Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ferromagnetism'

Orientadora: Fanny Béron
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Desde a descoberta dos filmes finos magnéticos com anisotropia perpendicular, ou PMAs (Perpendicular Magentic Anisotropy, em inglês), se tornou possível aumentar drasticamente a densidade de dados em discos rígidos. Uma maneira de continuar a incrementar a densidade final de dados seria desalinhar o eixo de anisotropia uniaxial e o campo magnético de escrita. Para isso, necessita-se de materiais com anisotropia magnética intermediária, i.e, na qual o seu eixo fácil está entre a longitudinal ao plano e a sua perpendicular. A situação ótima seria com o eixo fácil a 450, teoricamente dobrando a densidade final. No entanto, fabricar grãos ou filmes com esta propriedade não é viável do ponto de vista industrial. Todavia, bicamadas podem ser utilizadas para imitar este comportamento, onde um filme com anisotropia longitudinal é depositado sobre um PMA. Além do mais, esta abordagem apresenta a possibilidade de maior velocidade de escrita. Bicamadas de CoCrPt/Ni podem ser utilizadas para este propósito, com a camada de CoCrPt como PMA e a de Ni com anisotropia longitudinal. O experimento de ressonância ferromagnética permite, a priori, resolver as contribuições de anisotropia de cada camada no sistema de bicamadas, juntamente com os mecanismos de amortecimento magnético. O objetivo principal desta dissertação de mestrado é introduzir os conceitos de experimentação e teoria desta técnica, e aplicá-los nas bicamadas de CoCrPt/Ni. Neste trabalho foram utilizados filmes já depositados por sputtering com 10 nm de Co66Cr22Pt12, seguidos de 5 a 40 nm de Ni, para investigar o efeito da camada com anisotropia longitudinal sobre o PMA. Um outro conjunto de amostras contém um espaçador de Ti entre as camadas magnéticas, a fim de se estudar a interação na interface entre elas. Os experimentos de ressonância foram realizados em varredura de frequência num analisador de rede vetorial com campos magnéticos aplicados longitudinais ou perpendiculares e numa cavidade de banda X (9,54GHZ) em função da orientação do campo aplicado. Foi verificado qualitativamente o decréscimo da energia de anisotropia longitudinal com menores espessuras de Ni nas bicamadas. No entanto, não foi possível observar a linha de absorção da camada de CoCrPt, e consequentemente, encontrar unequivocamente as constantes de anisotropia do sistema, muito menos confirmar o comportamento multiaxial encontrado. Não obstante, foi confirmado a natureza de curto alcance da interação entre as camadas. Nova experimentação em outras bandas de frequência é necessária, afim de identificar a absorção do CoCrPt. Uma perspectiva futura interessante é o estudo da largura de linha e o amortecimento magnético do sistema devido a interação envolvida
Abstract: Since the advent of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy media, or PMAs, it was possible to greatly enhance the data density of hard drives. A method to push forward the data density increase is to misalign the anisotropy and applied field axes. This can be achieved by tilted media, i.e., in which the anisotropy axis lays somewhere between in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP). The optimal condition is with the axis tilted by 45\textsuperscript{0}. However, produce this kind of material is not practible at industrial scale. Thus, composite media can be used to mimic this behavior, where an in-plane anisotropy media is deposited on top of a PMA. Nonetheless, this approach allows to reach faster switching rates. CoCrPt/Ni bilayers may be used for this purpose, with the CoCrPt serving as the PMA and the Ni as the IP anisotropy layer. The ferromagnetic resonance experiment (FMR) can be used to obtain information about the magnetic anisotropy, being able to characterize its constant for each layer in the bilayer system, together with the damping mechanisms. Therefore, the main goal of this master thesis is to introduce the FMR theory and experimentation and apply them in this system. The used films were already deposited by sputtering with 10 nm of Co.66Cr.24Pt.12 under a 5 to 40 nm Ni layer. Another set of samples with a Ti layer between the magnetic layers provides information of the interface coupling. The FMR experiments were partly performed in a broadband vector network analyzer (VNA) with applied magnetic fields IP or OOP, and in a X-band (9,54 GHz) cavity as function of the orientation of the applied magnetic field. It was qualitatively verified a decrease of the longitudinal magnetic anisotropy energy as a function of the Ni thickness in the bilayer system. However, the CoCrPt single layer absorption could not be observed, making it impossible to unequivocally identify each anistropy constant. Nonetheless, the short-range nature of the coupling was confirmed. Further experimentation in higher frequencies is needed in order to find the CoCrPt absorption. Also, promising effects in the damping mechanism due to the coupling are expected
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
2013/1186360
CAPES

