Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'FERROUS ALLOY'
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Moloto, Ledwaba Harry. "Reduction of ferric and ferrous compounds in the presence of graphite using mechanical alloying." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/419.
Full textMany oxidic iron compounds—iron oxides; oxy-hydroxides and hydroxides—not only play an important role in a variety of disciplines but also serve as a model system of reduction and catalytic reactions. There are more than 16 identifiable oxidic iron compounds. The reduction of these compounds has been investigated for centuries. Despite this, the reduction behavior of the oxides is not fully understood as yet. To date the reduction mechanism is still plagued with uncertainties and conflicting theories, partly due to the complex nature of these oxides and intermediates formed during the reduction. Thermodynamically, the reduction of iron oxide occurs in steps. For example, during the reduction of hematite (a-Fe2O3) magnetite (Fe3O4) is first formed followed by non-stoichiometric wüstite (Fe1-yO) and lastly metallic iron (a-Fe). The rate of transformation depends on the reduction conditions. Further, this reduction is accompanied by changes in the crystal structure. The reduction behavior of iron oxides using graphite under ball-milling conditions was investigated using Planetary mono mill (Fritsch Pulverisette 6), Mössbauer Spectroscopy (MS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was found that hematite transformed into magnetite, Wüstite and or cementite depending on the milling conditions. The study shows that by increasing the milling time, the rotational speed and / or the ball to powder ratio, the extent of the conversion of hematite to its reduction products increased. Further investigations are required for the elucidation of the reduction mechanism. The reaction og magnetite and graphite at different milling conditions lead to the formation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ species, the former increasing at the expense of Fe3O4. Fe3O4 completely disappeared after a BPR of 50:1 and beyond. The Fe2+ species was confirmed to be due to FeO using XRD analysis. HRSEM images Fe2O3 using scanning electron microscopy prior to and after milling at different times showed significant changes while the milling period was increased, HRSEM images showed that the once well defined hematite particles took ill-defined shapes and also became smaller in size, which was a results of the milling action that induced reaction between the two powders to form magnetite. EDX spectra at different milling times also confirmed formation of magnetite. EDX elemental analysis and quantification confirmed the elemental composition of starting material consisting mainly of iron. Similarly, HRSEM images of Fe3O4 using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) prior to and after milling at different BPR showed significant changes when the milling period was increased. EDX spectra at different milling times also confirmed formation of partial FeO and EDX elemental analysis and quantification confirmed the elemental composition of starting material consisting mainly of iron than Fe2O3. TEM images of both Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 particles at different milling conditions displayed observable particle damages as a function of milling period.The once well - defined particles (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 ) successively took ill – defined shapes, possibly accompanied by crystallite size reduction. MAS showed that the reactive milling of α- Fe2O3 and C resulted in reduction to Fe3O4 , FeO and or cementite depending on the milling conditions etc Time, milling speed and BPR variation which influenced the reduction. The study shows that by increasing the milling time, the rotational speed and / or the ball to powder ratio, the extent of the conversion of hematite to its reduction products increased. XRD study investigations even though were unable to detect spm species (Fe2+ and Fe3+ ) which has smaller crystallites below detection limits ,the variation in time showed an increment in the magnetite peaks accompanied by recession of hematite and graphite peaks as the milling time was increased which relates to the MAS observation.XRD also corroborated the data obtained from MAS that showed that the main constituent was magnetite and further evidence in support of the reduction of hematite to magnetite under reactive milling was obtained using XRD . Overall, the work demonstrated selective reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and Fe3O4 to FeO by fine tuning the milling conditions. It is envisaged that the reduction of FeO to Fe and possible carburization to FexC could also be achieved.
Erdiller, Emrah Salim. "Investigation Of Solidification And Crystallization Of Iron Based Bulk Amorphous Alloys." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/1096585/index.pdf.
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Based bulk amorphous alloys, to synthesize Fe &
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based multicomponent glassy alloys by using the predictions of the theoretical study, and to analyze the influence of crystallization and solidification kinetics on the microstructural features of this amorphous alloys. For this purpose, first, glass forming ability of Fe &
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(Mo, B, Cr, Nb, C) &
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X ( X = various alloying elements, selected from the periodic table) ternary alloy systems were simulated for twenty different alloy compositions by using the electronic theory of alloys in pseudopotential approximation and regular solution theory. Then, by using the results of the theoretical study, systematic casting experiments were performed by using centrifugal casting method. The alloying elements were melted with induction under argon atmosphere in alumina crucibles and casted into copper molds of different shapes. Characterization of the cast specimens were performed by using DSC, XRD, SEM, and optical microscopy. Comparison of equilibrium and nonequilibrium solidification structures of cast specimens were also performed so as to verify the existence of the amorphous phase. Good agreement of the results of experimental work, with the predictions of the theoretical study, and the related literature was obtained.
Beauchesne, France. "Analyse non destructive du cuivre et de ses alliages par activation à l'aide de neutrons rapides de cyclotron : application à la numismatique." Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0015.
Full textWilson, Andrew David. "Wear and fatigue studies of surface engineered ferrous and non-ferrous aerospace alloys." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264952.
Full textAthasniya, Mohit. "Extrinsic Influence of Environment on Tensile Response, Impact Toughness and Fracture Behavior of Four Metals: Ferrous Versus Non Ferrous." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1444242002.
Full textPrithiraj, Alicia. "Corrosion behaviour of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys exposed to sulphate - reducing bacteria in industrial heat exchangers." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/433.
Full textCorrosion responses of some carbon steels, stainless steel and copper alloys in the presence of a culture of bacteria (referred to as SRB-Sulphate-reducing bacteria) found in industrial heat exchangers, was studied to recommend best alloys under this service condition, with techno-economic consideration. Water from cooling towers in three plants in a petrochemical processing complex were analysed for SRB presence. Two of the water samples showed positive indication of SRB presence. The mixed cultures obtained from plant one were grown in prepared media and incubated at 35 °C for 18 days. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies in anaerobic conditions were done on the selected alloys in aqueous media with and without the grown SRB. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were then used to study the corrosion morphology and corrosion products formation. The voltamograms show higher icorr for alloys under the SRB compared to the control media, indicating the SRB indeed increased the corrosion rates. The surface analysis showed pitting on steel alloy ASTM A106-B. Localised attack to the grain boundaries on a selective area, was seen on ASTM A516-70 dislodging the grains, and intergranular corrosion was seen throughout the exposed area of ASTM A179. Copper alloys showed pitting on ASTM B111 grade C71500 (70-30), and denickelification on ASTM B111 grade C70600 (90-10), and is a good alternative material for use apart from carbon steel alloys, recording a low corrosion rate of 0.05 mm/year. The EDS analysis supported the findings showing higher weight percent of iron and sulphur on surface of the alloys after exposure to the SRB media. This implies that the presence of the sulphur ion indeed increased the corrosion rate. ASTM A516-70 carbon steel was chosen as a suitable alternative material to the stainless steel in this environment. The Tafel plot recorded a corrosion rate of 1.08 mm/year for ASTM A516-70 when exposed to SRB media.
Iatrou, Angela. "Removal of chlorite by reaction with ferrous iron." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42223.
Full textThe use of chlorine dioxide as an oxidant and/or
disinfectant for drinking water treatment has been an
alternative considered when utilities seek to control
trihalomethane concentrations. However, concern regarding
residual concentrations of chlorite and chlorate have
resulted in limitations on applied chlorine dioxide dosages.
This study describes the use of ferrous iron as a possible
reducing agent for the elimination of residual chlorite from
drinking water.
Master of Science
Corke, C. C. "The corrosion and repassivation behaviour of some ferrous-based glassy alloys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383799.
Full textRees, Eleanor Elizabeth. "Structural and chemical characterisation of the passive film on ferrous alloys." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428696.
Full textArmstrong, Derek C. "Influence of segregated impurities on the corrosion and oxidation of ferrous alloys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239600.
Full textBrust, Alexander Frederick. "Applications of Graph Cutting for Probabilistic Characterization of Microstructures in Ferrous Alloys." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555523646156822.
Full textNorton, Seth Jason. "Ferrous friction stir weld physical simulation." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1143252009.
Full textThompson, Daniel H. "Three-dimensional dislocation dynamics modelling of particle-reinforced ferrous alloys for nuclear applications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c221993c-6dd3-4ad2-af2e-b3814d0cbe36.
Full textFrincu, Bianca. "Procédé de recuits sous champ magnétique intense pour microstructures optimisées." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI100.
Full textEnergy is becoming increasingly expensive and a major challenge for the society is to minimize energyconsumption. One of the issues of this challenge focuses on the industrial processing of energy related materialand the development of their properties.The overall objective of this work is to evaluate thermo-magnetic processing as a new technology with thegoal of developing novel microstructures and/or improved properties unattainable through conventionalthermo-mechanical processing. This main target is addressed with the study of the effect of magnetic field ontwo main alloys, Fe-Co and Fe-Ni in view of improving their functional soft magnetic properties.In FeCo alloys the non – equilibrium ferrite to austenite phase transformation measured up to 16T is foundto be increased by the application of a high magnetic field. Its evolution with the field intensity is explainedusing a thermodynamic analysis. In both grades, the ferrite phase is found to be stabilized at higher temperaturetogether with a coarse grains microstructure during recrystallization and growth in high field. Soft magneticproperties are also improved by the application of a magnetic field both in the Fe-Co27% and Fe-Co49%-V2%alloys by a field induced Goss texture enhancement and an extended field induced anisotropy respectively.In the Fe – 80%Ni composition the use of high magnetic field during processing (up to 7T) is found toimprove the magnetic induced anisotropy and to tailor the hysteresis loop shape. The dynamic magneticbehavior is greatly improved by high field annealing.These significant results support the idea that introducing the magnetic field application into conventionalmaterials processing is a promising way to improve material properties
Edwards, R. J. "A study of the heat treatment of some non-ferrous alloys using the transverse flux induction process." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376638.
