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1
Omotosho, Olayinka, Adebayo Oke, Azarel Uthman, Adekunle Atta, and Emmanuel Ezaka. "Development of a manually operated organic and inorganic fertiliser applicator for smallholder farmers." Research in Agricultural Engineering 67, No. 2 (June 25, 2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/39/2020-rae.
Abstract:
This paper reports the design, fabrication and testing of a low-cost PVC-based manual fertiliser applicator (MFA) for the placement of granular and powdery fertilisers (organic and inorganic) at a required soil depth and plant spacing. The MFA consists of a spring-loaded trigger mechanism, a connecting tube and a knapsack plastic tank for the fertiliser storage, holding between 8.0–12.0 kg of fertiliser depending on the fertiliser's characteristics. The MFA was tested using four common fertilisers (NPK, SSP, Urea and organic manure) at different fertiliser moisture contents (3, 4, 5 and 6% w.b.). The results reveals that the MFA performed effectively in the fertiliser's discharges although it was significantly affected by the moisture content and fertiliser type. However, the MFA performed optimally when the moisture content was not above 4% (w.b.) giving optimal discharge values of 3.82, 3.45, 1.88 and 1.70 g per application for the NPK, SSP, urea, and pulverised organic fertilisers, respectively, at 4–7 cm application depths. Operators can, however, effectively determine the depth of placement and the number of applications during use based on agronomic recommendations.
2
Ansari, Arbiya Naseem, and Prof Zeba Sheereen. "An Analysis of Fertiliser Subsidies in India." Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 6, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2022.v06i12.001.
Abstract:
This article examines total fertiliser use in India as well as the distribution of fertiliser subsidies granted by the Indian government to its farmers. The paper primarily studies the consumption of fertilisers (NPK) from 1950-51 to 2020-21. However, the information related to the distribution of fertiliser subsidies covers the period from 1980–1981 to 2021–2022. The author further went on to analyze the fertilizer subsidy distribution concerning the agricultural GDP and the overall GDP figures of the nation to get an idea of the effectiveness of investment on the fertilizer subsidies in India.
3
Magdalena, Jastrzębska, Kostrzewska Marta, Treder Kinga, Makowski Przemysław, Saeid Agnieszka, Jastrzębski Wiesław, and Okorski Adam. "Fertiliser from sewage sludge ash instead of conventional phosphorus fertilisers?" Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 10 (October 15, 2018): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/347/2018-pse.
Abstract:
Recycling of phosphorus (P) from municipal waste for the use as a fertiliser can be an alternative to the non-renewable resources of this element as well as a method in the management of civilisation by-products that are a burden to the environment. An innovative phosphorus suspension fertiliser, produced on the basis of ash from incineration of sewage sludge and phosphorus solubilising bacteria Bacillus megaterium was compared in field trials with spring wheat conducted in 2014 and 2015 with superphosphate and phosphorite. The new fertiliser was not inferior to the commercial fertilisers in terms of the effect on wheat yield volumes, the uptake of P by wheat and the sanitary condition of the wheat field, especially when grown protected from weeds, pathogens and pests. It is expected that such a fertiliser can be an alternative to fertilisers produced from non-renewable resources, provided it does not deteriorate the quality of agricultural production and will be safe for the environment.
4
El-Mogy, Mohamed M., Suzy M. Abdelaziz, Abdel Wahab M. Mahmoud, Tarek R. Elsayed, Noha H. Abdel-Kader, and Mohamed I. A. Mohamed. "Comparative Effects of Different Organic and Inorganic Fertilisers on Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, Soil Microbial Community, and Storage Ability of Lettuce." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 66, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2020-0009.
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AbstractThe current study was conducted to assess whether organic fertilisation could replace mineral fertilisation in lettuce production without adverse effects on yield, quality, and postharvest behaviour. The effect of either mineral or organic fertiliser on soil fertility or the microbial community was also studied. Control plots were fertilised with recommended rates of mineral fertiliser (150: 45: 65 kg/ha NPK) and the other treatments were 15 t/ha compost, 10 t/ha rabbit manure, and 10 t/ha chicken manure. Our results indicated that all sources of organic fertiliser significantly increased total nitrogen, organic carbon, total fungi, and bacteria contents of soils compared with mineral fertiliser. Rabbit and chicken manure fertilisers resulted in a significant increase in yield. Compared with conventional fertiliser and other organic treatments, plots receiving rabbit manure showed a lower weight loss and microbial load on fresh lettuce head. Moreover, rabbit manure significantly reduced polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity. Hence, these results suggest that rabbit manure fertiliser could be an alternative to conventional production without significant reduction in yield and with low enzymatic browning and better storability.
5
Konovalov, S. N., and V. V. Bobkova. "Efficiency of mineral and organomineral fertiliser systems for column-like apple trees on sod-podzolic soil." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2022-1-21-30.
Abstract:
Currently, biologized systems of land use and cultivation of agricultural crops based on the application of biological methods of plant protection, organic and organomineral fertilizer systems are becoming more widespread in various branches of crop production, including industrial horticulture. At present, in various fields of crop research, including industrial horticulture, biological land use and cropping systems based on biological plant protection methods, organic and organomineral fertiliser systems, have increasingly been used. The fertilisation of the column-like apple tree, dramatically different in its parameters and characteristics of physiological development from the apple tree with a conventional crown, has been insufficiently studied. The specific biological fertiliser systems for column-like apple trees should be developed. It is necessary to define doses, forms, periods, methods of mineral and organic fertiliser application into particular soil and weather conditions of cultivation, which will ensure stable fruiting of column-like varieties, high performance of plants, commercial and consumer qualities and environmental safety of fruits, beneficial for human health. The present work established the influence of mineral and organomineral fertiliser systems on plant performance and fruit quality of column-like apple-tree cultivated on sod-podzolic soils. The research objects included the Triumph, President, Valyuta and Ostankino column-like apple varieties, organic and mineral fertilisers. The research was carried out in 2016-2020 in the field agrochemical experiment at the Demonstration Garden of FSBSO ARHCBAN (Moscow region) on the sod-podzolic soil having medium loamy particle-size distribution. The experiment included 4 groups: 1) control without fertilisers, 2) N90K90, 3) 100 t/ha of organic fertilisers, 4) N90K90 + 100 t/ha organic fertilisers. Mineral fertilisers (Na, Kc) were applied annually; organic fertiliser (bedding horse manure and sawdust) was applied in 2014. The performance measurements, plant biometrics and analyses of plant samples were carried out following the standard methods. The influence of mineral and organomineral fertiliser systems on plant performance and fruit quality of column-like apple trees growing on sod-podzolic soil showed varietal specificity and diversity, depending on the variety. The Valyuta variety was more sensitive to mineral fertilisers (plant performance improved by 22.1 % over the unfertilised control) than organic fertilisers (plant performance decreased by 14.3 % compared to the reference). Although the President variety reacted positively to the application of organic fertiliser (plant performance increased by 22.5 %), the apple mass per plant in this variety decreased by 9.0 % when mineral fertiliser was applied. Furthermore, the co-application of an additional fertiliser (organic or mineral, respectively) for Valyuta and President varieties reduced the plant performance. The Triumph variety showed a weak sensitivity to various forms of fertilisers; upon their coapplication, the plant performance of this variety decreased by 12.4 % relative to the unfertilised control. The Ostankino variety characterised by the highest plant performance (up to 5.5 kg/plant) showed low sensitivity towards each fertiliser; under their co-application, the plant performance increased by 14.6 % relative to the control.
6
Rashti, M. Rezaei, W. J. Wang, S. M. Harper, P. W. Moody, C. R. Chen, H. Ghadiri, and S. H. Reeves. "Strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in intensively managed vegetable cropping systems in subtropical Australia." Soil Research 53, no. 5 (2015): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14355.
Abstract:
The greenhouse gas fluxes and effective mitigation strategies in subtropical vegetable cropping systems remain unclear. In this field experiment, nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes from an irrigated lettuce cropping system in subtropical Queensland, Australia, were measured using manual sampling chambers. Four treatments were included: Control (no fertiliser), U100 (100 kg N ha–1 as urea), U200 (200 kg N ha–1 as urea) and N100 (100 kg N ha–1 as nitrate-based fertilisers). The N fertilisers were applied in three splits and irrigation was delivered sparingly and frequently to keep soil moisture around the field capacity. The cumulative N2O emissions from the control, U100, U200 and N100 treatments over the 68-day cropping season were 30, 151, 206 and 68 g N2O-N ha–1, respectively. Methane emission and uptake were negligible. Using N2O emission from the Control treatment as the background emission, direct emission factors for U100, U200 and N100 treatments were 0.12%, 0.09% and 0.04% of applied fertiliser N, respectively. Soil ammonium (NH4+) concentration, instead of nitrate (NO3–) concentration, exhibited a significant correlation with N2O emissions at the site where the soil moisture was controlled within 50%–64% water-filled pore space. Furthermore, soil temperature rather than water content was the main regulating factor of N2O fluxes in the fertilised treatments. Fertiliser type and application rates had no significant effects on yield parameters. Partial N balance analysis indicated that approximately 80% and 52% of fertiliser N was recovered in plants and soil in the treatments receiving 100 kg N ha–1 and 200 kg N ha–1, respectively. Therefore, in combination with frequent and low-intensity irrigation and split application of fertiliser N, substitution of NO3–-based fertilisers for urea and reduction in fertiliser N application rates were considered promising mitigation strategies to maintain yield and minimise N2O emissions during the low rainfall season.
7
Kopiński, Jerzy, and Wioletta Wrzaszcz. "MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL FERTILIZERS IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1102.
