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1
Gauthier, Anne H. "The effects on fertility of state support for families in the industrialized countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316821.
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Eriksson, Victor, and Allan Montan. "Unemployment, fertility rates and family policies : A study of 22 European countries during the 2008-2012 recession." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-130588.
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In this study we have investigated fertility levels during periods of unusually high unemployment levels. Our research questions were: 1. To what extent does fertility levels change during periods of higher unemployment? 2. Can family policies affect changes of fertility levels during these periods? Our hypothesis states that firstly, fertility levels are expected to be lower during periods of higher unemployment, due to households perceiving a lower level of economic security. Secondly, effective family policies should counter this effect, making unemployment having less of an effect on household fertility decisions, due to family policy lowering the economic risks associated with having a child. We performed an analysis in two parts. In the first part we divided countries into groups based on which countries had experienced a period of higher unemployment, and which countries had more or less generous family policies. The second part of our analysis was a regression analysis of TFR, unemployment and family policy variables. The results were in line with our first hypothesis: In our first analysis, the group of countries that were experiencing a period of higher unemployment also had a more negative development of fertility. In our regression analysis, we could observe a negative relationship between unemployment and fertility. On the other hand, our results could not support our second hypothesis: No individual family policy could be found to change the effect of unemployment on fertility levels.
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Félix, Sónia. "Democracy and fertility." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11841.
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A Masters Thesis, presented as part of the requirements for the award of a Research Masters Degree in Economics from NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThis research is an empirical assessment of the causal relationship between democracy and birth rates. The question under study is whether a country is more likely to experience fertility declines as it becomes more democratic, holding the other country's characteristics constant. This study goes beyond the existing literature to establish a causal relationship between democratization and fertility declines. To establish a causal relation we adopt two complementary strategies. The first is to include country fixed effects in the estimation and the second is to use an instrumental variables approach. The results suggest a robust negative causal relationship between democracy and birth rates. We interpret the effect of political rights on fertility as stemming from a decrease in overall societal risk, which diminishes as political institutions mature.
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Sobotka, Tomás. "Postponement of childbearing and low fertility in Europe." Amsterdam : Dutch University Press, 2004. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/rw/2004/t.sobotka/.
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Vos, Allison E. Stephens John D. "Falling fertility rates new challenges to the welfare state /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1782.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.
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Beaujouan, Eva, and Caroline Berghammer. "The Gap Between Lifetime Fertility Intentions and Completed Fertility in Europe and the United States: A Cohort Approach." Springer, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09516-3.
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We study the aggregate gap between intended and actual fertility in 19 European
countries and the US based on a cohort approach. This complements prior research
that had mainly used a period approach. We compare the mean intended number
of children among young women aged 20 to 24 (born in the early 1970s), meas
ured during the 1990s in the Fertility and Family Surveys, with data on completed
fertility in the same cohorts around age 40. In a similar manner, we compare the
share who state that they do not want a child with actual cohort childlessness. Our
exploration is informed by the cognitive-social model of fertility intentions devel-
oped by Bachrach and Morgan (Popul Dev Rev 39(3):459-485, 2013). In all coun-
tries, women eventually had, on average, fewer children than the earlier expectations
in their birth cohort, and more often than intended, they remained childless. The
results reveal distinct regional patterns, which are most apparent for childlessness.
The gap between intended and actual childlessness is widest in the Southern Euro-
pean and the German-speaking countries and smallest in the Central and Eastern
European countries. Additionally, we analyze the aggregate intentions-fertility gap
among women with different levels of education. The gap is largest among highly
educated women in most countries studied and the educational gradient varies by
region, most distinctively for childlessness. Differences between countries suggest
that contextual factors-norms about parenthood, work-family policies, unemployment-shape women's fertility goals, total family size, and the gap between them.
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Sobotka, Tomas. "Fertility and Family Policies in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990." Federal Institute for Population Research, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5946/1/Sobotka_etal_2016__CPS_Fertility%2Dand%2DFamily%2DPolicies.pdf.
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This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in the late 2000s throughout the region an impression of a fertility recovery has been created, however the findings of this project indicate that no such widespread childbearing recovery is underway.
For the first time ever an overview and analysis of CEE family policies is conceptualized in this paper. It demonstrates that fertility trends and family policies are a matter of serious concern throughout the region. The following family policy types have been identified: comprehensive family policy model; pro-natalist policies model; temporary male bread-winner model; and conventional family policies model. The majority of family policies in CEE countries suffer from a variety of shortcomings that impede them from generating enhanced family welfare and from providing conditions for cohort fertility to increase. The likely further decline of cohort fertility, or its stagnation, may entail long-term demographic as well as other societal consequences, such as continuous declines in total population numbers, changes in age structures, as well as implications for health and social security costs.
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Franklyn, Nirupama. "India's efforts to increase attended birth rates in urban areas : a bridge too far?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193759.
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Rapid urbanization of India in recent years has increased the wealth of the country and along with it, raised the urban slum population. Slum dwellers typically live below the poverty line and have no or minimal access to clean water, sanitation, education and public health. The urban unattended birth rate is attributable mainly to women in slums in big Indian cities who face many hurdles in accessing public healthcare facilities. To deal with this issue, the government of India initiated the “National Urban Health Mission” (NUHM) in 2013, which focused on the reduction of maternal and infant mortality rate. This program was preceded by the “National Rural Health Mission” (NRHM) in 2005, which was implemented to rural areas of India with similar ideals, and managed to lower maternal and infant mortality rates.
This paper is a critical appraisal of the NUHM scheme by analyzing the achievements, loop holes and setbacks of the previously introduced NRHM upon which the NUHM is based. While the NRHM achieved improvement in attended birth rates, it did not consider various factors that play a key role in the care seeking behavior of women such as maternal education level, social factors and norms. The NUHM also excludes these factors from the scope of the program. The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of the NRHM in assessing whether the NUHM can meet its goals and expectations.
Method: Information was extracted mainly from government of India sources such as District Level Health Surveys 2 and 3 (DLHS-2 and DLHS-3), National Family Health Survey- 3 (NFHS-3) and the Census of India, 2011 until July 2013. Articles were searched from PubMed, Google and Google scholar using the key words unattended birth, skilled birth, India, urban, slum.
Conclusion of Abstract: A unified approach involving the ministry of health, ministry of education and communication and media is needed to deal effectively in implementing the NUHM and sustaining the NRHM.published_or_final_version
Community Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health
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Testa, Maria Rita, and Stuart Basten. "Certainty of meeting fertility intentions declines in Europe during the 'Great Recession'." Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4670/1/31%2D23.pdf.
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Relatively little research has been conducted on how economic recessions impact fertility intentions. In particular, uncertainty in reproductive intentions has not been examined in relation to economic shocks. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of individuals' perception of negative changes in both their own and their country's economic performance on reproductive intentions in Europe during the time of the 'Great Recession' (2006-2011). Crucially, we examine both intentions and stated certainty of meeting these intentions. Using the 2011 Eurobarometer survey for 27 European countries, fertility intentions and reproductive uncertainty are regressed on individuals' perceptions of past trends in country's economic situation, household's financial situation, and personal job situation. Multilevel ordinal regressions models are run separately for people at parities zero and one as well as controlling for a set of socio-demographic variables. A worsening in the households' financial situation, as perceived in the years of the economic crisis, does not affect people's fertility intentions but rather the certainty of meeting these intentions. This relationship holds true at the individual-level for childless people. The more negative the individual's assessment of the household's financial situation, the higher the reproductive uncertainty. While this works exclusively at the country-level for people at parity one, the higher the share of people's pessimism on households' financial situation in the country the more
insecure individuals of such a country are about having additional children. The empirical evidence suggests that individuals' uncertainty about realising their fertility intentions has risen in Europe and is positively linked to people's perceived household financial difficulties. If European economies continue to fare poorly, fertility intentions could eventually start to decline in response to such difficulties. (authors' abstract)
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Whitney, Todd Dean. "Dryland no-till wheat seeding and fertility rates for north central Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/764.
