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Journal articles on the topic 'Ferromanganese crusts and nodules'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Long, Bui Hong, Phan Minh Thu, and Nguyen Nhu Trung. "Initial understanding and assessment of role of oceanographic features for ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 20, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/15775.

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The iron and manganese content in marine water is very small but the volume of ferromanganese nodules contributes 30% of the total mass of polymetallic nodules and crusts in marine and ocean floor. This suggests that the process of enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules is not only contributed by chemical processes but also by oceanographical and biological processes. The article indicates the initial results of analyzing oceanographic, biological, and environmental features to understand their roles in the growing ferromanganese crusts and nodules and to predict the distribution of ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea. As a result, ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea can be distributed in the continental slopes, where upwelling and downwelling currents occur, to ensure enough dissolved oxygen concentration for the enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules as well as to meet required conditions for microbial activity, which is involved in these processes. However, due to the limitations of the results of studying the enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea, the paper just shows the prediction of the distribution of ferromanganese crusts and nodules. Thus, it is necessary to carry out the expedition for enrichment processes of ferromanganese crusts and nodules and to determine the factors that impacted the growing ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea.

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2

Wang, Linzhang, and Zhigang Zeng. "The Geochemical Features and Genesis of Ferromanganese Deposits from Caiwei Guyot, Northwestern Pacific Ocean." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091275.

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The ferromanganese deposit is a type of marine mineral resource rich in Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. Its growth process is generally multi-stage, and the guyot environment and seawater geochemical characteristics have a great impact on the growth process. Here, we use a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to test and analyze the texture morphology, microstructure, mineralogical features, geochemical features of ferromanganese crusts deposits at different distribution locations on Caiwei Guyot. The ferromanganese deposits of Caiwei Guyot are ferromanganese nodules on the slope and board ferromanganese crusts on the mountaintop edge, which are both of hydrgenetic origin. Hydrgenetic origin reflects that the metal source is oxic seawater. Global palaeo-ocean events control the geochemistry compositions and growth process of ferromanganese crusts and the nodule. Ferromanganese crusts that formed from the late Cretaceous on the mountaintop edge have a rough surface with black botryoidal shapes, showing an environment with strong hydrodynamic conditions, while the ferromanganese nodule that formed from the Miocene on the slope has an oolitic surface as a result of water depth. What is more, nanoscale or micron-scale diagenesis may occur during the growth process, affecting microstructure, mineralogical and geochemical features.

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3

Menendez, Amaya, Rachael James, Natalia Shulga, Doug Connelly, and Steve Roberts. "Linkages between the Genesis and Resource Potential of Ferromanganese Deposits in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans." Minerals 8, no. 5 (May 5, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8050197.

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In addition to iron and manganese, deep sea ferromanganese deposits, including nodules and crusts, contain significant amounts of economically interesting metals, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and rare Earth elements and yttrium (REY). Some of these metals are essential in the development of emerging and new-generation green technologies. However, the resource potential of these deposits is variable, and likely related to environmental conditions that prevail as they form. To better assess the environmental controls on the resource potential of ferromanganese deposits, we have undertaken a detailed study of the chemical composition of ferromanganese nodules and one crust sample from different oceanic regions. Textural and chemical characteristics of nodules from the North Atlantic and a crust from the South Pacific suggest that they acquire metals from a hydrogenous source. These deposits are potentially an economically important source of Co and the REY. On the other hand, nodules from the Pacific Ocean represent a marginal resource of these metals, due to their relatively fast growth rate caused by diagenetic precipitation. By contrast, they have relatively high concentrations of Ni and Cu. A nodule from the Arctic Ocean is characterised by the presence of significant quantities of detrital silicate material, which significantly reduces their metal resource.

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4

AVDONIN, V. V., E. A. ZHEGALLO, and N. E. SERGEEVA. "ON THE NATURE OF OXIDE FERROMANGANESE ORES OCEAN." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-4-39-43.