Abstract:
The study discusses the results of the analysis of changes in the management of natural fertilizers in Poland and voivodships. Analysis included changes in: the number and percentage of individual farms using natural fertilizer, fertilized area, and level of consumption of particular fertilizer types. The comparative analysis at a voivodship level concerned the years 2007 and 2016. The current situation with regard to fertilized area and natural fertilizer rates was also assessed on the basis of Statistics Poland data from the years 2018-2019. The results of analyses indicated that the number of farms using natural fertilizers in Poland has clearly decreased. Despite observing an increase in the interest in slurry application, the most popular natural fertilizer applied is still manure, which, in the years 2018-2019, was applied on 18% of utilized agricultural area. In Poland, the average annual rates of applied manure, liquid manure and slurry are, respectively 17 t/ha, 22 m3/ha and 26 m3/ha. An analysis of the organization and intensity of natural fertiliser management in the Podlaskie Voivodeship shows that this is the leading region in this aspect, which confirms its dominant position in livestock production in Poland.
8
Štýbnarová, Marie, Oldřich Látal, Jan Hladký, Monika Hradilová, Jiří Skládanka, Hana Bilošová, and Martin Brtnický. "Changes in Grassland Chemical Soil Parameters Four Years after Cessation of Different Fertilisation with Compost and Slurry." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 1 (2018): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866010211.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in chemical soil properties of permanent grasslands after the cessation of their regular utilisation and organic fertilisation. A long‑term small plot trial was established in 2004 in locality Rapotín. During 2004 – 2012 the experiment was fertilised with compost and slurry, both with the range of stocking rates 0.9, 1.4, and 2.0 livestock units (LU).ha−1 (corresponding to 54, 84, and 120 kg N.ha−1). It was further observed the unfertilised grassland as control. The plots were cut 2 – 4 times per year depending on given dose of fertiliser. During 2013 –2016 the regular management was ceased and the grasslands were completely abandoned. It was found statistically significant influence of the year and the type of fertiliser almost for all evaluated parameters. The dose of nitrogen was not significant. On the basis of our results we can conclude, that the both types of the organic fertilisers had a positive influence on the chemical soil properties, however, the compost manifested itself as the better fertiliser than the slurry from this point of view. In 2016, four years after the last application of the organic fertilisers, there were found the better chemical soil conditions in the treatments previously fertilised with compost.
9
Brennan, RF. "Effect of nitrogen on the availability of previous and current applications of copper fertiliser for grain yield of wheat grown in south-west Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 7 (1993): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930901.
Abstract:
Twenty-one field experiments located in different rainfall zones on a range of soils that had been fertilised with copper (Cu) fertiliser 16-23 years previously were used to examine the effect of level of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on the grain yield of wheat. At 1 site (experiment 15), no Cu fertiliser had been applied. The effect of applied N on Cu concentrations in the youngest emerged blade (YEB) and in the grain was also studied. At 20 sites, there was no further response to currently applied Cu fertiliser. The highest level of N fertiliser applied (46-92 kg N/ha) did not induce Cu deficiency in wheat plants. The addition of Cu increased Cu concentration in the YEB and grain, whilst increasing the rate of N fertiliser generally decreased these concentrations of Cu. At 2 sites in the Jerramungup district, the addition of N induced Cu deficiency in wheat, which reduced grain yields. Increasing the rate of N fertiliser reduced Cu concentration in the YEB to deficient levels (< 1.0 mg Cu/kg); Cu concentrations in grain were <0.8 mg/kg. Only 50% of the recommended Cu fertiliser had been applied in previous years at 1 site (experiment 12). At the other site, Cu appears not to have been previously applied, because the ammonium oxalate soil-extractable Cu measured in soil samples collected from the site and adjacent uncleared soil were identical and very low (0.25 mg Cu/kg). At 1 high-yielding site (>3.0 t/ha), the highest level of N (92 kg/ha) reduced Cu concentration to 1.0 mgkg in the YEB and 1.0 mg/kg in the grain without reducing grain yield. It is concluded that high levels of N fertiliser application did not increase the wheat plants' requirement for Cu fertiliser where Cu fertilisers had been applied at the recommended level in the past 23 years. Where Cu fertiliser has been applied at lower-than- recommended levels in previous years, Cu deficiency occurred where high levels of N were applied.
10
KAMANGA, B. C. G., S. R. WADDINGTON, A. M. WHITBREAD, C. J. M. ALMEKINDERS, and K. E. GILLER. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF USE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILISER ON SMALLHOLDER MAIZE IN CENTRAL MALAWI." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 2 (September 10, 2013): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000513.
Abstract:
SUMMARYMineral fertiliser is a scarce input for smallholder maize farmers in Malawi. A recent provision of small amounts of subsidised fertilisers by government programmes to farmers throughout Malawi has increased fertiliser access and raised maize production, but fertiliser management and yield responses frequently remain poor. To seek ways to use the fertiliser more efficiently, we analysed the effects of low rates of N (15 or 30 kg N ha−1) and P (9 kg P ha−1) fertiliser in combination with improved weed management on maize yields in experiments on 12 smallholder farms in Chisepo, central Malawi. Several indices of N and P use efficiency were computed from the above-ground crop components and nutrient contents. Maize yield simulations were conducted using long-term rainfall records in the APSIM crop-soil system model. NP fertiliser significantly (p < 0.001) raised maize grain yield from 0.65 to 1.5 t ha−1, and twice-weeding fertilised maize significantly (p < 0.001) raised maize yields by 0.4 t ha−1 compared with weeding once (0.9 t ha−1). The agronomic efficiency of applied fertiliser N (AEN) averaged 19.3 kg grain kg N−1 with one weeding but doubled to 38.7 kg with the additional weeding. The physiological efficiency of applied N (PEN) was 40.7 kg grain kg−1 N uptake. APSIM predicted that similar or larger maize yield responses to 15 or 30 kg N ha−1 can be expected in 8 out of 10 years in areas with similar rainfall patterns to Chisepo. A financial analysis showed that the application of these small amounts of fertiliser was economic even when fertiliser was purchased from the open market, provided the crop was adequately weeded. Participatory assessments helped farmers understand the increased efficiency of fertiliser use possible with additional weeding, although some farmers reported difficulty implementing this recommendation due to competing demands for labour. We conclude that to raise the productivity and sustainability of fertiliser support programmes in Malawi, initiatives should be introduced to help identify and educate farmers on the major drivers of productivity in their systems.
11
Będkowski, Mateusz, and Włodzimierz Buraczyk. "The impact of fertilisers and fungicides on seed germination and the initial phase of seedling growth in black alder Alnus glutinosa (Gaertn.)." Forest Research Papers 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2020-0012.
Abstract:
Abstract To test the influence of selected fertilisers and fungicides on the germination of black alder seeds and the initial phase of seedling growth, we conducted a laboratory experiment outlined in this paper. Six treatments were applied on petri dishes each containing 30 seeds. The substrate for germination was sterile filter paper wetted with an aqueous solution of either one of two fungicides, two organic fertilisers, a mineral fertiliser or distilled water (control). Fungicides and fertilisers were applied according to the manufacturers' recommendations. In order to keep genetic variability to a minimum, seeds originated from a single tree in a seed stand located in the Chotyłów Forest District, eastern Poland. Germination and growth took place at a temperature of 23°C ± 2°C with a 14 h/10 h day/night cycle. Seeds began to germinate as early as the second day after sowing, except for the mineral fertiliser treatment, in which the first sprouting was observed on day 3. Seedling length was measured daily from the day of germination of a given seed through to day 15. Germination was found to proceed most rapidly in the control, while the largest increments in length and dry mass occurred in the control and fertiliser treatment with the so-called N1 fertiliser (solely comprising growth stimulators in the form of humic acids, chitosan and silicon). The most limited growth was observed under the influence of the F1 fungicide (active compound Thiram) as well as the organic fertiliser N2 (a mixture of mineral components and organic growth stimulators). Roots were found to develop most rapidly in the control and in the treatment with N1 (no mineral components). These are also the only two treatments in which the roots were longer than the stems after 15 days. Fertiliser N2 was found to have the most unfavourable influence on both, germination and the first phase of seedling development. The fact that selected fertilizers and fungicides affected black alder seeds and seedlings under laboratory conditions does not mean that they will have an impact under field conditions or on other forest tree species. Therefore, this type of research will need to be conducted individually for each forest tree species.
12
Zhang, Yong, Pulin Kong, Fan Wang, Limei Zhao, Kaiyun Qian, Yadong Zhang, and Xiaorong Fan. "Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Fertilisers on Rice Quality of the OsNRT2.3b-Overexpressing Line." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060802.
Abstract:
Excessive nitrogen fertiliser use reduces nitrogen use efficiency and causes significant damage to the environment. Carbon fertilisers have the advantage of improving soil fertility; however, the effects of carbon and nitrogen fertilisers on rice yield and quality are not clear. In this study, the nitrogen-efficient line (OsNRT2.3b-overexpressing [O8]) and wild type (WT) were treated with different levels of nitrogen and carbon fertilisers under field conditions to study the effects of different fertilisation treatments on rice quality. The results showed that the appearance, nutrition, and taste qualities of O8 were generally high compared with WT under various fertilisation treatment conditions in 2019 and 2020. Compared with 90 kg/ha and 270 kg/ha nitrogen fertiliser, a single application of 90 kg/ha and 270 kg/ha carbon fertiliser significantly reduced the protein content of O8 by approximately 37.08% and 35.50% in 2019 and 2020, respectively, compared with WT, and improved the eating quality of O8 and WT. However, the replacement of nitrogen fertiliser with 20% carbon fertiliser did not improve the eating quality of O8 and WT compared with a single application of nitrogen fertiliser. This study identifies a high-quality gene, OsNRT2.3b, for breeding high-quality rice and provides a theoretical basis for obtaining high-quality rice and molecular breeding.
13
Mitchell, A. D., P. Loganathan, T. W. Payn, and R. W. Tillman. "Magnesium fertiliser dissolution rates in pumice soils under Pinus radiata." Soil Research 38, no. 3 (2000): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99083.