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Park, Eun Jung. "The effect of government tax policies on fertility rates of educated women." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2004. http://worldcat.org/oclc/449697132/viewonline.
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Galezewska, Paulina. "Repartnering dynamics and fertility in new partnerships in Europe and the United States." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/389712/.
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This thesis is motivated by the wide family changes which started in the 1960s in Europe and the United States. In light of the process of the deinstitutionalisation of marriage, the thesis examines the role of increasing marital instability and rising prevalence of cohabitation in repartnering and fertility after union dissolution. The thesis has three objectives: (i) to provide detailed description of the state of women’s repartnering dynamics by union type in Europe and the US, (ii) to examine the role of women’s demographic characteristics in repartnering behaviour in 14 European countries, and (iii) to assess the effect of mothers’ partnership history on continued childbearing following separation. The objectives of this thesis are addressed by using the Harmonized Histories and employing demographic approach (life-table estimates) and statistical methods (discrete-time hazard models). Findings regarding objective (i): The results show an increase in women’s repartnering levels across birth cohorts, however, substantial cross-national difference exists. Repartnering starts predominantly with cohabitation, yet countries differ significantly in the pace at which repartnering occurs. There is a strong positive association between the level of union dissolution and the pace of repartnering in Europe and the US. The proportion of women who repartner within 5 years after first union dissolution is similar or slightly higher for previously cohabiting women than for divorcees. Findings regarding objective (ii): Women’s age and presence of children at union dissolution have strong negative effects on repartnering in all European countries. First union type has no significant effect on repartnering. The variation in micro-level demographic characteristics does not fully explain the cross-national differences in repartnering behaviour in Europe. More research on the role of macro-level factors in explaining cross-national differences in repartnering is needed. Findings regarding objective (iii): The union type in which women entered motherhood does not matter for continued childbearing after separation. Current union status is significantly associated with mothers’ birth risks after dissolution of first fertile union. Currently cohabiting women have significantly lower birth risks after separation than currently married mothers. The birth risks of currently married or currently cohabiting mothers do not depend on the type of union in which women entered motherhood. The results indicate that despite increases in cohabitation childbearing is still associated with marriage.
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Beaujouan, Eva, Zuzanna Brzozowska, and Krystof Zeman. "The limited effect of increasing educational attainment on childlessness trends in twentieth-century Europe, women born 1916-65." Taylor & Francis, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2016.1206210.
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During the twentieth century, trends in childlessness varied strongly across European countries while educational attainment grew continuously across them. Using census and large-scale survey data from 13 European countries, we investigated the relationship between these two factors among women born between 1916 and 1965. Up to the 1940 birth cohort, the share of women childless at age 40+ decreased universally. Afterwards, the trends diverged across countries. The results suggest that the overall trends were related mainly to changing rates of childlessness within educational groups and only marginally to changes in the educational composition of the population. Over time, childlessness levels of the medium-educated and high-educated became closer to those of the low-educated, but the difference in level between the two better educated groups remained stable in Western and Southern Europe and increased slightly in the East.
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Riese, Hanna, and Rebecca Vitri. "Born in the wake of disaster : A quantitative study of the effect on total fertility rates of severe natural disasters between 1994 and 2012 in Indonesian provinces." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355250.
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Natural disasters have previously been found to have a positive effect on fertility due to incentives to use births to replace children lost and insure against increased risk. Using a simple demand framework for children, this paper contributes to the literature by re-examining this interaction under a new set of methodological conditions through the inclusion of a wider spectrum of cases than often used in previous works. OLS fixed effects regressions are performed using data from Indonesia and no support for the hypothesis is found. The findings are robust and contrast with former research. To provide nuance and insight to the results, the wanted total fertility rate and the prevalence of contraceptive use are utilised as alternative dependent variables.
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Testa, Maria Rita. "On the positive correlation between education and fertility intentions in Europe: Individual- and country-level evidence." Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2014.01.005.
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Increasing shares of European women are making large investments in their human capital. Whether and to what extent these investments are in conflict with reproductive behaviour are issues that have repercussions for fertility levels. Using two Eurobarometer survey data (2006 and 2011) on individuals clustered in the 27 EU countries, I investigate the relationship between women's education and lifetime fertility intentions. Results suggest that a positive association between women's level of education and lifetime fertility intentions exists at both the individual and country levels, as well as in a micro-macro integrated framework. The main explanation for these findings - which remains to be proven by future research - is that, in institutional contexts allowing highly educated women to have large families, women of reproductive ages are more prone to make investments in both human capital and
family size, because these choices are not seen as incompatible alternatives. (author's abstract)
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Bártová, Alžběta. "'Genderising' aspects of birth-related leave policies and fertility behaviour in Europe : understanding policy from an individual's perspective." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23437.
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In the context of population ageing and its consequences for future welfare state support, the issue of low fertility in Europe has become very topical over the past two decades. The role of policy and gender equality in explaining fertility behaviour has gained a prominent position in the literature and even today represents two streams that are believed to be important predictors of the current fertility outcomes in Europe. When building arguments regarding the policy effects on fertility behaviour, authors often implicitly assume that everyone living in a given country is entitled to support from particular statutory policy and/or that each individual is entitled to the same amount of support. However, although everyone of reproductive age is likely to make a decision about having children, the policy support does not mean the same thing for each one of them. Instead the set of rules on eligibility conditions clearly states who is entitled to welfare state support and how extensive this support is going to be. These rules consequently mediate the impact a child is going to have on an individual’s circumstances and therefore may influence the decision of whether or when to start a family and how big this family is going to be. The issue of within-country variation in the distribution of entitlements to policy support has been largely ignored in the comparative welfare state literature and has not been sufficiently acknowledged in fertility research. By focusing on the birth-related leave schemes in Europe, this thesis aims to address this gap. It does so by linking the individual-level survey data from EU-SILC with legislative rules from 27 European countries. Such an approach allows the identification of individuals that would be entitled to birth-related leave and compares how their socio-economic situation would change if they were to have a child. Apart from that the thesis is set into a wider context of contemporary fertility research that examines the role of gender issues in fertility behaviour. As such the thesis is particularly interested in the distribution of entitlements to birth-related leave between men and women and in the analyses pays special attention to the policy designs that strengthen traditional gender roles and whether they are associated with fertility behaviour.
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Puskas-Seeboeck, Ida. "The Comparative Impact of Family Policies in Sweden and Japan." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43533.
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What impact do family policies have on womenâ s ability to have a family and participate in the labor market? Drawing on two cases, Japan and Sweden, I will identify different patterns of family policiesâ impact on fertility rates and womenâ s participation in the labor market. Comparing the countries of Japan and Sweden, I ask how family policies influence choices about family and work life. Within this context, I will highlight the similarities we can find in both countries. Japan and Sweden are both industrialized nations with highly- developed economic structures and people enjoy high living standards. In both countries, we can also find similar elements of family policy. The three types of policies I study, (child allowances, parental leave legislation, as well as the establishment and expansion of childcare institutions) exist in both countries. At the same time, Japan and Sweden differ in the historical patterns of family roles reflected in each countryâ s family policy framework. Due to these particular differences, the two countries show different outcomes concerning fertility rates and womenâ s labor market participation. In my paper, I will closely examine the relationship between the existing circumstances and womenâ s decisions in this context.Master of Arts
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Weixel, Anthea J. "Womentrepreneurship after the Great Recession: An Empirical Analysis of Female Entrepreneurship Rates in Europe." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/968.
