dividend. While fertility rates and dependency ratios in Africa remain high, they have started to decline. According to UN projections, they will fall further in the coming decades such that by the mid-21st century, the ratio of the working age to dependent population will be greater than in Asia, Europe, and Northern America. This projection suggests Africa has considerable potential to enjoy a demographic dividend. Whether and when it actually materializes, and also its magnitude, hinges on policies and institutions in key realms that include macroeconomic management, human capital, trade, governance, and labor and capital markets. Given strong complementarities among these areas, coordinated policies will likely be most effective in generating the momentum needed to pull Africa's economies out of a development trap.
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Chesnais, Jean Claude. "The flow of peoples: international migration as a revolutionary force." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2008): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n24.01.
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History shows that migration usually moves from areas where population is growing fast to regions where this increase is slower. At present, immigration from poor regions to richer coun tries outstrips emigration from developed countries. A century ago in Europe and now in the poorest countries, migration has relieved tensions bred by declining mortality and accelerating popula tion growth. The map of international migration changes from decade to decade as each country’s demographic transition matures. Although historical migration fl ows still continue, this will not lead to a demographic explosion as fertility rates have declined signifi cantly and aging population increases all over the world. World population is estimated to remain stagnant at around 8 thousand million before it decreases slowly through this century. Thus, migration raises the challenge of a global multiethnic society.
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Imaizumi, Yoko. "Constant multiple birth rates in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic until recently, 1972–1995." Twin Research 2, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.2.1.10.
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AbstractUsing vital statistics, yearly changes in the twinning and triplet rates by zygosity were investigated in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic during the period 1972–1995. Monozygotic (MZ) twinning rates in both countries had remained nearly constant (about 3 per 1000 total births) during that period. With a few exceptions, the dizygotic (DZ) twinning rates remained constant from 1972 to 1994, and increased in 1995 for both countries. MZ twinning rates for both countries were the lowest in Europe. As for triplet rates, overall rates increased significantly year by year in the Czech Republic, but not in the Slovak Republic. The triplet rate was significantly higher in 1995 than in the period 1972–1982 for both countries. The MZ triplet rate remained constant during that period in the Czech Republic. The trizygotic (TZ) triplet rates increased 3-fold for the Czech Republic and 4-fold for the Slovak Republic in 1972–1976 and 1992–1995. In the later period, the TZ rate was 1.5-fold higher in the Czech Republic than in the Slovak Republic. The quadruplet rate increased 2.3-fold from 2.9 per million births in 1982–1986 to 6.7 in 1992–1995 in the Czech Republic. The corresponding values were 2.7, 2.20 and 5.9-fold in the Slovak Republic. Both the Czech and the Slovak Republics were not affected by fertility drugs and assisted reproductive techniques until recently.
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Kowalczyk, Alicja, Ewa Czerniawska-Piątkowska, and Marian Kuczaj. "Factors Influencing the Popularity of Artificial Insemination of Mares in Europe." Animals 9, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070460.
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The purpose of this review was to analyze factors affecting the popularity of artificial insemination of mares in Europe in the context of sperm quality. Taking into account the prices of stallion semen on the world market, efficiency is important for the profitability of its use in artificial insemination programs in Europe. To increase the efficiency of a semen insemination facility, it is necessary to correctly and objectively assess the quality of semen. The available range of tools allows an effective evaluation of the potential fertility of a stallion. For several years, artificial insemination programs in Europe have been gaining popularity. However, the frequency of chilled or frozen semen use is still quite low. This is mainly due to the common, negative opinion about the effectiveness of the use of packaged insemination doses as opposed to natural insemination. Unfortunately, the quality of the semen offered often deviates from expectations, which results in unsatisfactory (and therefore unprofitable) pregnancy rates. This review presents the popularity structure of chilled and frozen semen use in European horse breeding as well as the current state of research on the effectiveness of semen production technology. It is shown that the popularity of using chilled semen in the artificial insemination of mares in Europe has been gradually increasing in the group of sport mares, while in the group of breeding mares, in recent years, frozen semen has been gaining popularity. In the remaining group of mares (not classified as sport or breeding), insemination with chilled semen has been dominant.
