Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ferromanganese crusts and nodules

Academic literature on the topic 'Ferromanganese crusts and nodules'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ferromanganese crusts and nodules"

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Long, Bui Hong, Phan Minh Thu, and Nguyen Nhu Trung. "Initial understanding and assessment of role of oceanographic features for ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 20, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/15775.

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The iron and manganese content in marine water is very small but the volume of ferromanganese nodules contributes 30% of the total mass of polymetallic nodules and crusts in marine and ocean floor. This suggests that the process of enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules is not only contributed by chemical processes but also by oceanographical and biological processes. The article indicates the initial results of analyzing oceanographic, biological, and environmental features to understand their roles in the growing ferromanganese crusts and nodules and to predict the distribution of ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea. As a result, ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea can be distributed in the continental slopes, where upwelling and downwelling currents occur, to ensure enough dissolved oxygen concentration for the enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules as well as to meet required conditions for microbial activity, which is involved in these processes. However, due to the limitations of the results of studying the enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea, the paper just shows the prediction of the distribution of ferromanganese crusts and nodules. Thus, it is necessary to carry out the expedition for enrichment processes of ferromanganese crusts and nodules and to determine the factors that impacted the growing ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea.
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Wang, Linzhang, and Zhigang Zeng. "The Geochemical Features and Genesis of Ferromanganese Deposits from Caiwei Guyot, Northwestern Pacific Ocean." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091275.

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The ferromanganese deposit is a type of marine mineral resource rich in Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. Its growth process is generally multi-stage, and the guyot environment and seawater geochemical characteristics have a great impact on the growth process. Here, we use a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to test and analyze the texture morphology, microstructure, mineralogical features, geochemical features of ferromanganese crusts deposits at different distribution locations on Caiwei Guyot. The ferromanganese deposits of Caiwei Guyot are ferromanganese nodules on the slope and board ferromanganese crusts on the mountaintop edge, which are both of hydrgenetic origin. Hydrgenetic origin reflects that the metal source is oxic seawater. Global palaeo-ocean events control the geochemistry compositions and growth process of ferromanganese crusts and the nodule. Ferromanganese crusts that formed from the late Cretaceous on the mountaintop edge have a rough surface with black botryoidal shapes, showing an environment with strong hydrodynamic conditions, while the ferromanganese nodule that formed from the Miocene on the slope has an oolitic surface as a result of water depth. What is more, nanoscale or micron-scale diagenesis may occur during the growth process, affecting microstructure, mineralogical and geochemical features.
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Menendez, Amaya, Rachael James, Natalia Shulga, Doug Connelly, and Steve Roberts. "Linkages between the Genesis and Resource Potential of Ferromanganese Deposits in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans." Minerals 8, no. 5 (May 5, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8050197.

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In addition to iron and manganese, deep sea ferromanganese deposits, including nodules and crusts, contain significant amounts of economically interesting metals, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and rare Earth elements and yttrium (REY). Some of these metals are essential in the development of emerging and new-generation green technologies. However, the resource potential of these deposits is variable, and likely related to environmental conditions that prevail as they form. To better assess the environmental controls on the resource potential of ferromanganese deposits, we have undertaken a detailed study of the chemical composition of ferromanganese nodules and one crust sample from different oceanic regions. Textural and chemical characteristics of nodules from the North Atlantic and a crust from the South Pacific suggest that they acquire metals from a hydrogenous source. These deposits are potentially an economically important source of Co and the REY. On the other hand, nodules from the Pacific Ocean represent a marginal resource of these metals, due to their relatively fast growth rate caused by diagenetic precipitation. By contrast, they have relatively high concentrations of Ni and Cu. A nodule from the Arctic Ocean is characterised by the presence of significant quantities of detrital silicate material, which significantly reduces their metal resource.
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AVDONIN, V. V., E. A. ZHEGALLO, and N. E. SERGEEVA. "ON THE NATURE OF OXIDE FERROMANGANESE ORES OCEAN." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-4-39-43.

