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Academic literature on the topic 'Fertility rates in Europe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fertility rates in Europe"

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Blekesaune, Morten. "The Fertility of Female Immigrants to Europe from Christian and Muslim Countries." Journal of Religion and Demography 7, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-12347109.

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Abstract This article investigates the fertility of female immigrants to Europe in relation to the characteristics of individual women (n=1,667), their countries of origin in Africa, Asia and Latin-America (n=68) and the European country where they reside (n=22), using the European Social Survey (ESS) collected between 2010 and 2017 (rounds 5 to 8). Many immigrants have fertility outcomes that converge towards the native fertility of their country of residence in Europe, a surprisingly strong factor. Immigrants from Muslim countries have higher fertility, though, and they compress their fertility over fewer years than immigrants from Christian countries. Multivariate estimates indicate that the effects of fertility rates and religious composition of countries of origin and individual religiousness are of similar magnitude for post-migration fertility rates. The highest fertility outcomes are found among highly religious immigrants from Muslim countries migrating to relatively high fertility countries in Europe at an early fertile age.

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Sobotka, Tomáš. "POST-TRANSITIONAL FERTILITY: THE ROLE OF CHILDBEARING POSTPONEMENT IN FUELLING THE SHIFT TO LOW AND UNSTABLE FERTILITY LEVELS." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S20—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000323.

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SummaryThis study discusses fertility trends and variation in countries that completed the transition from high to around-replacement fertility in the 1950s to 1980s, especially in Europe, East Asia and North America, and summarizes the key relevant findings for those countries with a more recent experience of fertility decline towards replacement level. A central finding is that there is no obvious theoretical or empirical threshold around which period fertility tends to stabilize. Period fertility rates usually continue falling once the threshold of replacement fertility is crossed, often to very low levels. While cohort fertility rates frequently stabilize or change gradually, period fertility typically remains unstable. This instability also includes marked upturns and reversals in Total Fertility Rates (TFRs), as experienced in many countries in Europe in the early 2000s. The long-lasting trend towards delayed parenthood is central for understanding diverse, low and unstable post-transitional fertility patterns. In many countries in Europe this shift to a late childbearing pattern has negatively affected the TFR for more than four decades. Many emerging post-transitional countries and regions are likely to experience a similar shift over the next two to three decades, with a depression of their TFRs to very low levels.

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CASTRO, RUBÉN. "LATE-ENTRY-INTO-MOTHERHOOD WOMEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FERTILITY RECUPERATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000121.

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SummaryIn countries where age at parenthood has shifted to older ages, a necessary precondition for fertility recuperation is that women having their first child later in life (after age 30) will also eventually achieve a higher completed fertility, compared with the previous cohorts. This study analysed the changes in age-at-first-child-conditional fertility rates in Western Europe through three birth cohorts (1936–1940, 1946–1950 and 1956–1960). It was found that generations where recuperation is first evident (1956–1960 cohort) are characterized by comparatively higher fertility of late age-at-first-child women. This characteristic is not found in Eastern Europe, where ages at first birth and cohort fertility remained fairly constant across the cohorts analysed.

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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesus, Gianluca Egidi, Luca Salvati, Giovanni Quaranta, Rosanna Salvia, and Antonio Gimenez-Morera. "High-to-Low (Regional) Fertility Transitions in a Peripheral European Country: The Contribution of Exploratory Time Series Analysis." Data 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data6020019.