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AKSYONOVA, S. Y., and L. I. SLYUSAR. "Features of Fertility and Marriagin the Capitals of Eastern European Countries." Demography and social economy, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2020.03.037.
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Demographic research is mainly aimed at analysing the diff erences between marriage and birth rates in urban and rural areas. Th ere is much less investigations which study the particularities of these demographic processes within the big cities. The special status of the capital city reinforces the interest of researchers to it. However, the capital city is oft en considered as particular district of the country and compared to other regions or provinces which may include urban and rural areas. Th e purpose of the proposed paper is to fi nd out the peculiarities of marriage and fertility in Kiev and other capitals of some countries of Eastern Europe on the background of the general characteristics of these processes (national level and urban area level), to identify similarities and diff erences between them. Th is research presented fi rst revealed common and specifi c characteristics of marriage, divorce and fertility in the capital cities of Eastern European countries. Th e study used such methods of scientifi c knowledge as comparison, analysis, generalization, graphical method. Demographic yearbooks of Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Belarus, Ukraine for 2009-2018, and statistics from statistical sites in these countries and Slovakia were used for the detailed analysis. Th e important conditions for using statistical information were free access to it and the same methodology for calculating demographic indicators involved in the analysis. Among the common features of the development of demographic processes in the capital cities of the selected countries our attention was attracted by aging of marriage and motherhood which rate exceeded level in the whole country. Th e share of marriages aft er 30 years, the share of children born to women aged 35 and over among all births, the mean age of mothers at the birth in the capitals were considerable higher than the corresponding national indicators. Diff erences between capitals in the dynamics and structure of the processes of formation and dissolution of marriages are largely caused by national characteristics of the marital-family behaviour. In our study we question the universality of the well-known statement that big cities tend to have lower fertility rates comparison to other areas of country. Th e fertility level in some capitals could be both below and above the national average level.
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Holdsworth, Clare, and Jane Elliott. "The Timing of Family Formation in Britain and Spain." Sociological Research Online 6, no. 2 (August 2001): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.597.
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Both fertility and marriage behaviour have changed considerably throughout Western Europe. While fertility has declined across the continent there has been an increase in the age of marriage, accompanied by an increase in cohabitation rates and marriage dissolution. These cross- national trends have been suggested to be indicative of a second demographic transition. Both Beck and Giddens have attempted to locate these changes in family formation within a wider context of social change associated with late modernity. However, in this paper we argue that in trying to provide a universal theory to understand the second demographic transition it is important not to overlook important cross- national differences. Previous comparative research has established that in the South young people tend to marry later, but have children earlier in partnerships. While in the North, marriage and leaving home occur earlier but the link between marriage and childbirth is weaker. In this paper we use data from the British National Child Development Study and the Spanish 1991 Sociodemographic Survey in order to compare the processes of family formation in Britain and Spain. The emphasis is on understanding the sequencing and timing of a) leaving home, b) forming a partnership, and c) giving birth to a first child in relation to each other rather than as independent events.
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Man, Gabriela-Maria, and Mihaela Man. "Demographic Changes in Today’s Society Reflected in The Organizational Context." Land Forces Academy Review 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2018-0032.
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Abstract A new trend began to emerge with the improvement of living conditions and medical advancement: the trend towards longevity. This trend appeared slowly at beginning of the industrial revolution but has increased significantly in the 20th and the 21st centuries. This trend, which initially started hesitatingly in developed countries, has now extended to reach across the entire planet. Europe, as an initiator of the industrial revolution, is one of the world’s regions with the most aged population. One consequence of an aging process compounded by a drop in fertility rates is reflected in the organizational context, where potentially available employees are also much older. This has led to many changes in the proportion of employees over 60 years of age, and will require other changes in order to provide the human resource necessary for the optimal progress of professional activities.
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Yuritsyna, Natalia Alekseevna, Vladimir Mikhailovich Vasjukov, and Sergey Vladimirovich Saksonov. "Invasions of Bidens frondosa L. (Asteraceae) in communities of saline soils of south-east Europe." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983115.