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Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the World Bank, I examine the effect of the Great Recession on total early-stage entrepreneurship rates in nineteen European countries relative to the United States, as well as on male and female entrepreneurship independently. I find that the Great Recession has led to increased entrepreneurship rates overall and that there is little variation across European countries relative to the United States. Further, I find that female entrepreneurship rates increased more than male entrepreneurship rates following the Great Recession. This suggests that women have not only experienced greater job recovery overall after the recession, but that they have also turned more towards self-employment relative to their male counterparts.
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Wesolowski, Katharina. "Maybe Baby? : Reproductive Behaviour, Fertility Intentions, and Family Policies in Post-communist Countries, with a Special Focus on Ukraine." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-243140.
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This thesis studies different aspects of reproductive behaviour on the international, national, and local levels in post-communist countries. The main focus is Ukraine, where fertility rates are very low and the population is in severe decline. The studies contribute new knowledge about the applicability of a family policy typology developed on the basis of Western countries’ experience for post-communist countries, and about the influence of family policies on fertility levels in these countries. Moreover, the studies investigate whether and how macro-level influences impact on individuals’ reproductive behaviour. Four articles are included in the thesis: Family policies in Ukraine and Russia in comparative perspective analyses the institutional set-up of family policies in both countries and compares the findings to 31 other countries. The results show that Ukrainian family policies support a male-breadwinner type of family, while the benefit levels of Russian family policies are low, compelling families to rely on relatives or the childcare market. Family policies and fertility - Examining the link between family policy institutions and fertility rates in 33 countries 1995-2010 comparatively explores whether family policies have an effect on fertility rates across the case-countries. Pooled time-series regression analysis demonstrates that gender-egalitarian family policies are connected to higher fertility rates, but that this effect is smaller at higher rates of female labour force participation. To have or not to have a child? Perceived constraints on childbearing in a lowest-low fertility context investigates the influence of the perception of postmodern values, childcare availability and environmental pollution on individuals’ fertility intentions in a city in Eastern Ukraine. It is shown that women who already have a child perceive environmental pollution as a constraint on their fertility intentions. Prevalence and correlates of the use of contraceptive methods by women in Ukraine in 1999 and 2007 examines changes in the prevalence and the correlates of the use of contraceptive methods. The use of modern contraceptive methods increased during the period and the use of traditional methods decreased, while the overall prevalence did not change. Higher exposure to messages about family planning in the media is correlated with the use of modern contraceptive methods.
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Haslam, Christopher John. "Late Holocene peat stratigraphy and climatic change : a macrofossil investigation from the raised mires of North Western Europe." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236339.
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Osterday, Elyse Rene. "Government Policy and Total Fertility Rates: An Analysis of Germany in Stage Five of the Demographic Transition Model." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1383228026.
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Kraus, Elisabeth Katharina. "Family dynamics of international migrants and their descendants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/432792.
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This dissertation tries to shed new light on the relationship between migration and fertility by
concentrating on two migration contexts and applying different quantitative methods and taking
various perspectives. The thesis consists of three independent research papers that are all tied
together by the same theoretical framework that has been proposed in the literature to explain
the link between migration and fertility (selection, disruption, interrelation of events,
socialization and adaptation). Chapter 2 and 3 analyse the fertility behaviour of Senegalese
migrants in Europe. While Chapter 2 takes a descriptive approach to family trajectories of male
and female migrants and how they evolve in the immediate time before and after the migration
move, Chapter 3 compares the fertility behaviour of migrant and non-migrant couples. Finally,
Chapter 4 focuses on Latin American child migrants in Spain and their fertility preferences
compared to native Spanish youth. The findings contribute to our understanding of the interplay
between migration and fertility (preferences) and provide theoretical and methodological
implications for the study of migrant fertility.
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Ngo, David, and Frida Shamoun. "Environmental cost of different unit rates." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129580.
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Flight planning is a large part of the air traffic operations that are presently being conducted. Airlines strive to achieve the cheapest and most cost effective routes for their flights, resulting in aircraft sometimes flying longer routes in order to avoid expensive airspaces with high unit rates. This issue has been an ongoing obstacle for the Swedish air navigation provider, LFV, as some airlines tend to fly over the Baltic Sea, through the Baltic countries, instead of the shorter route through Swedish airspace. These protracted routes result in extra kilometers being flown yearly,consuming extra fuel, as well as imply a revenue loss to LFV and Sweden. The conclusions of this study is that the airspace dodging behavior generate a revenue loss to LFV, totaling approximately 5 032 354 million per year. Should these flights fly the shortest route between their origin and destination, the before mentioned sum would mean an increase in LFVs reported revenue from air traffic control services by 2%. Airspace dodging also results in roughly 380 408 superfluous kilometers being flown and 1 874 486 liters of additional fuel being consumed every year.
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Fang, Chen. "The Effects of Methiozolin Rates and Nitrogen Fertility Strategies for Annual Bluegrass Control and Creeping Bentgrass Safety on Golf Greens." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1448982403.
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Ziegler, Christina. "Exchange Rate Stability and Wage Determination in Central and Eastern Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-81237.
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In Folge der Osterweiterung der europäischen Union (EU) und der steigenden Arbeitsmarktintegration zwischen den EU15 und den neuen Mitgliedsstaaten ist die Lohnfindung in Mittel- und Osteuropa zu einem Schwerpunkt der europäischer Wirtschaftspolitik geworden. Zugleich wird das optimale Wechselkursregime für mittel- und osteuropäische Staaten kontrovers diskutiert. Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, welche Wechselkursstrategie in Mittel- und Osteuropa vorzuziehen ist, um zum einen den Lohnfindungsprozess zu optimieren und zum anderen den Anpassungsprozess (Konvergenzprozess) an europäische Lohnstandards zu beschleunigen. Diese kumulierte Arbeit besteht aus vier unabhängigen Fachaufsätzen. Zuerst wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Wechselkursstrategie einen optimalen Rahmen für die Lohnsetzung während des Aufholprozesses mittel- und osteuropäischer Staaten ermöglicht (Kapitel zwei). Im Kapitel drei wird die Rolle der Geldpolitik in Bezug auf die Lohnfindung in Staaten mit flexiblen Wechselkursen untersucht. Die Evaluierung der Prognosefähigkeit alternativer Konjunkturindikatoren für die Euro Zone sowie deren Implikationen für den Lohnverhandlungsprozess in Mittel-und Osteuropa ist Gegenstand der Analyse in Kapitel vier. Im fünften Kapitel wird der Rolle der Lohnpolitik auf Leistungsbilanz(un)gleichgewichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa nachgegangenAfter the Eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU) and increasing participation of labor between the EU15 and the new member states, wage determination in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has become a key issue in European economic policy making. At the same time there are controversial discussions regarding the appropriate exchange rate regime for the CEE countries. In this thesis it is examined which exchange rate strategy provides a more favorable framework for wage setting in CEE and leads to faster wage convergence in Europe. This thesis has four parts. First, it is analyzed which exchange rate strategy provides a more favorable framework for wage setting during the economic catch-up process of CEE (section two). Second, the role of monetary policy in wage determination in countries with flexible exchange rate regimes is examined in section three. Third, the predictive power of different euro area business cycle indicators is analyzed in section four. Fourth, the impact of wage determination on the balance of payments in CEE is scrutinized (section five)
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Beblavý, Miroslav. "Constrained discretion : monetary policy frameworks, central bank independence and inflation in Central Europe, 1993-2001." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14194.