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Diachronic variations in demographic rates have frequently reflected social transformations and a (more or less evident) impact of sequential economic downturns. By assessing changes over time in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) at the regional scale in Italy, our study investigates the long-term transition (1952–2019) characteristic of Mediterranean fertility, showing a continuous decline of births since the late 1970s and marked disparities between high- and low-fertility regions along the latitude gradient. Together with a rapid decline in the country TFR, the spatiotemporal evolution of regional fertility in Italy—illustrated through an exploratory time series statistical approach—outlines the marked divide between (wealthier) Northern regions and (economically disadvantaged) Southern regions. Non-linear fertility trends and increasing spatial heterogeneity in more recent times indicate the role of individual behaviors leveraging a generalized decline in marriage and childbearing propensity. Assuming differential responses of regional fertility to changing socioeconomic contexts, these trends are more evident in Southern Italy than in Northern Italy. Reasons at the base of such fertility patterns were extensively discussed focusing—among others—on the distinctive contribution of internal and international migrations to regional fertility rates. Based on these findings, Southern Italy, an economically disadvantaged, peripheral region in Mediterranean Europe, is taken as a paradigmatic case of demographic shrinkage—whose causes and consequences can be generalized to wider contexts in (and outside) Europe.

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Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.3.3.

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We seek to explain the differences in fertility rates across high-income countries by focusing on the interaction between the increasing status of women in the workforce and their status in the household, particularly with regards to child care and home production. We observe three distinct phases in women's status generated by the gradual increase in women's workforce opportunities. In the earliest phase, characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, women earn low wages relative to men and are expected to shoulder all of the child care at home. As a result, most women specialize in home production and raising children. In an intermediate stage, women have improved (but not equal) labor market opportunities, but their household status lags. Women in this stage are still expected to do the majority of child care and household production. Increasing access to market work increases the opportunity cost of having children, and fertility falls. Female labor force participation increases. Working women in this phase of development have the strongest disincentives to having additional children since the entire burden of child care falls on them. In the final phase of development, women's labor market opportunities begin to equal those of men. In addition, the increased household bargaining power that comes from more equal wages results in much higher (if not gender-equal) male participation in household production. Female labor force participation is higher than in the intermediate phase. The increased participation of men in the household also reduces the disincentives for women to have additional children, and fertility rates rise compared to the intermediate phase. The intermediate, low-fertility phase might describe Japan, Italy, and Spain in the present day, while the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and the modern-day United States may be entering the final phase. After presenting the empirical evidence, we predict that high-income countries with the lowest fertility rates are likely to see an increase in fertility in the coming decades.

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Karabchuk, Tatiana. "Job Instability and Fertility Intentions of Young Adults in Europe: Does Labor Market Legislation Matter?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220910419.

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Total birth rates have fallen dramatically in many European countries during the last 40 years. Job and income instability caused by labor market polarization are significant drivers of declining birth rates because employment certainty and stability are crucial to childbirth planning among young adults. This article investigates the impact of job instability on the fertility intentions of young adults in Europe, focusing on employment protection legislation (EPL) in European countries. I use data from twenty-seven countries that participated in the European Social Survey in 2004 and 2010 to show that job instability measured as temporary employment, informal work, and unemployment decreases fertility intentions among European youth regardless of the EPL in the country. Unemployed young adults tend to plan less for having their first child in the countries with high EPL. Contrary to the hypotheses, multilevel modeling showed that young people in temporary or informal employment in countries with low EPL show decreases in their fertility intentions.

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Berman, Eli, Laurence R. Iannaccone, and Giuseppe Ragusa. "FROM EMPTY PEWS TO EMPTY CRADLES: FERTILITY DECLINE AMONG EUROPEAN CATHOLICS." Journal of Demographic Economics 84, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 149–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2017.22.

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Abstract:Total fertility in the Catholic countries of Southern Europe has dropped to remarkably low rates (=1.4) despite continuing low rates female labor force participation and high historic fertility. We model three ways in whichreligionaffects the demand for children – through norms, market wages, and childrearing costs. We estimate these effects using new panel data on church attendance and clergy employment for 13 European countries from 1960 to 2000, spanning the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Using nuns per capita as a proxy for service provision, we estimate fertility effects on the order of 300 to 400 children per nun. Moreover, nuns outperform priests as a predictor of fertility, suggesting that changes in childrearing costs dominate changes in theology and norms. Reduced church attendance also predicts fertility decline, but only for Catholics, not for Protestants. Service provision and attendance complement each other, a finding consistent with club models of religion.