Full textDsouza, Brendan Harry. "Material Degradation Studies in Molten Halide Salts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103052.
Full textDoctor of Philosophy
Molten salts are considered as potential fuel and coolant candidates in MSRs because of their desirable thermophysical properties and heat-transfer capabilities. However, they pose grave challenges in material selection due to their corrosive nature, which is attributed to the impurities and their concentration (mostly moisture and oxygen-based) in the salt. This study focused on purifying the salt to reduce these contaminants without compromising its composition and properties. The influence of purification processes on the corrosion behavior of HAYNES® 230® alloy was studied in the molten chloride salt with different purity conditions. Various nickel and ferrous-based alloys were also studied for their compatibility in the molten chloride salt. This will assist in expediting the material selection process for various molten salt applications. It was observed that several factors such as alloy composition, its microstructure, impurities in the salt attribute to molten salt corrosion. It was also quite evident that corrosion in molten salts is inevitable and hence, the focus was shifted on slowing down this process by providing protective barriers in the form of coatings (i.e. boronization). The borided (coated) alloys not only improved the corrosion resistance but also enhanced and retained their properties like hardness after exposure to molten salts. Since these studies were conducted under static conditions, a more detailed investigation is needed for the selected alloys by subjecting them to extreme flow-conditions and for longer a duration of time. To achieve this objective, a forced circulation molten salt loop was designed and fabricated to conduct flow corrosion studies for alloys in molten chloride salt. Graphite is another critical component of the MSR where it is used as a moderator or reflector. Generally, molten salts exhibit poor wettability with graphite, but they can still infiltrate (graphites) at higher applied pressures, and result in the degradation or disintegration of graphite's structure, and eventually its failure in the reactor. This study provides infiltration data, and understanding of the degradation of various 'virgin' nuclear graphite grades by the molten fluoride salt. This should assist in the selection of tolerable or impermeable graphite grades for MSR operational purposes.
GUILHERME, ENEIDA da G. "Preparacao de materiais magneticamente duros a base de ligas de terra rara-ferro nitrogenadas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10786.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
SALGADO, LUCIO. "Processamento da liga ferro-niquel-cobre-molibdenio por moagem de alta energia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11056.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:96/11795-7
Souza, Fabrício Mendes. "Estudo da microestrutura, da textura cristalográfica e da recristalização em chapas obtidas por lingotamento contínuo e semicontínuo da liga de alumínio AA4006." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-07052012-121639/.
Full textAA4006 Aluminum alloy is extensively used in industry. It belongs to the Al-Fe-Si system, with Si between 0,8 and 1,2 % mass, and Fe between 0,5 and 0,8 % mass. This alloy is less studied despite its extensive use. A comparative microstructural study has been performed in as-received AA4006 alloy strip produced by two industrial casting processes: twin roll caster (TRC) and direct chill (DC). Polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis, electrical conductivity measurements and Brinnel hardness tests have been used for microstructural characterization. Significant differences in the grain and intermetallic particle sizes, morphologies and distributions were detected and are discussed. Thermal treatments effects on the silicon content in solid solution were also studied. Crystallographic textures have been also determined. Textures across thickness of both sheets have been analyzed and compared. Results showed significant texture changes across thickness of the specimens. Texture analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction technique. Twin roll caster (TRC) sheet presented the typical shear texture near the surface, while, in internal regions, the -fibre was observed. A recrystallization study of cold rolled metallic sheets is very important to obtain softening temperature for the material during annealing. After cold rolling with 70% of reduction in thickness, followed by isochronous heat treatments, the samples of the two sheets produced by TRC and DC presented a 50% recrystallization temperature around 290 ºC and 270 ºC, respectively. Crystallographic texture can change during the metal rolling and recrystallization. These processing steps can optimize the grain orientation distribution in a metal strip to improve, for instance, the stamping process, in order to obtain an aggregated value product. Softening curves were also compared and determined for the two sheets (rolled and annealed) of the AA4006 aluminum alloy produced by twin roll caster TRC and direct chill DC processes. It was detected that the recrystallization of the strip produced by TRC process occurs at a higher temperature than that for the DC process, despite the little differences in their softening curves. Crystallographic texture results, for the sheet samples, were obtained by using X-ray diffraction and electron back scatter diffraction EBSD techniques. These results indicated the shear texture presence on the surface and fiber at the center of the cold rolled (70% area reduction) sample for the sheet produced by TRC process. In the sheet sample produced by the DC process, under the same conditions, the cube component and fiber texture (at the surface and at the center) were observed. A texture with random oriented grains was detected in two deformed and recrystallized samples of the two sheets (TRC and DC). It is suggested that this texture occurs due to the particle stimulated nucleation. There was fiber absence in the recrystallized samples (TRC and DC).
Hilborn, Monica Maria. "Production of ferro-niobium in the Plasmacan furnace." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63993.
Full textFerrarini, Cleyton Fernandes. "Análise da resistência ao desgaste abrasivo de um revestimento duro obtido pela deposição, por soldagem, de uma liga a base de ferro." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-14092016-164708/.
Full textThe present work presents an analysis of the abrasive wear resistance of a hardfacing and of the SAE 5160 steel. The hardfacing was obtained by the deposition of a iron based alloy through \"TIG\" welding on a ABNT 1020 steel. This alloy was developed with the use of Cr and Nb as carbide forming elements , resulting in a microstructure formed by a carbide net of M7C3 interdendritic in a austenitic matrix. The hardfacing samples suffered heat treatment of normalizing, hardening, tempering and subzero, viewing the achievement of differents microstructure, while the SAE 5160 steel suffered hardening and tempering according to the production process used in the agricutural tool manufacturing. The wear resistance of the hardfacing overcame the SAE 5160 steel in both types of abrasion wear tests, and the best performances were presented by hardening hardfacing in the pin wear test and by the tempering hardfacing in the rubber wheel/dry sand test. The identification of the material removal mechanisms in the abrasive tests was made by the observation of the worn surfaces of the samples through the scanning eletronic microscopy.
Carrillo, Berlanga Albert. "Aliatges magnètics nanocristal·lins de base ferro i aliatges Heusler: producció i caracterització." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669074.
Full textEn aquest treball es duu a terme la producció i la caracterització de (1) materials nanocristal·lins de base Fe magnèticament tous de les famílies NANOPERM i HITPERM i (2) materials magnètics amb memòria de forma tipus Heusler. De la primera tipologia de materials s’analitza el Fe(80)X(7)B(12)Cu(1) (X=Nb, Ni(70)Zr(30)) (NANOPERM) del qual es compara l’efecte que té l’aparell de mòlta en les característiques estructurals, tèrmiques i magnètiques de l’aliatge. Dins dels HITPERM s’estudia el Fe(85-x)Co(x)Nb(6)B(9) (x=10, 20). Es compara l’efecte del contingut de Co en l’estructura i les propietats tèrmiques i magnètiques transcorreguda una mòlta de 80h. En els aliatges Heusler es procedeix a la creació de fitxers d’informació estructural (CIF) de les diferents estructures cristal·logràfiques de les fases austenita i martensita que presenten aquests materials, per a utilitzar-los en un anàlisi mitjançant el mètode de Rietveld emprant el programari MAUD
Malafaia, Artur Mariano de Sousa. "Oxidação cíclica em alta temperatura de ligas ferrosas fundidas de baixo custo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-15012014-103642/.
Full textThe cyclic oxidation phenomenon can cause problems to several industries. Although studied in high performance materials, as superalloys, researches on less noble materials are incipient. The aim of this thesis was investigate the cyclic oxidation properties of low cost iron-based alloys and compare them with a cast stainless steel ASTM A 297 HH modified grade. The motivation was a failure analysis on a component made of HH and the possibility of research materials with a better cost-benefit ratio for applications where the main solicitation is the cyclic oxidation resistance. Six alloys with less chromium and nickel amount than HH steel, or without these elements, constituted the study. In these alloys, silicon and aluminum (1 alloy) were used to improve the oxidation resistance. The alloy compositions (weight %) were nearly Fe-15Al-1,1C, Fe-14,5Si-4Cr-0,75C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-V-C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-V-C and Fe-12Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, and the HH steel modified (HH-mod). Cyclic oxidation tests were performed at 800, 900 and 1000 ºC and also hardness, impact and tensile tests. The alloys studied presented brittleness, and only the high Mn alloys had better mechanical properties than HH-mod steel. The alloys presented good results on cyclic oxidation, with low or moderate oxidation rates and when suffering spallation, it was less than HH-mod steel. Oxidized scales were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of protective oxide of Si, Cr or Al was noticed, but also Fe, Cu and Mn oxides were found. Finally, the mass gain and spallation kinetics was determined, and spite the fact of some alloys having higher kp values than HH-mod, no alloys suffered more spallation than HH steel. The austenitic matrix was considered the responsible of this behavior in all temperatures, due to the high thermal expansion coefficient compared with oxides. The better results were found to Fe-15Al-1,1C and Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C alloy, with low mass gain and without spalling, on account of the thin oxide scales formed.