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The thesis has two overarching objectives. One is to understand monetary policy in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia during 1990s and early 2000s; the other to use these findings to shed light on monetary policy in less developed, but highly open and financially integrated market economies. In order to achieve its aims, it analyses specific factors with significant influence on the conduct or outcomes of monetary policy in these countries; it analyses the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Central Europe, based on a technique called vector autoregression; and examines use of principal types of constraints on policy discretion, such as central bank independence, exchange rate commitments and domestic targets for monetary policy, in countries of the sample. The thesis finds that strong internal and external pressures, together with frequent bouts of fiscal irresponsibility and sizeable additive and parametric uncertainty regarding the working of the economy, led, in all four countries, to pronounced macroeconomic vulnerability and a need for periodic adjustment to dangerous fiscal and external imbalances. Reaction of policy-makers in countries of the sample to this environment can be characterized as discretion constrained by a strong nominal anchor and real exchange rate considerations. Experience of Central European countries shows that various elements of a commitment by monetary authorities are not duplicatory or contradictory, but interdependent in contributing to the goal of constraining discretion. During the period studied, the two key overall developments in policy were the gradual shift of emphasis from exchange rate targets to domestic targets and (within domestic targets) a shift from monetary targets to inflation targets. This approach has been largely successful.
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Stearmer, Steven Matthew. "A European Case Study on the Intersection Between Public and Private Space: Increasing Breastfeeding Rates in a Modern World." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3490.pdf.
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Louisy-Louis, Moise. "The determinants of rates used in défined-benefit pension plans : a pan-European study of financial institutions over 2005/2011." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0026/document.
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A la lumière du débat actuel visant la comptabilisation des engagements de retraite, la thèse examine les forces et faiblesses de la comptabilisation telle que stipulée par le normalisateur international, l’International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Afin d’étayer nos arguments, nous étudions l’influence de certains paramètres, à savoir la rentabilité, les flux, le levier financier, le levier des engagements de retraite, ou la composition du portefeuille d’actifs du régime, parmi d’autres, sur le choix du taux d’actualisation et du taux de rendement attendu des actifs du régime dans le cadre des régimes à prestations définies. La littérature, incluant en particulier les travaux d’Amir et Benartzi (1998), Asthana (1999), Picconi (2006), ou Adams, Frank et Perry (2011), identifie ces paramètres comme influents sur le choix des taux. A l’échelle de l’entreprise, l’impact de ces taux peut être significatif sur le niveau d’endettement ou de rentabilité, et à l’échelle de l’économie, le provisionnement correct des engagements de retraite représente un défi majeur pour des secteurs, industries ou nations (OECD, 2011). Dans ce contexte, la dissertation analyse en détails les règles comptables, la recherche et les pratiques en usage en Europe, une région qui a traditionnellement attiré relativement peu d’intérêt empirique à un niveau paneuropéen notamment à cause de la grande diversité qui caractérise les pratiques comptables et les juridictions locales. Une étude basée sur les membres du Stoxx Europe Total Market Index a été réalisée afin de répondre à la problématique suivante : quels sont les facteurs influençant et expliquant le choix du taux d’actualisation et du taux de rendement attendu des actifs du régime ?In light of the current debate about pension accounting, the dissertation examines the strengths and weaknesses of pension accounting as stipulated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). To substantiate our arguments, we study the influence of key parameters, namely profitability, cash flow, leverage, funding status, and plan asset investment allocation, among others, on the choice of the discount rate and the expected rate of return used when accounting for defined benefit pension schemes. Prior literature, including research performed by Amir and Benartzi (1998), Asthana (1999), Picconi (2006), and Adams, Frank and Perry (2011), identifies these factors as influential in the choice of these rates. At a micro level, the impact of these rates can be tremendous on the financial status of reporting entities (e.g. inflated/deflated indebtedness or earnings) and at a macro level, the correct provisioning of pension represents a major challenge for sectors, industries or nations as a whole (OECD, 2011). In such a context, the dissertation reviews in details current regulation, research, and practices across Europe, a region which has historically attracted relatively little empirical research on a pan-European basis mainly because of the great diversity in accounting practices and local jurisdictions. A study focused on members of Stoxx Europe Total Market Index is performed to address the following research question: what are the factors impacting and explaining the choice of the discount rate and the expected rate of return ?
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Bezchlebová, Daniela. "Analýza funkčních dat a modelování specifické míry úmrtnosti a plodnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193581.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyze two major indicators representing the processes of natural changes in population, which are not influenced by age structure -- age specific fertility rate and age specific mortality rate and to introduce functional data analysis, which has recently become increasingly applied in many scientific fields. The functional data analysis is introduced on the Czech demographic data set for more than last sixty years. The thesis briefly describes historical development of mortality and fertility and also describes selected methods of functional data analysis by using statistical program R. Functional data analysis provides a wide variety of graphics tools to explore the data which we called functional and help us to explore all typical and atypical features, identify outliers etc.
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Scheeres, Mirjam [Verfasser]. "High mobility rates during the period of the "Celtic migrations"? : 87 Sr, 86 Sr and delta 18 O evidence from Early La Tène Europe / Mirjam Scheeres." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049810147/34.
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Salame, David, and Harley Klerck. "The Impact of House Price Changes on Household Savings : A panel data study of the impact of the changes in house prices and interest rates on household savings in Europe." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32775.
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Real estate remains to be a major component of wealth for households as the market value of houses continues to rise noticeably again, as before the global recession 2007. Understanding households’ responses to changes of house prices and interest rates is important as fluctuations of these kind affect their preferences of saving. This thesis examines the impact of house price- and interest rate changes on household savings with the usage of secondary panel data from seven European countries. Providing a definite estimation of the interest elasticity of saving for households is not conceivable with any confidence considering the difficulties in estimating differential behavior. In accordance to previous studies the result of house prices is significant negative regarding household savings. However, the repo rate contradicts earlier results with a significant negative correlation toward household savings indicating an increased confidence due to a behavioral shift. In conclusion, this study shows that internal effects are of great importance as several factors suffer from high internal impact.
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Sills, Eric Scott. "An evidence-based policy for the provision of subsidised fertility treatment in California : integration of array comparative genomic hybridisation with IVF and mandatory single embryo transfer to lower multiple gestation and preterm birth rates." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2013. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/8z17y/an-evidence-based-policy-for-the-provision-of-subsidised-fertility-treatment-in-california-integration-of-array-comparative-genomic-hybridisation-with-ivf-and-mandatory-single-embryo-transfer-to.
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Common to other practice settings, standard in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in California strongly skews the multiple gestation/preterm birth rate upward to approximately 50% of all deliveries, while unassisted conceptions yield this outcome in only 3% of births. Preterm/multiple gestation babies from IVF are “super-utilisers” and consume a disproportionate share of healthcare resources, particularly during the first year of life. However, early experience with molecular cytogenetic techniques has shown that single embryo transfer (SET) with IVF can now lift pregnancy rates to an acceptable level while not altering the normal multiple gestation rate. This approach would effectively solve the preterm and multiple gestation problem historically associated with IVF. Building on the author’s previous research in medically assisted reproduction, the current proposal describes a new public health policy to incentivise SET by modifying the California Insurance Code (benchmark health plan), when it may next be revised in 2015. The proposal would partially cover IVF costs for qualified California residents with the proviso that only one embryo is transferred per procedure after comprehensive chromosomal screening of embryos with array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH). This investigation considers the interconnected problems of preterm birth and multiple gestation in a demographic context, showing that although the contribution made by conventional IVF to these adverse outcomes in California is numerically minor, substantial costs can still be recovered by redirecting expenditures away from high-risk IVF deliveries when the increased multiple gestation/preterm birth rate from standard IVF is corrected. This analysis is the first to examine costs calculated for all delivery types in California as a function of antecedent IVF treatment vs. unassisted conception, based on 2009 birth records, and apply this to a new model of comprehensive embryo testing and mandatory SET. These data reveal that even if partially subsidised IVF with aCGH and SET were provided for every California IVF cycle initiated in 2009 (n=18,405), the state would still realise a net surplus of at least $20M per year by stabilising the IVF multiple birth rate at ~3.2%. Thus, California can avoid up to 4,810 iatrogenic preterm/multiple gestation births by shifting the prevailing approach to IVF away from multiple embryo transfers. The proposal is net revenue positive for California because although IVF with aCGH and SET is expensive, the price to obtain this technology is always lower than the cost for one high-risk preterm/multiple birth. While a compelling primary interest exists to lower the multiple birth rate with IVF, this proposal also yields a socially valuable secondary public health benefit by improving general access to this advanced reproductive treatment for all Californians.