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Makszin, Kristin, and Dorothee Bohle. "Housing as a Fertility Trap: The Inability of States, Markets, or Families to Provide Adequate Housing in East Central Europe." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 937–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419897748.

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This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot. We explore housing finance and policy in East Central Europe to understand the connection between housing, in particular independent household formation, and the demographic crisis. The combination of high debt-free homeownership rates with illiquid housing finance and limited rental markets produces conditions where housing restricts independent household formation and likely has a restrictive effect on fertility. We first assess the housing regime type in East Central Europe and demonstrate that it closely corresponds to the “difficult housing regime” in Southern Europe, which has well-established negative effects on independent household formation and fertility. Then we present a detailed case study of Hungary, which is a country with very low fertility rates and substantial changes in housing finance and policy over time. In particular, the issue was recently politicized through housing policies centered on household formation to counter the demographic crisis. We present a detailed analysis of policies related to access to housing for young adults through increased access to markets or state housing support schemes. These policies attempted to reduce dependence on families, but after the crisis, we find that these policies reinforce, rather than challenge, dependence on families for housing solutions, thereby limiting independent household formation. While these policies may serve a rhetorical role demonstrating a state response to the demographic crisis, we claim that their impact on fertility can be at most minimal because of stringent restrictions in access that concentrates on upper-middle-income households and limited financial commitment.

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Szántó, Ildikó. "Problems of a Declining Hungarian Birth Rate: A Historical Perspective." Hungarian Cultural Studies 7 (January 9, 2015): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2014.1.

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In contrast to its immediate neighbors, for over a century Hungary has had a seriously declining birth rate. This paper aims to provide an overview of this anomaly through a historical perspective by considering the major findings of a series of demographic studies that identify the key factors behind falling levels of fertility. It does so by focusing on four major periods. The first period covers the era prior to the demographic transition that commenced before 1880, when the demography was characterized by high birth rates and high death rates. The second period is one of demographic transition, between 1880 and 1960 coinciding with modernization, and is the period when death rates fell, while at the same time being accompanied by a decrease in birth rates. The third period is the post-transitional era of 1960-1980. The fourth covers the post-socialist change of 1990-2010. Hungary was the first country in Europe after the Second World War in which the level of fertility declined below a level of simple replacement of the population, which is less than 2.1 births per woman. Since 1981 the population has been declining byabout 0.15 – 0.20 percent per year, and currently fertility in Hungary is one of the lowest in Europe. The Hungarian age structure will become increasingly problematic as the fertile age group of the population continues to shrink.

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Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Rares, Gianluca Egidi, Rosanna Salvia, Luca Salvati, Adele Sateriano, and Antonio Gimenez-Morera. "Recession, Local Fertility, and Urban Sustainability: Results of a Quasi-Experiment in Greece, 1991–2018." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031052.

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Fertility is a spatially non-stationary property of regional demographic systems. Despite the wealth of quantitative (micro–macro) information delineating short-term population dynamics in advanced economies, the contribution of economic downturns to local fertility has still been under-investigated along urban–rural gradients, especially in low-fertility contexts. Recent studies have assumed suburban fertility rates as systematically higher than urban and rural fertility rates. This assumption (hereafter known as the “suburban fertility hypothesis”) has been grounded on stylized facts and spatial regularities in advanced economies that reflect a significant role of both macro (contextual) and micro (behavioral) factors that positively influence fertility in suburban locations. To test the suburban fertility hypothesis at the macro-scale, the present study compares gross fertility rates from seven regional units of the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2018. A refined spatial analysis of gross fertility rates during an economic expansion (1999–2008) and recession (2009–2018) was carried out in 115 urban, suburban, and rural municipalities of the same area. Experiencing sequential waves of economic expansion and recession, Athens’ socio-demographic dynamics were considered a sort of “quasi-experiment” for Southern Europe, linking late suburbanization with the multiple impacts of (rapid) economic downturns. Compared with both urban and rural locations, a higher fertility rate in suburban municipalities (15–20 km away from downtown Athens) was observed during the study period. However, a subtle distinction was observed during the economic expansion versus the recession. In the first period, the highest birth rates were recorded in industrial locations west of Athens, hosting economically disadvantaged communities with a relatively young population structure. With the recession, the highest fertility was associated with residential and service-specialized (wealthier) locations east of Athens, attracting resident population from neighboring areas, and better responding to crisis. The results of our study document how recent urban expansion and economic downturns have intrinsically shaped fertility dynamics, with implications for urban sustainability and social cohesion of metropolitan regions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fertility rates in Europe"