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Oxide ores of the global ocean — cobalt-rich crusts and ferromanganese nodules are of bacterial origin and identified as stromatolites and onkolites. Pillar structure of ferromanganese stromatolites and festoon-shaped structures of onkolites represent the bacterial mats, formed by interbedding of fossilized bacterial biofilms. The appearance of ore-forming types of procaryotic family and their evolution are defined by major biosphere events. On the case study of the ferromanganese nodules of Magellanic mountains and cobalt-rich crusts of the province of the Clarion-Clipperton, the main stages of the evolution of structural forms of bacterial communities have been revealed. It has been shown that the change of phases happened due to the influence of major tectonic, volcanic and other geological events.
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Takematsu, Noburu. "The Chemical Composition of Marine Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts." Oceanography in Japan 3, no. 4 (1994): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.3.277.

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Peacock, C. L., and D. M. Sherman. "Crystal-chemistry of Ni in marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules." American Mineralogist 92, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.2378.

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Fu, Yazhou. "Non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry of marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules." Journal of Oceanography 76, no. 2 (November 9, 2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-019-00534-5.

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Exon, N. F., M. D. Raven, and E. H. De Carlo. "Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts from the Christmas Island Region, Indian Ocean." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 20, no. 4 (October 2002): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03608860290051958.

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Avdonin, V. V., E. A. Zhegallo, and N. E. Sergeeva. "Microstructure of oxide ferromanganese ores in the World ocean as the proof of their bacterial origin." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 6 (December 28, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2019-6-3-10.

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The study of submicroscopic structure of oxide ores revealed their similarity to the present-day bacterial communities. It is shown that the structure of cobalt-bearing crusts and ferromanganese nodules is based on bacterial mats, which permits identifying them as stromatolites and oncolites. The facts in favor of intense interaction between biofilms and the environment are found. The signs of mineral phase formation are registered as a result of biochemical absorption and assimilation of iron and manganese by bacteria.
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Halbach, Peter. "Processes controlling the heavy metal distribution in pacific ferromanganese nodules and crusts." Geologische Rundschau 75, no. 1 (February 1986): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01770191.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ferromanganese crusts and nodules"

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Wade, Lowell. "The mineralogy and major element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts and nodules from the northeastern equatorial Pacific Ocean." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30427.

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A study of the mineralogy and major element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts and nodules from the northeastern equatorial Pacific Ocean involved three inter-related projects: ft) the major element geochemistry of crusts and nodules from two study areas, (2) the development of a selective sequential extraction scheme (SSES) and a differential X-ray diffraction technique (DXRD) for the study of the mineralogy of the deposits, and (3) the application of the SSES and DXRD to a small population of crusts and nodules from the two study areas. The objectives of the first project were to relate the composition of the crust and nodule samples to the environment of formation as well as to the mineralogy which could be identified from a bulk powdered sample. The SSES was developed to determine the partitioning of Cu, Ni, and Co concentrations between the Mn and Fe oxides present in crusts and nodules. In developing a SSES, two goals had to be attained: (1) since crust and nodule samples are finite in size and numerous different analyses are to be preformed on a single sample, a SSES should be developed which uses as small amount of sample as feasible, and (2) develop a SSES which is as time efficient as possible. The development of the DXRD in conjuction with the SSES identified which Mn and Fe oxide mineral phase was responsible for hosting Cu, Ni, and Co. In developing the DXRD procedure two other goals had to be attained: (1) use of small leached samples, and (2) recovery of the sample aafter XRD analysis. The purpose of the third project was to test the two analytical procedures on a group of crust and nodule samples which have a wide range in compositions and oxide phase mineralogies. One group of hydrothermal nodules, from Survey Region B, was found to be enriched in Mn and depleted in Fe and Si. The Mn-rich mineral phases were identified as todorokite and birnessite. The second group of hydrothermal nodules, from Survey Region B, was found to be enriched in Fe and Si and depleted in Mn. The Fe-Si rich mineral phase was identified as iron-rich nontronite. Both groups of hydrothermal nodules were depleted in Co, Cu, and Ni. Dymond et al. (1984) and Chen & Owen (1989) identified one group of hydrothermal nodules located close to the East Pacific Rise (EPR) as being enriched in Fe but depleted in Mn, Cu, Ni, and Co. This composition agrees with the Fe-Si rich hydrothermal nodules identified in Survey Region B. Both Dymond et al. (1984) and Chen & Owen (1989), however, interpreted a second group of nodules, close to the EPR, which were enriched in Mn but depleted in Cu, Ni, and Co as suboxic diagenetic deposits. This group of nodules is the Mn-rich end-member composition of hydrothermal nodules identifed in this study. The composition of nodules from Survey Region B indicates there is a correlation between Co abundance and the proximity of the nodules to the hydrothermal discharge from the JEPR. Nodules that are Co-enriched are found farthest away from hydrothermal activity. In contrast, cobalt-depleted nodules coincide with known areas of hydrothermal activity. The SSES and DXRD was applied to a small population of crusts and nodules from the two Survey Regions. The DXRD patterns from the second stage of leaching on the crusts and nodules showed that the iron phase mineralogy in marine crusts and nodules is either akaganeite or ferrihydrite. The DXRD patterns from the second stage of leaching on the Mn-rich hydrothermal crusts and nodules, from Survey Region B, identified the Mn-bearing mineral hausmannite.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
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Reynolds, Ben Christopher. "Neodymium and lead isotope time series from Atlantic ferromanganese crusts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342540.