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Bidens frondosa is an invasive xenophyte which is naturalized in vegetative communities on the territory of the Southeast of Europe. The natural area of B.frondosa is in the North America. The secondary one is on the territory of Eurasia, here B.frondosa forces out native B.tripartita that is explained by competitive superiority of the North American species on growth rates and seed efficiency on soils of different fertility and water regime. In the secondary area in Eurasia B.frondosa grows on banks of reservoirs and water currents as well as on other damp habitats (including disturbed ones) often in large quantities. This species is also found on saline soils of the European Southeast. It is registered in communities of association Atriplici aucheri-Tamaricetum ramosissimae Golub et al. 1998 belonging to class Nerio-Tamaricetea Br.-Bl. et Bols 1958 order Tamaricetalia ramosissimae Golub in Barmin 2001 alliance Elytrigio repentis-Tamaricion ramosissimae Golub in Barmin 2001, in one of its subassociations A.au.-T.r. althaeetosum Golub et al. 1998, but there B.frondosa is the diagnostic taxon as well as the constant species that is met in all of its described coenosis.
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Magdalenic, Ivana, and Gordana Vojkovic. "Changes in the age pattern of childbearing in Serbia and EU countries - comparative analysis." Stanovnistvo 53, no. 2 (2015): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1502043m.
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Most European countries nowadays are characterized by a fertility level, which by earlier theoretical considerations was not even assumed as the lower limit for childbearing. The focus of this paper are the changes in reproductive behavior of women during the second half of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century as well as the changes in the age model of childbearing which resulted from that. The comparative analysis between Serbia and 28 EU member countries covers the period 1960-2012. The distribution of live births according to mother's age was analyzed, as well as the phenomena of postponing births and increasing the average age of mothers at childbirth, changes in the structure of female population according to the number of live births, and the decrease of higher birth orders. Demographic potentials of fertility through age structures of the fertile cohort were also pointed out. The similarities and differences in the fertility patterns in the Republic of Serbia and the EU countries were considered in order to determine the specificities of the reproductive model of women in Serbia and the widespread phenomena of postponing births. The fertility transition in Serbia in the second half of the 20th century had the same trend as in the EU countries evolving in the direction of constant lowering of the childbirth levels. Nevertheless, in relation to the sixties of the 20th century, Serbia shifted towards the lower part of the scale at which the EU countries are ranked according to total fertility rate. Almost all EU member countries (except for Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus and Portugal) marked an increase in fertility in the 2000-2011 period, while the fertility level in Serbia, with some oscillations, continued to decrease. The turnabout in total fertility rate registered in most European countries is attributed to the effect of postponed childbirths, while it is assumed that its impact will be marked in Serbia during the next decade. Changes in the fertility age models of the population in Serbia in the second half of the 20th century progressed in the form of an intensive and almost continual decrease of the level of live births in the two youngest age groups (15-19 and 20- 24), while the other cohorts marked fluctuations of age-specific fertility rates (ASFR). The fertility level of the 25-29 cohort, which is also the bearer of maximum childbirths in Serbia (91.6?), is considerably lower than the level of the same age group in France (134.2?) or Sweden (113.9?). With the present fertility level (TFR 1.45), Serbia is closer to the populations of central and southern Europe. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the scope and internal composition of the reproductive cohort of selected countries shows that Serbia belongs to the category of countries which is characterized by a considerable reduction of the reproductive demographic framework and unfavorable age structure of the fertile cohort. The existing differences in relation to the EU countries with the highest fertility confirm that fertile period is not taken advantage of, and that there is considerable capacity for stimulating births of women at the so-called optimal reproductive age (as the ASFRs of these groups are considerably below the level of countries with the highest fertility). Furthermore, the current higher fertility rate of older women in Serbia does not compensate for the reduced reproduction in the younger years, as the ASFR of women of the older cohorts is also lower than in countries with higher fertility.
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Hauffe, Heidi C., and Jeremy B. Searle. "Chromosomal Heterozygosity and Fertility in House Mice (Mus musculus domesticus) From Northern Italy." Genetics 150, no. 3 (November 1, 1998): 1143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.3.1143.