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Gauthier, Anne H. "The effects on fertility of state support for families in the industrialized countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316821.

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Eriksson, Victor, and Allan Montan. "Unemployment, fertility rates and family policies : A study of 22 European countries during the 2008-2012 recession." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-130588.

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In this study we have investigated fertility levels during periods of unusually high unemployment levels. Our research questions were: 1. To what extent does fertility levels change during periods of higher unemployment? 2. Can family policies affect changes of fertility levels during these periods? Our hypothesis states that firstly, fertility levels are expected to be lower during periods of higher unemployment, due to households perceiving a lower level of economic security. Secondly, effective family policies should counter this effect, making unemployment having less of an effect on household fertility decisions, due to family policy lowering the economic risks associated with having a child. We performed an analysis in two parts. In the first part we divided countries into groups based on which countries had experienced a period of higher unemployment, and which countries had more or less generous family policies. The second part of our analysis was a regression analysis of TFR, unemployment and family policy variables. The results were in line with our first hypothesis: In our first analysis, the group of countries that were experiencing a period of higher unemployment also had a more negative development of fertility. In our regression analysis, we could observe a negative relationship between unemployment and fertility. On the other hand, our results could not support our second hypothesis: No individual family policy could be found to change the effect of unemployment on fertility levels.

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Félix, Sónia. "Democracy and fertility." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11841.

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A Masters Thesis, presented as part of the requirements for the award of a Research Masters Degree in Economics from NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This research is an empirical assessment of the causal relationship between democracy and birth rates. The question under study is whether a country is more likely to experience fertility declines as it becomes more democratic, holding the other country's characteristics constant. This study goes beyond the existing literature to establish a causal relationship between democratization and fertility declines. To establish a causal relation we adopt two complementary strategies. The first is to include country fixed effects in the estimation and the second is to use an instrumental variables approach. The results suggest a robust negative causal relationship between democracy and birth rates. We interpret the effect of political rights on fertility as stemming from a decrease in overall societal risk, which diminishes as political institutions mature.

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Sobotka, Tomás. "Postponement of childbearing and low fertility in Europe." Amsterdam : Dutch University Press, 2004. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/rw/2004/t.sobotka/.

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Vos, Allison E. Stephens John D. "Falling fertility rates new challenges to the welfare state /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1782.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.

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Beaujouan, Eva, and Caroline Berghammer. "The Gap Between Lifetime Fertility Intentions and Completed Fertility in Europe and the United States: A Cohort Approach." Springer, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09516-3.

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We study the aggregate gap between intended and actual fertility in 19 European countries and the US based on a cohort approach. This complements prior research that had mainly used a period approach. We compare the mean intended number of children among young women aged 20 to 24 (born in the early 1970s), meas ured during the 1990s in the Fertility and Family Surveys, with data on completed fertility in the same cohorts around age 40. In a similar manner, we compare the share who state that they do not want a child with actual cohort childlessness. Our exploration is informed by the cognitive-social model of fertility intentions devel- oped by Bachrach and Morgan (Popul Dev Rev 39(3):459-485, 2013). In all coun- tries, women eventually had, on average, fewer children than the earlier expectations in their birth cohort, and more often than intended, they remained childless. The results reveal distinct regional patterns, which are most apparent for childlessness. The gap between intended and actual childlessness is widest in the Southern Euro- pean and the German-speaking countries and smallest in the Central and Eastern European countries. Additionally, we analyze the aggregate intentions-fertility gap among women with different levels of education. The gap is largest among highly educated women in most countries studied and the educational gradient varies by region, most distinctively for childlessness. Differences between countries suggest that contextual factors-norms about parenthood, work-family policies, unemployment-shape women's fertility goals, total family size, and the gap between them.