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Oxide ores of the global ocean — cobalt-rich crusts and ferromanganese nodules are of bacterial origin and identified as stromatolites and onkolites. Pillar structure of ferromanganese stromatolites and festoon-shaped structures of onkolites represent the bacterial mats, formed by interbedding of fossilized bacterial biofilms. The appearance of ore-forming types of procaryotic family and their evolution are defined by major biosphere events. On the case study of the ferromanganese nodules of Magellanic mountains and cobalt-rich crusts of the province of the Clarion-Clipperton, the main stages of the evolution of structural forms of bacterial communities have been revealed. It has been shown that the change of phases happened due to the influence of major tectonic, volcanic and other geological events.

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5

Takematsu, Noburu. "The Chemical Composition of Marine Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts." Oceanography in Japan 3, no. 4 (1994): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.3.277.

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6

Peacock, C. L., and D. M. Sherman. "Crystal-chemistry of Ni in marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules." American Mineralogist 92, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.2378.

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7

Fu, Yazhou. "Non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry of marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules." Journal of Oceanography 76, no. 2 (November 9, 2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-019-00534-5.

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8

Exon, N. F., M. D. Raven, and E. H. De Carlo. "Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts from the Christmas Island Region, Indian Ocean." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 20, no. 4 (October 2002): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03608860290051958.

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9

Avdonin, V. V., E. A. Zhegallo, and N. E. Sergeeva. "Microstructure of oxide ferromanganese ores in the World ocean as the proof of their bacterial origin." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 6 (December 28, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2019-6-3-10.

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The study of submicroscopic structure of oxide ores revealed their similarity to the present-day bacterial communities. It is shown that the structure of cobalt-bearing crusts and ferromanganese nodules is based on bacterial mats, which permits identifying them as stromatolites and oncolites. The facts in favor of intense interaction between biofilms and the environment are found. The signs of mineral phase formation are registered as a result of biochemical absorption and assimilation of iron and manganese by bacteria.

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10

Halbach, Peter. "Processes controlling the heavy metal distribution in pacific ferromanganese nodules and crusts." Geologische Rundschau 75, no. 1 (February 1986): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01770191.

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11

Pichocki, Claude, and Michel Hoffert. "Characteristics of Co-rich ferromanganese nodules and crusts sampled in French Polynesia." Marine Geology 77, no. 1-2 (July 1987): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(87)90086-7.

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12

Nagender Nath, B., I. Roelandts, M. Sudhakar, W. L. Plüger, and V. Balaram. "Cerium anomaly variations in ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the Indian Ocean." Marine Geology 120, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90069-8.

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13

Wu, Fei, Jeremy D. Owens, Limei Tang, Yanhui Dong, and Fang Huang. "Vanadium isotopic fractionation during the formation of marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 265 (November 2019): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.09.007.

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14

Wang, Xiaohong, Florian Peine, Alexander Schmidt, Heinz C. Schröder, Matthias Wiens, Ute Schloßmacher, and Werner E. G. Müller. "Concept of Biogenic Ferromanganese Crust Formation: Coccoliths as Bio-seeds in Crusts from Central Atlantic Ocean (Senghor Seamount/Cape Verde)." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 5 (May 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600522.

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At depths of 2,000 to 3,000 m, seamounts from the Cape Verde archipelago (Central Atlantic Ocean) are largely covered with ferromanganese crusts. Here we studied 60 to 150 mm thick crusts from the Senghor Seamount (depth: 2257.4 m). The crusts have a non lamellated texture and are covered with spherical nodules. The chemical composition shows a dominance of MnO2 (26.1%) and Fe2O3 (38.8%) with considerable amounts of Co (0.74%) and TiO2 (2.1%). Analysis by scanning electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) revealed a well defined compositional zonation of micro-layers; the distribution pattern of Mn does not match that of Fe. Analysis by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that coccospheres/coccoliths exist in the crust material as microfossils; most of the coccospheres/coccoliths are not intact. The almost circular coccoliths belong to the type of heterococcoliths and are taxonomically related to species of the family Calcidiscaceae. By energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis an accumulation of the coccoliths in the Mn- and Fe rich micronodules was detected. Focused ion beam assisted SEM mapping highlighted that the coccoliths in the crust are Mn rich, suggesting that the calcareous material of the algal skeleton has been replaced by Mn-minerals. We conclude that a biologically induced mechanism has been involved in the formation of the crusts, collected from the Cape Verde archipelago from depths of 2,000 to 3,000 m in the mixing region between the oxygen-minimum surface zone and the oxygen-rich deep waters; the deposition process might have been triggered by chemical reactions during the dissolution of the Ca-carbonate skeletons of the coccoliths allowing Mn(II) to oxidize to Mn(IV) and in turn to deposit this element in the crust material.