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Abstract Following the discovery of over 40 Robertsonian (Rb) races of Mus musculus domesticus in Europe and North Africa, the house mouse has been studied extensively as an ideal model to determine the chromosomal changes that may cause or accompany speciation. Current models of chromosomal speciation are based on the assumption that heterozygous individuals have a particularly low fertility, although recent studies indicate otherwise. Despite their importance, fertility estimates for the house mouse are incomplete because traditional measurements, such as anaphase I nondisjunction and germ cell death, are rarely estimated in conjunction with litter size. In an attempt to bridge this gap, we have taken advantage of the house mouse hybrid zone in Upper Valtellina (Lombardy, Italy) in which five Rb races interbreed. We present data on the fertility of naturally occurring (“wild-caught”) hybrids and of offspring from laboratory crosses of wild-caught mice (“laboratory-reared”), using various measurements. Wild-caught mice heterozygous for one fusion were more infertile than predicted from past studies, possibly due to genic hybridity; laboratory-reared heterozygotes carrying seven or eight trivalents at meiosis I and heterozygotes carrying one pentavalent also had low fertilities. These low fertilities are especially significant given the probable occurrence of a reinforcement event in Upper Valtellina.
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Lampret, Žiga, Gorazd Krese, and Matjaž Prek. "The Effect of Population Ageing on Heating Energy Demand on National Level: A Case Study of Slovenia." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 65, no. 11-12 (November 18, 2019): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2019.6394.
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Residential energy demands are expected to change significantly in the future with increasing electrification, energy efficiency, and improved comfort as well as climate change. While many studies have been performed into how the aforementioned influential factors could affect the energy needs of the forthcoming generations, far less are present for how population aging affects the future heating demand. The latter is particularly relevant for Europe and Slovenia as declining fertility rates and lengthening life spans give rise to the increasing ratio of the elderly. In this paper, the future residential space and water heating energy demands of the aging society in Slovenia, using a sample of geographically dispersed nursing homes as a proxy, are estimated. The results are compared against the latest EU reference scenario until 2050, whereby the adjusted estimates differ by up to 9.6 %. Thus, the study highlights the need for energy policy to be further refined and redefined to link the energy performance requirements of buildings to specific consumption characteristics of the elderly.
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Mair, Christine, Katherine Ornstein, Melissa Aldridge, and Lau Thygesen. "Kinlessness at Death: Examining End-of-Life Outcomes With Danish Registry Data." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2036.
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Abstract Demographic changes that lead to “kinlessness” such as low fertility and low marriage rates are not a recent phenomenon for the countries of Northern Europe, such as Denmark. Characterized by small family sizes, high individualism, and a highly formalized healthcare system that is less dependent on family caregivers, Denmark presents a useful case study for the analysis of end-of-life outcomes among the “kinless.” We analyze the population of decedents aged 50 and older (N=175,755) using Danish civil registry data. Approximately 15% of those who died in Denmark had no living partner and no living child. Danish decedents’ family structures are associated with multiple end-of-life outcomes, including number of hospitalizations, ICU visits, and use of specific medical treatments—but not always in the direction hypothesized. Denmark’s highly formalized and individualized healthcare system may offer insight regarding healthcare reform in countries that have yet to complete the second demographic transition.
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Hayes, Darren J., and Bryan J. Peterson. "Growth of Lonicera caerulea across Fertility and Moisture Conditions: Comparisons with Lonicera villosa and Invasive Congeners." HortScience 55, no. 2 (February 2020): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14318-19.