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Rothe, Ulrike, Alexander Bendas, Wieland Kiess, Thomas Michael Kapellen, Thoralf Stange, Ulf Manuwald, Eckhard Salzsieder, et al. "Trends in Incidence Rates during 1999-2008 and Prevalence in 2008 of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in GERMANY – Model-Based National Estimates." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-191895.
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Aims
To estimate the national incidence rate and trend of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in Germany from 1999 to 2008 and the national prevalence in 2008 in the age group 0–14 years.
Methods
Data were taken from a nationwide registry for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–4 years and 3 regional registries (North-Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Saxony) for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–14 years covering 41% of the child population in Germany. The degree of ascertainment was ≥ 97% in all registries. Incident and prevalent cases were grouped by region, sex, age (0–4, 5–9, 10–14 years), and, for incident data, additionally by two 5-year periods (1999–2003, 2004–2008). Poisson regression models were fitted to the data to derive national estimates of incidence rate trends and prevalence in the age groups 5–9, 10–14 and 0–14 years. We used direct age-standardization.
Results
The estimated national incidence rate in 0-14-year-olds increased significantly by 18.1% (95%CI: 11.6–25.0%, p<0.001) from 1999–2003 to 2004–2008, independent of sex, corresponding to an average annual increase of 3.4% (95%-CI: 2.2–4.6%). The overall incidence rate was estimated at 22.9 per 100,000 person-years and we identified a within-country west-east-gradient previously unknown. The national prevalence in the ages 0–14 years on 31/12/2008 was estimated to be 148.1 per 100,000 persons.
Conclusions
The national incidence rate of childhood T1DM in Germany is higher than in many other countries around the world. Importantly, the estimated trend of the incidence rate confirms the international data of a global increase of T1DM incidences.
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Fiorentin, Ciro Franco [UNESP]. "Influência da adubação nitrogenada no cultivo do feijoeiro em sucessão ao milho e à braquiária em sistema de semeadura direta." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97008.
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fiorentin_cf_me_jabo.pdf: 1287242 bytes, checksum: f1676d707f11be4d7fba82811ddb1d28 (MD5)Objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar o desempenho do feijoeiro em sucessão ao milho exclusivo, ao milho consorciado com Brachiaria ruziziensis e à B. ruziziensis exclusiva, na ausência e fornecimento de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha–1 de nitrogênio), cultivado no sistema de semeadura direta em implantação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Jaboticabal (SP), em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, em blocos casualizados com delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. As parcelas principais foram cultivadas com três sistemas de cultivo e as subparcelas por doses de nitrogênio em cobertura aplicadas no estádio V4-4. O experimento foi conduzido na safra verão de 2008/09 e 2009/10 (milho e B. ruziziensis) e feijoeiro na safra inverno-primavera de 2009. A palhada de B. ruziziensis permite maior quantidade e manutenção da cobertura do solo no decorrer do ciclo de feijoeiro e favorece o aumento nos componentes de rendimento e na produtividade de grãos de feijão. A produtividade do feijoeiro em sucessão a B. ruziziensis exclusiva e em consórcio com o milho, não é influenciada pela adubação nitrogenada. O incremento de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, de forma geral, não influencia o teor protéico, o tempo para cozimento e para máxima hidratação dos grãos de feijão, ocorrendo correlação positiva entre o teor de proteína bruta e o tempo para cozimento e negativa entre o tempo para cozimento e o tempo para máxima hidratação. A margem bruta de ganho com a venda dos grãos de feijão, na média, é melhor no sistema de cultivo utilizando o milho exclusivo. Não há influência do nitrogênio residual, aplicado no feijoeiro cultivado anteriormente, sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo do milho. A presença da B. ruziziensis em consórcio com o milho, reduz a quantidade de proteína bruta nos grãos de milho, sem afetar a produtividade de grãos
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of common bean in succession to exclusive corn, corn intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis and exclusive B. ruziziensis, in the absence and supplying of nitrogen fertilization (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of nitrogen), grown in no-tillage in consolidation. The study was conducted in Jaboticabal (SP), in Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, in randomized blocks with split-plot experimental design and three replications. The main plots were cultivated with three cropping systems and the subplots with nitrogen topdressing rates on stage V4-4. The experiment was conducted in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 summer season (B. ruziziensis and corn) and the common bean in the 2009 winter-spring season. B. ruziziensis residues allows more quantity and maintenance ground cover during the common bean cycle and favors the increase in yield components and common bean grain yield. Common bean yield in succession to exclusive B. ruziziensis and intercropped with corn is not influenced by nitrogen fertilization. The increase of nitrogen topdressing rates, in general, does not influence the crude protein, the cooking time and common bean grains maximum hydration, occurring positive correlation between crude protein and cooking time and negative between cooking time and the maximum hydration time. Gross margin earned from the sale of the grains of bean, on average, is better in the culture system using corn exclusive. There is no influence of residual nitrogen, applied in common bean plants grown previously on the corn vegetative and reproductive development. B. ruziziensis intercropped with corn reduces the amount of crude protein in corn grains, without affecting grain yield
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Rothe, Ulrike, Alexander Bendas, Wieland Kiess, Thomas Michael Kapellen, Thoralf Stange, Ulf Manuwald, Eckhard Salzsieder, et al. "Trends in Incidence Rates during 1999-2008 and Prevalence in 2008 of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in GERMANY – Model-Based National Estimates." Public Library of Science, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29141.
Full textAbstract:
Aims
To estimate the national incidence rate and trend of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in Germany from 1999 to 2008 and the national prevalence in 2008 in the age group 0–14 years.
Methods
Data were taken from a nationwide registry for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–4 years and 3 regional registries (North-Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Saxony) for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–14 years covering 41% of the child population in Germany. The degree of ascertainment was ≥ 97% in all registries. Incident and prevalent cases were grouped by region, sex, age (0–4, 5–9, 10–14 years), and, for incident data, additionally by two 5-year periods (1999–2003, 2004–2008). Poisson regression models were fitted to the data to derive national estimates of incidence rate trends and prevalence in the age groups 5–9, 10–14 and 0–14 years. We used direct age-standardization.
Results
The estimated national incidence rate in 0-14-year-olds increased significantly by 18.1% (95%CI: 11.6–25.0%, p<0.001) from 1999–2003 to 2004–2008, independent of sex, corresponding to an average annual increase of 3.4% (95%-CI: 2.2–4.6%). The overall incidence rate was estimated at 22.9 per 100,000 person-years and we identified a within-country west-east-gradient previously unknown. The national prevalence in the ages 0–14 years on 31/12/2008 was estimated to be 148.1 per 100,000 persons.
Conclusions
The national incidence rate of childhood T1DM in Germany is higher than in many other countries around the world. Importantly, the estimated trend of the incidence rate confirms the international data of a global increase of T1DM incidences.
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Evangelou, Alexandros. "Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of immigrant population in Greece (1991-2011) : Comparisons from census data and vital statistics." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-171457.