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15

Avdonin, V. V., E. A. Zhegallo, and N. E. Sergeeva. "Bacterial mats of the oxide ores in the world ocean." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2017-4-45-49.

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Bacterial mats, formed by successively accumulating biofilms, are the main constructive component of the oxide ferromanganese ores on the oceanic floor. The coordinated behavior of the bacterial colonies in the biofilms controlled the growth of the stromatolites and onkolites structures. Biofilms of the stromatolite bacterial mats represent the microbial community, with the thread bacteria forming a poiygonal network that determines a piliar structure of the crusts. Bacterial mats in nodules are festoon-shaped. Biofilms in festoons intensely interact with the environment, assimilating petrogenic components and consuming the sedimentary material.

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16

Gupta, Shyam M. "New Ichthyoliths from Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin." Micropaleontology 37, no. 2 (1991): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1485553.

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17

Jiang, Xiao-Dong, Xiao-Ming Sun, and Yao Guan. "Biogenic mineralization in the ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the South China Sea." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 171 (March 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.07.050.

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18

Hens, Tobias, Joël Brugger, Barbara Etschmann, David Paterson, Helen E. A. Brand, Anne Whitworth, and Andrew J. Frierdich. "Nickel exchange between aqueous Ni(II) and deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and crusts." Chemical Geology 528 (December 2019): 119276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119276.

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19

Mikhailik, Pavel, Alexander Khanchuk, Evgenii Mikhailik, Nataly Zarubina, and Maksim Blokhin. "Compositional Variations and Genesis of Sandy-Gravel Ferromanganese Deposits from the Yōmei Guyot (Holes 431, 431A DSDP), Emperor Ridge." Minerals 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2019): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110709.

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This research presents results characterizing the mineral and chemical composition of ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) deposits from Yōmei Guyot (Holes 431 and 431A), recovered during the Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 55 R/V “Glomar Challenger”. The Fe-Mn deposits are represented by sandy-gravel clasts. The mineral composition and bulk concentration of major and minor elements, as well as the distribution of rare earth elements and yttrium patterns in mineral fractions of Fe-Mn samples, showed that the deposits are composed of fragments of Fe-Mn hydrogenetic crusts and diagenetic nodules. The morphology of Fe-Mn clasts from Holes 431 and 431A DSDP, as well as a comparison with growth conditions of Fe-Mn deposits from N-W Pacific Guyots, allowed us to establish a Late Pliocene age for the formation of this Fe-Mn placer from Yōmei Guyot. Accumulations of ferromanganese clasts in a sedimentary unit led us to classify this geological body as a new mineral resource of the World Ocean.

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20

Wang, Xiaoyuan, Xuebo Yin, Zhigang Zeng, and Shuai Chen. "Multi-element Analysis of Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry." Atomic Spectroscopy 40, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46770/as.2019.05.001.

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21

Bolton, Barrie R., Neville F. Exon, Joe Ostwald, and Herrud R. Kudrass. "Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts and nodules from the South Tasman Rise, southeast of Australia." Marine Geology 84, no. 1-2 (October 1988): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90125-9.

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22

Bazilevskaya, E. S. "Formation of the composition of ferromanganese nodules and cobalt-bearing crusts on the ocean bottom." Doklady Earth Sciences 457, no. 2 (August 2014): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x14080029.

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23

Wang, Xiao-hong, Lu Gan, and Werner E. G. Müller. "Contribution of biomineralization during growth of polymetallic nodules and ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean." Frontiers of Materials Science in China 3, no. 2 (April 4, 2009): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11706-009-0033-0.