The goal of this work is to investigate the magnetic deflagration phenomena in two very different magnetic systems, using two very different experimental techniques. In the first chapter of this dissertation I introduce the concept of magnetic deflagra-tion, together with a description of the state of the art of the field. In the second chapter of this thesis I present the study of magnetic deflagration in single crystals of the prototypical single molecule magnet Mn12—ac, using the magneto-optical imaging method; never done before. In the chapter the reader will find out that, effectively, the deflagration process can be explored using this technique. The second part of the thesis include the other five chapters. Such a difference in length between both parts is due two factors. The first factor is that the Mn12—ac is a very well known system, with few new experiments to study; while on the contrary, the Nd5Ge3 intermetallic compound has been barely studied in its single crystalline form, and therefore there are many experiments to conduct to understand its dynamics. The second factor is the rich phenomena that this intermetallic compound presents directly related with the abrupt magnetic changes that possesses. In this system sudden changes occur in every studied physical property when the magnetization changes in a stepped manner. Two fundamental properties of the magnetic dynamics of the Nd5Ge3 system make it so remarkable. First, it is one of few systems with a large irreversible AFM-+FM transition induced by the magnetic field, and second, the magnetic changes during its magnetization processes occur in a stepped manner. Therefore, the motivation to investigate the possibility of finding for the first time magnetic deflagration phenomena in a ferromagnet, and also for the first time in two different magnetic phases of a given material, was very high. In the first two chapters dedicated to the Nd5Ge3 I explore the magnetic properties, the heat capacity and the electric resistivity. Some of the measurements were not previously reported in a single crystal. In the fifth chapter I explore explicitly the spon-taneous field-induced avalanches in magnetism, heat capacity and resistivity. The reason of this three chapters is to have as much ingredients as possible to be able to answer the questions that the possible magnetic deflagrations would raise. I say possible because it is not until the fifth chapter of this thesis when we get the experimental confirmation that the field-induced spontaneous avalanches that the compound present correspond to magnetic deflagration phenomena. In this chapter the magnetic deflagrations were studied in detail in the AFM-+FM transition and in the FM reversal, as a function of the magnetic field and the temperature. The spontaneous and induced deflagrations are explored, obtaining good estimations of the propagation speed and the temperature of the deflagration flame. Using the theoretical framework of the magnetic deflagrations we fit the speed propagation of the front to the experimental data using only one pa-rameter, the heat diffusivity of the material; obtaining a value within the range of heat diffusivities found in other intermetallic compounds.
El objetivo que persigue esta tesis es impulsar el estudio de las deflagraciones magnéti-cas gracias, por una parte al descubrimiento del fenómeno en un sistema nuevo y pro-metedor como es el compuesto intermetálico Nd5Ge3, y por otra a la presentación de un método nuevo de medición de las dependencias espacio-temporales de las mismas utilizando técnicas magneto-ópticas. Manteniendo el hilo conductor del fenómeno de las deflagraciones magnéticas, esta tesis doctoral se divide en dos partes. En la primera parte presento mis investigaciones en el estudio del sistema Mn12—ac. A partir de los tratamientos de los videos obtenidos se confirma la presencia de deflagraciones magnéticas. La segunda parte de la tesis está dedicada al compuesto intermetálico Nd5Ge3. Éste compuesto se trata de uno de los pocos sistemas en los que mediante un campo magnéti-co externo se induce espontáneamente un estado ferromagnético (FM) con gran irre-versibilidad proviniendo de un estado antiferromagnético (AFM). Además, los cambios magnéticos que experimenta el sistema, tanto dicha transición AFM—>FM como la in-versión de la magnetización en el estado FM, ocurren de forma muy abrupta, siendo también uno de los escasos sistemas que presenta esta propiedad. Dedico tres capítulos al estudio de sus propiedades magnéticas, térmicas y eléctri-cas, tanto estáticas como dinámicas. En esas medidas encuentro fenómenos interesantes, desde generación espontánea de voltaje durante las deflagraciones magnéticas, hasta la aparición de saltos espontáneos de la magnetización con el tiempo (manteniendo la tem-peratura y el campo magnético constantes), pasando por la obtención de términos de origen antiferromagnético en la dependencia térmica de la capacidad calorífica del estado ferromagnético saturado, o una magnetorresistencia gigante entre ambos estados, entre otros. En el sexto capítulo, las medidas experimentales confirman la existencia del fenómeno de la deflagración magnética en ambas fases, AFM y FM. La velocidad de propagación del frente obtenida en la teoría de deflagraciones se ajusta bien a los datos experimen-tales. Utilizando la bondad del ajuste, extrapolamos la velocidad teórica hacia campos magnéticos elevados y encontramos la posibilidad de que ésta iguale o supere la velocidad del sonido en el material. Lo más remarcable es que esta posible transición se observa en la extrapolación para campos menores de 50 kOe. Por lo que, en principio, reduciendo la temperatura podríamos ser capaces de obtener medidas de dicha transición. Sin em-bargo, el estudio de las deflagraciones espontáneas en función de la temperatura llevado a cabo en un criostato de dilución resultó un claro ejemplo de serendipia. En vez de alcanzar velocidades supersónicas, lo que encontré fueron unas discontinuidades de salto en los campos de deflagración espontánea no predichas. Por lo tanto, el capítulo pasa a enfocarse en su estudio, concluyendo que su origen está relacionado con propiedades intrínsecas del Nd5Ge3.