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Immigrant flows in Greece after 1990 transformed Greece from a country of outwards migration to an inwards migration state. The contribution of immigrants in a globalized world of migration with sub-replacement fertility levels found in developed countries is a particularly interesting topic in demographic studies. The primary aim of this thesis is to discuss the changes of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of immigrant population in Greece focusing on Albanian and Bulgarian immigrants. In order to answer these research questions, data from the last three national population census of 1991, 2001 and 2011 as well as vital statistics for European and non-European immigrants’ fertility in Greece have been used. The analysis is based on descriptive statistics for the differential age structure of Greek population and immigrant groups. Reasons for immigration to Greece, educational attainment of immigrants, rates of unemployment and employment status of immigrant population have been used to approach the research questions. The results indicated a younger age structure of Albanian and Bulgarian immigrant population. Meanwhile, immigrant population appears to have higher unemployment rates compared to native Greek population. Finally, a substantial decline of general fertility rates for non-European immigrant women in Greece compared to native Greek women has been observed within the years of the economic recession.
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Mäkinen, Ilkka. "On suicide in European countries : some theoretical, legal and historical views on suicide mortality and its concomitants." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-48376.
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The theme of this thesis is suicide mortality in its various aspects, seen from an international, European perspective. It questions the existence of social (structural) concomitants to suicide mortality and investigates attitudes towards and legislation concerning suicide, as well as some historical processes pertaining to their development. Paper 1 replicates an authoritative study of the "correlates of suicide" on a national level in European countries. It shows that the findings of this study do not hold 16 years later, and it presents some ideas as to why these changes have taken place. It is suggested that there are no simple social correlates to suicide on this level, and that suicide rates tend to vary according to, among other things, international cultural influences. Paper 2 investigates penal legislation relating to suicide in European countries. Three types of punishable action are found: 1) aiding suicide, 2) abetting suicide, and 3) driving somebody to suicide. A majority of European countries include some of these acts in their criminal laws. However, the laws vary very widely between countries, thereby constituting a notable exception to the common presumption of uniformity of law. The scope of the criminalization and the severity of the penalties for the crimes covary both with cultural attitudes towards suicide and with suicide rates. The results are interpreted as indicating the existence of a cultural-normative system, consisting of the cultural attitudes towards suicide, the laws regulating the actions relating to suicide and, perhaps, religion. It influences the occurrence of suicide, mainly by offering individuals cultural models of behavior. Paper 3 describes the process towards the decriminalization of suicide (in 1864) in Sweden, its causes and consequences. It is suggested that the law change took place because of a) the international ideological currents of the time (the heritage of the Enlightenment), b) the examples presented by other European countries, and c) the radical changes in people's behavior. The reform was long overdue, and thus did not have a direct effect on suicide mortality. The increase in Swedish suicide rates in the 19th century is seen as connected with certain aspects of the "modernization" process. Paper 4 addresses the prospects and problems connected with the ap-plication of Talcott Parsons's functionalist theory to suicide research, in particular when contrasting it with Durkheim's theory. It is found that the latter, despite its shortcomings, still dominates socially oriented suicide research. Parsons's theory is seen as implicating the cultural primacy of suicide mortality. Its general usability is, however, highly uncertain since many of its essential constituent parts are not well suited to the subject. A model for suicide rates, consisting of cultural (domestic and inter-national), political, social, diffusion and availability factors is presented. Taken together, the papers constitute a case for cultural (as opposed to socio-structural) research into suicide mortality. They question the repeated testing of structural variables in favor of creating cultural indicators. They suggest some new lines of research, and call for a consistently universal perspective on the problem of suicide and suicide mortality.Härtill fyra uppsatser.
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Buelens, Mathieu. "Géographies de la fécondité européenne contemporaine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/322740.
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Cette thèse de doctorat tente de répondre à la question de recherche suivante :comment ont évolués les variations spatiales des comportements de fécondité en Europe depuis un demi-siècle ?Elle s’emploie donc plus à décrire les variations spatiales de la fécondité qu’à analyser comment et pourquoi la fécondité européenne à évoluée pendant cette période. Si cette question est principalement descriptive elle abordera toute fois des questionnements interprétatifs des variations spatiales observées. En effet décrire comment les variations spatiales ont évoluées mène indirectement à se demander pourquoi de telles évolutions ont eu lieu. Cette thèse adopte une méthodologie géographique, inductive, évolutive et à des échelles spatiales multiples, ce qui la distingue de la plupart des études qui abordent un sujet démographique. Elle recoure à plusieurs bases de données originales, certaines à la fois transversales, chronologiques, infranationales et couvrant un large espace transnational. Cela a imposé un important travail de récolte et prétraitement des données, mais confère aux résultats une originalité qui contribue à une meilleure compréhension globale de la fécondité en Europe, de ses variations spatiales et de ses évolutions récentes.Le corps de cette thèse est organisé en quatre chapitres ayant chacun fait l’objet d’une publication (soumise :chapitre 3, acceptée :chapitre 2, ou publiée :chapitre 4 et 5). Les deux premiers articles explorent chacun une des deux principales dimensions des comportements de fécondité que sont l’intensité (chapitre 2) et le calendrier de la fécondité (chapitre 3). Ils s’intéressent aux évolutions de ces dimensions sur environs un demi-siècle en Europe en utilisant principalement des données au niveau régional NUTS-2. Le quatrième chapitre considère ces deux dimensions de manière simultanée et s’intéresse aux différences spatiales locales (à une échelle équivalente au niveau communale en Belgique). Le cinquième chapitre considère les variations intra-urbaines à Bruxelles, en considérant à la fois les différences entre groupes sociaux et entre espaces, ce qui permet d’évaluer l’impact des variables contextuelles par rapport à l’influence de la composition de la population. En conclusion cette thèse expose les variations spatiales des comportements de fécondité en Europe ainsi que leurs évolutions depuis la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. Elle propose aussi un ensemble de déterminants utile à l’interprétation les variations spatiales de la fécondité. Ces déterminants sont tantôt matériels tantôt du ressort des études abordant une position épistémologique plus post-matérialiste. L’approche géographique de cette thèse pousse à considérer ces deux ensembles de facteurs et à les structurer selon leur rayon d’action, soit l’échelle spatiale à laquelle ils influencent les comportements de fécondité. Il ressort que l’articulation de ces différents facteurs exerçant leur influence à des échelles différentes constitue un contexte géographique déterminant en partie les actions individuelles de la fécondité.Option Géographie du Doctorat en Sciences
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Malek, Mansour Jeoffrey H. G. "Three essays in international economics." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210878.
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This thesis consists in a collection of research works dealing with various aspects of International Economics. More precisely, we focus on three main themes: (i) the existence of a world business cycle and the implications thereof, (ii) the likelihood of asymmetric shocks in the Euro Zone resulting from fluctuations in the euro exchange rate because of differences in sector specialization patterns and some consequences of such shocks, and (iii) the relationship between trade openness and growth influence of the sector specialization structure on that relationship.Regarding the approach pursued to tackle these problems, we have chosen to strictly remain within the boundaries of empirical (macro)economics - that is, applied econometrics. Though we systematically provide theoretical models to back up our empirical approach, our only real concern is to look at the stories the data can (or cannot) tell us. As to the econometric methodology, we will restrict ourselves to the use of panel data analysis. The large spectrum of techniques available within the panel framework allows us to utilize, for each of the problems at hand, the most suitable approach (or what we think it is).
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
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Scohier, Alexandra. "Impact d'une mise en defens temporaire de prairies permanentes durant le pic de floraison : sélection alimentaire des brebis, diversité floristique et entomologique (Lepidoptera, Bombidae, Carabidae) des couverts." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708561.