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24

Pattan, J. N., and A. V. Mudholkar. "Mössbauer studies and oxidized manganese ratio in ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the Central Indian Ocean." Geo-Marine Letters 11, no. 1 (March 1991): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02431055.

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25

Kirichenko, Yu V., Ngo Tran Thien Quy, Pham Ba Trung, Nguyen Thi Tham, and Doan Thi Thuy. "Geological Characteristics, Potential and Genesis of Iron-Manganese Ore Formation at the Bottom of the Southwestern Part of the South China Sea Part 1. Geological Characteristics of Subsea Deposits, Exploration Methods and Techniques." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 1/2022 (March 15, 2022): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-1-104-109.

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The article discusses the resource potential of the South China Sea, presents the main geographic and hydrological data on the South China Basin of the Pacific Ocean. Information about the geological conditions of the South China Sea, including the morphology and tectonics of the seabed, is presented. Data on the prevalence of different-grained sediments along the entire coastline and in the shelf zone of the South China Sea are presented. Ferromanganese ores, represented by formations in the form of nodules and crusts, are considered as one of the main types of solid mineral resources in the exclusive economic zone of Vietnam. The regularities of their distribution in the South China Sea are analyzed, the history of geological studies of the mineral resources of the seabed is presented, and a plan for further exploration is proposed

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26

Azami, Keishiro, Naoto Hirano, Jun-Ichi Kimura, Qing Chang, Hirochika Sumino, Shiki Machida, Kazutaka Yasukawa, and Yasuhiro Kato. "87Sr/86Sr Isotopic Ratio of Ferromanganese Crusts as a Record of Detrital Influx to the Western North Pacific Ocean." Minerals 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080943.

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In this study, the Sr isotope ratios (IRs; 87Sr/86Sr) of ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crusts are analyzed through laser ablation inductively coupled plasma multiple-collector mass spectrometry. A sample collected from off Minamitorishima Island showed uniform Sr IRs (0.70906–0.70927) similar to that of present-day seawater with more than 36 mm thickness. Meanwhile, a detritus-rich sample collected from off northeast (NE) Japan showed a wide variation in Sr IRs (0.707761–0.709963). The Sr IR variation in the Fe–Mn crust from off NE Japan suggests detrital influx contributions from both the NE Japan arc (<0.708) and aeolian dust from China (>0.718). Detrital flux from the NE Japan arc increases from the bottom to middle layers, possibly due to the uplift of the Ou backbone range that occurred after ~2 Ma. The increased influx of the aeolian dust in the outer layer is attributable to global cooling in the Quaternary that increased the loess dust transportation from China to the western North Pacific Ocean. Meanwhile, the influence of the detrital influx on the sample from off Minamitorishima Island appeared to be negligible. The Sr IR analysis with high spatial resolution proposed in this study possibly improves the burial history of Fe–Mn nodules.

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27

Godfrey, L. V., D. C. Lee, W. F. Sangrey, A. N. Halliday, V. J. M. Salters, J. R. Hein, and W. M. White. "The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 151, no. 1-2 (September 1997): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00106-4.

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28

Koschinsky, Andrea, James R. Hein, Dennis Kraemer, Andrea L. Foster, Thomas Kuhn, and Peter Halbach. "Platinum enrichment and phase associations in marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules based on a multi-method approach." Chemical Geology 539 (April 2020): 119426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119426.

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29

Xu, Hengchao, Xiaotong Peng, Kaiwen Ta, Taoran Song, Mengran Du, Jiwei Li, Shun Chen, and Zhiguo Qu. "Structure and Composition of Micro-Manganese Nodules in Deep-Sea Carbonate from the Zhaoshu Plateau, North of the South China Sea." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111016.