Orientador: Ezequiel Costa Siqueira
Banca: Victor Ciro Solano Reynoso
Banca: Rodrigo Yoshikawa Oeiras
Resumo: Neste trabalho é proposto a investigação teórica de uma junção formada por metal supercondutor e um metal ferromagnético acoplados através de dois canais. O primeiro canal consiste de um acoplamento direto entre os metais, enquanto que o segundo canal é formado através um ponto quântico composto por um nível discreto. Para isso utilizamos como ferramenta as funções de Green de não-equilíbrio, por meio das quais obtemos o cálculo e as curvas para a corrente elétrica, números de ocupação e transmitância. É demonstrado que podemos alterar o tipo de spin no ponto quântico, e este sobrevive a presença de um campo magnético por meio de um efeito de interferência. Por meio deste resultado, é possível manipular um spin em um ponto quântico por meio de variáveis externas, o que pode ser de interesse em aplicações na computação quântica
Abstract: In this work is proposed the theorical investigation of a double-path junction formed by a ferromagnetic and a supercondutor lead. The first path connects superconductor and ferromagnet by an insulator barrier while in the second path these metals are connected by a single level quantum dot. We have used the nonequilibrium Green's functions to perform the calculations as well as to obtain the curves for electrical current, occupation numbers and transmittance. It is shown that the spin within the quantum dot can be manipulated by means of external parameters which can be of interesed in quantum computation applications
Mestre

Multiferroic materials, in which two or more ferroic ordering take place in the same phase, have driven major interest in the last few years, not only due to the possibility of exploring novel physical properties in those materials, but also the implications that such properties show in novel technological applications. From those materials, the especially interesting are those in which the ferromagnetic (FM) and ferroelectric (FE) ordering take place, due to their direct application in magnetodielectric devices. In the field of multiferroic materials such materials could play an important role in a new generation of none volatile magnetic random access memories (M RAM), in which a sufficiently strong magnetodielectric coupling could allow for the modification of the magnetic state, not only with a magnetic field, but with an electric field. This fact would allow for a dramatic reduction in energy consumption and would promote the further technological integration (the major commercial drawback of MRAMs), due to the fact that an electric field, contrary to the magnetic field, can be applied locally. Additionally, such multiferroic materials could prove useful in magnetic tunnel junctions, in which the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic nature would allow them to codify four resistive states, instead of the traditional two states of ferroelectric or ferromagnetic junctions, allowing for the implementation of a generation of four state memories. The materials with perovskite structure, ABB"03 (A=Rare Earth, Bismuth, Lead and Yttrium), bring a broad spectrum of possibilities when it comes to design of multifunctional materials. This is due to the wide variety of A, B, B" cations that are compatible with such structure. However, in the case of R(NiMn)03, such oxides have been poorly studied and many detailed studies, both in bulk and thin films are needed. The cation selection of B and B' seems to transform the paramagnetic ordering (PM) into FM below room temperature. The multiferroicity of these materials is typically provided by the A cation of the perovskite formula, which can be Bi or Pd, in order to create a Type 1 multiferroic. In this type of materials, i.e: Bi2NiM n06, the ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism arose by separate mechanisms, the FE is provided by the A cation, with so called long pair electrons, which are free electrons in the valence band that do not participate in any chemical reaction in the compound, while the Ni2+(d8) and (M n4+) (d3) provides the FM. However, even though the materials are multiferroic, their magnetodielectric coupling, crucial for future industrial applications, is weak, due to the different mechanisms that provide their FM and FE ordering. On the other hand, the FE induction by geometrical distortion of the perovskite lattice, for example in YM n03, is an interesting case since rotations of the M nO6 octahedrons promote an important structural change, in which the oxygen atoms move closer to the Y and, due to a large dipole interaction, generate a stable FE state. Moreover, the deformation of the unit cell generates a weak spin canting on the Mn cations, that can be promoted by Li doping or lattice distortions. This behavior could prove useful in the R(NiM n)06 family, which shows strong FM . This thesis is devoted to the study of R(Ni0.5M n0.5)03 (Y,Sm, Nd and Pr) and Bi(Fe0.5M n0.5)06 grown in thin films by pulsed laser deposition technique. Firstly, this thesis focuses on the growth and characterization of thin films of Y(Ni0.5M n0.5)03 (YNM 0) on strontium titanate substrates SrTiO3(001) (STO). The influence of the deposition parameters, such as temperature, fluence and ablation frequency, on the morphology and crystalline quality of the films is investigated. The study reveals that the YNMO films grown on STO(001,011 and 111) substrates are epitaxial and that their crystalline quality and epitaxial relationship are similar to those of the YMO compound. In particular, it is observed that a single out of plane domain is the norm for all the substrate orientations, while there are various in-plane domains. Moreover, chemical composition studies reveal Ti diffusion from the substrate to the YNMO film when STO(111) substrates are used. Once the growth conditions of YNMO are optimized, the magnetic and dielectric properties are studied. All the films show a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition at a temperature around 95K, with a magnetic moment of YNMO(001) = 4.35µB/f.u, YNMO(100) = 4,4 µB/f.u and YNMO(101) = 3,7µB/f.u, confirming the ferromagnetic nature of the samples. The dielectric characterization reveal a FE ordering on the YNMO films, and what is more, the existence of a dielectric anisotropy on the films, that is characterized by the absence of ferroelectric response on YNMO samples deposited on STO(001), while YNMO samples on STO(111) show a strong FE response. This anisotropy could be explained, according to recent theoretical studies, in the improper origin of the observed ferroelectriciy. The coexistence of FM and FE response shows in a conclusive manner the multiferroic nature of the YNMO compound. Secondly, studies similar to those previously presented are performed for thin films of R(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O3 (Sm, Nd and Pr) compounds grown on STO(001). In this case the deposition temperature turns out to play a crucial role on the epitaxial growth of all the studied compounds. It is shown that the ratio between the b/a lattice parameters influences the epitaxial growth of the films, being the decisive factor between single or multi domain films. All the samples show a PM to FM transition at temperatures around 190K Finally, films of Bi(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O6 have been grown on STO(001) substrates. The films are epitaxial and grow under epitaxial strain. Samples show a FM behavior at room temperature with a weak signal of 7,42 emu/cm3 and 0,4 µB/f.u(Fe-Mn). The dielectrical characterization shows the influence of external magnetic fields on the dielectric properties of the film above room temperature.