Alves, Cláudia Rosane Ribeiro. "Produção de uma liga de ferro-cromo de alto teor de carbono a partir das cinzas de aparas de couro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130122.
Full textThe presence of high levels of metals in industrial waste arouses interest in its reuse. The leather-footwear industry, for example, important in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, produces hazardous Cr-containing waste from the leather tanning stage. The possibility for reuse of this important metal contained in the residue became a reality with the introduction, in a pilot project, of an incineration plant. The ash waste is used in this work as a raw material for the production of high carbon ferro-chrome type (FeCrAC) - which has wide use in the production of stainless steel; other industrial waste are also used in this extraction process. Ash - called CIAC thereafter - the main raw material and source of chromium, contains ~ 50% Cr2O3. Other residues employed as inputs were: coal fines from coal production plant for food preparation, silica from polishing operations from pieces of agate mill, scale from steel products and egg shell. The reactor load calculation was carried out with the help of computational thermodynamics, the simulation being of the carbothermic reduction process at a temperature of 1600 °C and 1 atm pressure. The simulation used as targets some guidelines: i) production of a slag with a lower solidus temperature as possible, (ii) or a low viscosity slag, and (iii) to provide suitable amounts of C and Cr in the alloy. Due to the high P content of CIAC, an experimental procedure for the reduction of this element was established based on (i) the use of inexpensive reagents, and (ii) the synergy arising from the combination of these reagents. For the production of ferro-chromium six types of experiments were performed varying the charge composition (sources of Cr and Fe) and two different lots of ash. The Cr and C contents in FeCr alloy in the experiments varied between 50 - 60% Cr and 7 - 10% C, demonstrating the possibility for reuse of Cr contained in the ashes for the production of FeCr alloy.
Rovani, Ane Cheila. "Efeito do hidrogênio e mecanismos na pós-oxidação por plasma pulsado de ligas ferrosas nitretadas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/568.
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This work shows the hydrogen effect and the influence of processing temperature and time in the post-oxidation treatment by pulsed plasma on nitrided AISI 1045 ferrous alloy. The crystalline structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Rietveld refinement method was used in order to quantify the present phases in the system. The electronic structure of the oxide layer was studied by X-ray photoemission electron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphology and oxide layer thickness were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mechanical properties were studied by nanoindentation tests. In an effort to know the corrosion resistance of our systems, salt spray tests were executed. Hydrogen controls the formation of oxide phases (hematite (α-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4)). A 25 % H2 concentration in the oxidation gas mixture leads to obtain a hematite-free oxide layer. On one hand, the oxide layer thickness follows an exponential Arrhenius-like behavior with processing temperature which is characteristic of a thermally induced-process with activation energy of 68±5kJ/mol. On the other hand, the oxide layer thickness follows a parabolic-like behavior with processing time which is characteristic of the reaction-diffusion process. Lower temperatures and shorter times of processing render more homogenous and compacts oxide layers with higher hardness. Although, corrosion tests show that surfaces without globular structures, more compacts and with closed-pores have higher corrosion resistances, our system does not attend the minimal specification in order to substitute hard chromium in ferrous alloys.
Borges, Doris Feijó Leão. "Processamento e caracterização de aluminetos de ferro obtidos a partir de matéria-prima reciclada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-25102011-122243/.
Full textIron aluminides have, among many outstanding characteristics, excellent resistance to high temperature oxidation due to the formation of a protective alumina layer which favors its use in harsh environments. This work aims at producing iron aluminides-based alloy using only recycled raw material and characterizing the results of studies of oxidation kinetic at high temperatures of 800 Celsius to 1100 Celsius in muffle furnace without protective atmosphere with residence time in oven 10, 50, 100 and 200h. The investigated alloy are based on the nominal composition Fe30Al6Cr (The numbers refer to the molar fraction of alloys elementes). Two alloys, namely (A) and (B), were obtained following the same processing route using, however, different crucibles which resulted in different carbon concentrations and consequently in different carbide volume fractions. The alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine the phases and scanning electron microscopy for microstructural characterization. Sample taken from both alloys were also subjected to solubilization for 10 hours at 1200 Celsius and precipitation at 800 Celsius for 10 min to determine the microstructural evolution. The analytical results of Vickers microhardness of the material both in the as cast state as well as in the heat treated states were used to characterize the carbides and matrix mechanical properties. Oxidation results carried out in 16 samples of each alloy are presented in the form of mass gain per unit area (deltam / S) versus oxidation time (t) curves. The evaluation of the graphics curves used to observe the linear behavior was not enough to determine the oxidation kinetics law.
NEVES, MAURICIO D. M. das. "Sinterização de misturas de pós de ligas de ferro para aplicações automotivas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11376.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Maluf, Omar. "Fadiga termomecânica em ligas de ferro fundido cinzento para discos de freio automotivos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-23062009-151607/.
Full textBrake discs are submitted to thermal and mechanical stress that can be relatively high during abrupt braking action happens (fractions of seconds), causing the temperature to reach values as high as 600ºC. This temperature variation results in thermal shocks that can generate cracks and/or a large amount of plastic deformation in the disk. The main aim of this work was to investigate, through experiments, the mechanical and physical behavior of four alloys of gray cast iron (A, B, C and E), used to produce brake discs of automotives vehicles. Low cycle thermomechanical fatigue tests were carried out in components (discs) and in test specimens, between 300ºC and 600ºC, in the conditions in-phase and out-of-phase, adopting the failure criterion of 50% drop of the maximum tensile stress (ASTM E - 606). Thermal diffusivity values were measured from room temperature up to 600oC in order to analyze the effects of carbon content and alloying elements in physical properties. Curves -N were obtained and analyzed according to ASTM E 466/468 standard. Microstructural analysis was employed to reveal the influence of the matrix and morphology/amount of graphite on the mechanical properties. It was observed that, during in-phase thermomechanical fatigue tests, the volume expansion due to cementite decomposition into graphite and ferrite caused a decrease in the tensile stress necessary to achieve the mechanical strain imposed during tests. From M/2 x 2Nf graphs it was inferred that alloy E presented the best performance both in in-phase and out-of phase tests. The lack of Mo in this alloy implies in a significant reduction of cost production of the brake discs, due to the high cost of such alloying element. Out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue tests resulted in shorter lives compared to isothermal fatigue tests carried out at 25ºC, 300ºC and 600ºC.
Santos, Claudio Teodoro dos. "Efeito das adições de boro na magnetostricção de ligas policristalinas dos sistemas Fe-Al e Fe-Ga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97135/tde-08102013-083643/.
Full textMagnetostrictive materials exhibit elastic deformation when subjected to a magnetic field or changing in magnetic properties when subjected to mechanical stress, so they are of great interest for applications in actuators, sensors and energy harvesters. However, the best available magnetostrictive materials are expensive and fragile. In the last years has been discovered a new class of magnetostrictive material which overcome this problem, the class of the Fe-Ga and Fe-Al alloys, which have the unusual combination of moderate magnetostriction, good mechanical properties and low associated cost. Currently, research has searched ways to improve the magnetostriction of these alloys, both for ternary additions of other atoms or by using different methods of preparation, heat treatment or mechanical processing. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of B additions and rapid solidification process on the microstructure and magnetostriction of Fe- Al and Fe-Ga alloys. For this purpose, polycrystalline alloys of nominal composition (Fe80Al20)1-0.01yBy, (Fe80Ga20)1-0.01yBy and (Fe72Ga28)1-0.01yBy, with y = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 e 2 at.% were produced by arc melting and splat cooling rapid solidification technique. Microstructural characterization of the samples was performed by SEM/EDS and XRD. The magnetostriction was measured under magnetic field of 0 to ±2 T, at 4.2, 77 and 300 K, by capacitance dilatometry. The B additions caused precipitation of Fe2B at the grain boundaries of A2 and/or D03 phase of Fe-Al and Fe-Ga alloys, resulting in a reduction of the grain size and formation of dendritic crystals. The Fe80Al20 alloys showed a maximum magnetostriction of 74 ppm with the addition of 2 at.% B. And, the Fe80Ga20 and Fe72Ga28 alloys showed a peak with the addition of 1 at.% B, of 81 ppm and 143 ppm, respectively. We concluded that these B additions had a beneficial effect on the magnetostriction of Fe- Al and Fe-Ga as-cast alloys, since they caused an increase up to 100% of this property in relation to the alloy without B. On the other hand, the rapid solidification had no the same effect on the magnetostriction of Fe-Al-B alloys.
Nejdmo, Elisabeth. "Undersökning av deponerat ferrokromstoft : Utvärdering av ny behandlingsmetod." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88827.
Full textThe production of ferrochromium alloys at Vargön Alloys AB contributes to formation of unwanted ferrochromium dust, which contains toxic Cr(VI). The dust is since summer 2005 treated with an iron-sulphate solution to reduce Cr(VI) to the non-toxic Cr(III). A year later the treatment technique was improved and disposal occurs in cells on the landfill. The cells can be up to 300 m3 and the edges can be made out of fro example concrete. Tests are conducted on the treated dust when it is disposed. The analyses show low contents of Cr(VI), which indicates that the reduction is successful. Analyses of leakage water from a small scale cell however showed an increasing content of Cr(VI) and pH under the first two months.