Abstract:
Application of Mg fertilisers has been suggested as a means of reducing the incidence of Mg deficiency of forest trees in New Zealand and Europe. The objective of this study was to determine the rates of dissolution of a range of Mg fertilisers applied to a pumice soil (Typic Udivitrand). The rate of fertiliser dissolution was little influenced by whether the fertiliser was applied directly on to the soil surface (litter removed) or on to the litter layer in a Pinus radiata plantation. Twenty-seven months since fertiliser application the mean (with and without litter) percentage of Mg dissolved was in the sequence: Epsom salts > calcined magnesite 1–2 mm > granmag (a partially acidulated and granulated calmag product) > calcined magnesite 2–4 mm > forestry grade dolomite. The specific dissolution rate constants (mg/cm2 .day of fertiliser) for the slowly soluble Mg fertilisers calculated using an elemental sulfur oxidation cubic model were 587 for calcined magnesite 1–2 mm, 426 for calcined magnesite 2–4 mm, 385 for granmag, and 18 for forestry grade dolomite. In a laboratory incubation study the elemental sulfur oxidation cubic model described the rate of dissolution of Mg fertilisers within narrow fertiliser particle size ranges. The specific fertiliser dissolution rate constants, however, increased with decreases in particle size, suggesting that the rate of dissolution depends on factors other than surface area when particle sizes varied widely. Slowly soluble, alkaline Mg fertilisers had a significant liming effect on the soil. They were more effective in increasing soil exchangeable Mg than soluble Mg salts over a long-period and therefore, they are better fertilisers for P. radiata.
14
Krol, D. J., E. Minet, P. J. Forrestal, G. J. Lanigan, O. Mathieu, and K. G. Richards. "The interactive effects of various nitrogen fertiliser formulations applied to urine patches on nitrous oxide emissions in grassland." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 56, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2017-0006.
Abstract:
AbstractPasture-based livestock agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O). Although a body of research is available on the effect of urine patch N or fertiliser N on N2O emissions, limited data is available on the effect of fertiliser N applied to patches of urinary N, which can cover up to a fifth of the yearly grazed area. This study investigated whether the sum of N2O emissions from urine and a range of N fertilisers, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or urea ± urease inhibitor ± nitrification inhibitor, applied alone (disaggregated and re-aggregated) approximated the N2O emission of urine and fertiliser N applied together (aggregated). Application of fertiliser to urine patches did not significantly increase either the cumulative yearly N2O emissions or the N2O emission factor in comparison to urine and fertiliser applied separately with the emissions re-aggregated. However, there was a consistent trend for approximately 20% underestimation of N2O loss generated from fertiliser and urine applied separately when compared to figures generated when urine and fertiliser were applied together. N2O emission factors from fertilisers were 0.02%, 0.06%, 0.17% and 0.25% from urea ± dicyandiamide (DCD), urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) + DCD, urea + NBPT and urea, respectively, while the emission factor for urine alone was 0.33%. Calcium ammonium nitrate and urea did not interact differently with urine even when the urea included DCD. N2O losses could be reduced by switching from CAN to urea-based fertilisers.
15
McLaughlin, M. J., D. P. Stevens, D. G. Keerthisinghe, J. W. D. Cayley, and A. M. Ridley. "Contamination of soil with fluoride by long-term application of superphosphates to pastures and risk to grazing animals." Soil Research 39, no. 3 (2001): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00036.
Abstract:
Fluoride (F) is an impurity in phosphatic fertilisers and significant amounts of F will be added to soils with long-term application of phosphatic fertiliser to soil. There is a risk that F concentrations in soil may increase to levels toxic to plants or grazing animals. If F added to soil remains in the upper soil profile, due to high reactivity with soil, grazing animals could increase their intake of F through inadvertent ingestion of F-enriched soil. This study determined the distribution of F in the soil profile of medium (>8 years) and long-term permanent pastures (>50 years) where F had been applied as an impurity in phosphatic fertiliser, and assessed the potential bioavailability of fertiliser F in soil. Long-term application of superphosphate was linked to increased concentrations of the more soluble fraction of F in soil. The more soluble F fraction in the soil surface led to increased F concentrations in herbage (from 11 to 22 mg F/kg). Fluoride concentrations in herbage were not high enough to be toxic to plants or grazing animals. Fluoride applied as an impurity in phosphatic fertiliser was generally found to accumulate in the upper soil profile (0–6 cm depth). Such increases could also increase F ingestion by ruminants through incidental soil ingestion while grazing. The risk of fluorosis to grazing animals is low at present, but with continued application of fertiliser to soil containing high concentrations of F, and depending on the bioavailability of fertiliser-derived F in soil, we estimate that fluorosis may become an issue in the next 25–50 years in highly fertilised pasture soils.
16
Donkor, Emmanuel, and Victor Owusu. "Mineral Fertiliser Adoption and Land Productivity: Implications for Securing Stable Rice Production in Northern Ghana." Land 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8040059.
Abstract:
The promotion of farm innovations, such as mineral fertiliser, is one of the strategies for attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of zero hunger and poverty alleviation in developing countries. However, the adoption of mineral fertilisers has been low in Africa, particularly in Ghana. The present study not only analyses the impact of mineral fertiliser on the land productivity of rice farmers in northern Ghana but also determines factors that are associated with the adoption of mineral fertilisers using a primary dataset from 470 rice farmers. The study employs endogenous switching regression and propensity score matching approaches in the empirical analysis. The result shows that the adoption of mineral fertiliser tends to significantly increase the land productivity of rice farmers by improving soil fertility and making nutrients readily available to rice crops. The empirical finding further indicates that the adoption of mineral fertiliser is positively influenced by land area, seed, improved rice variety and row planting whereas farmers’ location and market distance exert negative effects on mineral fertiliser adoption. To maximise the land productivity of farmers, it is imperative for agricultural policy interventions to promote mineral fertiliser application by targeting key policy variables such as getting fertiliser input market outlets closer to farmers.
17
Solaiman, Zakaria M., Paul Blackwell, Lynette K. Abbott, and Paul Storer. "Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat." Soil Research 48, no. 7 (2010): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10002.
Abstract:
The influence of biochar (biomass-derived black carbon) on crop growth and nutrient uptake varies based on the rate of biochar applied with fertilisers. We investigated the effect of deep-banded oil mallee biochar at different rates (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6 t/ha) with 2 types of fertiliser (non-inoculated MultiMAPS® at 30 or 55 kg/ha; inoculated Western Mineral Fertiliser at 100 kg/ha) on wheat growth at a farmer’s field in a low rainfall area of Western Australia. Wheat yield increased significantly when biochar was applied with inoculated fertiliser and 30 kg/ha non-inoculated fertiliser. Mycorrhizal colonisation in wheat roots increased significantly with biochar application with inoculated mineral fertiliser. Mycorrhizal hyphae may have improved water supply to reduce drought stress in these treatments by extending crop exploration of water from the wide inter-rows. Grain yield increases were due to better grain survival and grain fill with reduced drought stress. Early stage phosphorus uptake was not improved by mycorrhizal colonisation—phosphorus supply from the soil and applied fertiliser was already adequate. The residual effect of biochar and mineral fertilisers was assessed using a mycorrhizal bioassay for soil collected from the field trial 2 years after application of biochar. Biochar and both fertilisers increased mycorrhizal colonisation in clover bioassay plants. Deep-banded biochar provided suitable conditions for mycorrhizal fungi to colonise plant roots.
18
Barneze, Arlete S., Jeanette Whitaker, Niall P. McNamara, and Nicholas J. Ostle. "Legumes increase grassland productivity with no effect on nitrous oxide emissions." Plant and Soil 446, no. 1-2 (November 16, 2019): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04338-w.
Abstract:
Abstract Aims Grasslands are important agricultural production systems, where ecosystem functioning is affected by land management practices. Grass-legume mixtures are commonly cultivated to increase grassland productivity while reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertiliser. However, little is known about the effect of this increase in productivity on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in grass-legume mixtures. The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between the proportion of legumes in grass-legume mixtures and N-fertiliser addition on productivity and GHG emissions. We tested the hypotheses that an increase in the relative proportion of legumes would increase plant productivity and decrease GHG emissions, and the magnitude of these effects would be reduced by N-fertiliser addition. Methods This was tested in a controlled environment mesocosm experiment with one grass and one legume species grown in mixtures in different proportions, with or without N-fertiliser. The effects on N cycling processes were assessed by measurement of above- and below-ground biomass, shoot N uptake, soil physico-chemical properties and GHG emissions. Results Above-ground productivity and shoot N uptake were greater in legume-grass mixtures compared to grass or legume monocultures, in fertilised and unfertilised soils. However, we found no effect of legume proportion on N2O emissions, total soil N or mineral-N in fertilised or unfertilised soils. Conclusions This study shows that the inclusion of legumes in grass-legume mixtures positively affected productivity, however N cycle were in the short-term unaffected and mainly affected by nitrogen fertilisation. Legumes can be used in grassland management strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing crop demand for N-fertilisers.
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Delgado, Marina Neves, Misléia Rodrigues de Aguiar Gomes, Sônia Nair Báo, and Davi Rodrigo Rossatto. "Fertilisation residues alter leaf scleromorphy in an evergreen savannah shrub (Maprounea brasiliensis, Euphorbiaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 4 (2013): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12231.
Abstract:
In the present study, we examined how residues of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) fertilisers affect leaf anatomical traits in Maprounea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), a typical and dominant cerrado (Brazilian savannah) species adapted to dystrophic soils. We predicted that fertiliser residues would alter qualitative and quantitative aspects of M. brasiliensis leaves and would decrease their scleromorphy. Leaves were sampled from plants that were growing in soils previously fertilised with N, P and Ca and in plants that were growing in soils without fertiliser residues. We measured the thickness of the cuticle, the epidermis of adaxial and abaxial surfaces, thickness of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma, total thickness of the leaf, total area of the midrib and leaf mass per area (LMA). We found that plants under fertiliser residues produced fewer scleromorphic leaves with low LMA, thinner cuticle and epidermis and thicker palisade and spongy parenchyma. They also showed a decrease in the size and area occupied by the leaf midvein. However, plants under fertiliser residues produced similar leaf thickness as did the plants in the control group. Our results showed that residual effects of fertilisation changed structural patterns of a typical species of cerrado. Thus, further studies about fertilisation effects on leaf traits are needed because larger areas of the central cerrado are being occupied for agricultural production.