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Several species of honeysuckle from Europe and Asia have proved to be invasive in North America, with substantial impacts on native ecosystems. Although shrubby honeysuckles of Eurasian origin have appeared on banned plant lists in North America and other parts of the world, cultivars of the edible blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) derived from Eurasian germplasm and marketed as honeyberry, Haskap, or sweetberry honeysuckle have recently been widely developed for agricultural use in North America, with little scrutiny of invasive potential in North America despite its documented invasion of the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe. To gain insight into differences in growth strategies among congeners, we compared the growth of Eurasian L. caerulea with that of a closely related congener in North America [Lonicera villosa (Michx.) R. & S.] and two known invasive congeners from Eurasia (Lonicera tatarica L. and Lonicera xylosteum L.). In Expt. 1, L. villosa, L. caerulea, and L. tatarica were grown in #1 nursery containers after top-dressing with Osmocote Pro 17–5–11 4-month controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) at rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g CRF/container. Across all fertilizer treatments, L. caerulea outperformed L. villosa by a factor of two for root and shoot dry weights, although L. tatarica produced more growth than either of the others and was more responsive to increasing CRF. However, L. caerulea more strongly resembled L. tatarica in form, producing leaves of greater individual size and producing significantly taller primary stems than L. villosa, evidence for prioritization of competitive growth. In Expt. 2, plants of the same taxa plus L. xylosteum were grown communally in #20 nursery containers, followed by a period in which each container was subjected to regular irrigation, withheld irrigation (dry treatment), or inundation (flooded treatment). Plant growth differed substantially among taxa, but moisture treatments did not affect growth significantly. As in Expt. 1, plants of L. caerulea in Expt. 2 produced greater dry biomass than plants of L. villosa and resembled the invasive Eurasian honeysuckles more strongly in size and form. We conclude Eurasian L. caerulea is distinct in growth rate and morphology from North American L. villosa. In light of these findings, the ecology and competitive ability of Eurasian L. caerulea may not be well predicted by ecological observations of its closely related North American congener.
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FELSTEAD, ALAN. "Closing the age gap? Age, skills and the experience of work in Great Britain." Ageing and Society 30, no. 8 (September 29, 2010): 1293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000681.
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ABSTRACTPopulations across Europe are ageing as death rates among the old and fertility rates among the young fall. This produces a number of long-term challenges for national governments – most notably, coping with the increased demand for social services, pensions and benefits that must be funded by a declining proportion of working adults. One policy response has been to extend people's working lives, but we know relatively little about the skills and employment experiences of older workers and how these compare with younger workers. This paper sheds new light on this issue by examining whether older workers do less well than their younger counterparts in terms of the skills of the jobs they hold, the quality of their working lives, their commitment to their current employer and to employment in general, and their attitudes towards and experiences of training. The paper also assesses whether these age gaps have closed over time. The empirical evidence for the paper is from five separate but comparable surveys carried out in 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2006. Taken together, the five surveys provide information on the employment experiences of over 22,000 workers in Great Britain. This allows us to chart whether we are witnessing the disappearance of at least some of the age divisions in the labour market.
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Henrich, Joseph, Robert Boyd, and Peter J. Richerson. "The puzzle of monogamous marriage." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1589 (March 5, 2012): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0290.
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The anthropological record indicates that approximately 85 per cent of human societies have permitted men to have more than one wife (polygynous marriage), and both empirical and evolutionary considerations suggest that large absolute differences in wealth should favour more polygynous marriages. Yet, monogamous marriage has spread across Europe, and more recently across the globe, even as absolute wealth differences have expanded. Here, we develop and explore the hypothesis that the norms and institutions that compose the modern package of monogamous marriage have been favoured by cultural evolution because of their group-beneficial effects—promoting success in inter-group competition. In suppressing intrasexual competition and reducing the size of the pool of unmarried men, normative monogamy reduces crime rates, including rape, murder, assault, robbery and fraud, as well as decreasing personal abuses. By assuaging the competition for younger brides, normative monogamy decreases (i) the spousal age gap, (ii) fertility, and (iii) gender inequality. By shifting male efforts from seeking wives to paternal investment, normative monogamy increases savings, child investment and economic productivity. By increasing the relatedness within households, normative monogamy reduces intra-household conflict, leading to lower rates of child neglect, abuse, accidental death and homicide. These predictions are tested using converging lines of evidence from across the human sciences.
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Dixson, Alan F., and Barnaby J. Dixson. "Venus Figurines of the European Paleolithic: Symbols of Fertility or Attractiveness?" Journal of Anthropology 2011 (January 3, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/569120.