This thesis has evaluated the new treatment method. An investigation was conducted to determine if the same changes have occurred in the full scale cells. Half of the 18 collected samples from the disposed dust showed high or very high contents of Cr(VI). The other half had a almost no detectable content. pH was over 12. No correlation between Cr(VI)-content and pH, conductivity, age or water content in the disposed dust could be shown.
An experiment was also performed in small scale to reduce the number of influencing parameters. The results showed that if the dust has access to oxygen the Cr(VI) content increases during the first days from a few mg/kg dry substance to over 20 mg/kg dry substance, a level which was maintained during the rest of the experiment period. The content of Cr(VI) was almost constant at 4 mg/kg dry substance when oxygen was eliminated during the whole experiment period. When the water content was below 5 %, the content of chromium did not increase more.
Since almost all newly created Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) by the addition of ferrous sulphate, recreation of Cr(VI) occurs. Today there is now possibility to follow the changes in the dust from untreated to after disposed. The addition of iron-sulphate is based upon an average Cr(VI) content in the dust and the variation of disposal occasions can be significant. To determine if the increase in Cr(VI) is caused of an incorrect addition of solution a smaller disposal cell can be constructed. The initial content of Cr(VI) can be controlled and the dust can be examined during the time it ages. If the dosage could be improved the addition can be optimized. It is also important to minimize the infiltration and accelerate the drying of the slurry since the Cr(VI) content can increase the as long as the water content is high the Cr(VI) content can increase.
Vid produktionen av ferrolegeringar på Vargön Alloys AB bildas ferrokromstoft som en oönskad biprodukt, vilken innehåller hälsofarligt sexvärt krom. Sedan sommaren 2005 behandlas stoftet med järnsulfatlösning för att reducera Cr(VI) till mindre hälsofarliga Cr(III). Ett år senare förbättrades tekniken och deponering sker sedan dess i iordningställda celler på deponin. Cellerna rymmer cirka 300 m3 och har kanter av bland annat betongstöd. Provtagning sker på det behandlade stoftet i samband med deponeringen. Analyserna visar mycket låga halter av Cr(VI), vilket tyder på att reduktionen lyckas. Analyser av lakvatten från en småskalig provcell visade däremot att Cr(VI)-halter och pH ökade under de två första månaderna.
Detta arbete har utvärderat den nya behandlingsmetoden. Undersökning huruvida samma förändring har skett i fullskaliga celler har utförts. Utav de 18 prov som inhämtades från det deponerade stoftet visade hälften på höga eller mycket höga Cr(VI)-halter och resterande hade nästan omätbara halter. I det deponerade stoftet var pH genomgående drygt 12. Inget samband mellan Cr(VI)-halt och pH, konduktivitet, ålder eller vatteninnehåll i deponerat stoft erhölls.
Försök utfördes även i liten skala i för att minska antalet påverkande parametrar. Utan tillgång till syre var Cr(VI)-halten cirka 4 mg/kg torrsubstans under hela försöksperioden. Försöken visade att om stoftet har tillgång till syre ökar Cr(VI) från några mg/kg torrsubstans till dryga 20 mg/kg torrsubstans efter bara några dagar. Halten förblev konstant under resten av försökstiden. Ett samband som sågs var att när Cr(VI)- halten har stagnerat är vatteninnehållet i provet under 5 %.
Eftersom nästan allt krom reduceras till Cr(III) vid tillsatsen av järnsulfatlösning har det nyreducerade Cr(VI) återbildats. I nuläget går det inte att följa hur stoftet förändras från obehandlat och vad som händer när det åldras efter att det har behandlats och deponerats. Tillsatsen av järnsulfat doseras efter en medelhalt Cr(VI)-innehåll i stoftet och variationen i Cr(VI)-halt mellan deponeringstillfällen kan vara stor. För att avgöra om ökningen av Cr(VI) beror på felaktig tillsatts av järnsulfatlösning kan en mindre deponeringscell anläggas. Ingående Cr(VI)-halter kan kontrolleras och stoftet kan undersökas medan det åldras på deponin. Visar det sig att dosering behöver förbättras kan tillsatsen optimeras. Det är även viktigt att minska infiltrationen samt påskynda torkningen av slurryn eftersom så länge vattenhalten är hög kan Cr(VI)-halterna öka.
Malavazi, Jefferson. "Caracterização microestrutural dos compostos intermetálicos e seu efeito no comportamento mecânico nas ligas de Al-9%Si com adições de Fe e Mn." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-17032014-151816/.
Full textThis study aims to determine the influence of iron and manganese in an aluminum alloy with 9% silicon (% by weight). Were prepared two families of alloy Al-9%Si: one with the content of 0.1%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% Fe and a second alloy of Al-9% Si-0,8%Fe content of 0.1%, 0.4% and 0.7% Mn. For this study, tensile specimens were produced in permanent mold casting according to ASTM B108. The specimens obtained were pulled for quantitative evaluation of the mechanical properties and were subjected to a qualitative metallographic evaluation. Qualitative analysis of the bodies of tensile fracture test was conducted in order to compare the effect of additions of Fe and Mn. The effect of incremental addition of Fe in the alloy Al-9% Si was observed in the tensile test that showed a decrease in both the tensile and elongation flow as resulting from the formation of β-Al5FeSi phase platelet morphology showed that interrupting the continuity of aluminum matrix. To levels below 0.4% Fe, there was a slight increase in strength can be attributed to the formation of α-Al8Fe2Si phase morphology presented in chinese script that does not interrupt the continuity of the matrix. With addition of increasing concentrations of Mn in the alloy Al-9% Si-0, 8% Fe was an increase in the tensile strength and elongation but fall of yield stress when compared to the same alloy without Mn addition. We conclude that this behavior can be attributed to a change in morphology of the intermetallic platelets to chinese writing interspersing the ductile matrix with brittle phase due to the addition of Mn.
Nagasima, Thiago Pires. "Refino de grão de ligas do sistema cobre-zinco." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-04012018-113638/.
Full textGood mechanical and corrosion properties, large thermal and electrical conductivities, as well as relatively large castability are characteristics that contribute to the importance of copper and copper alloys. Some of these properties are enhanced when the average grain size of the as-cast structure decreases by inoculation of the melt. The inoculation treatment increases the number of solid nuclei, causing a reduction in the average grain size. In the present work, an investigation of the grain refinement by inoculation with Zr and P additions to Cu-Zn melts with contents of Zn up to 30%(mass) was carried out. Three series of experiments were conducted. In one the Zr content of the Cu-30%Zn alloy was gradually increased up to 0.4% to reveal the effects of Zr, while in the second series, the concentration of Zr was constant, equal to 0.08%, but the Zn content was gradually increased to 30% to show the effect of Zn. The third one was to test separate and conjunct addition of C, P and Zr in order to understand each elements effect on grain refinement. The resulting samples were characterized and analyzed by several techniques: (a) visual observation of the grain macrostructure; (b) chemical analysis; (c) thermal analysis; (d) optical microscopy; (e) scanning electron microscopy; (f) EDS microanalysis; (g) WDS microanalysis; and (h) X-Ray diffraction. The results show that the average grain size of the Cu-Zn alloys (6% <= Zn <= 30% mass) decreases significantly when Zr and P are both added to the melt. Nevertheless, average grain size is not reduced significantly when either Zr or P are added separately to the melt. When 0.08%Zr is added, the average grain size decreases as the concentration of Zn increases from 0 to 30%Zn, but without Zr additions, the Zn content and the average grain size are uncorrelated. The microstructural analysis with the techniques listed before show that the decrease in average grain size caused by Zr and P additions coincide with the observation of faceted precipitates rich in Zr and P. This analysis indicates that the inoculation mechanism is probably the heterogeneous nucleation of solid Cu-µ, of face-centered-cubic lattice structure, on solid particles of ZrP, with hexagonal compact structure, formed in the melt after Zr and P additions.