Los materiales multiferroicos, en los que dos o más ordenes ferroicos tienen lugar en la misma fase, ha despertado gran interés en los últimos años debido, no solo al hecho de explorar nuevas propiedades físicas en los materiales, sino también a las implicaciones de las nuevas propiedades funcionales en las aplicaciones tecnológicas. De dichos materiales resultan especialmente interesantes aquellos que presentan un orden ferroeléctrico (FE) y ferromagnético (FM) debido a su aplicación directa en dispositivos magnetoelectrónicos. En este ámbito los materiales multiferroicos podrían tener una gran relevancia en una nueva generación de memorias magnéticas RAM (MRAM) de control eléctrico, no volátiles, en las que, si el acoplamiento magnetoeléctrico es suficientemente grande, se podría modificar el estado magnético no con un campo magnético sino con un campo eléctrico. Este hecho permitiría una reducción radical en el consumo de potencia y favorecería a su vez una mayor integración (la principal desventaja de las MRAMs para competir en el mercado), ya que el campo eléctrico, a diferencia del campo magnético, puede aplicarse de forma muy localizada. Por otro lado, dichos materiales multiferroicos podrían emplearse en una nueva generación de uniones túnel, en las que el carácter ferroeléctrico y ferromagnético permitiría codificar información en cuatro estados resistivos en lugar de en dos, como viene siendo hasta ahora en las convencionales uniones túnel magnéticas o ferroeléctricas, dando lugar a una nueva generación de memorias de cuatro estados. Los materiales con estructura perovskita, ABB '03, (A=Tierra Rara, Bismuto, Plomo e Ytrio) ofrecen una gran versatilidad a la hora de diseñar materiales funcionales debido a la gran variedad de cationes A, B y B' compatibles con tal estructura. Sin embargo en el caso de R(NiMn)03, estos óxidos han sido poco estudiados y muchos carecen de estudios detallados tanto en forma másica como en capa fina. Esta selección de cationes en la posición B y B' parece transformar la estructura perovskita la cual típicamente presenta un ordenamiento paramagnético (PM) en FM a temperaturas inferiores a la ambiente. El carácter multiferroico de estos materiales es típicamente aportado por el catión A en la formula perovskita, el cual puede ser un átomo de Bi, o Pb, para crear un multiferroico tipo 1. En los materiales de este tipo, por ejemplo el Bi2NiMnO6, la ferroelectricidad y el ferromagnetismo provienen de fuentes diferentes, el carácter FE es aportado por el catión A con -lone pairs electrons-, los cuales son electrones libres en la banda de valencia que no participan en las reacciones químicas del compuesto, mientras la combinación Ni2+ (d8) and Mn4+ (d3) aporta el FM. Pese al carácter multiferroico de estos materiales su acoplamiento magnetoelectrico, indispensable para sus aplicaciones industriales futuras, es débil, puesto que su FE y FM provienen de efectos independientes. Por otra parte la inducción de FE por distorsiones geométricas de la celda perovskitas, como es el caso de YMnO3 (YMO), es un caso interesante de considerar ya que la rotación de los octaedros Mn05 genera un cambio estructural importante, en el cual los oxígenos se desplazan a una posición más cercana al Y, esto sumado a una larga interacción de los dipolos conduce al material a un estado FE estable. Además la deformación de la celda genera un débil FM en este material, el cual proviene un pequeño giro en los espines del Mn ya sea debido a un dopaje con Li o por la deformación de la celda. Este comportamiento podría resultar interesante en la familia de perovskitas R(NiMn)03 las cuales presentan un fuerte FM. Esta tesis está dedicada al estudio de la perovskitas R(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O3 (Y, Sm, Nd y Pr) y Bi(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O6 crecidas en capa fina usando la técnica de depósito mediante ablación por láser pulsado. En primer lugar, esta tesis se centra en el crecimiento y caracterización de capas finas del compuesto Y(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O3 (YNMO) sobre substratos de titanato de estroncio, SrTiO3(001) (STO). Se estudia la influencia de los parámetros de depósito tales como temperatura, fluencia y frecuencia de ablación sobre la morfología y la calidad cristalina de las capas obtenidas. El estudio pone de manifiesto que las capas de YNMO crecidas sobre substratos de STO(001,011 y 111) son epitaxiales de YNMO y que la calidad cristalina y las relaciones epitaxiales entre la capa y el substrato son semejantes a las obtenidas en el compuesto YMO. En particular se observa un único dominio cristalino fuera del plano independientemente de la orientación del sustrato, mientras que dentro del plano se presentan varios dominios cristalinos. Por otra parte, los estudios de composición química revelan una difusión de Ti desde el sustrato hacía la capa de YMNO cuando se utilizan substratos STO(111).. Una vez optimizadas las condiciones de crecimiento del compuesto YNMO, se estudian sus propiedades magnéticas y dieléctricas. Todas las capas presentan una transición de fase paramagnetica a ferromagnética a una temperatura alrededor de 95K con un momento magnético de YNMO(001)= 4.35µB/f.u, YNMO(100) = 4,4 µB/f.u and YNMO(101) = 3,7µB/f.u, confirmando el carácter ferromagnético de las muestras. La caracterización dieléctrica revela el carácter FE de las capas de YNMO y lo que es más interesante, la existencia de anisotropía dieléctrica en las capas, ésta se pone de manifiesto en la ausencia de respuesta FE en capas YNMO sobre STO(001) que contrasta con la fuerte respuesta de las capas de YNMO sobre STO(111). Esta anisotropía puede tener su origen, a la luz de los recientes estudios teóricos, en el carácter impropio de la ferroelectricidad observada, a la luz de recientes estudios teóricos. La coexistencia de FM y FE muestra de manera conclusiva el carácter multiferroico del compuesto YNMO. En segundo lugar se han realizado estudios similares a los anteriores para el caso de capas finas de los compuestos del tipo R(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O3 (Sm, Nd y Pr) crecidas en STO(001). En este caso la influencia de la temperatura