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The earliest known representations of the human female form are the European Paleolithic “Venus figurines,” ranging in age from 23,000 to 25,000 years. We asked participants to rate images of Paleolithic figurines for their attractiveness, age grouping and reproductive status. Attractiveness was positively correlated with measures of the waist-to hip ratio (WHR) of figurines, consistent with the “sexually attractive symbolism” hypothesis. However, most figurines had high WHRs (>1.0) and received low attractiveness scores. Participants rated most figurines as representing middle-aged or young adult women, rather than being adolescent or older (postmenopausal). While some were considered to represent pregnant women, consistent with the “fertility symbol” hypothesis, most were judged as being non-pregnant. Some figurines depict obese, large-breasted women, who are in their mature reproductive years and usually regarded as being of lower attractiveness. At the time these figurines were made, Europe was in the grip of a severe ice age. Obesity and survival into middle age after multiple pregnancies may have been rare in the European Upper Paleolithic. We suggest that depictions of corpulent, middle-aged females were not “Venuses” in any conventional sense. They may, instead, have symbolized the hope for survival and longevity, within well-nourished and reproductively successful communities.
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PARR, NICHOLAS J. "FAMILY BACKGROUND, SCHOOLING AND CHILDLESSNESS IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 2 (March 16, 2004): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006546.
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Using data from Wave 1 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, this paper analyses the extent to which childlessness among Australian women aged 40–54 years varies according to the size and type of family in which they were brought up, and the level and type of schooling they had. Multilevel logistic analysis shows that having been educated in a non-government school, having stayed at school to year 12, having a small number of siblings, at age 14 having a father who was either dead or absent, at age 14 having a father who was employed in a professional occupation, or being a migrant from North or West Europe, North America, East Asia or South-East Asia, all are significantly associated with higher rates of childlessness among women in the 40–54 years age range. The effects of these early lifecourse variables on marital and socioeconomic status in later life, and hence on childlessness, are also considered. The implications of the findings for fertility trends and for Australia’s public debate are discussed.
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Mahon, E. "Ireland: A Private Patriarchy?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (August 1994): 1277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261277.
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Ireland has recently been characterised as a country dominated by private patriarchy. One indicator of private patriarchy is the incidence of women engaged in full-time ‘home duties’ rather than in paid employment. The participation of women in the Irish labour force has been comparatively very low because the majority of married women in Ireland are full-time housewives. Persistently high fertility rates—in 1987 the highest in Europe—and a state ideology which enshrined women's position in the home explained this phenomenon in the past. One might have expected industrialisation to have promoted greater change, yet its influence was minimal. Early industrialisation did not create a demand for female labour. In the 1960s export-oriented industrialisation generated a demand for female labour but this was obstructed by patriarchal state policy. In the 1970s, EU membership removed many legislative restrictions on the labour-force participation of married women. However, a patriarchal family based taxation policy and the absence of state supported child care still perpetuate private patriarchy in Ireland.
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Inglot, Tomasz. "The Triumph of Novelty over Experience? Social Policy Responses to Demographic Crises in Hungary and Poland since EU Enlargement." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 984–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419874421.
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This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot. During the past two decades, many European countries, including Germany, Italy, and Spain in the west, and Poland and Hungary in the east, encountered prolonged demographic crises. These challenges first became evident in the late 1990s as fertility rates declined rapidly, much below the level necessary to ensure a simple replacement of generations. Moreover, since the EU accession, mass labor migration from the new Member States to the more developed western European countries added yet another dimension to the growing population problems. This article attempts to explain variation in governmental policy responses to these developments between two countries, Poland and Hungary. Hungary, owing to its long-term tradition of relatively generous and extensive social programs directed to families, youth, and children, should be expected to handle its population emergency much better than Poland. Yet, the opposite has happened. In the last few years, Poland has proposed and implemented several innovative measures to address fertility and migration pressures while Hungary has remained committed to its traditional social policies in this domain. I will analyze and compare the two cases by examining a combination of historical factors related to the legacies of demographic emergencies defined in terms of national strength and survival, and by examining the politics of family policy, with a special focus on the creation of coalitions of governmental and/or nongovernmental actors that either facilitate or obstruct effective policy innovation.
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Brzozowska, Zuzanna, Isabella Buber-Ennser, and Bernhard Riederer. "Didn’t Plan One but got One: Unintended and sooner-than-intended Parents in the East and the West of Europe." European Journal of Population 37, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 727–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-021-09584-2.