Peres, Manoel Diniz. "Desenvolvimento da macroestrutura e da microestrutura na solidificação unidirecional transitoria de ligas Al-Si." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265091.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Foi desenvolvida no presente trabalho uma seqüência de experimentos para analisar a solidificação unidirecional vertical em condições transitórias de fluxo de calor de ligas AI-Si hipoeutéticas. Abordagens teóricas e experimentais são desenvolvidas para a determinação quantitativa de variáveis térmicas de solidificação tais como: coeficientes transitórios de transferência de calor metal/molde; velocidades de deslocamento das isotermas liquidus; taxas de resmamento à frente das isotermas liquidus e tempos locais de solidificação. A análise das macroestruturas obtidas mostra que a transição colunar/equiaxial (TCE) ocorre essencialmente à mesma posição a partir da superficie dos lingotes para todas as ligas examinadas experimentalmente. As variáveis térmicas de solidificação são muito similares na TCE, não sendo possível identificar um critério de transição macroestrutural baseado em apenas uma variável em particular. O trabalho analisa também a dependência dos espaçamentos interdendríticos em relação às variáveis térmicas de solidificação e ao teor de soluto da liga. Estes parâmetros dendríticos experimentais referentes à solidificação das ligas AI 3, 5, 7, 9 % Si, são comparados com os principais modelos teóricos de crescimento dendrítico da literatura
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to analyze the upward unsteady state directional solidification of AI-Si hypoeutectic alloys. A combined theoretical and experimental approach is developed to quantitatively determine solidification thermal variables such as: transient metal/mold heat transfer coefficients, tip growth rates, thermal gradients, tip cooling rates and local solidification time. The observation of the macrostructures has shown that the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) occurred essentially at the same position from the casting surface for any alloy experimentally examined. The solidification thennal variables are very similar at the CET and it is not possible to identify a structural transition criterion based on a particular variable. The work also focuses on the dependence of dendrite ann spacings on the solidification thermal variables and on alloy solute content. The experimental data concerning the solidification of AI 3, 5, 7 and 9 wt % Si alloys are compared with the main predictive dendritic models from the literature
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
Rodrigues, Jean Robert Pereira. "Efeito da composição nos parametros termicos e estruturais de ligas Al-Mg solidificadas unidirecionalmente." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265198.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Em operações industriais de fundição, a possibilidade de implantação de uma diversidade de condições operacionais tem como conseqüência a geração de uma ampla gama de estruturas de solidificação que influencia decisivamente nas características mecânicas e na qualidade do produto final. Foi desenvolvida no presente trabalho, por meio de uma seqüência de experimentos, uma análise comparativa do processo de solidificação unidirecional vertical ascendente, em condições transitórias de fluxo de calor, do alumínio comercialmente puro e das ligas Al-Mg com diferentes composições. Esta análise visa investigar experimentalmente o efeito da composição nos principais parâmetros do processo de solidificação e sua influência nas estruturas de solidificação. Após a obtenção dos lingotes e registradas as variações de temperatura, foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros de solidificação: coeficiente de transferência de calor na interface metal/molde, velocidade de avanço da frente de solidificação, gradiente de temperatura em frente à isoterma liquidus, taxa de resfriamento e tempo local de solidificação. São também analisados aspectos relativos a desvios observados na direção preferencial de crescimento durante a solidificação. A análise das macroestruturas obtidas evidencia que a transição colunar/equiaxial é afetada pelo teor de magnésio. É estabelecida no trabalho a dependência dos espaçamentos interdendríticos em relação aos parâmetros de solidificação. Estes espaçamentos dendríticos experimentais referentes a solidificação das ligas Al com 5, 10 e 15%Mg, são usados para estimar por meio de método heurístico a permeabilidade nos canais interdendríticos e também comparados com alguns modelos teóricos de crescimento dendrítico da literatura
Abstract: In industrial casting operations, the possibility of implantation of a diversity of operational conditions has as consequence the generation of a wide range of solidification structures, affecting the mechanical properties and the quality of the final product. It is developed in the present work, applying a sequence of experiments, a comparative analysis of the vertical unidirectional solidification process, under transient heat flow conditions of aluminum commercially pure and Al-Mg alloys with different compositions. This analysis investigate experimentally the effect of the composition in the main solidification parameters and their influence in the structure formation. After obtaining the ingots and registered the temperature variations, the following solidification parameters were obtained: transiet heat transfer coefficients at metal/mold interface, dendrite tip growth rates, thermal gradients, cooling rates and local solidification time. It was also analysed aspects relative to deviations observed in the growth preferential direction during the solidification. The analysis of the obtained microstructures shows that the structure columnar/equiaxed is affected by the magnesium content. It is established in the work the dependence of the interdendritics arm spacings with the solidification parameters and the results were compared with some theoretical models found in the literature. These experimental dendritics arm spacings referring the solidification of Al with 5, 10 and 15 wt % Mg alloys, are used to estimate, applying a heuristic method, the permeability of the interdendritic channels
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
Paroni, Alexandra Silvia Matheisen. "Estudo do comportamento eletroquímico da liga UNS N07090 em diferentes concentrações de ácido sulfúrico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-21062016-145619/.
Full textNickel alloys have a wide range of application nowadays due to their excellent resistance to aggressive media and high temperatures. UNS N07090, the nickel alloy studied herein, is used for turbochargers, exhaust and after treatment systems of diesel engines. These applications expose the alloy to hot gases, which condensate forming sulfuric acid (H2SO4). It is thus important to know the corrosion resistance of the alloy in this media. The goal of this work is the characterization of the electrochemical behaviour of UNS N07090 alloy through potentiodynamic polarization curves in different sulfuric acid concentrations. On the one hand, higher acid concentrations were noticed to lead to higher corrosion of the alloy. This phenomenon can be discussed by sulfate (SO42-) adsorption, which negatively influences not only the formation but also the growth of the passive film on nickel. On the other hand, the presence of Cr in UNS N07090 composition, improves the corrosion resistance of the alloy far more than expected, directly affecting the shape of the polarization curves of the alloy, placing it in a condition of high corrosion resistance despite the worst performance shown by the other elements present in the chemical composition of the alloy, such as Co, Al and Ti. 24h immersion periods in sulfuric acid slightly raise corrosion parameters of UNS N07090 alloy, but still ranking the alloy in very good corrosion resistance. Finally, it can be concluded that UNS N07090 alloy exposed to 1M to 4M H2SO4 at 25°C presents good corrosion resistance and that this is not affected by longer immersion periods. The results showed that the corrosion process of alloy UNS N07090 is controlled by sulfate and hidrogen cathodic reactions, which have stronger or weaker contribution depending on acid concentration and immersion time on the corrosive media.
Feng, Yuping. "Design and characterization of dense and porous Fe-based alloys for biomedical and environmental applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/460679.
Full textThis Thesis dissertation covers different synthetic approaches to obtain Fe-based alloys to be used for biomedical and environmental applications. Special emphasis has been placed to design a proper composition and to study the morphology and structural properties to tailor both the mechanical and magnetic properties of the resulting materials. Firstly, ferromagnetic Fe-10Mn6Si1Pd (wt.%) and shape memory, paramagnetic Fe-30Mn6Si1Pd (wt.%) compact alloys were prepared by arc-melting followed by copper mold suction casting. The evolution of microstructure, mechanical and magnetic properties, as well as the assessment of degradation, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation in Hank’s solution as a function of the immersion time were systermatically studied. With the aim to improve the biocompatibility of the Fe-10Mn6Si1Pd alloy, calcium phosphate coatings (CaP) (i.e., brushite and hydroxyapatite) were electrodeposited on the alloy by pulsed current electrodeposition. Due to porous structures resulting from needle-, rod- or plate-like morphologies, the measured Young’s modulus and hardness of these coatings were lower than those of fully-dense CaP layers with analogous compositions. Then, to increase the degradation rate and to reduce the Young’s modulus of the fully bulk alloys, porous Fe-30Mn6Si1Pd (wt.%) alloys were prepared by a simple press and sinter process from ball-milled Fe, Mn, Si and Pd powders blended with 10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 40 wt.% NaCl. Remarkably, the reduced Young’s modulus of all the porous alloys reached values close to 20 GPa after long-term immersion, a value which is close to the Young’s modulus of human bones (3–27 GPa), hence favoring good biomechanical compatibility between an eventual implant and the neighboring bone tissue. Meanwhile, open cell Fe and Fe-Mn oxides foams were prepared by the replication method using porous polyurethane templates. The magnetic response of the foams, from virtually non-magnetic to ferrimagnetic, could be tailored by controllably adjusting the Mn content as well as the N2 flow rate. Still dealing with magnetic properties, femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation was used to create periodic magnetic patterns at the surface of a non-ferromagnetic amorphous Fe-based alloy. Finally, a nanoporous Fe-rich alloy was prepared by selective dissolution of melt-spun Fe43.5Cu56.5 ribbons. The nanoporous ribbons were found to be an excellent heterogeneous Fenton catalyst towards the degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution.
Farina, Alexandre Bellegard. "Efeito do teor de ferro e do tratamento térmico na microestrutura e propriedades da liga UNS N06625." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-29122014-184030/.
Full textLately, the O&G industry has faced a big challenge to find materials that couple the high corrosion resistance with the desired mechanical resistance, for application in the oil and gas wells of the Pre-salt basins. This wells present high CO2, H2S and chlorine contents and the high corrosion resistance is essential. On the other hand, the high exploration depth associated with the necessary productivity has signalized that the working pressure of the materials will increase. Todays challenge is to obtain materials to manufacture large section parts as well heads and connectors. One of the more promising solutions to this challenge is the UNS N06625 alloy, as this alloy is already applied on the O&G industry in applications were the corrosion resistance must be coupled with the mechanical resistance. UNS N06625 alloy is typically understood by the market as an austenitic monophasic alloy, due to the more frequent use to be related with small section parts as bars, rods and wires for coating and welding, usually heat treated in accord with ASTM B446 and ASTM B564. The manufacture of this alloy in the monophasic condition is related to the conveniences of the thermomechanical treatment of small section parts that heat and cool at high rates, which allows high grain refinement and the monophasic structure. The present work has studied in a controlled way the iron content effect on the microstructure and properties of UNS N06625 alloy. UNS N06625 alloy was evaluated in the as forged, solution annealed and aged conditions in order to determine the effect of the iron content on the TTT diagram of UNS N06625 alloy. Through this work it was possible to verify that the kinetic of precipitation of delta phase and M6C carbide present some changes with the increase of the iron content by the reduction of the time needed to precipitation. Additionally the effect of the heating rate in the solution annealing heat treatment was studied, beginning in the as hot forged/rolled conditions which indicate that there is a synergic effect of the hardening and the delta phase precipitation during the heating of the material from the room temperature to the solution annealing temperature resulting in severe changes in the corrosion and mechanical resistances of the alloy.
Silva, Suelanny Carvalho da. "Estudo da influência da temperatura nas propriedades magnéticas e na microestrutura nos ímãs permanentes à base de Pr-Fe-B-Nb-Co obtidos com hidrogênio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-24102011-104115/.