de depósito resulta ser un factor importante para la obtención, en todos los compuestos estudiados, de crecimiento epitaxial. Se observa que el cociente b/a entre las constantes red juega un factor importante en la epitaxia de las capas, siendo este cociente un factor determinante en el crecimiento mono-dominio o multi-dominio de las capas. Todas las muestras presentan transiciones PM a FM a temperaturas alrededor de 190K. Por último, se han crecido y estudiado capas finas del compuesto Bi(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O6 depositadas sobre STO(001). Las capas obtenidas son epitaxiales y crecen sometidas a estrés inducido por el substrato. Presentan comportamiento FM a temperatura ambiente pero con una débil señal de 7,42 emu/cm3 y 0,4 µB/f.u(Fe-Mn). La caracterización dieléctrica pone de manifiesto la influencia, a temperaturas superiores a la ambiente, de la presencia de campo magnético sobre las propiedades dieléctricas.

Orientador: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T09:51:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_FagnerMurucide_D.pdf: 4858080 bytes, checksum: a43c455fc79aac38fc3e9bd9d81abe32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Por muitas décadas, fenômenos quânticos foram observados com partículas microscópicas, tais como átomos, elétrons e fótons. No entanto, avanços na fabricação e controle de sistemas físicos com dimensões extremamente reduzidas vêm permitindo a manifestação de eventos quânticos em proporções gigantescas. Por exemplo, existem evidências de superposições quânticas com uma supercorrente composta por bilhões de elétrons num SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). Motivados por tais evidências, nosso objetivo reside na busca de novos dispositivos capazes de exibir efeitos quânticos macroscópicos. Em particular, estamos interessados em sistemas ferromagnéticos que manifestem CQM (Coerência Quântica Macroscópica), isto é, ferromagnetos nos quais o campo de magnetização tunela periodicamente no tempo entre dois estados topologicamente distintos e degenerados. Nesta tese, sugerimos dois dispositivos: um ?o ferromagnético no qual uma parede de domínio tunela entre dois centros de aprisionamento arti?ciais; e um MQUID (Magnetic Quantum Interference Device), isto é, um análogo magnético do SQUID que permite efeitos de tunelamento com uma ¿supercorrente¿ formada por vórtices de spin. Esses dispositivos são úteis não só na exploração dos limites de validade da mecânica quântica, mas também abrem novas possibilidades de implementação de um bit quântico
Abstract: For many decades, quantum phenomena were observed with microscopic particles, such as atoms, electrons and photons. However, advancements in manufacture and control of physics systems with very small dimensions have allowed verifying quantum events in large proportions. For instance, there are evidences of quantum superposition with a supercurrent formed by billions of electrons on a SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). Such evidences have driven our work in a way to investigate new devices that are capable to exhibit macroscopic quantum effects. In particular, we are interested in ferromagnetic systems that present MQC (Macroscopic Quantum Coherence), in other words, ferromagnets in which the magnetization ?eld tunnels periodically in time between two distinct and degenerate topological states. In this thesis, we have suggested two devices: a ferromagnetic wire in which a domain wall tunnels between two arti?cial pinning centers; and a MQUID (Magnetic Quantum Interference Device) that is a magnetic device analogous to SQUID that permit quantum tunneling effects with a supercurrent formed by spin vortices. These devices are useful to explore the limits of validity of quantum mechanics, as well they open new possibilities to put into operation a quantum bit
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências

Defect-induced ferromagnetism is attracting intensive research interest. It not only challenges the traditional opinions about ferromagnetism, but also has some potential applications in spin-electronics. SiC is a new candidate for the investigation of defect-induced ferromagnetism after graphitic materials and oxides due to its high material purity and crystalline quality. In this thesis, we made a comprehensive investigation on the structural and magnetic properties of ion implanted and neutron irradiated SiC sample. In combination with X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, we try to understand the mechanism in a microscopic picture. For neon or xenon ion implanted SiC, we identify a multi-magnetic-phase nature. The magnetization of SiC can be decomposed into paramagnetic, superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic contributions. The ferromagnetic contribution persists well above room temperature and exhibits a pronounced magnetic anisotropy. We qualitatively explain the magnetic properties as a result of the intrinsic clustering tendency of defects. By combining X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and first-principles calculations, we clarify that p electrons of the nearest-neighbor carbon atoms around divacancies are mainly responsible for the long-range ferromagnetic coupling. Thus, we provide a direct correlation between the collective magnetic phenomena and the specific electrons/orbitals. With the aim to verify if the defect-induced magnetization can be increased by orders of magnitude, i.e., if a sample containing defects through its bulk volume can persist ferromagnetic coupling, we applied neutron irradiation to introduce defects into SiC. Besides a weak ferromagnetic contribution, we observe a strong paramagnetism, scaling up with the neutron fluence. The ferromagnetic contribution induced by neutron irradiation only occurs in a narrow fluence window or after annealing. It seems non-realistic to make the bulk specimens ferromagnetic by introducing defects. Instead, we speculate that defect-induced ferromagnetism rather locally appears in particular regions, like surface/interface/grain boundaries. A comparable investigation on neutron irradiated graphite supports the same conclusion.