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Ohta, Atsuyuki, Koh Naito, Yoshihisa Okuda, and Iwao Kawabe. "Geochemical characteristics of Antarctic deep-sea ferromanganese nodules from highly oxic deep-sea water." Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/2843.

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Bolhão, Muiños Susana [Verfasser]. "Ferromanganese crusts from the seamounts north of the Madeira Island : composition, origin and paleoceanographic conditions / Susana Bolhão Muiños." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162892560/34.

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Whiteley, N. J. P. "Investigating of palaeo-circulation in the Southern Atlantic, Southern and Northern Indian Oceans over the last 14Ma using hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365325.

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Wegorzewski, Anna Viktoria [Verfasser]. "Geochemical and mineralogical investigations of fine growth structures of ferromanganese nodules from the Clarion and Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean / Anna Viktoria Wegorzewski." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068920793/34.

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Zaiger, Kimo K. "The feasibility of a novel method of solution recovery of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from seamounts." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10040.

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Books on the topic "Ferromanganese crusts and nodules"

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Piper, David Z. Chemistry of pelagic sediment and associated ferromanganese nodules, DOMES Site A, equatorial North Pacific. [Denver, CO]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1985.

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Cronan, D. S. A study of manganese nodules, crusts and deep-sea sediments in the Northern Cook Islands, Central Line Islands, and adjacent high seas: Cruise report of the Crossgrain Expedition, Leg 3, Papeete, Tahiti to Hilo, Hawaii, April 29-June 3, 1987. Suva, Fiji: Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific Offshore Areas, 1988.

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French, Gregory Alan. Der Tiefseebergbau: Eine interdisziplinäre Untersuchung der völkerrechtlichen Problematik. Cologne, Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1990.

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Taiping Yang duo jin shu jie he he fu gu jie qiao di zhi di qiu hua xue te zheng yu cheng kuang ji zhi dui bi: TaipingYang duojinshu jiehe he fugu jieqiao dizhi diqiu huaxue tezheng yu chengkuang jizhi duibi = Comparative study of the geology, geochemistry and metallogenetic mechanism of polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich crusts from the pacific ocean. Beijing: Di zhi chu ban she, 2011.

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Yongsheng, Cai. Part I Assessing the UN Institutional Structure for Global Ocean Governance: The UN’s Role in Global Ocean Governance, 2 Role of the International Seabed Authority in Global Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198824152.003.0002.

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This chapter examines the role of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) in global ocean governance. In particular, it highlights the assumption of ISA's explicit mandate for environmental protection as an integral aspect of its overall governance of the deep sea-bed ‘Area’ beyond national jurisdiction, especially following the 1994 Implementation Agreement to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This assumption is particularly significant given the fact that the ISA work programme has now progressed to the point where as of 31 January 2017, a total of twenty-six contracts for exploration had entered into force (sixteen for polymetallic nodules, six for polymetallic sulphides and four for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts). The chapter also discusses various activities undertaken in the Area, such as prospecting, exploration and exploitation of resources; marine scientific research; and benefit-sharing for exploitation on the outer continental shelf. Finally, it considers ISA's emphasis on the importance of international cooperation in implementing its mandates.
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R, Hein James, ed. Submarine ferromanganese deposits from the Mariana and Volcano Volcanic Arcs, West Pacific. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1987.