Full textFine magnetic powders were produced using the hydrogenation disproportionation desorption and recombination (HDDR) process. The first stage in this work involved an investigation of the effect of the Co content and range of desorption/ recombination temperatures between 800 and 900°C with the purpose of optimizing the HDDR treatment for Pr14Fe80B6 and Pr14FebalCoxB6Nb0,1 (x= 0, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16) alloys. The cast alloys were annealed at 1100°C for 20 hours for homogenization. The processing temperature (desorption/ recombination) affected the microstructure and magnetic properties of the bonded magnets. The alloy with low cobalt content (4 at.%) required the highest reaction temperature (880°C) to yield anisotropic bonded magnets. The optimum temperature for alloys with 8 at.% Co and 10 at.% Co were 840°C and 820°C, respectively. Alloys with high cobalt content (12 at.% and 16 at.%) were processed at 840°C. The optimum desorption temperature for achieving high anisotropy for Pr14Fe80B6 and Pr14Fe79,9B6Nb0,1 was 820°C. The best remanence (862mT) was achieved with the Pr14Fe67,9B6Co12Nb0,1 magnet, processed at 840°C. Each alloy required an optimum reaction temperature and exhibited a particular microstructure according to the composition. The second stage of the work involved the characterization, for each temperature, of the Pr14Fe80B6 HDDR powder processed using X-ray diffraction analysis. The samples of the HDDR material were studied by synchrotron radiation powder diffraction using the Rietveld method for cell refinement, phase quantification and crystallite sizes determination. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has also been employed to reveal the morphology of the HDDR powder.
González, Gasch Àlex. "Desenvolupament i caracterització d'aliatges de base ferro produïts per aliatge mecànic i solidificació ràpida." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7808.
Full text- Síntesi d'aliatges de Fe-Ni-Zr-B-(Co), Fe-Nb-B-(Cu), i Fe-Ni-Nb-B mitjançant aliatge mecànic. Es parteix de precursors cristal·lins i es tracta d'obtenir un aliatge bàsicament nanocristal·lí. En concret, es pretén obtenir aliatges:
·Amb una alta estabilitat tèrmica que afavoreixi posteriors estudis de consolidació.
·Amb la presència de nanocristalls de reduïdes dimensions o d'una fase amorfa que permeti posteriors tractaments tèrmics per a produir aliatges de nanoestructura controlada.
-Comparació entre les mostres produïdes per aliatge mecànic amb diferents micromolins de les mostres Fe-Nb-B. Els micromolins utilitzats són un P7 i un SPEX 8000
-Estudi de la influència dels diferents precursors i de la quantitat relativa dels
mateixos que s'ha utilitzat per a cada mostra, concretament:
·La substitució en els aliatges de Fe-Nb-B de Fe per Ni, tot i que interessa que els aliatges tinguin una alta quantitat de ferro perquè tingui millors propietats magnètiques.
·La substitució en els aliatges de Fe-Ni-Zr-B de Fe per Co.
·La inclusió de Cu en les mostres Fe-Nb-B
·La comparació entre els aliatges amb Nb i amb Ni-Zr
-Modelització del comportament termodinàmic d'equilibri dels compostos Fe-Nb-B, mitjançant software de minimització de l'energia lliure dels diferents elements. S'han utilitzat una sèrie de tècniques analítiques per a avaluar l'estabilitat tèrmica i realitzar la caracterització estructural dels aliatges obtinguts. Anàlisi de l'estabilitat tèrmica mitjançant anàlisi calorimètrica diferencial (DSC) i
termogravimetria (TG). També s'analitzarà la cinètica de cristal·lització mitjançant
tractaments isotèrmics i dinàmics.
-Anàlisi morfològic de les diferents mostres per microscòpia electrònica de rastreig (SEM) i caracterització estructural de les diferents fases presents i de les diferents
microestructures obtingudes mitjançant difracció de raigs X XRD)i microscòpia electrònica de transmissió(TEM). S'identificaran les diferents fases presents i es calcularan els diferents paràmetres de cel·la, així com la dimensió de les
microestructures. L'anàlisi microestructural es complementarà amb algunes mesures 'espectroscòpia Mössbauer de transmissió (TMS)
Yoshikawa, Daniel Sierra. "Correlação entre microestrutura e comportamento de corrosão em duas ligas do sistema Al-Fe-Si produzidas pelos processos industriais de lingotamento contínuo e semi-contínuo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-17062016-145633/.
Full textCurrently, wrought aluminum alloys are manufactured by two different processes: the twin roll continuous casting (TRC) or the more conventional method of Direct Chill (DC). The production method of the aluminum alloys through both processes results in different microstructures when compared to each other, which has a direct influence on their final properties. Besides this, there are also microstructural variations across sheet thickness, especially in alloys obtained by the TRC casting mode. Therefore, it is important to study the microstructural evolution that occurs during the casting process and its influence regarding corrosion resistance. In the present work both the microstructural characteristics and the corrosion behavior of the AA4006 (Fe + Si 1.8%) aluminum alloys sheets produced by both TRC and semi-continuous DC industrial processes were studied and compared to the commercial AA1050 aluminum (Fe + Si 0.5%) and to the high purity aluminum AA1199 (99,995% Al). The results demonstrate that size and distribution of intermetallic compounds are quite distinct in DC and TRC alloys, resulting in higher volumetric fractions of the precipitates in TRC, when compared to the DC process. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Potentiodynamic Polarization tests were carried out to establish the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys, and in both tests a higher resistance to localized corrosion in the alloy produced by TRC, when compared to the DC process was verified.The results have also showed, in decreasing order, a higher corrosion resistance of AA1050 TRC followed by the surface of AA4006 TRC, and finally by the center of AA4006 TRC sheet. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed better performance in the center of the AA4006 TRC than in the its surface, when submitted to low aggressive media for periods of immersion higher than 24 hours. The AA4006 DC in sulfate solution containing chloride ions presented worse performance, mainly in immersion periods from 2 to 12 hours, when compared to the corrosion behavior in the AA4006 TRC process. After 4 hours of immersion, the impedance results presented inductive behavior in low frequencies for both manufacture processes. This behavior was attributed to the adsorption of intermediates, mainly sulfate and oxygen ions on metal/oxide interface. The anodic polarization curves showed higher localized corrosion resistance (Pit Corrosion) for the alloy manufactured by the TRC process in comparison to the DC process. This behavior was associated with different microstructural characteristics observed in AA4006 obtained by these two processes.
Olsson, Tobias. "Studie av en medeltida husgrund : en analys av bronsfynd från husgrund 6, Västergarn, Gotland." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1483.
Full textBubani, Franco de Castro. "Influencia do teor de niquel e da temperatura nas propriedades mecanicas e na microestrutura das ligas Fe-18Cr-Ni." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263098.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Os efeitos da adição de níquel e da temperatura em ligas ferro-cromo foram estudados. Sete ligas de base ferro, com 18% Cr e teores de níquel variando entre zero e 60%, foram utilizadas no estudo (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60% Ni). Foram realizados ensaios de tração em temperatura ambiente, 350 e 700 ºC; simulação por termodinâmica computacional; microscopia ótica no estado recozido, nas amostras de quick stop, após deformação a frio, a 350 e a 700 ºC; difração de raios X no estado recozido, após deformação a 350 e a 700 ºC; ensaio de dureza a quente a 100, 200, 300 e 400 ºC; ensaio de impacto Charpy em temperatura ambiente e a -196 ºC; e ensaio de quick stop; análise térmica por DTA; ensaios de dureza no estado recozido, nos cavacos obtidos em torneamento, após deformação a 350 e 700 ºC. Os resultados dos ensaios de tração a 350 ºC foram correlacionados com os dados obtidos por Marques (2007), visando relacionar propriedades mecânicas e usinabilidade. A tendência geral de redução da usinabilidade com o aumento do teor de níquel foi relacionada com o aumento da resistência mecânica e da ductilidade a quente, proporcionados pelo níquel. A alta usinabilidade observada na liga 30% Ni foi relacionada com a presença de inclusões com cálcio nesta liga, o que proporcionou ganhos muito expressivos em usinabilidade, mas sem prejudicar as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas.
Abstract: The effects of nickel addition and temperature in iron-chromium alloys have been studied. Seven iron-base alloys with 18% Cr and nickel content varying from zero to 60% were used in the study (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% Ni). The alloys were submitted to tension tests at room temperature, 350 and 700 ºC; computational thermodynamics simulations; optical metallography observations in annealed state, after deformation at room temperature, 350 and 700 oC, and in quick stop samples; x-ray diffraction, annealed and after deformation at 350 and 700 ºC; hot hardness test at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ºC; Charpy impact tests at room temperature and at -196 ºC; quick stop test; differential thermal analysis tests; Vickers hardness tests: annealed, on chips, after deformation at 350 and 700 ºC. The results of the tension tests at 350 ºC were correlated with the data obtained by Marques (2007), aiming at reaching a relationship between mechanical properties and machinability. The general tendency of reduction in machinability with the increase of nickel content was related to the increase in mechanical strength and hot ductility provided by nickel. The high machinability observed in the 30% Ni alloy was related with the presence of calcium inclusions in this alloy, which allowed for significant gains in machinability, but without loss to the evaluated mechanical properties.
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Cardoso, Fábio Martins. "Comportamento piezomagnético da liga Fe-Ga e Fe-Ga-B com 18,6 %at. de Ga e 2%at. de B." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-07082018-160253/.