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The occurrence of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and crusts on the seafloor is widespread, providing an important resource for numerous metals such as Ni, Co, and Cu. Although they have been intensively studied in the past, the formation of micro-manganese nodules within carbonate rocks has received less attention, despite the considerable amounts of manganese released from the dissolution of the calcareous framework. The micro-petrographic and geochemical characteristics of reef carbonate rocks recovered from the Zhaoshu plateau in the Xisha uplift, north of the South China Sea, were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal Raman spectrometry, and an electron probe micro-analyzer. The carbonate rocks are composed of biogenic debris, including frameworks of coralline algae and chambers of foraminifer, both of which are suffering strong micritization. Within the calcite micrite, numerous micro-manganese nodules were identified with laminated patterns. Mineral and elemental evidence showed that the Mn oxides in the carbonates are mixed with 10 Å vernadite, 7 Å vernadite and todorokite, both of which are closely associated with the carbonate matrix. The micro-nodules were found to have high Mn/Fe ratios, enriched in Ni and Cu and depleted in Co. We infer that theses nodules are mixed type with early diagenetic growth under oxic–suboxic conditions. The re-distribution of manganite within the rocks is likely influenced by micritization of the calcareous framework. We deduce that microbial-associated reduction of manganite induces the formation of diagenetic todorokite similar to nodules buried in marine sediments.

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30

Takahashi, Yoshio, Hiroshi Shimizu, Akira Usui, Hiroyuki Kagi, and Masaharu Nomura. "Direct observation of tetravalent cerium in ferromanganese nodules and crusts by X-ray-absorption near-edge structure (XANES)." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, no. 17 (September 2000): 2929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00403-8.

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31

Baker, Joel A., and Kristine Krogh Jensen. "Coupled 186Os–187Os enrichments in the Earth’s mantle – core–mantle interaction or recycling of ferromanganese crusts and nodules?" Earth and Planetary Science Letters 220, no. 3-4 (April 2004): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00059-7.

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32

ITO, Mayumi, and Naoki HIROYOSHI. "Recent Developments in Mineral Processing of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crust/Nodules." Journal of MMIJ 131, no. 12 (2015): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.131.639.

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33

Takematsu, Noburu. "The Chemical Composition of Marine Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts. (2): Rare Earth Elements, Readily Oxidized Elements and Oxyanionic Elements." Oceanography in Japan 7, no. 5 (1998): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.7.305.

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34

Mohwinkel, Dennis, Charlotte Kleint, and Andrea Koschinsky. "Phase associations and potential selective extraction methods for selected high-tech metals from ferromanganese nodules and crusts with siderophores." Applied Geochemistry 43 (April 2014): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.01.010.

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35

Zhou, Jiao, Pengjie Cai, Chupeng Yang, Songfeng Liu, Weidong Luo, and Xin Nie. "Geochemical characteristics and genesis of ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the Central Rift Seamounts Group of the West Philippine Sea." Ore Geology Reviews 145 (June 2022): 104923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104923.

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36

Qiu, Zhongrong, Chunhui Tao, Weilin Ma, Ágata Alveirinho Dias, Siyi Hu, Yuexiao Shao, Kehong Yang, and Weiyan Zhang. "Material Source of Sediments from West Clarion–Clipperton Zone (Pacific): Evidence from Rare Earth Element Geochemistry and Clay Minerals Compositions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2022): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081052.

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The geochemistry and mineralogy of sediments provide relevant information for the understanding of the origin and metallogenic mechanism of ferromanganese nodules and crusts. At present, there are still few studies on the sediment origin of the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the east Pacific, particularly on the systematic origin of sediments with a longer history/length. Here, bulk sediment geochemistry and clay mineral compositions were analyzed on a 5.7 m gravity core (GC04) obtained at the CCZ, an area rich in polymetallic nodules. The results indicate that the average total content of rare earth elements (REE), including yttrium (REY), in sediments is 454.7 ppm and the REEs distribution patterns normalized by the North American Shale Composite of samples are highly consistent, with all showing negative Ce anomalies and more obvious enrichment in heavy REE (HREE) than that of light REE (LREE). Montmorillonite/illite ratio, discriminant functions and smear slide identification indicate multiple origins for the material, and are strongly influenced by contributions from marine biomass, while terrestrial materials, seamount basalts and their alteration products and authigenic source also make certain contributions. The REY characteristics of the sediments in the study area are different from those of marginal oceanic and back-arc basins, and more similar to pelagic deep-sea sediments. Based on LREE/HREE-1/δCe and LREE/HREE-Y/Ho diagrams, we conclude that samples from the study area had pelagic sedimentary properties which suffered from a strong “seawater effect”.