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AbstractThe realisation rates of short-term childbearing intentions are known to be consistently lower in post-socialist countries than in the rest of Europe. However, the East–West differences in the outcomes of intentions to postpone or forego (further) childbearing have not been previously examined. We employ two panel waves of the Generations and Gender Survey in six countries (three from Eastern and three from Western Europe), and, based on the short- and long-term fertility intentions expressed by respondents at the first survey wave, we classify the births occurring between two waves as intended, sooner-than-intended, or unintended. We find that in our study population of non-teenage respondents who had the same partner at both survey waves and a child between the two survey waves, between around 10% (Western European countries) and 30% (Eastern European countries) experienced an unintended or a sooner-than-intended birth. The East–West divide is largely driven by the share of unintended parents which is clearly higher in the post-socialist countries. However, the geographical pattern fades away once we control for the anticipated costs of having a child. Our study gives insight into East–West differences in attitudes to childbearing and into how they affect reproductive behaviour. It also offers methodological improvements of cross-national panel surveys designed to examine childbearing intentions that would allow for a more accurate assessment of childbearing intendedness.
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Deindl, Christian, and Miriam Engels. "PATHWAYS TO A GOOD LIFE? MULTIPLE SOCIAL ROLES IN ADULTHOOD AND MENTAL WELL-BEING IN LATER LIFE IN EUROPE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3339.
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Abstract The connection between employment, family life and health is well documented. Job demands and family obligations are divergent responsibilities and can be a constant source of conflict. The resulting role strain can have a long lasting impact on mental health. Using data from SHARE and ELSA, we take a life course perspective and look at patterns of employment history from the age of 25 to 40 combined with partnership and fertility history of 17,189 men and 23,266 women in 22 European countries. Sequence analysis combined with cluster analysis shows a clear picture of five dominant states in our sample: Stable work and family, stable work without family, working single parent, working childless couples, and being non employed. This pattern is similar for men and women. We use path models to distinguish the impact of childhood conditions on such life course patterns and the direct and indirect impact of employment and family life on mental health. Women who did not combine work and family roles, (work without family, family without work) reported higher levels of depression in comparison with women who combined work and family. Non-working women and single mothers also experienced indirect effects on depression through their economic situation. Unemployed men or men without family reported higher levels of depression. Unemployment and being a single father also have an indirect impact on depression via economic conditions and health. Moreover, such results also differ between countries, with lower employment rates reducing role strain for women, but not so for men.
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Foster, Jonathan, Stephanie Burnett, and Lois Stack. "Effects of Light, Soil Moisture, and Nutrition on Greenhouse Propagation of Twinflower." HortTechnology 27, no. 6 (December 2017): 782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03685-17.
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Twinflower (Linnaea borealis) is an understory subshrub native to northern regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Some growers report that this native plant is difficult to propagate. Although twinflower prefers partial shade and grows in areas with naturally variable moisture, there has been no greenhouse propagation work testing the impact of light or soil moisture conditions on root development of this plant or whether fertilizer impacts root development or root:shoot ratios during propagation. The goal of the first experiment was to propagate twinflower under a variety of daily light integrals (DLI)—27.6, 14.4, or 5.8 mol·m−2·d−1—and soil volumetric water content values (θ = volume of water ÷ volume of soil) 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 L·L−1, both parameters aimed at reproducing a range of natural conditions. The largest roots were grown at DLIs of 5.8 and 14.4 mol·m−2·d−1 and θ values of 0.30 and 0.35 L·L−1. In the second experiment, twinflower plants were grown in substrates with 0, 2.1, or 5.0 g·L−1 of incorporated controlled-release fertilizer (14N–6.1P–11.6K). Root and shoot dry weight increased at both treatment rates. The relative percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and the total concentrations of manganese in parts per million, increased in foliage, as well. In both experiments, the source of cuttings impacted results. In the first experiment, cuttings taken from the source that was in the most light were least likely to survive (26% survival rate) compared with cuttings taken from stock plants growing in partial shade (65% or 82% survival rates, by site). In the second experiment, cuttings taken from source plants that were most intensively managed for removal of weeds and competing plants had the highest survival rate and the greatest shoot and root dry weight. We recommend propagating twinflower with moderate rates of fertility (i.e., 2.1 g·L−1 of incorporated controlled-release fertilizer) under some shade (5.8–14.4 DLI) and a moderate θ (0.30–0.35 L·L−1).