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Ren, Do Thi Thanh, Tran Kim Tinh, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Minh, and Tran Ba Linh. "Applying mixed manure and inorganic phosphorus fertiliser to improve rice yield on acid sulfate soil (Hydraquentic Sulfaquept)." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03082.
Abstract:
In order to improve the yield of rice cultivated on acid sulfate soil, 2 field experiments and 1 pot experiment were conducted continuously for 5 and 2 crops, respectively (1997–2000), in Tri Ton district, An Giang province, Vietnam. Soil for the pot experiment was taken from the 2 field experiments to study the residual effect on phosphorus availability. Both organic and inorganic phosphorus had a possitive effect on the rice yield. Compared with the treatments being fertilised at the same doses of P, a significantly higher yield was obtained in the treatment of mixed inorganic P fertiliser and manure. This effect was found only in the first crop. From the second crop onward, rice yields were not different among treatments (mixed fertilisers, inorganic P fertiliser, and manure only). Manure-only treatment resulted in rice yield equal to the treatment with 60 kg P2O5 in the form of superphosphate. Supplying phosphorus in both organic and inorganic forms over several crops resulted in an accumulation of phosphorus in soil, which became available for rice growth in the following crop season. Adding P fertiliser modified the P fraction in acid sulfate soil mainly to the form of Fe-P.
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Saletnik, Bogdan, Grzegorz Zagula, Marcin Bajcar, Maria Czernicka, and Czeslaw Puchalski. "Biochar and Biomass Ash as a Soil Ameliorant: The Effect on Selected Soil Properties and Yield of Giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus)." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 22, 2018): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102535.
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We assess the possibility of using biochar and ash from plant biomass to fertilise giant miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus). The paper concerns the optimisation of the combination of fertiliser applications of the aforementioned materials in the context of the plant yield obtained. There was an increase in yield of 8–68% over the two years of research when compared with the control plots. It was found that the application of biochar, ash from biomass and a combination of the two at appropriate rates as a soil additive can substitute for classic mineral fertilisers and strengthen the ecological aspects of energy crop cultivation. The interpretation of the results obtained enabled the selection of optimum fertiliser applications, resulting in a significant increase in the yield of plants and an improvement in soil chemical properties. It was found that the highest yield of dry matter of giant miscanthus plants, after both the first and second year of cultivation, was obtained by applying the fertiliser containing ash at a rate of 1.5 t ha−1, together with biocarbon and the combination of biochar and ash at a rate of 1.5 t ha−1.
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Singh, Arvind. "Effect of fertiliser amendment on biomass yield of Heteropogon contortus seeded on coal mine spoil." Indian Journal of Forestry 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2006-8fdkgo.
Abstract:
The effect of fertiliser amendment was studied on biomass yield of grass Heteropogon contortus seeded on coal mine spoil. Two different doses of NPK fertiliser treatments were used along with control. The biomass production was significantly greater in fertilised plots compared to control plots. The response to fertilisation was comparatively greater for shoot biomass than root biomass. The root/shoot ratio was significantly greater in control plots in comparison to fertiliser amended plots.
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Song, Chun, Xiaozeng Han, and Enli Wang. "Phosphorus budget and organic phosphorus fractions in response to long-term applications of chemical fertilisers and pig manure in a Mollisol." Soil Research 49, no. 3 (2011): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10169.
Abstract:
This paper describes the effects of chemical fertiliser and pig manure application on the phosphorus (P) balance and changes of soil organic P (Po) fractions in a Mollisol following 14 years of maize–soybean–wheat rotation in Northeast China. The experiment was designed according to the local crop rotation and management system, consisting of a control treatment with no fertiliser application, a treatment with chemical nitrogen (N) and P fertilisers, and a treatment with chemical N and P fertilisers plus pig manure. The results suggest that the levels of local chemical fertiliser applications seem to balance the P removal by the crops, while the additional P in the pig manure resulted in substantial accumulation of P in the soil despite greater crop production. Analysis of Po fractions showed that long-term cultivation without fertilisation reduced the soil labile Po. Additions of P through application of chemical fertilisers only preserved the labile Po content, whereas addition of chemical P fertiliser plus pig manure increased the labile Po content. Comparison between 1993 and 2007 soil samples indicates that the moderately labile Po content declined in all treatments, whereas the non-labile Po content increased. These results suggest that the moderately labile Po may be transformed into labile Po and Pi, and that some active P fractions were immobilised during long-term cultivation. Adding fertiliser increased P availability and alleviated soil P immobilisation.
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MOHD AMIN, RUBIAH, HANIFF AHAMAT, and MUHAMAD SAYUTI HASSAN. "REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF RICE FERTILISER SUBSIDY MANAGEMENT TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: MALAYSIA’S PERSPECTIVE." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.08.011.
Abstract:
This study identifies the regulations concerning fertilisers produced for the development of paddy and the rice industry. It looks into the issue of mismanagement of the government’s fertiliser subsidy scheme from the legal perspective. It also focuses on the roles played by manufacturers, distributors, sellers, service providers and farmers when dealing with fertiliser, and whether such dealings are parallel to the law. The mismanagement of the rice fertiliser subsidy puts the country’s financial security at risk and preventing farmers from successfully achieving food sovereignty through the increase in productivity of rice yields as well as increase in income for paddy farmers’ survival. There are several regulations governing fertiliser subsidy and its management such as the Control of Paddy and Rice Act 1994, Plant Quarantine Act 1976, Pesticide Act 1974, Malaysian Quarantine and Inspection Services Act 2011 and Environmental Quality Act 1974. However, most mismanagement cases involve big commercial farms, which are associated with the fertiliser industry rather than the subsidy for fertiliser in the government rice sector. The cases involved graft, fraud, bribery and smuggling of fertiliser. This paper also reviews the roles of Farmers Association and Farmers Board in regulating fertiliser subsidy.
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Schwenke, Graeme D., David F. Herridge, Clemens Scheer, David W. Rowlings, Bruce M. Haigh, and K. Guy McMullen. "Greenhouse gas (N2O and CH4) fluxes under nitrogen-fertilised dryland wheat and barley on subtropical Vertosols: risk, rainfall and alternatives." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15338.
Abstract:
The northern Australian grains industry relies on nitrogen (N) fertiliser to optimise yield and protein, but N fertiliser can increase soil fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). We measured soil N2O and CH4 fluxes associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) using automated (Expts 1, 3) and manual chambers (Expts 2, 4, 5). Experiments were conducted on subtropical Vertosol soils fertilised with N rates of 0–160kgNha–1. In Expt 1 (2010), intense rainfall for a month before and after sowing elevated N2O emissions from N-fertilised (80kgNha–1) wheat, with 417gN2O-Nha–1 emitted compared with 80g N2O-Nha–1 for non-fertilised wheat. Once crop N uptake reduced soil mineral N, there was no further treatment difference in N2O. Expt 2 (2010) showed similar results, however, the reduced sampling frequency using manual chambers gave a lower cumulative N2O. By contrast, very low rainfall before and for several months after sowing Expt 3 (2011) resulted in no difference in N2O emissions between N-fertilised and non-fertilised barley. N2O emission factors were 0.42, 0.20 and –0.02 for Expts 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In Expts 4 and 5 (2011), N2O emissions increased with increasing rate of N fertiliser. Emissions were reduced by 45% when the N fertiliser was applied in a 50:50 split between sowing and mid-tillering, or by 70% when urea was applied with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphate. Methane fluxes were typically small and mostly negative in all experiments, especially in dry soils. Cumulative CH4 uptake ranged from 242 to 435g CH4-Cha–1year–1, with no effect of N fertiliser treatment. Considered in terms of CO2 equivalents, soil CH4 uptake offset 8–56% of soil N2O emissions, with larger offsets occurring in non-N-fertilised soils. The first few months from N fertiliser application to the period of rapid crop N uptake pose the main risk for N2O losses from rainfed cereal cropping on subtropical Vertosols, but the realisation of this risk is dependent on rainfall. Strategies that reduce the soil mineral N pool during this time can reduce the risk of N2O loss.
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Eckard, R. J., R. E. White, R. Edis, A. Smith, and D. F. Chapman. "Nitrate leaching from temperate perennial pastures grazed by dairy cows in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 9 (2004): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04042.
Abstract:
Nitrate (NO3-N) leaching losses were measured over 3 years from a temperate grass/clover pasture with and without 200 kg N fertiliser/ha, applied as ammonium nitrate or urea, using a system of moles and tile drains. Fertiliser was applied in 4 split dressings of 50 kg N/ha in each of the 4 seasons of each year. Drainage was collected continuously and NO3-N concentrations in drainage water were measured in subsamples collected using a flow-proportioned sampler. Pastures were rotationally grazed with dairy cows at stocking rates equivalent to 1.9 or 2.8 cows/ha for the unfertilised and fertilised treatments, respectively. Soil water deficit (SWD) varied markedly between seasons and years, with drainage occurring in the cooler, wetter months (April–October) and not at all through the summer. There were no significant differences between treatments in SWD, drainage events, or drainage volumes. Peak NO3-N concentrations were 19, 50, and 17 mg/L for the control, ammonium nitrate, and urea treatments, respectively. Mean annual flow-weighted NO3-N concentrations over the 3 years were 1.7 and 2.2 times higher from the ammonium nitrate treatment than from the urea and control treatments, respectively. Annual NO3-N leaching loads (kg N/ha) were 3.7–14.6 from the control treatment, 6.2– 22.0 from the urea treatment, and 4.3–37.6 from the ammonium nitrate treatment, for the lowest and highest drainage years, respectively. The experiment confirmed that the application of N fertiliser prior to periods of substantial drainage can result in high losses of NO3-N through leaching. More efficient and environmentally sound use of N fertiliser can be achieved by not combining high N fertiliser rates, high stocking intensity, and nitrate-containing fertilisers prior to periods when there is a risk of substantial drainage occurring.