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37

Ernst, David M., Katharina Schier, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg, and Michael Bau. "Fractionation of germanium and silicon during scavenging from seawater by marine Fe (oxy)hydroxides: Evidence from hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts and nodules." Chemical Geology 595 (April 2022): 120791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.120791.

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38

Verlaan, Philomène A., David S. Cronan, and Charles L. Morgan. "A comparative analysis of compositional variations in and between marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the South Pacific and their environmental controls." Progress in Oceanography 63, no. 3 (November 2004): 125–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.11.001.

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39

Aguilar, Carmen, and Kenneth H. Nealson. "Manganese Reduction in Oneida Lake, New York: Estimates of Spatial and Temporal Manganese Flux." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-021.

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Manganese is a very reactive redox metal, which exhibits a strong annual cycle in Oneida Lake, New York. Different methods were used to measure Mn(II) fluxes from the sediments throughout the year: (1) estimates based on changes in porewater profiles, (2) direct measurements with in situ flux chambers, (3) concentration gradients into the sediment–water interface in laboratory-incubated cores, and (4) changes in hypolimnetic manganese inventories during stratification. In deep basins of the lake, high rates of Mn(IV) reduction, up to 2.1 mmol∙m−2∙d−1, were observed during the summer and early fall, with little reduction taking place during the rest of the year. In the shallow areas of the lake, where ferromanganese nodules and crusts are commonly found, there was little or no reduction throughout the year. The manganese cycle is tightly coupled to the carbon cycle, based on our findings, and has a significant role in the oxidation of organic carbon in the lake, derived from the high photosynthetic production and the bio-mass that collapses and reaches the sediment–water interface. Preliminary experiments with poisoned controls suggest that Mn(IV) reduction is the result of a combination of biological and abiological processes.

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40

Merdekawati, Agustina, and I. Made Andi Arsana. "Equity Interest Scheme in Polymetallic Nodules Deep Seabed Mining: The Positives and Negatives." Jurnal Media Hukum 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v29i1.13770.

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UNCLOS 1982 initially obliged all applicants to submit a reserved area when applying for exploration activities in the Area. Such provisions were derogated when the equity interest scheme was introduced in the exploration regulations for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust. The applicant may choose to submit a reserved area or offer an equity interest in a joint venture with the Enterprise. There has been a push to implement the same policy for polymetallic nodule (PMN) explorations. Although this prospect has sparked much support and rejections, there have been no scholarly articles substantiating such alignment's positive and negative impacts. Applying the scheme for all three types of minerals may significantly impact the implementation of the common heritage of mankind principle in the Area. This article normatively assesses the prospect of incorporating the equity interest scheme into the PMN utilization regime to identify its advantages and disadvantages compared to the reserved area scheme. The study found that incorporating the equity interest scheme for PMN would be oriented to optimize the financial benefits. However, it would further compromise the access for developing countries.

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41

Perritt, S., and M. K. Watkeys. "The effect of environmental controls on the metal content in ferromanganese crusts and nodules from the Mozambique Ridge and in the Mozambique Basin, southwestern Indian Ocean." South African Journal of Geology 110, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2007): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.295.

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42

Yang, Yong, Gaowen He, Jinfeng Ma, Zongze Yu, Huiqiang Yao, Xiguang Deng, Fanglan Liu, and Zhenquan Wei. "Acoustic quantitative analysis of ferromanganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts distribution areas using EM122 multibeam backscatter data from deep-sea basin to seamount in Western Pacific Ocean." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 161 (July 2020): 103281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103281.

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43

Ito, Mayumi, Masami Tsunekawa, Eiji Yamaguchi, Kengo Sekimura, Kouki Kashiwaya, Kunihiro Hori, and Naoki Hiroyoshi. "Estimation of degree of liberation in a coarse crushed product of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust/nodules and its gravity separation." International Journal of Mineral Processing 87, no. 3-4 (July 2008): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2008.02.005.

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44

Verlaan, Philomene A. "The Role of Primary-Producer-Mediated Organic Complexation in Regional Variation in the Supply of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn to Oceanic, Non-Hydrothermal Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 26, no. 4 (December 2, 2008): 214–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190802459704.