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L'érosion de la biodiversité prairiale est devenue une préoccupation majeure à l'échelle Européenne. Le pâturage ovin est supposé avoir un impact négatif sur la diversité prairiale, en raison de leur forte sélectivité pour les dicotylédones, indispensables aux insectes pollinisateurs. Comparés aux bovins, les ovins structurent peu les couverts et créent également moins de niches écologiques contrastées. L'objectif de cette thèse était de tester la faisabilité, et les bénéfices en pâturage ovin, d'une conduite en rotation dans laquelle une sous-parcelle est temporairement exclue du pâturage au moment du pic de floraison. Les effets de cette conduite ont été comparés à ceux d'un pâturage continu au même chargement. Au delà des indicateurs directs de performances zootechniques et de biodiversité (plantes, papillons, bourdons et carabes), nous avons analysé la sélection alimentaire des brebis dans les deux modes de conduite. Nous avons aussi cherché à appréhender comment la race et la fertilité du milieu pouvaient moduler la faisabilité d'un tel pâturage tournant et son intérêt vis-à-vis de la préservation de la biodiversité. Indépendamment de leur race, les brebis ont présenté une sélection alimentaire accrue vis-à-vis des dicotylédones dans les parcelles pâturées en rotation, qui a rapidement entraîné une diminution de leur richesse floristique en comparaison des parcelles pâturées en continu. L'augmentation de l'intensité de floraison des sous parcelles temporairement exclues de la rotation a favorisé les bourdons, probablement en raison de l'augmentation de la ressource en pollen et en nectar. En revanche, ce mode de gestion n'a pas permis d'augmenter la densité ni la richesse spécifique des papillons et des carabes. Le bénéfice d'une mise en défens temporaire d'une partie des parcelles semble donc moindre qu'en pâturage bovin. Définir les dates de mises en défens par rapport à la floraison d'espèces indicatrices, moduler la durée de la mise en défens en fonction de la pousse de printemps, et prolonger l'exclusion de certaines parcelles en automne et en hiver sont autant de pistes qu'il nous reste à explorer, afin de déterminer les conditions d'application optimale d'une telle conduite.
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Chéret, Véronique. "La sapiniere du luchonnais (pyrenees hautes-garonnaises) : etude phytoecologique, recherches sur le phenomene de deperissement forestier." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30042.
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Un phenomene de deperissement du sapin (abies alba m. ) se developpe depuis plusieurs annees dans le luchonnais. Apres un inventaire des symptomes et une cartographie des secteurs forestiers atteints, des travaux ont ete menes dans differents domaines afin d'expliciter ce phenomene. Il ressort que le deperissement semble du a une synergie de facteurs contribuant a affaiblir progressivement la sapiniere en provoquant directement (pollutions acides, faible fertilite des sols) ou indirectement (secheresse, competition) des troubles nutritionnels
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Kurkin, Roman. "Vývoj plodnosti ve státech a regionech Evropské unie po roce 1991." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-296493.
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This thesis deals with the development of fertility in countries and regions of the European Union in the context of convergence and divergence trends. The goal is to analyze and evaluate the basic trends in international and regional differentiation of fertility by studying the literature and by my own analysis trying to explain the observed spatial differences and to identify problems in methodology and data collection. The European Union is for the purpose of analysis divided into western and eastern part in order to respond better to the hypothesis defined in the introductory chapter. First, the analysis of the regional differentiation of fertility rate is made. Variability in fertility at the regional level is consequently successfully explained by international differences which allow you to move the analysis at the state level. International differentiations of fertility rate are then explained by the different position of states in the process of second demographic transition. Despite the expectations, a clear trend towards convergence in fertility levels was not observed in the western part of the European Union and its spatial patterns remained stable. The eastern part experienced a significant decrease in the intensity of fertility which caused its convergence and overshadowed the ongoing changes...
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Žemberová, Karolína. "Bezdětnost a její aspekty ve vybraných zemích Evropy." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340014.
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This thesis addresses childlessness and its aspects in selected European countries: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Estonia, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway. The aim of this work is to discover whether there are differences between capitalist and post-socialist countries when it comes to the development of childlessness and fertility. The tools are: the analysis of fertility, the average age of mothers at childbirth and analysis of childlessness using both transversal and longitudinal indicators. The indicators used in the analysis were of the first and second category. Another aim of this thesis is to find out whether there are differences between the attitudes, opinions and values when it comes to approach to the family, the division of gender roles and children between childless respondents and respondents with children. The differentiation between sex and age groups through the use of three matrices with questions from three surveys (European Values Study, Eurobarometer and ISSP) are also investigated. The factor analysis and the method of principal components are used to reduce the number of variables. The results of the factor analysis are indexed and the indexes are then used to reveal how the differences manifest themselves in the monitored groups of respondents. The main result of...
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Bradatan, Cristina. "Below replacement fertility in Eastern Europe a case study /." 2004. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-630/.
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李玢. "Using dynamic system to model fertility and mortality rates." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94849653975025272543.
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碩士國立政治大學
統計研究所
97
Conventionally the change of population is considered as a function of time and described by using deterministic functions. The well-known examples are Gompertz law of mortality (1825) and Verhulst’s logistic growth model (1838). Recently demographers favor stochastic models when analyzing factors in an item-by-item fashion. Since 1992, Lee-Carter model is a most commonly used stochastic model in demographic studies. But empirical studies indicate that the rapid declines in both fertility and mortality rates are against the assumptions of Lee-Carter model. In this study we treat Taiwan population as a dynamic system which changes over time and characterize it by differential equations. Since the changes are from birth, death and migration, we first separately build models using ordinary differential equations. Afterwards the model of Taiwan population can be built by using partial differential equations considering the three main factors simultaneously. Total fertility and age-specific mortality rates in Taiwan decline over time but with shakes between years. Consequently we propose‘parabola approximation method’and apply it to velocity and acceleration of birth or death to solve the differential equations of Taiwan fertility and mortality. Empirical study shows the method allows us to get accurate estimates of mortality and fertility when the data change a lot in a short period of time. But we found the model may over-fit the data at some time point where the function does not seem to be very continuous.
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Galeta, Patrik. "Struktura populace a modelování jejích změn: Neolitická demografická tranzice ve střední Evropě." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311382.
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Neolithic dispersal in Europe has been alternatively explained through spread of farmers (migrationist position) or by adoption of farming by Mesolithic foragers (indigenist position). Mixed explanations have considered a combination of both processes. Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe was traditionally viewed as migrationist process. It was believed that farmers colonized the area and replaced indigenous foragers. During the last decade, authors have adhered to integrationist view as they have observed the continuity between Mesolithic and Neolithic technologies. Interestingly, the most recent genetic analyses again invoked the idea of colonization. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to demographic modeling. The farming quickly spread in Central Europe between 5 600 and 5 400 calBC. Assuming colonization, Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe would have to be associated with high fertility rate of farmers. Our goal was to test whether the fertility rate of farmers was high enough to allow them to colonize Central Europe without admixture with local foragers. We produced four stochastic models of population dynamics of farmers during their colonization in Central Europe. The principle of Model 1-3 is based on methods of population projections. Model 4 stems from the wave of advance...
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White, Kari Lyn. "Determinants of fertility across context : a comparison of Mexican and Turkish immigrant women." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-2904.