The goal of this thesis is to explore and control the magnetization dynamics on magnetic multilayered thin films through two different techniques: the application of strain and spin- polarized currents, which represent lower-power consumption approaches to the control of magnetization dynamics compared with conventional techniques. The ferromagnetic materials with nanometric thickness used in this thesis are magnetic materials widely used in research. Aside the purely scientific interest, these materials are potentially applicable in telecommunications or technologies for storing and transmitting information at high speeds. 1. Magnetization Dynamics Induced by the Application of Oscillating Strain The first part of the thesis studies the magnetization dynamics induced by the application of dynamic strain on the magnetic material. The strain deforms the magnetic material and induces a change in the direction and intensity of the magnetic anisotropy. Therefore, the magnetic states are affected by this variation and align with the new direction of magnetic anisotropy inducing dynamics in the magnetization. The main result of the first part of the thesis is the simultaneous time- and space-resolved observation of both the piezoelectric voltage wave associated to the SAW and the induced magnetization excitations on the ferromagnetic thin film of Nickel (Ni). We have found that manipulation of magnetization states in ferromagnetic thin films with SAWs is possible at the picosecond scale with efficiencies as high as for the static case. In Chapter 3 we have studied Ni nanostructures whose magnetization dynamics are governed by the intrinsic configuration of the magnetic domains and by their orientation with respect to the SAW- induced strain resulting in considerable delays between strain and magnetization. In Chapter 4 we have studied extended Ni thin film, on which SAWs induce spin waves that propagate millimeter distances and have a rotation amplitude of about 25 deg. 2. Magnetization Dynamics Induced by the Spin-Polarized Current The second part of the thesis studies the magnetization dynamics induced by the application of spin-polarized current through the magnetic material that exchanges magnetic moment with the magnetic spins of the electrons in the current. The current density has to be high to induce dynamics on the magnetization (~106-107 A/cm2) and this results in a reduction of the diameter of the electrical contact 50-200 nm. The main results of the second part of the thesis are related with the stability and the nucleation process of magnetic solitons. On the one hand, we have showed that magnetic solitons can exhibit multiple stable states, which are tunable with current or magnetic field. We also have correlated the existence of unstable states with an increment of low- frequency noise. Using simulations, we have identified the low-frequency spectra with the existence of drift resonances and we have observed that any asymmetry on the effective magnetic field suffered by the magnetic soliton can leads to drift resonances. On the other hand, we have experimentally observed that the processes of nucleation and annihilation of magnetic solitons have different intrinsic times, and using simulations we have identified a waiting time associated with the creation process, which make it a longer than annihilation. We also have studied, using micromagnetic simulations, the initial magnetization states that lead to the nucleation of topological and non-topological magnetic solitons.
La tesis gira en torno al estudio de la dinámica de la magnetización en capas y multicapas delgadas ferromagnéticas. Sin embargo, los sistemas estudiados son diversos y pueden clasificarse por la técnica utilizada para la excitación de la dinámica de la magnetización. Este hecho queda plasmado en la estructura de la tesis que consta de una introducción general, Capítulo 1, y luego de dos partes independientes y separadas, a su vez, en varios capítulos. El orden en la exposición de los resultados pretende seguir una linea lógica para su compresión. Como contrapartida, los resultados son presentados sin seguir un orden cronológico. La primera parte de la tesis estudia la dinámica de la magnetización inducida por la aplicación de tensión dinámicamente sobre el material magnético, que al deformarlo induce en él un cambio en la dirección e intensidad de la anisotropía magnética. Por lo tanto, los estados magnéticos se ven afectados por esta variación y cambian para alinearse con la nueva dirección de anisotropía magnética induciendo dinámica en la magnetización. La segunda parte de la tesis estudia la dinámica de la magnetización inducida por la aplicación de corriente polarizada a través del material magnético que intercambia momento magnético con los espines magnéticos de los electrones de la corriente. Para que esta transferencia de momento magnético sea efectiva la densidad de corriente ha de ser elevada (~106-107 A/cm2) y para conseguirla se reduce hasta los 50-200 nm el diámetro del contacto eléctrico. Los materiales ferromagnéticos con grosor nanométrico usados en esta tesis son materiales magnéticos usados ampliamente en la investigación. Aparte del interés puramente científico, estos materiales son potencialmente aplicables en telecomunicaciones o tecnologías del almacenaje y transmisión de información a altas velocidades.