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45

Sudarikov, Sergei, Dmitrii Yungmeister, Roman Korolev, and Vladimir Petrov. "On the possibility of reducing man-made burden on benthic biotic communities when mining solid minerals using technical means of various designs." Записки Горного института 253 (April 29, 2022): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2022.14.

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The paper analyses features of the species composition and diversity of biotic communities living within the ferromanganese nodule fields (the Clarion-Clipperton field), cobalt-manganese crusts (the Magellan Seamounts) and deep-sea polymetallic sulphides (the Ashadze-1, Ashadze-2, Logatchev and Krasnov fields) in the Russian exploration areas of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Prospects of mining solid minerals of the world’s oceans with the least possible damage to the marine ecosystems are considered that cover formation of the sediment plumes and roiling of significant volumes of water as a result of collecting the minerals as well as conservation of the hydrothermal fauna and microbiota, including in the impact zone of high temperature hydrothermal vents. Different concepts and layout options for deep-water mining complexes (the Indian and Japanese concepts as well as those of the Nautilus Minerals and Saint Petersburg Mining University) are examined with respect to their operational efficiency. The main types of mechanisms that are part of the complexes are identified and assessed based on the defined priorities that include the ecological aspect, i.e. the impact on the seabed environment; manufacturing and operating costs; and specific energy consumption, i.e. the technical and economic indicators. The presented morphological analysis gave grounds to justify the layout of a deep-sea minerals collecting unit, i.e. a device with suction chambers and a grip arm walking gear, selected based on the environmental key priority. Pilot experimental studies of physical and mechanical properties of cobalt-manganese crust samples were performed through application of bilateral axial force using spherical balls (indenters) and producing a rock strength passport to assess further results of the experimental studies. Experimental destructive tests of the cobalt-manganese crust by impact and cutting were carried out to determine the impact load and axial cutting force required for implementation of the collecting system that uses a clamshell-type effector with a built-in impactor.

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Lee, D. "Hafnium Isotope Stratigraphy of Ferromanganese Crusts." Science 285, no. 5430 (August 13, 1999): 1052–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5430.1052.

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47

Lyu, Jing, Xinke Yu, Mingyu Jiang, Wenrui Cao, Gaowa Saren, and Fengming Chang. "The Mechanism of Microbial-Ferromanganese Nodule Interaction and the Contribution of Biomineralization to the Formation of Oceanic Ferromanganese Nodules." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061247.

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Ferromanganese nodules are an important mineral resource in the seafloor; however, the genetic mechanism is still unknown. The biomineralization of microorganisms appears to promote ferromanganese nodule formation. To investigate the possible mechanism of microbial–ferromanganese nodule interaction, to test the possibility of marine microorganisms as deposition template for ferromanganese nodules minerals, the interactions between Jeotgalibacillus campisalis strain CW126-A03 and ferromanganese nodules were studied. The results showed that strain CW126-A03 increased ion concentrations of Fe, Mn, and other metal elements in solutions at first. Then, metal ions were accumulated on the cells’ surface and formed ultra-micro sized mineral particles, even crystalline minerals. Strain CW126-A03 appeared to release major elements in ferromanganese nodules, and the cell surface may be a nucleation site for mineral precipitation. This finding highlights the potentially important role of biologically induced mineralization (BIM) in ferromanganese nodule formation. This BIM hypothesis provides another perspective for understanding ferromanganese nodules’ genetic mechanism, indicating the potential of microorganisms in nodule formation.

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Boven, K. L. "40Ar/39Ar Dating of Marine Ferromanganese Crusts." Mineralogical Magazine 62A, no. 1 (1998): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1998.62a.1.115.

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Nakazawa, Hiroshi, and Hayato Sato. "Bacterial leaching of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts." International Journal of Mineral Processing 43, no. 3-4 (June 1995): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-7516(95)00005-x.

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Baturin, G. N., V. T. Dubinchuk, and V. A. Rashidov. "Ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Okhotsk." Oceanology 52, no. 1 (February 2012): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001437012010031.

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