Full textIn this work were maked two polycrystalline alloys of Fe-Ga e Fe-Ga-B for to study the influence of borun in the piezomagnetc properties of the Fe-Ga alloys. The piezomagnetc properties were obteined from magnetostrictive measuments (λ) in function of magnetic field (H) by the coefficient d33 = dλ/dH and magnetic induction measuments (B) in function of compressive stress applied (σ) by the coefficient d*33 = dB/dσ. The chosen composition were 18.6% of Ga to both alloys, which is the composition for the largest magnetostriction to the binary alloy. The microstructural analysis indicated the presence of the phases Fe(Ga)-α and Fe3Ga (D03) for the both alloys and Fe2B phases to the ternary alloy. The presence of the Fe2B caused the refinament of the grains and consequently a small increase in the coercive field of the Fe-Ga alloy and, in addition, increased the saturation field. Consequently, the piezomagnetic coefficients of the boron alloys were twice as low as that of the Fe-Ga alloy. The equality d33* = d33 was not satisfied for the Fe-Ga and to Fe-Ga-B meaning that the experiments were not performed under strictly reversible conditions. This irreversibility was attributed to the high loading speed used in the experiments of B vs σ. However, the dependence of the piezomagnetic coefficients of the magnetic field and the applied compressive stress of the Fe-Ga-B alloy is much lower than that of the Fe-Ga alloy and the values obtained from ~ 4nm/A are sufficiently suitable for many applications.
Otani, Lucas Barcelos. "Solidificação da liga de alumínio 319 conformada por spray." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8903.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
The main application of 319 aluminum alloy is for manufacturing components for automobile industry. One of the main concerns related to the recycling of this metal is regarding the incorporation of impurities as iron, for instance. Due to its low solubility in solid aluminum, the presence of this element leads to the formation of intermetallic compounds such as α-Al8Fe2Si and β-Al9Fe2Si2, the most common iron phases in Si-containing Al-alloys. The β phase is harmful to mechanical properties because of its platelet like morphology. Spray forming is an advanced processing technique which can mitigate the deleterious effect of these intermetallic phases. However, the solidification process of spray formed metals is still an open discussion. In these sense, the aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the solidification process of spray formed 319 aluminum alloy. The work was divided in three stages: the first evaluated the presence and morphology of intermetallic phases by varying the pouring temperature and Fe content (0.6 and 1.2 in mass percent); the second evaluated the eutectic Al-Si morphology through varying the processing conditions; and finally, the third evaluated the solute distribution in the final microstructure, in this case other aluminum alloys were studied together with the 319 (2024 and 7050). The basis for discussion the phenomena was a solidification model for spray formed metals recently proposed in the literature, which defines the process in two stages, being the final solidification occurring at low cooling rate. The results showed that by controlling the processing parameters it is possible to mitigate the β-Al9Fe2Si2 formation, as well as to alter the eutectic Al-Si morphology. The third stage indicated the possibility of maintenance of certain solute in solid solution on the periphery of aluminum grains. It could be concluded that the solidification model was adequate to explain the phenomena presented in this work.
A liga de alumínio 319 possui como aplicação a fabricação de componentes da indústria automobilística. Um dos principais problemas relacionados à reciclagem destas ligas é a incorporação de impurezas como o ferro. Devido à baixa solubilidade deste elemento, sua presença leva a formação de compostos intermetálicos, sendo o α-Al8Fe2Si e o β-Al9Fe2Si2 os mais comuns em sistemas com silício. A fase β é a mais danosa às propriedades mecânicas devido à sua morfologia de placas, sendo que uma rota de processamento que se mostra viável no sentido de mitigação do efeito deletério deste intermetálico é a conformação por spray. Apesar disso, o processo de solidificação desta técnica ainda é um assunto debatido na comunidade científica. Neste contexto, este trabalho possui o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre o processo de solidificação da liga de alumínio 319 conformada por spray. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: a primeira avaliou a presença dos intermetálicos de ferro variando-se a temperatura de vazamento e o teor de ferro (0,6% e 1,2% em peso); a segunda avaliou a morfologia do eutético Al-Si através das alterações das condições de spray; e, por fim, a terceira avaliou a distribuição de soluto na microestrutura, neste caso, outras ligas de alumínio foram estudadas (2024 e 7050). A discussão dos fenômenos foi realizada a partir de um modelo de solidificação para materiais conformados por spray que divide o processo em duas etapas distintas, sendo a solidificação final ocorrendo a uma taxa de resfriamento relativamente lenta. Os resultados mostraram que através do controle das condições de spray é possível mitigar a formação do intermetálico β-Al9Fe2Si2, assim como alterar a morfologia do eutético Al-Si. A terceira etapa indicou a manutenção de certos elementos em solução sólida em regiões adjacentes aos contornos de grão. Pôde-se concluir que o modelo de solidificação utilizado foi adequado para explicar os fenômenos descritos nas etapas realizadas.
CNPq: 135810/2015-9
Junior, Aristides Rodrigues Mattar. "Influência dos elementos de liga Cu-Ni-Mo nas propriedades mecânicas e na austemperabilidade do ADI." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-04062009-145511/.
Full textThe ADI is the most recent development in the nodular iron family. With the austempering treatment, a unique microstructure, consisting of acicular bainite ferrite and stable austenite rich in carbon, named ausferrite is produced. This microstructure provides high mechanical strength combined with ductility, toughness and good fatigue and wear resistances. In this work, the effect of alloying elements Cu, Ni and Mo on the mechanical properties and austemperability of the ADI were studied. To conduct these studies, cylindrical bars with diameters of Ø2\", Ø3\" and Ø4\" were cast with Cu, Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Mo alloying, respectively. The samples were then manufactured by removing specimens from the bar midradius position. Subsequently, each set of the samples was austenitized at 890°C for 2 hours, and then subjected different conditions of austempering treatment. These treatments were developed by combining austempering temperatures of 300 and 360°C with austempering times of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. Microstructural analysis was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy to correlate mechanical properties with the microstructure. In the austemperability analysis, cylindrical bars were austempered (at 360°C for 3 hours) to correlate microstructure and radius. The experimental results showed that the austempering temperature exerts strong influence on the ADI´s microstructure and consequently on the mechanical properties. The austempering temperature of 300°C produced the best results, a refined microstructure, with a greater amount of acicular ferrite, responsible for greater strength and wear resistance. The austempering temperature of 360°C produced a coarse microstructure, with larger amount of austenite and responsible for better ductility and toughness. The austempering times used in this work did not produce significant variations in the properties and microstructures. Regarding alloying elements, the mechanical strength and toughness decreased with the addition of Mo, probably due to the segregation of this element, but the wear resistance and austemperability were more effective when compared with the alloys containing Cu and Cu-Ni. In the lubricated wear test, the ADI alloyed with Cu-Ni and austempered at 360°C presented a wear resistance only a fraction lower than a cemented 17CrNiMo6 steel.
Domingues, Danielle Duque. "Incorporação de óxido de ferro em superfície nanoporosa de TiO2 crescida sobre a liga Ti10Mo8Nb visando aplicação biomédica /." Guaratinguetá, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183567.
Full textResumo: O titânio e as suas ligas são utilizados em aplicações biomédicas devido às suas excelentes propriedades, tais como resistência mecânica e biocompatibilidade. As técnicas de modificação de superfície são utilizadas nestas ligas para alterar as propriedades de superfície, aumentar a osseointegração e evitar falhas em implantes. Além destas técnicas, a incorporação de nanopartículas na superfície do implante têm sido grande aliada dos biomateriais, em especial às do óxido de ferro, devido às suas propriedades físico-químicas, sua biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade. O objetivo dessa dissertação foi propor método de incorporação de óxido de ferro na superfície nanoporosa da liga experimental Ti10Mo8Nb modificada por oxidação anódica, visando aplicações biomédicas. Os lingotes da liga experimental Ti10Mo8Nb foram obtidos a partir da fusão dos metais puros em forno a arco voltaico. A anodização foi realizada para obtenção das nanoestruturas de TiO2 (tensão de 20 V por 3 h), resultando em diâmetro interno dos nanoporos igual a aproximadamente 24 nm. A síntese do óxido de ferro foi realizada usando o método dos precursores poliméricos, sendo avaliado o comportamento reológico (viscosidade de 22,65 mPa.s) e a temperatura de cristalização para formação de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro. A partir da difratometria de raios X e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a temperatura de calcinação mais adequada para a formação da fase pura de hematita foi 600°C. A incorporação do óxid... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Titanium and its alloys are used in biomedical applications because of their excellent properties, such as mechanical resistance and biocompatibility. Surface modification techniques are used to alter the surface properties, increase osseointegration and avoid implant failure. Beside these techniques, nanoparticles incorporation on implant surface are great biomaterials allies, specially iron oxides, due to their physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The objective of this dissertation was to propose a method of iron oxide incorporation on the surface of experimental alloy Ti10Mo8Nb modified by anodization. The ingots of experimental alloy Ti10Mo8Nb were obtained from melting pure metals in an arc furnace. Anodization process was performed to obtain the TiO2 nanostructures, with internal diameter 24 nm. Iron oxide synthesis was carried out using the method of the polymeric precursors, assessing rheological behavior (22,65 mPa.s viscosity) and crystallization temperature ideal to produce iron oxide nanoparticles. Results from X Ray Diffratogram and Scanning Electron Microscopy presented that the most adequated annealing temperature to pure phase hematite was 600°C. Iron oxide incorporation on alloy surface was performed by immersion and spin coating, and in the second method the deposition was uniform and widespread. Spin coating was performed with 3 and 5 layers of iron oxide deposition, implying that with 5 layers is most appropriate because it do... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
JÃnior, Francisco das Chagas Oliveira. "Estudo da Estrutura Local dos SÃtios de Ferro em Ligas FeCrMo por Espectroscopia MÃssbauer e DifraÃÃo de Raios -X." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6230.