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Bolland, M. D. A., J. S. Yeates, and M. F. Clarke. "Single and coastal superphosphates are equally effective as sulfur fertilisers for subterranean clover on very sandy soils in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 9 (2003): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02168.
Abstract:
To reduce leaching of phosphorus (P) from fertilised pastures to shallow estuaries in the high rainfall (>800 mm annual average) areas of south-western Australia, and to supply extra sulfur (S) for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pasture, 'coastal superphosphate' was developed as a possible alternative P and S fertiliser to single superphosphate. Coastal superphosphate is made by adding phosphate rock and elemental S to single superphosphate as it comes out of the den before granulation. It has about 3 times more sulfur (S) and one-third the water-soluble P content than single superphosphate. Four long-term (5-year) field experiments were conducted in south-western Australia to compare the effectiveness of single and coastal superphosphate as S fertilisers for subterranean clover pasture grown on very sandy soils that are frequently S deficient after July each year due to leaching of S from soil. Seven different amounts of S were applied as fertiliser annually. Fertiliser effectiveness was assessed from clover herbage yield and S concentration in dried herbage. Fertiliser nitrogen was not applied in these experiments as this was the normal practice for pastures in the region when the research was conducted.Both coastal and single superphosphates were equally effective per unit of applied S for producing dried clover herbage and increasing S concentration in herbage. Previous research on very sandy soils in the region had shown that coastal superphosphate was equally or more effective per unit of applied P for production of subterranean clover herbage. It is, therefore, concluded that coastal superphosphate is a suitable alternative S and P fertiliser for clover pastures on very sandy soils in the region. The concentration of S in dried clover herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum yield (critical S) was about 0.20–0.35% S during August (before flowering) and 0.15–0.20% S during October (after flowering).
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Cvelbar Weber, Nika, Darinka Koron, Jerneja Jakopič, Robert Veberič, Metka Hudina, and Helena Baša Česnik. "Influence of Nitrogen, Calcium and Nano-Fertilizer on Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Fruit Inner and Outer Quality." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050997.
Abstract:
The production system, especially fertilisation has an important effect on yield and quality of strawberries. In the present study, plants were fertilized with different doses of nitrogen (0–100% recommended doses), calcium chelate, as well as nano fertilizer Lithovit. Strawberry cultivar ‘Clery’ yield and quality parameters (fruit color and firmness) including nutritional indicators (total soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, phenolic and volatile compounds) were monitored. Volatiles were identified and monitored using headspace solid phase microextraction and analysed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) and sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds with high performance liquid chromatography. Organic acids and phenolic compounds were detected with mass spectrometer (HPLC/MS). Both nitrogen and calcium fertilisation had altered sugars, organic acids, volatile and phenolic contents in strawberry fruits. Fertilisation with higher doses of nitrogen and calcium increased the content of unpleasant aromas aldehydes hexanal (up to 3.8-fold) and (E)-2-hexen-1- (up to 3.7-fold). The content of fruity esters was uppermost in fruits fertilised with nano-fertiliser Lithovit (up to 2.3-fold). Fertilisation with N and Ca decreased the strength of ketone and terpenoids fruity aroma. The highest content of total phenols, as well as all individual hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were obtained in the nano-fertiliser Lithovit treatment. Fertilisation, especially with nitrogen, had mostly negative impact on strawberry flavour while nano-fertilization with Lithovit improved strawberry phenolic content and aroma.
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Hettiarachchi, G. M., E. Lombi, M. J. McLaughlin, D. J. Chittleborough, and C. Johnston. "Chemical behavior of fluid and granular Mn and Zn fertilisers in alkaline soils." Soil Research 48, no. 3 (2010): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09051.
Abstract:
The grain yield benefits of applying micronutrient fluid fertilisers over conventional granular products in calcareous sandy loam soils have been agronomically demonstrated. An understanding of the fundamental mechanisms and reactions occurring following application of these products to soils is critical to improve fertiliser management. We therefore examined the diffusion, solubility, and potential availability of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) from both granular and fluid forms of Mn and Zn fertiliser in an alkaline calcareous and alkaline non-calcareous soil using laboratory incubation experiments in conjunction with an isotopic dilution technique with 54Mn and 65Zn. Enhanced mobility, solubility, and/or potential availability of Mn and Zn from fluid fertilisers were observed in comparison to Mn or Zn from granular fertilisers in both soils after 5 weeks of incubation. Differential behaviour of fluid and granular fertilisers for Mn and Zn appeared to be independent of their effects on soil pH. Most (~90%) of the Mn in granular fertiliser dissolved and diffused out of the granule but was retained within 4 mm of the point of granular placement, whereas most (~85%) of the Zn in the granular Zn fertiliser source remained in the granule. Our data suggest that the superior agronomic effectiveness of fluid Mn and Zn fertilisers observed in calcareous soils under field conditions may have resulted from the enhanced diffusion (Mn) and/or solubility/availability (Mn, Zn) of these micronutrients in soil when applied in fluid form.
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Dibi, Evrard Brice K., N’Guessan Kouame, Emmanuel K. N’Goran, Michel A. Kouakou, Jean Marie Y. Kouame, Brice Sidoine Essis, and Boni N’zue. "Response of the Yam Variety Krengle (Dioscorea rotundata) to Organo-mineral Fertilisation at Bouaké in Central of Côte d’Ivoire." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 6 (May 15, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n6p123.
Abstract:
The decline in yam productivity due to the lack of arable land and impoverished soils forces farmers to use fertiliser. The fertilisers used are mineral, organic or organo-mineral. A study of these fertilisers has been carried out to propose to the farmers a dose or combination that can improve their yield. Thirteen (13) fertilisers obtained from the combination of mineral fertiliser (NPK 15-15-15) and composted cow or poultry manure were tested on the yam variety Krengle in a 3 replicate randomized complete block design. The experiment was conducted over two (2) campaigns at Bouake in Central of Côte d’Ivoire. The results show that high dose mineral fertilisation (NPK 15-15-15, 300 kg/ha) negatively influenced the growth and yield parameters of the yam variety Krengle. High doses of organic fertilisers (Cow manure (CM) 20 t/ha and poultry manure (PM) 20 t/ha) have a positive effect on vegetative growth. While the medium-high doses of organic fertiliser (CM 15 t/ha and PM 15 t/ha) gave better tuber yield (13.5 t/ha) and allowed an increase in tuber yield from 17 to 18%. Organo-mineral fertilisation combining a small dose of organic fertiliser (5 t/ha) with a medium dose of mineral fertiliser (200 kg/ha) gave also fairly good yield (13.3 and 14.42 t/ha) with an increase of 15 to 25%. Thus, 200 kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 associated with 5 t/ha of poultry or cow manure can be recommended for the cultivation of the yam variety Krengle at Bouake.
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Huett, D. O. "Fertiliser use effciency by containerised nursery plants 2. Nutrient leaching." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 2 (1997): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96030.
Abstract:
Nutrient losses from controlled-release fertilisers (CRFs) and an organic-based fertiliser derived from dehydrated poultry manure applied at planting were investigated under a range of irrigation conditions. The CRFs were Osmocote NPK (3–4 month) (Osm), Nutricote NPK (90-day) (Nut), and Nut+40-day, and the organic based fertiliser was Dynamic Lifter (DL). They were applied pre-planting at a standard rate equivalent to 800 g N/m3 and at double this rate to pots containing sand, composted pinebark, and hardwood sawdust medium that had received nutrient amendment during formulation. A pot containing medium without a plant was included to estimate the contribution of the medium to nutrient leaching from fertiliser treatments. In all experiments, leachate was collected weekly, the volume was recorded, and nutrient concentrations were determined. The largest losses of N, K, Ca, and Mg occurred in the first week, and of P in the second week, after potting up for both fertilised and control pots. Over a 10-week period, with the exception of the Nut+40-day treatment, P and K leaching from equivalent rates of DL exceeded (P < 0·05) Osm = Nut. The percentages of fertiliser leached (after adjusting fertiliser treatment for control) were Osm 20–38% N, 2–8% P, 12–42% K; Nut 10–43% N, 12–18% P, 22–45% K; and DL 1–14% N, 4–15% P, 78–91% K. In a laboratory experiment where each fertiliser was incubated at 35C with moist potting medium and volatilised ammonia was trapped in dilute acid, a further 33% was recovered from DL and <1% from the CRFs. The inclusion of the 40-day formulation to Nut increased (P < 0·05) the percentage of N, P, and K leached, to 52, 39, and 69%. In leachate, nitrate was the main form of N from CRFs and ammonium the main form from DL. The maximum nitrate-N concentrations (mg/L) at the standard fertiliser rate were Osm 55, Nut 56, and DL 46. These increased (P < 0·05) to 78 and 165 mg/L when the rate of Osm and Nut was doubled. A concentration of 279 mg/L was recorded with the Nut+40-day formulation. The maximum leachate ammonium-N concentrations (mg/L) at the standard fertiliser rate were Osm 64, Nut 51, and DL 125. Leachate was diluted 1 : 4 in nursery runoff water by irrigation runoff, and concentrations exceeded the 10 mg/L limit imposed by the Clean Waters Act of NSW. In a further 2 experiments, an increase in leachate volume increased (P < 0·05) nutrient leaching from pots fertilised with the 2 CRFs over 4 weeks. When the leaching fraction was increased from 0 to 56%, leaching of N, K, Ca, and Mg increased more than 4-fold. The low leaching fractions were associated with high nutrient concentrations, and at a 12% leaching fraction, maximum concentrations (mg/L) were 864 nitrate-N, 127 K, and 248 Ca. Nutrient runoff from nurseries can be reduced by adopting efficient irrigation design, by scheduling irrigation, and by minimising the use of soluble fertiliser sources.