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A, Larson David, ed. Physical properties and mechanical cutting characteristics of cobalt-rich managanese crusts. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1987.

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Composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts and substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands, cruise KODOS 97-4. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts and substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands, cruise KODOS 97-4. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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T, Manheim Frank, Lane-Bostwick Candice M, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts in the world ocean: A review and comprehensive database. [Reston, VA]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ferromanganese crusts and nodules"

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Mizell, Kira, and James R. Hein. "Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules, Rocks that Grow." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_101-1.

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Mizell, Kira, and James R. Hein. "Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules: Rocks That Grow." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 477–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_101.

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Mizell, Kira, James R. Hein, Manda Au, and Amy Gartman. "Estimates of Metals Contained in Abyssal Manganese Nodules and Ferromanganese Crusts in the Global Ocean Based on Regional Variations and Genetic Types of Nodules." In Perspectives on Deep-Sea Mining, 53–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87982-2_3.

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Shulga, Natalia, Ivar Murdmaa, Olga Dara, and Konstantin Ryazantsev. "Ferromanganese Nodules." In Springer Geology, 131–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82871-4_8.

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Roonwal, Ganpat Singh. "Ferromanganese Nodules and Encrustations." In The Indian Ocean: Exploitable Mineral and Petroleum Resources, 77–124. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95501-3_6.

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Glasby, Geoffrey P. "Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts." In Marine Geochemistry, 335–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04242-7_11.

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Haynes, Benjamin W., and Michael J. Magyar. "Analysis and Metallurgy of Manganese Nodules and Crusts." In Marine Minerals, 235–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3803-8_17.

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Hein, James R., Marjorie S. Schulz, and Lisa M. Gein. "Central Pacific Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Historical Perspective and Regional Variability." In Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, 261–83. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2896-7_14.

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Roonwal, G. S. "Ores in the Deep Sea: Cobalt- and Platinum-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts." In Indian Ocean Resources and Technology, 31–38. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315105697-3.

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Morishita, Yuichi, Akira Usui, Naoto Takahata, and Yuji Sano. "Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Microanalysis of Platinum in Hydrogenetic Ferromanganese Crusts." In Perspectives on Deep-Sea Mining, 115–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87982-2_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ferromanganese crusts and nodules"

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Liu, Shaojun, Ning Yang, and Qingjue Han. "Research and Development of Deep Sea Mining Technology in China." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20527.

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This paper discusses the state of the art of deep sea mining technology in China. The research and development of deep sea mining technology in China started from the polymetallic nodules mining. A pilot mining system, which consists of a self-propelled collector, hydraulic pipe lift and a surface vessel, has been developed. In 2001, a lake mining trial was conducted in the pilot system, through which artificial nodules lying on the floor of lake were collected by the collector and then transported up to the surface vessel by a flexible hose subsystem. The lake mining trial confirmed the maneuverability and controllability of the self-propelled collector, the efficiency of the hydraulic pick-up device, and the feasibility of lifting system with flexible hose. In addition, some research has been conducted on the cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts mining techniques such as the methods of in situ fragmentation and separation of crusts from the substrate rock, and the technique of crust mining using the robotic seabed vehicles. During the past decade, China has enhanced the research on key techniques of deep sea mining system. Some new laboratories and facilities have been constructed, including a miner test laboratory with a 50 mx50 mx5 m basin, a lifting test setup which can carry out circular lifting test and one way transporting test, and a computer simulation research laboratory which can partially test some boundary conditions and demonstrate simulation results. China has further planned to investigate the techniques of deep sea mining for polymetallic sulphide, to develop the facilities for the application, and to assess the economic feasibility of the deep sea mining development. We will continue to explore the new deep sea mining methods and technologies.
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Morgan, Charles L. "The Status of Marine Mining Worldwide." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80048.