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Sobotka, Tomas. "Fertility and Family Policies in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990." Federal Institute for Population Research, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5946/1/Sobotka_etal_2016__CPS_Fertility%2Dand%2DFamily%2DPolicies.pdf.

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This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in the late 2000s throughout the region an impression of a fertility recovery has been created, however the findings of this project indicate that no such widespread childbearing recovery is underway. For the first time ever an overview and analysis of CEE family policies is conceptualized in this paper. It demonstrates that fertility trends and family policies are a matter of serious concern throughout the region. The following family policy types have been identified: comprehensive family policy model; pro-natalist policies model; temporary male bread-winner model; and conventional family policies model. The majority of family policies in CEE countries suffer from a variety of shortcomings that impede them from generating enhanced family welfare and from providing conditions for cohort fertility to increase. The likely further decline of cohort fertility, or its stagnation, may entail long-term demographic as well as other societal consequences, such as continuous declines in total population numbers, changes in age structures, as well as implications for health and social security costs.

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Franklyn, Nirupama. "India's efforts to increase attended birth rates in urban areas : a bridge too far?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193759.

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Rapid urbanization of India in recent years has increased the wealth of the country and along with it, raised the urban slum population. Slum dwellers typically live below the poverty line and have no or minimal access to clean water, sanitation, education and public health. The urban unattended birth rate is attributable mainly to women in slums in big Indian cities who face many hurdles in accessing public healthcare facilities. To deal with this issue, the government of India initiated the “National Urban Health Mission” (NUHM) in 2013, which focused on the reduction of maternal and infant mortality rate. This program was preceded by the “National Rural Health Mission” (NRHM) in 2005, which was implemented to rural areas of India with similar ideals, and managed to lower maternal and infant mortality rates. This paper is a critical appraisal of the NUHM scheme by analyzing the achievements, loop holes and setbacks of the previously introduced NRHM upon which the NUHM is based. While the NRHM achieved improvement in attended birth rates, it did not consider various factors that play a key role in the care seeking behavior of women such as maternal education level, social factors and norms. The NUHM also excludes these factors from the scope of the program. The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of the NRHM in assessing whether the NUHM can meet its goals and expectations. Method: Information was extracted mainly from government of India sources such as District Level Health Surveys 2 and 3 (DLHS-2 and DLHS-3), National Family Health Survey- 3 (NFHS-3) and the Census of India, 2011 until July 2013. Articles were searched from PubMed, Google and Google scholar using the key words unattended birth, skilled birth, India, urban, slum. Conclusion of Abstract: A unified approach involving the ministry of health, ministry of education and communication and media is needed to deal effectively in implementing the NUHM and sustaining the NRHM.
published_or_final_version
Community Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health

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Testa, Maria Rita, and Stuart Basten. "Certainty of meeting fertility intentions declines in Europe during the 'Great Recession'." Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4670/1/31%2D23.pdf.

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Relatively little research has been conducted on how economic recessions impact fertility intentions. In particular, uncertainty in reproductive intentions has not been examined in relation to economic shocks. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of individuals' perception of negative changes in both their own and their country's economic performance on reproductive intentions in Europe during the time of the 'Great Recession' (2006-2011). Crucially, we examine both intentions and stated certainty of meeting these intentions. Using the 2011 Eurobarometer survey for 27 European countries, fertility intentions and reproductive uncertainty are regressed on individuals' perceptions of past trends in country's economic situation, household's financial situation, and personal job situation. Multilevel ordinal regressions models are run separately for people at parities zero and one as well as controlling for a set of socio-demographic variables. A worsening in the households' financial situation, as perceived in the years of the economic crisis, does not affect people's fertility intentions but rather the certainty of meeting these intentions. This relationship holds true at the individual-level for childless people. The more negative the individual's assessment of the household's financial situation, the higher the reproductive uncertainty. While this works exclusively at the country-level for people at parity one, the higher the share of people's pessimism on households' financial situation in the country the more insecure individuals of such a country are about having additional children. The empirical evidence suggests that individuals' uncertainty about realising their fertility intentions has risen in Europe and is positively linked to people's perceived household financial difficulties. If European economies continue to fare poorly, fertility intentions could eventually start to decline in response to such difficulties. (authors' abstract)