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Dois fenômenos de natureza antagônica juntos em um sistema híbrido podem apresentar propriedades muito diferentes, e um exemplo é o sistema híbrido de supercondutividade e ferromagnetismo, onde diversos novos fenômenos podem ser observados, como vórtices espontâneos. Aqui, dois sistemas híbridos supercondutor-ferromagneto foram estudados: Um consistindo de uma camada de Nb(200 nm) entre duas camadas de nanopartículas ferromagnéticas de Ni( ∼5 nm), preparadas por ablação a laser, com os gases Ar e O2 para produção das nanopartículas; O outro consiste de uma primeira camada feita de nanodiscos ferromagnéticos de Py( ∼1 m) desenvolvidos com litografia por feixe de elétrons, com uma disposição de rede quadrada com determinadas distâncias entre nanodiscos adjacentes, cobertos por uma segunda camada de Al2O3, ambos depositados por pulverização catódica, e por fim uma terceira camada supercondutora de Nb(200 nm) preparada por ablação a laser. As nanopartículas de Ni no primeiro sistema estão em contato direto com a camada de Nb e como resultado, o efeito de proximidade está presente no sistema. Diferentemente, os nanodiscos de Py no segundo sistema estão eletricamente isolados da camada de Nb, que pode eliminar o efeito de proximidade, assim a interação entre nanodiscos magnéticos e o Nb supercondutor ocorre somente através dos campos magnéticos remanescentes dos nanodiscos de Ni. A microestrutura estudada mostra que as nanopartículas feitas em gás Ar e O2 possuem formatos muito diferentes: uma (preparada em Ar) é cubica e a outra (preparada em O2) é esférica. Os diferentes formatos das nanopartículas de Ni apresentam influência muito diferente sobre as propriedades supercondutoras da camada de Nb: a amostra com nanopartículas de Ni(Ar) não apresenta uma transição de vortex vidro e a amostra com nanopartículas de Ni(O2) mostra um estado de vortex vidro bem claro sem qualquer campo magnético externo aplicado, indicado pelas medidas V(I). No segundo sistema, as medidas de transporte indicam a formação de clusters de vórtices na camada supercondutora sobre os nanodiscos magnéticos devido aos momentos magnéticos deles, e os vórtices induzidos por um único nanodisco podem formar uma fase de vortex vidro. A dimensão do espaçamento entre discos desempenha também um papel muito importante. A amostra com uma distância muito grande entre nanodiscos não mostrou uma curva V(I) com formato ’S’ mas possui uma fase vortex vidro; quando diminui a distância entre discos, as curvas V(I) próximas à temperatura de transição vortex vidro deformaram para um formato ’S’, indicando que os vórtices induzidos pelos diferentes nanodiscos estão interagindo uns com os outros quando as distâncias entre discos são menores do que um valor crítico.
Two phenomena with antagonistic nature together in a hybrid system can have very different properties and one of the samples is the hybrid of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in which many new phenomena can be observed, such as spontaneous vortices. Here two superconducting-ferromagnetic hybrid systems have been studied: one consists of a Nb layer(200 nm) between two layers of ferromagnetic Ni nanoparticles( ∼5 nm), which is prepared by pulsed laser deposition(PLD) with Ar and O2 for the production of Ni nanoparticles; the other consists of a first layer made of ferromagnetic permalloy (Py) nanodisks( ∼1 m)developed by e-beam lithography, with the arrangement of square lattice with certain distances between two adjacent nanodisks, covered by a second layer of Al2O3, both deposited by magnetron sputtering, and finally a third layer of superconducting Nb(200 nm) prepared by PLD. The Ni nanoparticles in the first system are in direct contact with the Nb layer and as a result, the proximity effect in the system is presented. In contrast, the Py nanodisks in the second system are electrically insulated from the Nb layer which can eliminate the proximity effect, thus the interaction between the magnetic nanodisks and superconducting Nb is through the magnetic stray fields of Ni nanodisks only. The microstructure study shows that the nanoparticles made in Ar and O2 gases have very different shapes: one (prepare in Ar) is cubic and the other (prepared in O2) is spherical. The different shapes of the Ni nanoparticles have very different influence on the superconducting properties of the Nb layer: the sample with Ni (Ar) nanoparticles does not show a vortex glass transition and the sample with Ni (O2) nanoparticles shows a very clear votex glass state without any external magnetic field applied, indicated by the V(I) measurements. In the second studied system, the transport measurements indicate the formation of vortex clusters in the superconducting layer on the top of the magnetic nanodisks due to the magnetic moments of them and the vortices induced by a single nanodisk may form a vortex glass phase. The spacing dimension between the disks plays a very important role as well. The sample with very large distance between the nanodisks does not show an ’S’ shape V(I) curve but has a vortex glass phase; when decrease the distance between the disks, the V(I) curves near the vortex glass transition temperature deformed to a ’S’ shape, indicating that the vortices induced by different nanodisks are interacting with each other when the distance between the disks are smaller then an critical value.