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Immigrant women are frequently found to have higher fertility relative to women in the majority population. This is often attributed to their socioeconomic characteristics, cultural preferences and patterns of childbearing, and adaptation to the destination context. However, several limitations in the research to date may mask the associations and processes which shape women’s fertility: 1) frequently used indicators are not sensitive to the way in which fertility is shaped by the migration process 2) key proximate determinants of fertility are often not integrated into analyses and 3) non‐migrant women in sending countries are often excluded as a reference for immigrant women’s childbearing behavior. In order to assess how women’s migratory moves and social context affect fertility, I compare the risk of first birth and patterns of contraceptive use at higher‐order parities for non‐migrant, immigrant and native‐born women. For these analyses, I use data from nationally‐representative surveys of reproductive health and family formation from Mexico, the United States, Turkey and Germany. The results from these analyses demonstrate that both foreign‐born Mexican‐ and Turkish‐origin immigrant
women experience first birth earlier than non-migrants, second generation immigrants, and native-born women at destination. However the underlying determinants of earlier birth are different for these two groups. There are also differences for second generation women; US-born Mexicans experience first birth at significantly younger ages than whites, whereas age at first birth is very similar for German-born Turkish women and ethnic Germans. Furthermore, patterns of contraceptive use among immigrant women who have at least one child are notably different than patterns observed for non-migrants. US-born women have similar contraceptive use compared to whites, but Mexican-born women are less likely to use permanent and highly effective methods, even after controlling for fertility intentions. Turkish-origin women in Germany exhibit large differences in contraceptive use relative to non-migrant women, particularly the very low reported use of withdrawal. These findings indicate that fertility determinants vary across origin and destination context. The observed differences between Mexican- and Turkish-origin women suggest that distinct processes of migration, socialization, and access to contraception lead to variation in the fertility outcomes for these two groups.text
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Yu, Chin-Feng, and 余琴芬. "An ecological study of association between socioeconomic indicators and adolescent fertility rates." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n95k82.
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碩士國立成功大學
公共衛生研究所
92
Studies have shown that teenage childbearing has adverse effects on both the health of adolescent mothers and their children. Consequently, adolescent fertility has been a public health issue. Studies on the risk and protective factors for adolescent childbearing in Taiwan have been at the individual level factors. However, the individual level studies can only address the probability of teenage childbearing for an individual. If causes for the variations of adolescent fertility rate across regions and over time were to be addressed, then we should rely on ecological studies. According to literature from other countries, the variations were related to socioeconomic environment such per capita income, education, marriage rates among the adolescent, divorce rates, urbanization, population density, racial/ethnic composition, labor force participation, contraception and accessibility of abortion clinics. We are lack of similar studies in Taiwan. This ecological study aims to investigate the relationship between various socioeconomic indicators and adolescent fertility rates, and identify important factors that affect the rates in different counties and cities and their trends. The results could be used in making related policies. This is an ecological study where aggregation units are 23 counties and cities in Taiwan. It covers the years of 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002. Contextual (or aggregate) variables include adolescent fertility rate as the dependent variable in regression analysis, population density, average annual family income, proportion of adolescent mothers with high school diploma, proportion of female population age 15 and older with high school diploma, proportion of population age 15 and older in paid-labor force, proportion of female population age 15 and older in paid-labor force, and unemployment rate as the independent variables. The aggregate data were taken from Taiwan-Fukien Demographic Fact Book Republic of China, Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan Area of Republic of China and Year Book of Manpower Statistics Taiwan Area of Republic of China. Date were stored with MS Excel, and analyzed with Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Pearson (or zero-order) correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for the bivariate association between the contextual variables. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the relation between the dependent and independent variables. If necessary, principal component regression was employed to tackle the multicollinearity problem which exists when the independent variables are highly correlated. Our results show that adolescent fertility rate has significantly inverse relationship with population density, average annual family income, and proportion of female population age 15 and older with high school diploma in bivariate analysis. The inverse relation was stronger in 2002 (r=-0.74，-0.6，and -0.8, respectively) than in 1977(r=-0.59，-0.5，and -0.8, respectively). Both proportion of population age 15 and older in paid-labor force, and proportion of female population age 15 and older in paid-labor force were positively and significantly associated with the adolescent fertility rate in 1987 (r=0.49，and 0.43, respectively) and 1992 (r =0.51，and 0.53, respectively), but the bivariate associations were not statistically significant for 1997 and 2002. Unemployment rates were not significantly with the adolescent fertility rates for all the studied years. It was found that the population density after natural logarithm transformation had very strong inverse linear relationship with the adolescent fertility rate for all the studied years (r=-0.76, -0.71, -0.89, -0.91, -0.91, and -0.92, respectively) and the transformed observations were later used in multiple linear regression analysis. The socioeconomic indicators in any given year could predict the adolescent fertility rate in the same year or 5 years later with high power as indicated by the R-squares (0.59, 0.76, 0.88, 0.88, 0.84, and 0.85, respectively for the same years; 0.74, 0.84, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.85, respectively for 5 years later). Due to multicollinearity between the socioeconomic variables, principle component regression was then performed. Several significant principal components related to degrees of socioeconomic development were identified. Changes (or proportion changes) in the socioeconomic indicators during each 5-year period (1987-1982, 1982-1987, 1987-1992, 1992-1997, and 1997-2002), on the other hand, were weakly associated with the changes (or proportion changes) in adolescent fertility rates over the same 5 year period and the next 5 year period . Urbanization appears to be a very important predictor of adolescent fertility rate. The more urbanized is a city or a county, the lower is its adolescent fertility rate. A more urbanized city means a more economically competitive environment. To maintain competitiveness or have edges over competitors, youngsters should avoid early childbearing. Lesser degree of urbanization could also mean lesser regional resources such as economic resources, educational resources, medical resources and etc. which could result in higher adolescent fertility rate. In order to lower adolescent fertility rate, we must start to solve the structural problems.
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Tsuei, Hsiang, and 崔翔. "The Relationship Between Female Employment Rates and Health Expenditure in Europe." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81309243174681102905.
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碩士臺北醫學大學
公共衛生學研究所
98
BACKGROUND: In recent years, growth in health expenditure has outpaced economic growth in developed countries. While past studies have identified various macro factors associated with health expenditure, none has focused on the effects of female employments on health expenditure. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between female employment rates and health expenditure in 16 European countries. METHODS: Country-level data from 1970 to 2007 were obtained from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development dataset. Variables used in this study included total health expenditures, public health expenditures, private health expenditure, welfare factors, demand and supply factors, and female employment rate (FER). We estimated the relationship between FER and health expenditures by using repeated measurement linear mixed model regression. All controlled variables were country level factors. RESULTS: FER proved to be a correlate of health expenditure from 1970 to 2007 in this sample of nations, even when controlling for the effects of other variables likely to impact health expenditure. FER is positively associated with total and private health expenditure in Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, and Bismarckian welfare states, while associated with public health expenditure in Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, and Southern welfare states. CONCLUSIONS: FER is significantly associated with health expenditure in the countries studied. We speculate that FER may affect health expenditure through the following mechanism: the increased available resources for women to spend on health care, the increased exposure to occupational health risks, and the heavier reliance on formal care. These three reasons may lead to higher health expenditure.
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Yunos, Hajira. "Perceptions of students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, regarding factors influencing high fertility rates among young people." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4848.
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Fertility among young people has increased globally and is a major concern, particularly in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa is a region that is greatly affected by poverty; HIV/AIDS and an increasing population. Young people are engaging in unprotected sex and this not only increases their risk of having an unplanned pregnancy, but also increases the risk of them contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. In Southern Africa, pregnancy rates among young people are high even though total fertility rates have declined. Many interventions have been implemented to directly address this issue; however, it is perplexing as to why pregnancy rates among young people are so high.
Studies have indicated that there are many factors that influence unplanned pregnancy rates among young people. The aim of this dissertation is to understand the reasons for high fertility rates among young people in South Africa. This study draws on qualitative methodology using in-depth interviews with 20 female students at a tertiary institution in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
Students interviewed presented a number of reasons for the high levels of pregnancy among young people. The study findings highlighted that young women have knowledge of contraception and are aware of the importance of contraception in preventing an unplanned pregnancy; however, contraception is being practiced inconsistently and incorrectly. Students are more afraid of the risk of an unplanned pregnancy than HIV/AIDS. Poor interpersonal relations with health service providers were perceived as a common barrier preventing young women from accessing contraception at the local clinics. Furthermore, the interviews suggest that peers exert an enormous influence over young people.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.