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Timofeev, VN, O. A. Vyushina, and V. S. Ramazanova. "Effect of fungicidal agents on the initial growth of spring wheat plants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 845, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012029.
Abstract:
Abstract This study provides a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of active ingredients of fungicidal preparations and in a mixture with organomineral fertilizers on reducing the infection of seed and the germination of spring wheat plants in the initial phases of ontogenesis. For the research, on 8 different combinations of active ingredients fungicides in pure form and in a mixture with organomineral fertilizer. The application of fungicide did not affect the seed growth energy, but in most cases the germination rate increased by 4%. Seed dressing had a retardant effect on germination of the plant’s organs, and the fertiliser stimulating effect was shown in Variant 1 (Protioconazole + Tebuconazole + fertiliser). The efficiency of disinfectants against seed diseases reached 96% against general contamination and 56-93% against pathogenic microflora, and in a mixture with organomineral fertilizer, the efficiency is reduced by 13%. High and stable efficiency was manifested in drugs based on the active substances Tebuconazole + Flutriafol (80 + 80 g/l). Protioconazole + Tebuconazole (250+150 g/l) with net efficiency of 83-93%. As a result of the research, the effect of pickling with fungicides was determined on the basis of various combinations of active substances in pure form and with the addition of organomineral fertilizer as a growth stimulator.
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Krištof, Koloman, Tomáš Šima, Ladislav Nozdrovický, Ján Jobbágy, Jan Mareček, and Vlastimil Slaný. "Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers and Its Effect on Timeliness of Fertilizers Decomposition Resulting in Lost of Nitrogen Through Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soil." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 3 (2018): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866030691.
Abstract:
Fertilizers are an important tool to maintain soil fertility and as an enhancement for the efficient crop production. The system of fertilizers application affects the final dose and commonly causes local overdosing or insuficient spatial distribution of fertilizers which are a very important source of nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) from the soil into the atmospher observation of such phenomenon are among the key factors defining environmental impacts of agriculture. A study was conducted to observe the effect of application dose of fertilizer on N2O emission from the soil. CAN (Calcium ammonium nitrate – consist of 27 % nitrogen) was spread by a fertiliser spreader Kuhn Axera 1102 H-EMC aggregated with a tractor John Deere 6150 M. Incorporation of fertilizer into the soil was done by power harrow Pöttinger Lion 302. The application dose was set at 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha–1 while monitoring points were selected at the base of this application doses in respective places. Measurements were conducted at time intervals 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after fertiliser application and following incorporation. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured by field gas monitor set INNOVA consisting of a photoacoustic gas monitor INNOVA 1412 and a multipoint sampler INNOVA 1309. Statistically significant differences was found among time intervals and among the application dose (p > 0.05). It was observed that the application dose of selected fertilizers has the direct effect on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions released from soil into the atmosphere. An increase of greenhouse gas emissions was observed in range from 0.83 to 152.33 %. It can be concluded that the local overdose of fertilizers negatively affects environmental impact of agricultural practices at greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs).
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Mndzebele, Buhlebelive, Bhekumthetho Ncube, Melake Fessehazion, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Stephen Amoo, Christian du Plooy, Sonja Venter, and Albert Modi. "Effects of Cowpea-Amaranth Intercropping and Fertiliser Application on Soil Phosphatase Activities, Available Soil Phosphorus, and Crop Growth Response." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010079.
Abstract:
Low available soil phosphorus (P) is associated with its immobility, which renders it unavailable for plant uptake. In addition, farmers normally apply inorganic fertilisers to legumes to activate soil-bound phosphorus using root exudates. Sufficient soil mineral nutrition is key to sustainable crop production, and hence food and nutritional security. The aim of this study was to quantify the acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as an indicator of P supply and availability under varying levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilization and different cropping systems. An intercropping (cowpea and amaranth) and fertiliser (control, 25%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended NPK levels) field trial was laid out in a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. There was higher acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of cowpea and amaranth grown as sole crops compared to those from intercropping. The cowpea and amaranth plants grown without fertiliser or 25% NPK had the highest rhizospheric phosphatase activity, while 100% NPK application exhibited the least. The markedly higher phosphatase activity from the low fertiliser application treatments indicates the possible stimulation of microbial activity to supplement P demands for the crops. The study revealed that the application of lower rates inorganic fertilisers in a legume intercrop stimulates the activity of the phosphatase enzymes, which can subsequently liberate soil-bound phosphorus. Plant tissue phosphorus concentration of cowpea and amaranth plants increased proportionately to the increase in fertiliser application up to 50% of the recommended NPK level. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was greater than 1, indicating that it is more beneficial to intercrop cowpea and amaranth as opposed to growing them as sole crops. Overall, the application of NPK fertilizer to amounts of up to 50%, based on the results of this study, appear to be better than 100% in terms of biomass accumulation and phosphate activity.
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Mokany, Karel, Andrew D. Moore, Phillip Graham, and Richard J. Simpson. "Optimal management of fertiliser and stocking rate in temperate grazing systems." Animal Production Science 50, no. 1 (2010): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09067.
Abstract:
Phosphorus (P) fertilisers are one of the key tools available for increasing pasture production and the profitability of grazing enterprises. However, recent rapid changes in fertiliser price have increased the importance of developing optimal management strategies for applying P fertiliser and setting stocking rates. We applied a novel combination of process-based grazing systems modelling and randomised cash flow analyses to examine how changes in fertiliser price affect optimal fertiliser application rates and stocking rates for sheep grazing systems in south-eastern Australia, simultaneously taking into account long-term economic viability and environmental sustainability. We used ‘GrassGro’, a grazing systems decision support tool, to simulate three sheep enterprise types (Merino wethers, Merino ewes, crossbred ewes) at two locations (Hamilton, Victoria; Bookham, New South Wales). Gross margins from each year simulated in GrassGro (1966–2007) were randomised 500 times and input to a cash flow analysis that identified the financially optimal stocking rate for a range of fertiliser applications and the financial risk frontiers (combinations of stocking rate and fertiliser input for which the enterprise becomes financially unviable). For all enterprises examined at both locations, the optimal combinations of stocking rate and fertiliser application rate did not vary markedly as fertiliser price changed. Regardless of enterprise type or location, the fertiliser application rate at which the highest gross margins were achieved provided the greatest range of stocking rates that were both financially viable and environmentally sustainable. Increases in fertiliser price reduced the combinations of stocking rate and fertiliser application rate that were viable in the long term, emphasising the importance of well informed grazing management decisions.
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Sisouvanh, Phimmasone, John McPhee, Suzie Jones, Stephen Ives, Alice R. Melland, Jochen Eberhard, Tounglien Vilayphone, Phaythoune Mounsena, and Bounneuang Douang Boupha. "Evaluation of the Effect of Organic Fertilisers on Lettuce Yield in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR)." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036183.
Abstract:
Production of leafy vegetables, such as lettuce, in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) is limited by low nutrient soils. Organic fertilisers or composts made from agricultural residues may provide Lao PDR farmers with economical and environmentally sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilisers. Research is needed to increase awareness and knowledge of organic fertilisers suited to vegetable production in Lao PDR. An experiment at the Horticultural Research Centre (HRC) in Vientiane assessed the effect of four organic fertilisers on growth and yield of lettuce. Two commercially available fertilisers (fermented manure compost and an organic fertiliser) were compared with a mixture of cow manure plus rice husks, and a fourth compost made from vegetable leaves, straw and cow manure at the HRC. The experimental design was a randomised block with four replicates for each fertiliser treatment. Lettuce was grown in raised beds with 10 tonnes per hectare (t/ha) fertiliser applied before seedlings were transplanted. The fermented manure compost treatment had the highest yield (1.95 kg/m2) and was significantly higher than the other three treatments (p < 0.001). Growth rates were also highest for the fermented manure compost at all measured growth intervals (14, 28 and 45 days after transplanting). Rapid nutrient release from fertiliser is important for short-term crops. The higher growth rates and yields found for the fermented manure compost indicate that nutrients were released sooner and were more readily available compared to the other treatments. Mature compost releases nutrients more rapidly than compost that contains partially decomposed rice husks, vegetable leaves and straw.
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Rochester, Ian J., and Michael Bange. "Nitrogen fertiliser requirements of high-yielding irrigated transgenic cotton." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 6 (2016): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15278.
Abstract:
Nitrogen (N) fertiliser is almost universally used in high-yielding irrigated cotton, but it is not used efficiently in many instances. Predicting the economic optimal amount of N fertiliser is difficult and often little N fertiliser is required where situations have provided access to N through excessive N fertiliser being applied to previous cotton crops, conditions promoting significant N mineralisation, or if legume rotation crops were grown. The economic optimum N fertiliser rate (Nopt – where the marginal cost of N fertiliser (at $1.50 kg–1 N) equalled the return on cotton lint (at $2.20 kg–1) was determined in eight experiments conducted over 8 years; Nopt ranged from 0 to 248 kg N ha–1, lint yields ranged from 1.3 to 3.4 t ha–1, crop N uptake ranged from 96 to 321 kg N ha–1 and apparent N fertiliser recovery (calculated by dividing the difference in crop N uptake between N-fertilised and unfertilised plots by the N fertiliser applied) ranged from 20% to 98% of N applied. A positive response to N fertiliser application in lint yield was evident in 7 of the 8 years. Both lint yield and crop N uptake were positively correlated with pre-sowing soil nitrate concentration. Cotton that yielded 1.4 t lint ha–1 derived 78% of crop N from the soil, whereas at 3.4 t lint ha–1, 69% of crop N was derived from soil; this indicated the importance of N supplied from the soil and the relatively lesser reliance on the N fertiliser applied, even for very high-yielding cotton. A multiple regression model, using the parameters of pre-sowing soil nitrate, crop N uptake and lint yield, more accurately represented the data generated in this study in estimating the economic optimum N fertiliser rate (r2 = 0.80).