Full textLigas Fe-Cr-Mo sÃo amplamente utilizadas na fabricaÃÃo de tubulaÃÃes para a indÃstria petroquÃmica nos processos de transporte e refino do petrÃleo devido a uma combinaÃÃo de propriedades como dureza, tenacidade e resistÃncia à fluÃncia e à corrosÃo em altas temperaturas. Atualmente, a liga Fe-9Cr-1Mo à a mais comumente utilizada. Contudo, em refinarias de petrÃleo que apresentam altos Ãndices de acidez, tem-se observado, de maneira acentuada, processos de corrosÃo nessas ligas, principalmente processos relacionados à acidez naftÃnica. Um aumento no teor de molibdÃnio da liga tem sido apontado como uma possÃvel soluÃÃo para este problema, visto que a adiÃÃo desse elemento na liga resulta em uma melhor resistÃncia à corrosÃo. Nesse contexto, foram desenvolvidas no LACAM - LaboratÃrio de CaracterizaÃÃo de Materiais da UFC, ligas Fe-9Cr-XMo com trÃs diferentes percentuais em peso de molibdÃnio (X = 5, 7, 9 wt%). A caracterizaÃÃo dessas ligas, bem como dos precipitados que nelas surgem devido aos tratamentos tÃrmicos, e o estudo da sua resistÃncia à corrosÃo serÃo feitos atravÃs de vÃrias tÃcnicas. Neste trabalho, especificamente, foi utilizada a Espectroscopia MÃssbauer e a DifraÃÃo de Raios-x para uma melhor compreensÃo das mudanÃas na estrutura das ligas quando submetidas Ãs diferentes condiÃÃes de serviÃo dentro da faixa de temperatura de 450ÂC a 650ÂC. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a distribuiÃÃo dos elementos de liga na matriz à influenciada pelo teor de molibdÃnio, pela temperatura e o pelo tempo de tratamento. TambÃm foram extraÃdos e caracterizados os precipitados da liga comercial ASTM A213 da classe T91 utilizada para efeito de comparaÃÃo com as ligas E1, E2 e E3. A presenÃa destes precipitados altera a distribuiÃÃo dos elementos de liga na matriz. A anÃlise da influÃncia da concentraÃÃo dos elementos de impureza na estrutura das ligas estudadas foi investigada atravÃs de um modelo de primeiros e segundos vizinhos. O valor do campo magnÃtico hiperfino varia proporcionalmente ao nÃmero de vizinhos de impureza nos sÃtios de ferro. A distribuiÃÃo de elementos de liga na matriz està diretamente relacionada à distribuiÃÃo de campo magnÃtico hiperfino. As probabilidades associadas aos valores de campo hiperfino permitiram uma melhor compreensÃo da estrutura das ligas.
Fe-Cr-Mo alloys are widely used in the manufacture of piping for the petrochemical industry in oil transport and refining processes due to a combination of properties such as hardness, toughness, creep resistance and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Nowadays the Fe-9Cr-1Mo alloy is the most common alloy in use. However, in some refineries with higher acidity levels, strong corrosion processes have been observed, specially in processes related to naphthenic acid corrosion. An increasing in the Molybdenum content has been pointed out as a possible solution to this problem, since the addition of this alloying element results in a better corrosion resistance. In this context, Fe-9Cr-XMo alloys with three different Molydbenum contents (X = 5, 7, 9 wt%) have been developed at LACAM - LaboratÃrio de CaracterizaÃÃo de Materiais at the Universidade Federal do CearÃ. The characterization of these alloys, as well as the precipitates that appear on them due to heat treatment and studies of their corrosion resistance were made through various techniques. Specifically in this work, Transmission MÃssbauer Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction were used in order to achieve a better understanding of the structure changes of the alloys when they are subjected to different service conditions in the temperature range from 450ÂC to 650ÂC. The results led to the conclusion that the distribuition of the alloy elements in the matrix is influenced by the molibdenum content, the temperature and the treatment time. The precipitates present in the ASTM A213 grade T91, used for comparation with E1, E2 and E3 alloys, have been extracted and characterized as well. The presence of this precipitates changes the distribuition of the alloy elements in the matrix. The analysis of the influence of the impurity elements in the structure of the alloys was investigated by a model of first and second neighbors. The changes in the magnetic hyperfine field is proportional to the number of impurity atoms in the neighborhood of the iron sites. The distribuition of the alloy elements in the matrix is direct related to the distribution of the magnetic hyperfine field. The probabilities associated to the values of hiperfine field allow for a better understanding of the structure of the alloys.
Ogata, Paulo Henrique. "Caracterização microestrutural do aço para tubo API 5L-X65 em diferentes regiões da chapa como laminada e após austenitização e resfriamento sob diversas taxas de resfriamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-22102009-180225/.
Full textThis work aims to characterize and compare the microstructures of different regions of a plate of microalloyed pipeline steel that conforms to API 5L X65, employed in the transportation of natural gas and oil, as received and after being subjected to heat treatments of austenitization and continuous cooling under different cooling rates. The steel under study presents a central line of segregation that was originated during production. Specimens for dilatometry were machined from the central region and from different regions of the plate. The samples were austenitized at 1200°C and in quenched in water, with the purpose of solubilizing most of the precipitates in the steel. After the preliminary heat treatment, the specimens were austenitized at 950°C for 180s and cooled under the cooling rates: 0.5°C/s, 1°C/s, 5°C/s, 10°C/s, 20°C/s, 30°C/s, 40°C/s, 50ºC/s and 60ºC/s in a quench dilatometer. Values of temperature and time correspond of transformation for each rate of cooling were used for the determination of the Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagram.
Spinelli, Jose Eduardo. "Influencia da convecção no liquido nas variaveis termicas e estruturais na solidificação descendente de ligas Sn-Pb." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265085.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Poucos estudos têm analisado os efeitos da convecção no líquido interdendrítico, bem como a influência da direção de crescimento em relação à gravidade nas variáveis térmicas e estruturais durante a solidificação. Neste trabalho, foi utilizado um dispositivo de solidificação unidirecional vertical descendente, constituído por uma lingoteira de aço inoxidável com diâmetro interno de 60 mm, 157 mm de comprimento e 9 mm de espessura. Na parte superior, foi posicionada uma câmara de refrigeração a água do mesmo material do molde e com espessura útil de 3,0 mm. Após a obtenção dos lingotes e registrados os respectivos perfis térmicos experimentais, foram determinadas as variáveis térmicas de solidificação: coeficiente de transferência de calor metal/molde, velocidades de deslocamento da isoterma liquidus, gradientes térmicos e taxas de resfriamento para a solidificação unidirecional descendente de ligas hipoeutéticas do sistema Sn-Pb (Sn5%Pb, Sn15%Pb e Sn20%Pb). Estas variáveis térmicas são confrontadas com as previsões teóricas de um modelo numérico de solidificação e, em seguida, correlacionadas com os parâmetros estruturais: espaçamentos dendríticos primários, secundários e transição colunar/equiaxial (TCE). Dessa forma, são determinadas equações experimentais de crescimento para a solidificação descendente e verificado um critério de previsão da TCE. Realiza-se também uma análise comparativa dos presentes resultados com aqueles obtidos para solidificação vertical ascendente de ligas de mesma composição. Os resultados comparativos mostram que o efeito convectivo estimula a ocorrência da TCE e ainda é responsável por uma sensível redução dos espaçamentos dendríticos primários. As previsões teóricas de modelos de crescimento dendrítico representativos da literatura são confrontadas com os resultados experimentais
Abstract: Only a few studies have reported influences of interdendritic convection and growth direction on dendrite arm spacings. A downward directional solidification apparatus was used having a stainless steel split mold with an internal diameter of 60 mm, height 157 mm and a 9 mm wall thickness. The upper part of the split mold was closed with a water-cooling chamber made of stainless steel, with a wall thiclmess of 3 mm. A combined theoretical and experimental approach is developed to quantitatively determine the solidification thermal parameters: transient heat transfer coefficients, tip growth rates, thermal gradients and cooling rates during downward unsteady state solidification ofhypoeutectic Sn-Pb alloys. The resulting thermosolutal convection can start in the melt both within the interdendritic region and ahead of the dendrite array. The experimental results have shown that melt convection may be causing pileup of fractioned dendritic arms, which must stimulate the CET occurrence. The results have supported a criterion recently proposed based on a critical tip cooling rate. For upward unidirectional condition this critical value was found to be about 0.014 K/s for hypoeutectic Sn-Pb alloys. In the present study, in conditions of downward solidification, melt convection seems to favor the structural transition, which is anticipated and occurs for a critical cooling rate of about 0.03 K/s, for any of three hypoeutectic alloys experimentally examined. Primary dendritic arm spacings have been affected by the direction of growth, decreasing in conditions of downward vertical solidification when compared with those grown vertically upwards. The main predictive theoretical models for dendritic spacings are compared with the experimental observations
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
Müller, Petr. "Biodegradabilní kostní implantáty na bázi železa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220967.
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