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Whitney, Todd Dean. "Dryland no-till wheat seeding and fertility rates for north central Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/764.

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Books on the topic "Fertility rates in Europe"

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The future of low-birthrate populations. London: Routledge, 1992.

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Centre, London Research, ed. London borough fertility rates, 1981. (London): London Research Centre, 1986.

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Buchanan, Ann, and Anna Rotkirch, eds. Fertility Rates and Population Decline. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399.

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Congdon, Peter. Forecasting fertility rates for Greater London. [London]: London Research Centre, 1986.

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Clarke, Sally C. Birth and fertility rates for states: United States, 1990. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, 1994.

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J, Ventura Stephanie, ed. Birth and fertility rates by education, 1980 and 1985. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, 1990.

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Oxley, Geoff. British postal rates to Europe, 1836-1876. Beckenham: Postal History Society, 1991.

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Bongaarts, John. A new method for estimating contraceptive failure rates. New York: Population Council, Research Division, 1989.

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Rose, Andrew. Fertility and the real exchange rate. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Boca, Daniela Del. Why are fertility and women's employment rates so low in Italy?: Lessons from France and the U.K. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fertility rates in Europe"

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Fagnani, Jeanne. "Fertility Rates and Mothers’ Employment Behaviour in Comparative Perspective: Similarities and Differences in Six European Countries." In Women, Men, Work and Family in Europe, 58–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230800830_4.

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Menken, Jane, and Ulla Larsen. "Fertility Rates and Aging." In Aging, Reproduction, and the Climacteric, 147–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5047-7_9.

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Wermelinger, Beat. "Maintaining soil fertility." In Forest Insects in Europe, 105–14. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003186465-7.

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Buchanan, Ann, and Anna Rotkirch. "No Time for Children? The Key Questions." In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 3–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_1.

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Benton, Lorna, and Marie-Louise Newell. "Childbearing and the Impact of HIV: The South African Experience." In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 166–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_10.

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Basten, Stuart. "Declining Fertility, Television and the (Mis)representation of Motherhood." In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 185–202. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_11.

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Buchanan, Ann. "What Will Be the Impact on the Well-being of Children?" In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 205–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_12.

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Harper, Sarah. "Falling Fertility, Ageing and Europe’s Demographic Deficit." In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 221–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_13.

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Buchanan, Ann. "The Impact on Mothers: Managing the Competing Needs." In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 230–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_14.

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Rotkirch, Anna. "Baby Fever and Longing for Children." In Fertility Rates and Population Decline, 249–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030399_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fertility rates in Europe"

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"The effects of fertility rates and dependency rates on housing prices." In 21st Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. ERES, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2014_163.

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Çayır, Yunus Serhat. "The Comparison of Population Trends between Turkey and Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01064.

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In this study, Turkey is compared to the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with regard to the population trends by means of data from HDI Report developed by UNDP. Population trends include total population, population annual growth, urban population, median age, total dependency rate, total fertility rate in HDI. The data indicates that the rate of median age in Turkey is lower than CEE countries and many of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in 2010. Moreover, the rate of total fertility is higher in CIS countries than in the CEE countries in 2012. The rate of annual growth of population is lower in CEE countries than in the CIS countries in the period of 2000/2005 and 2010/2015. Only Turkey has tendency to reduce the rate of annual growth of population among CIS countries. Total dependency rate is higher in CIS countries (%46) than in the CEE countries (%44) in 2012. With %46.8 an overall dependency rate Turkey is located in the middle range among CIS countries. Urban population rate (% of total) is lower in CIS countries (%54, 69) than in CEE countries (%61.45) in 2012. Tajikistan has the lowest urban population rate among the CIS and CEE countries. Turkey’s (%72, 5) urban population rate is located in one of the top positions among CIS and CEE countries.