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Metals are fundamental components of modern society worldwide, and, despite the current economic downturn, we know we will be faced with ever increasing demands and ever-shrinking supplies. Efforts to achieve sustainable supplies of minerals must include efforts to expand the supply. About 60% of the ocean surface consists of the ocean floor, so it is reasonable to expect that deep ocean minerals could contribute significantly to the world supply. Human efforts to recover minerals have thus far concentrated almost exclusively on land-based resources, so it is reasonable to postulate that marine minerals might offer better prospects for future mineral supplies than land prospects. Currently, we know of at least six separate categories of marine minerals: 1. Aggegrate sand and gravel deposits; 2. Placer deposits of relatively high value minerals (gold, diamonds, tin, etc) hosted in aggegrates; 3. Biogenically derived phosphate deposits; 4. Sediment-hosted (manganese nodules) and hard-rock hosted (ferromanganese crusts) ferromanganese oxide deposits; 5. Sediment-hosted methane hydrate deposits; and 6. Hydrothermally derived sulfide deposits of copper, gold, nickel, zinc, and other metals. Thanks primarily to the engineering developments made by the offshore oil industry and the computer-science advances that have revolutionized much of modern society, the technology is in place for most of the tasks of deep seabed mining. The objective here is not to provide a general status update regarding marine minerals technology, but simply to demonstrate, using the best example available to date (the Nautilus Minerals venture in the Territorial Waters of Papua New Guinea) that the technology is in place and ready to go. Development of marine minerals has both the curse and blessing of taking place in the ocean. Since the 1970’s and before, the marine environment has taken on a public aura reserved more commonly for religious beliefs. This aura poses substantial obstacles to any marine development efforts. At the same time, a basic advantage of marine mineral developments is that nobody lives there. Thus, marine mining activities will not conflict with most normal human activities. Marine mining proposals should be subjected to thorough impact assessment analysis, but it is also critical that policymakers take steps to provide a level playing field for marine developments that encourages objective comparisons with alternative land-based proposals for supplying needed mineral resources. Governments should foster reasonable access to the marine mineral resources under their jurisdiction while also supporting incentive policies and related research programs.
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Hein, J. R., F. T. Manheim, and W. C. Schwab. "Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts From The Central Pacific." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/5234-ms.

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Goto, Kosuke T., Aya Sakaguchi, Maria Luisa G. Tejada, Johannes Lachner, Marco Ploner, Akira Usui, Ren T. Marquez, Takeshi Hanyu, and Katsuhiko Suzuki. "COMPARISON OF OS ISOTOPE AND BE-10 AGES OF HYDROGENOUS FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS." In 113th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017cd-292267.

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Toth, J., and C. Amerigian. "A Percussion Coring System for Ferromanganese Crusts and Other Consolidated Seafloor Deposits." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160733.

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Rodriguez, Coralie, Katherine Kelley, Kira Mizell, and Robert Ballard. "Trace element enrichments in Pacific ferromanganese crusts as a function of seawater properties." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12625.

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Kobayashi, Eishi, Katz Suzuki, Akira Usui, Qing Chang, Akiko Makabe, Teruhiko Kashiwabara, and Yuji Orihashi. "Osmium isotope stratigraphy age and elemental composition of ferromanganese crusts from Iwaki seamount." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12682.

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Ren, Xiangwen, James R. Hein, and James R. Hein. "CONTROLS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF CO IN FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS FROM THE MAGELLAN SEAMOUNTS, WEST PACIFIC." In 113th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017cd-292517.

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Usui, Akira, Mariko Tanaka, Blair Thornton, Ayaka Tokumaru, and Tetsuro Urabe. "Small-scale ROV mapping of the ferromanganese crusts over the seamounts in the NW pacific." In OCEANS 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2011.6107094.

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10

Josso, Pierre, Paul Lusty, Simon Chenery, and Bramley Murton. "Controls on metal enrichment in ferromanganese crusts: temporal changes in oceanic metal flux or phosphatisation?" In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.6110.

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