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Kováčiková, Zuzana, Vladimíra Vargová, and Ľubica Jančová. "Effect of Digestate Application on Herbage Quality and Quantity of Permanent Grassland." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2013-0008.
Abstract:
Possibilities were studied for using digested substrate as fertiliser applied to grassland. Over 2008-2009, a research trial consisting of four treatments in four replicates (the non-fertilised control; sward fertilized with digested substrates from 100% slurry; 80% slurry and 20% phytomass; 60% slurry and 40% phytomass) was performed on seminatural grassland at Radvaň site. In the sward utilised by three cuts a year, these parameters were studied: botanical composition, dominant species, herbage production, organic matter and mineral substances. At the fertilized treatments, the proportion of grasses was higher in 2009 than in 2008, but that of legumes and other herbs decreased. Dominant grasses were Poa pratensis L., Festuca rubra L., Lolium perenne L., Trisetum flavescens L. while Trifolium repens L. and Medicago falcata L. dominated among legume species. The application of digested substrate as fertiliser showed positive effects on herbage production, the highest increase was found at Treatment 4 where the digested substrate consisting of 60% slurry and 40% phytomass was applied. The highest amounts of crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were recorded at the treatment with the digested substrate composed of 80% slurry and 20% phytomass applied.
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Barr, Stephen. "A farmer's experience with high N fertiliser inputs on grass/clover pastures." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3347.
Abstract:
A dairy farmer's experiences in managing various levels of fertiliser nitrogen (N) inputs over the 1991-95 seasons is discussed and compared to previous years when very little N fertiliser was used. N requirements were assessed by regular herbage tests. Fertiliser N increased pasture growth in spring, early summer and autumn. Animal intakes were greater on N-boosted pasture. Higher rates of N fertilisers (450 kgN/ha/yr) generated large spring surpluses which were harvested as silage. Several changes in management were required to maintain pasture quality and effectively utilise these surpluses. Feed costs vs milk returns are compared for a number of seasons. Moderate fertiliser N usage (200- 300 kg N/ha/yr) is considered likely to give the most profitable balance. Keywords: clover, dairying, grazing management, milksolids, nitrogen, pasture growth, pasture quality
40
Jesulana, Oluwasegun Samuel, Victor Idowu Olowe, Olusegun Raphael Adeyemi, and Christopher Olu Adejuyigbe. "Agronomic response of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to organic soil and foliar fertilisation in a forest savanna transitory location." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2021-0010.
Abstract:
Abstract Organic soybean is presently less than 0.1% of total world production partly because of inappropriate fertiliser regime on degraded tropical soils. Therefore, two field trials were carried out during the late cropping seasons (June – November) of 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the agronomic performance of three soybean varieties: TGx 1448-2E, TGx 1835-10E and TGx 1989-9F as affected by foliar organic fertilisers: Arati Baja, Arati Nawoz, DI Grow, and soil applied organic fertiliser (Aleshinloye Grade B), and the control. The experimental design was Randomised Complete Block Design in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement with three replications. Data were collected on yield attributes and seed yield of soybeans. Significant varietal difference (P < 0.05) in both years was recorded for number and weight of pods and seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, and grain yield, except number of seeds per plant in 2018. Fertiliser × Variety interaction effect significantly (P < 0.05) affected above-ground plant weight and pod weight per plant in both years. On average, application of organic fertilisers resulted in grain yield (1.30–2.28 t/ha) comparable with Nigeria’s (0.97 t/ha) and Africa’s (1.37 t/ha) but lower than the world’s (2.85 t/ha) average values. The three foliar fertilisers and soil applied organic fertiliser enhanced seed yield of soybeans and are therefore recommended for soybean cultivation in the tropics.
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McBeath, T. M., R. D. Armstrong, E. Lombi, M. J. McLaughlin, and R. E. Holloway. "Responsiveness of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in southern Australian soils." Soil Research 43, no. 2 (2005): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04066.
Abstract:
Recent field trials on alkaline soils in southern Australia showed significant grain yield responses to liquid compared with traditional granular forms of P fertiliser. However the advantages of liquid over granular P forms of fertiliser has not been consistent on all soil types. In order to better predict the soil types on which liquid P fertilisers are likely to have potential, a glasshouse trial was conducted to compare the responsiveness of wheat to both liquid and granular forms of P on a wide range of Australian soils. A granular P fertiliser (triple superphosphate) and 2 liquid fertilisers (phosphoric acid and ammonium polyphosphate) were compared at a rate equivalent to 12 kg P/ha in 29 soils representing many of the soil types used for grain production in Victoria and South Australia. Wheat biomass was enhanced by P application in 86% of the soils tested. In 62% of the P-responsive soils, wheat dry matter was significantly greater when liquid P fertilisers were used compared with the granular form. Chemical analysis of the soils tested showed that the better performance of liquid P forms was not correlated to total P concentration in soil, P buffer capacity, or P availability as measured by Colwell-P. However, there was a significant positive relationship between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of soil and wheat responsiveness to liquid P fertiliser.
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Krzyżaniak, Michał, Mariusz J. Stolarski, and Kazimierz Warmiński. "Life Cycle Assessment of Giant Miscanthus: Production on Marginal Soil with Various Fertilisation Treatments." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081931.
Abstract:
In Poland, unutilised land occupies approximately two million hectares, and it could be partly dedicated to the production of perennial crops. This study aimed to determine the environmental impact of the production of giant miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus J.M. Greef & M. Deuter). The experiment was set up on a low-fertility site. The crop was cultivated on sandy soil, fertilised with digestate, and mineral fertilisers (in the dose of 85 and 170 kg ha−1 N), and was compared with giant miscanthus cultivated with no fertilisation (control). The cradle-to-farm gate system boundary was applied. Fertilisers were more detrimental to the environment than the control in all analysed categories. The weakest environmental links in the production of miscanthus in the non-fertilised treatment were fuel consumption and the application of pre-emergent herbicide. In fertilised treatments, fertilisers exerted the greatest environmental impact in all the stages of crop production. The production and use of fertilisers contributed to fossil depletion, human toxicity, and freshwater and terrestrial ecotoxicity. Digestate fertilisers did not lower the impact of biomass production. The current results indicate that the analysed fertiliser rates are not justified in the production of giant miscanthus on nutrient-deficient soils.
43
Tan, Jiunn Luh, Kok Yu Ang, Min Hui Chow, Eunice Ting Yee Lee, Kuan Hoong Lee, Li Yen Lee, Soo Wei Ooi, Wei Chuen Soh, and Raveenderan Sithambaran. "A Preliminary Study on Reducing the Dosage of Chemical Fertiliser by using Empty Fruit Bunch as Soil Amendment on the Growth of Choy Sum." ASM Science Journal 13 (June 24, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2020.456.
Abstract:
Palm oil production results in many valuable products, but it also generates agricultural wastes such as empty fruit bunch (EFB). EFB composting usually produces nutrient-enriched bio-fertilisers and thus, able to help in reducing the chemical fertilisers applied. Most conventional vegetable farmers in Malaysia solely depend on chemical fertilisers in crop production. However, the intensive use of chemical fertilisers has led to various side effects. Thus, this study was to determine the effect on the growth of choy sum by reducing the dosage of chemical fertiliser with EFB compost as soil amendments. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) methods were used in this study. The fresh weight, dry weight and plant height of the choy sum were found to be not significantly different among all the treatments (T1 – T4) and positive control. This study found that T4 with 30% lesser chemical fertiliser applied showed no significant growth difference with the rest of the treatments indicating that EFB may have the ability to help in reducing chemical fertiliser usage in the growth of choy sum. Further study is recommended as this will help in better EFB waste management and lowering the cost of production for local vegetables.
44
Cookson, W. R., J. S. Rowarth, and K. C. Cameron. "The fate of residual nitrogen fertiliser applied to a ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 2 (2000): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99085.
Abstract:
Large amounts of the nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied to ryegrass seed crops remain within the soil at seed harvest and can potentially affect subsequent pasture production and environmental contamination. The fate of residual urea-15N-labelled fertiliser and the effect of previous fertiliser application on subsequent leaching losses and pasture production was assessed during a 9-month period after seed harvest using monolith lysimeters (diameter, 180 mm; length, 300 mm) in Canterbury, New Zealand. Results indicated that leaching losses and pasture uptake of residual 15N-labelled fertiliser were largely restricted by the immobilisation of 15N-labelled fertiliser into soil organic pools and the expanding root mass. Most of the 15N-labelled fertiliser remaining in the soil 9 months after the seed harvest was present within the humified organic matter (50%) and microbial biomass (40%) pools; the majority (62%) was anaerobically mineralisable. The 15N-labelled fertiliser that became available was largely recovered in rapidly expanding ryegrass roots, which increased 3–4-fold between seed harvest (December 1997) and pasture harvest (September 1998). Root mass, soil mineral N, and soil microbial biomass N were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in fertilised treatments than in controls at pasture harvest; clay-fixed N, anaerobically mineralisable N, and total N were not affected. The results indicated that, in the short term, N mineralisation rates were increased by previous fertiliser application but there was little evidence of a longer term effect on N mineralisation rates.
45
Bacon, PE, EH Hoult, JW McGarity, and D. Alter. "Effect of stubble management technique on soil and fertiliser nitrogen recovery by wheat sown after rice." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 4 (1988): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880485.