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Karyati, Cut Maisyarah, Aries Muslim, and Daryl Diningrat. "3D Saliva Ferning Images to Determine The Women's Fertility Rates." In ICVIP 2019: 2019 the 3rd International Conference on Video and Image Processing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3376067.3376114.

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Wilkinson, J., B. Bianco, R. Bright- Thomas, M. Akhtar, A. Heck, and AK Webb. "P241 Fertility success rates in adult males with cystic fibrosis." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2019, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 4 to 6 December 2019, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2019-btsabstracts2019.384.

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Kamenetsky, Rina, and Einat Shemesh Mayer. "Fertility restoration and breeding of garlic: recent advances." In VII South-Eastern Europe Syposium on Vegetables & Potatoes. University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-045-5.63.

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Close, C. E., M. R. Gleeson, and J. T. Sheridan. "Using short exposures to approximate diffusion rates." In SPIE Photonics Europe, edited by Frank Wyrowski, John T. Sheridan, Jani Tervo, and Youri Meuret. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.854985.

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Close, C. E., M. R. Gleeson, J. V. Kelly, F. T. O'Neill, D. Mooney, and J. T. Sheridan. "Determination of diffusion rates in acrylamide-based photopolymer material." In Photonics Europe, edited by John T. Sheridan and Frank Wyrowski. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.663300.

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Ndovi, Manfred, and Xin Miao. "High Fertility Rates for the Education Infrastructure Crisis in Developing Countries: The Case of Malawi." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Progressive Civil Society (ICONPROCS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iconprocs-19.2019.56.

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Neely, J. D. "The Use Of Casing Patches To Improve Workover Success Rates." In Offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13996-ms.

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Yasar, Volkan. "DOES CROCIN HAVE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS AGAINST DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED TESTICULAR DAMAGE IN RATS?: HERBAL MEDICINE ON MALE FERTILITY." In European Light Microscopy Initiative 2021. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.elmi2021.40.

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Reports on the topic "Fertility rates in Europe"

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Billari, Francesco C., and Hans-Peter Kohler. Patterns of lowest-low fertility in Europe. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2002-040.

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Bloom, David, David Canning, Günther Fink, and Jocelyn Finlay. The Cost of Low Fertility in Europe. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14820.

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Tittatelli, Fabio, Brigitta Bath, Francesco Giovanni Ceglie, M. C. Garcia, K. Moller, H. J. Reents, Helene Vedie, and W. Voogt. Soil fertility management in organic greenhouses in Europe. [Netherlands]: BioGreenhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/373583.

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Neyer, Gerda R. Family policies and low fertility in Western Europe. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2003-021.

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Frejka, Tomas, and Charles F. Westoff. Religion, religiousness and fertility in the U.S. and in Europe. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2006-013.

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Johnson, Kenneth. U.S. Fertility Rates and Births Continue to Diminish. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.399.

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Nisén, Jessica, Sebastian Klüsener, Johan Dahlberg, Lars Dommermuth, Aiva Jasilioniene, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Trude Lappegård, et al. Educational differences in cohort fertility across sub-national regions in Europe. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2019-018.

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Moriconi, Simone, and Giovanni Peri. Country-Specific Preferences and Employment Rates in Europe. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21561.

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Neyer, Gerda R. Family policies and fertility in Europe: fertility policies at the intersection of gender policies, employment policies and care policies. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2006-010.

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Castro, Carl A., and Ann H. Huffman. Predicting Retention Rates of U.S. Soldiers Stationed in Europe. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401701.

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