Abstract:
Effects of rice stubble and nitrogen (N) fertiliser management strategies on soil and 15N labelled fertiliser recovery by wheat were studied in 2 microplot experiments in the field. In 1 experiment, rice stubble which received 113 kg N ha-1 as 15N labelled (NH4)2SO4 was treated in 1 of 4 ways: (i) burnt, no till; (ii) incorporated 6 weeks before wheat sowing; (iii) incorporated at wheat sowing; or (iv) retained on the soil surface, no till. Burning, instead of incorporating rice stubble at wheat sowing, increased N uptake by wheat by 47% and the uptake of residual 15N applied to the previous rice crop from 1.2 to 2.1 kg N ha-1. Retaining rice stubble on the soil surface increased recovery of residual 15N to 2.5 kg ha-l. In a second experiment, 60 plots within a rice paddy were fertilised with 100 kg N ha-l while another 60 were not fertilised. Fertilised plots produced 21 t ha-l of stubble while unfertilised plots produced 11.5 t ha-1. The 2 stubble levels were factorially combined with 5 stubble management treatments - the 4 treatments mentioned above plus a burn with tillage treatment. 15NH415NO3 was applied at sowing, tillering, or as a 50: 50 split between sowing and tillering. Tillage, with or without stubble burning, reduced yield (by 0.7 t ha-l), and uptake of N from soil (by 12 kg N ha-1) and from fertiliser (by 10 kg N ha-1) compared with the no till treatments. Increasing quantities of rice stubble on plots where stubble was incorporated at wheat sowing significantly reduced wheat performance and increased the proportion of N derived from fertiliser. Delaying N application also increased the proportion of wheat N derived from fertiliser. In the intensive rotations reported in the study, management strategies with no till, and with or without stubble burning, increased wheat uptake of both soil and fertiliser N, and this maximised yield.
46
Mason, MG. "Effect of nitrogenous fertilisers on soil inorganic nitrogen levels and uptake by wheat on very acid soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890837.
Abstract:
Urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate were compared as sources of nitrogen (N) for wheat grown on very acid soils at 2 sites in 1980, in the absence of lime or where lime at 2 t/ha was incorporated into the top 10 cm of soil. The plots were soil sampled each week for the first 5 weeks after sowing, and further samples were collected at 9 weeks. Wheat tops were sampled 4 times during the first 6 weeks after sowing. Soils and plants were analysed for ammonium-N and nitrate-N. Application of each fertiliser initially caused increased soil levels of ammonium-N which fell with time at both sites. Increases in nitrate-N were small and were usually not significant. At 1 site (Bunketch), and with ammonium sulfate as the N source when no lime was added, there was a slower rate of decline in ammonium-N than in the presence of lime. Fertiliser type did not result in any significant differences in ammonium and N concentrations in the soil, apart from the higher levels of nitrate-N in the ammonium nitrate treatments. At both sites and particularly at Perenjori both in the absence and presence of lime, nitrate-N concentrations in plants were higher for the treatments with N fertiliser than for the unfertilised controls. This suggests that the N applied as fertiliser ammonium is nitrified before it is taken up by the plants. At the first plant sampling at Perenjori and at the first 2 samplings at Bunketch, ammonium-N levels in the fertilised plants were higher than in the unfertilised plants, suggesting that ammonium-N was readily taken up by the plants. Plant nitrate levels were lower at Bunketch in the absence of lime, than where lime was added. Grain yields were significantly increased at both sites by N fertiliser application. The 3 fertilisers were equally effective and there was no significant response to lime. Both nitrate and ammonium-N appeared to be readily utilised by the plant.
47
Feitosa, Erialdo O., Fernando B. Lopes, Eunice M. Andrade, Ana C. M. Magalhães, and Cley A. S. Freitas. "Production Indicators in Cowpea as a Function of the Water–Fertiliser Nexus." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110691.
Abstract:
The bean is an important crop in feeding the global population. In the northeast of Brazil, it is of particular importance, since it is a staple food, which also generates employment and income. The low productivity of the northeast in recent years due to the water crisis combined with the cost of energy has compromised technical and economic viability. This study aimed to evaluate production parameters of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) under different alternative production systems in the northeast of Brazil. The study was carried out in the experimental area of the sewage treatment plant (STP) in the district of Tianguá, Ceará. The experiment comprised six production systems (treatments) divided into split plots distributed in a completely randomised design with fifteen replications. The systems irrigated with wastewater and amended with different of fertilisers were no fertiliser (S2A0), mineral fertiliser (S2A1) and organic fertiliser (S2A2), as well as systems irrigated with drinking (S1A0, S1A1 and S1A2). It was found that under the systems irrigated with wastewater, the average productivity was 1468.8 kg ha−1, whereas under the systems irrigated with drinking water, it was 984.1 kg ha−1. The production systems that used wastewater (S2A0, S2A1 and S2A2) resulted in greater productivity compared to the production models irrigated with drinking water with organic fertiliser (S1A2) and with no fertiliser (S1A0). All the production models irrigated with wastewater yielded similar results to the conventional system with mineral fertiliser, showing that treated wastewater contains sufficient nutrients to potentially replace mineral fertilisers in cowpea production in the northeast of Brazil. The use of treated domestic effluent increases the productivity of irrigated crops.
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NELSON, JULIA, GABRIEL TONGA NOWEG, and ISMAIL JUSOH. "Potential of Trichoderma and AMF Mixture with Different Types of Fertiliser for Durio zibethinus Murray (Durian) and Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Jackfruit) Growth." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4495.2022.
Abstract:
Over the years, the co-inoculation of Trichoderma and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with different types of fertiliser in a field condition has been understudied. This study explores the potential of Trichoderma and AMF mixture (T-AMF) with different types of fertiliser for plant growth with the objectives to: (i) analyse the growth of Durio zibethinus and Artocarpus heterophyllus fertilised with different types of fertiliser and inoculated with T-AMF and (ii) determine the optimal combination of organic and chemical fertiliser with T-AMF. A randomized complete block design was applied using seven treatments namely, 50 g organic fertiliser (OF) + T-AMF, 100 g OF + T-AMF, 50 g chemical fertiliser (CF) + T-AMF, 100 g CF + T-AMF, 100 g OF, 100 g CF, and control (without fertiliser and T-AMF). The growth analysis of D. zibethinus showed the highest mean height was at 100 g OF with T-AMF, stem diameter at 100 g CF with T-AMF, and the number of leaves at 50 g CF with T-AMF. For A. heterophyllus, the highest mean height and stem diameter was at 50 g OF with T-AMF and the number of leaves at 100 g OF with T-AMF. The optimal combination of fertiliser with T-AMF for D. zibethinus’ height was 100 g OF and number of leaves was 50 g CF. The optimal combination of fertiliser with T-AMF for A. heterophyllus’ height and stem diameter was 50 g OF. The optimal combination for its number of leaves was 100 g OF with T-AMF. This concludes that the application of fertiliser with T-AMF reacted differently to plant species and their growth parameters. The co-inoculation of Trichoderma and AMF may present a cheaper and sustainable alternative, especially when the planting scale is huge.
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Schefe, C. R., and K. Tymms. "Phased addition of organic and phenolic acids with phosphate fertiliser increases P availability in an acid soil." Soil Research 51, no. 5 (2013): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13126.
Abstract:
The role of carboxylic acids in increasing soil phosphorus (P) availability has been well established, using both organic and phenolic acids. However, the practical application of this knowledge in farming systems is still a developing research area. This study determined the amount of carboxylic acid required per unit P fertiliser for increased solution P concentrations and the optimum order of application, with carboxylic acids applied before (phased addition), or in conjunction with (co-addition), the P fertiliser. Two inorganic P fertilisers (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4; diammonium phosphate, DAP) were applied to an acid soil in conjunction with seven carboxylic acids (oxalic, malic, citric, 4-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, 4-hydroxycinnamic, and caffeic acids) in a series of short-term adsorption and desorption experiments. When the carboxylic acids were applied to soil without P, they all increased solution P concentrations. When applied with P fertiliser, the highest solution P concentrations were measured when solutions of oxalic, citric, or protocatechuic acids were equilibrated with soil before the addition of DAP fertiliser (phased addition). In comparison, phased addition of KH2PO4 fertiliser with malic or citric acids resulted in the greatest potential for subsequent desorption of P from the soil. It is proposed that coating of DAP fertiliser granules with an organic/phenolic acid blend may enhance P fertiliser efficiency in acidic cropping soil through reduced P loss via adsorption onto soil surfaces.
50
Ma, Qifu, Zed Rengel, and Terry Rose. "The effectiveness of deep placement of fertilisers is determined by crop species and edaphic conditions in Mediterranean-type environments: a review." Soil Research 47, no. 1 (2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08105.
Abstract:
Much of our knowledge of plant growth in response to soil nutrient supply comes from studies under homogeneous soil conditions. However, the adoption of reduced or nil tillage and shallow banding of fertilisers at the time of seeding causes spatially variable distribution and availability of soil nutrients in agricultural lands. Soil available nutrients, particularly the poorly mobile ones such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu), stratify within the fertilised topsoil. In water-limited environments where the topsoil is prone to drying, soil nutrient stratification may influence nutrient availability and plant uptake because of impeded root growth or reduced diffusion of immobile nutrients to the root surface, or more likely a combination of both factors. Placing fertilisers deeper in the soil profile could increase nutrient acquisition and utilisation by plants as fertiliser nutrients are in the moist soil for a longer part of the growing season. However, the effectiveness of deep placement of fertilisers may also be determined by soil texture, tillage, fertilising history, nutrient mobility, and crop species. In Mediterranean-type climates of southern Australia, a yield response of winter crops to deep fertiliser mostly occurs on infertile sandy soils in low rainfall regions. This contrasts with the responses of winter and summer crops in northern Australia on soils with optimum-to-high nutrients but subjected to rapid and frequent drying of topsoil because of high temperatures and high evaporation demand during the growing season. The pattern of nutrient accumulation by crop species (indeterminate v. determinate) and the mobility of mineral nutrients in the phloem would also modify the effectiveness of deep-placed nutrients under drought. The complexity of plant responses to subsoil nutrition may suggest that before adopting deep fertiliser practice in a paddock it is essential to understand the effects of edaphic and climatic conditions, soil management, and plant–soil interactions in order to achieve maximum yield benefit.