Ferroelectric and ferromagnetic alloy clusters are produced and studied in molecular beams. Nb clusters doped with 1-3 impurity atoms are ferroelectric with low transition temperatures. The alloy clusters with an even number of valence electrons have larger dipole moments than those with odd number of valence electrons. The ferroelectricity is suppressed by magnetic impurities or thermal excitations, and is enhanced by Au and Al doping. The observations strongly suggest that electron-pairing interactions exist in Nb clusters, which indicates Cooper pairing in clusters. The magnetic moments of Co clusters doped with small fraction of Mn,V and Al are studied and compared with those of the bulk alloys. CoMn alloy clusters have enhanced average magnetic moments with Mn doping, which is opposite to the behavior of bulk CoMn. CoV and CoAl alloy clusters behave similarly to their bulk counterparts. We explain the experimental results using the virtual-bound-state model. Finally, the magnetic properties of BiMn clusters are studied in molecular beams. The Mn local moments are found to couple ferromagnetically or ferrimagnetically depending on the composition of the clusters.

Determinamos a tensão superficial de um defeito do tipo parede de domínio, utilizando a aproximação semiclássica no contexto da teoria de campos à temperatura finita para o modelo ? (?2)2 com interação invariante por simetria O(N), obtendo em seguida a temperatura crítica Tc de transição de fase e cálculo dos expoentes críticos ? e ?, aplicando então os resultados obtidos para a descrição de um modelo fenomenológico descrevendo o ferromagnetismo.
We determine the surface tension of a domain wall defect by using the semi classical approach in the context of field theory at finite temperature for the ? (?2)2 model with O(N) invariant interaction obtaining the critical temperature Tc of phase transition and the calculation of the critical exponents ? and ? applying then the obtained results to a description of a phenomenological model describing ferromagnetism.

Thesis (BSc. (Hons))--Australian National University, 2002.
Available via the Australian National University Library Electronic Pre and Post Print Repository. Title from title screen (viewed Mar. 27, 2003). "A thesis submitted for the degree of Honours in theoretical physics at the Department of Physics and Theoretical Physics, The Faculty of Science, The Australian National University" "Honours thesis submitted November 2002" Includes bibliographical references.

Cette thèse traite des systèmes de Hall quantiques en deux dimensions, dans lesquels les électrons peuvent porter plusieurs degrés de liberté discrets différents. Le ferromagnétisme de Hall quantique fournit une manière de traiter ces degrés de liberté électroniques comme des spins et isospins effectifs des électrons. Les différentes phases du système correspondent alors à différents ordres de spin ou d'isospin. En exploitant cette analogie, nous explorons différents aspects des systèmes bi-dimensionnels dans le régime de Hall quantique en étudiant la structure correspondante des spins et isospins. Ce travail consiste en trois parties qui analysent différents matériaux bi-dimensionnels dans le régime de l'effet Hall quantique. Dans chaque projet, nous utilisons la théorie de Hartree-Fock pour étudier le système à plusieurs composantes de spin et d'isospin dans l'approximation de champ moyen. Toutes nos considérations sont directement stimulées par des résultats expérimentaux. Notre motivation principale est d'obtenir une compréhension plus profonde des processus physiques et des mécanismes qui déterminent les propriétés des matériaux à partir d'investigations exclusivement théoriques de modèles abstraits. Nous espérons que cela permettra par la suite de tirer des conclusions sur les expériences, de donner des explications aux phénomènes observés ainsi que de donner des perspectives pour des investigations futures
The present thesis deals with two-dimensional quantum Hall systems in which the electrons may be endowed with multiple discrete degrees of freedom. Quantum Hall ferromagnetism provides a framework to treat these electronic degrees of freedom as effective spins and isospins of the electrons. Different orderings of the electronic spins and isospins then characterise different possible phases of the system. Using this analogy, various aspects of the two-dimensional systems in the quantum Hall regime are explored theoretically by studying the corresponding spin and isospin structure. The work consists of three parts in which different two-dimensional materials are investigated in the quantum Hall regime. In any of the three projects presented within this thesis, Hartree Fock theory is employed to study the multicomponent spin and isospin system at the mean field level. All our considerations are stimulated directly by experimental results. We draw our main motivation from the key idea that purely theoretical investigations of abstract models may us allow to obtain deeper insights into the physical processes and mechanisms that determine the properties of the materials. This, in turn, we hope to allow conclusions about the experiments by providing possible explanations of the phenomena observed, as well as prospects for future investigations

Neste trabalho, utilizamos o método de primeiros princípios RS-LMTOASA (Real Space - Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital - Atomic Sphere Approximation), baseado na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT Density Functional Theory) e implementado para o cálculo de estruturas magnéticas não colineares, para investigar as propriedades magnéticas de nanoestruturas adsorvidas em superfícies metálicas. Primeiramente, devido ao aparecimento de estruturas magnéticas complexas, foram estudadas nanoestruturas magnéticas depositadas em substratos ferromagnéticos. Foram consideradas nanoestruturas de Mn tais como nanofios adsorvidos, pirâmides e aglomerados adsorvidos e embebidos, com o tamanho destas nanoestruturas variando de dois até nove átomos depositados em Fe(001) e Fe(110). Nossos cálculos indicam uma interação de troca magnética de longo alcance entre os átomos de Mn-Mn e Mn-Fe. Além disto, a presença de uma forte dependência destas interações de troca magnética com o meio local, frustrações magnéticas e o acoplamento spin-órbita forneceram a possibilidade da presença de estruturas magnéticas complexas tais como, por exemplo, spin espiral e half-skyrmion. Por fim, com o objetivo de estudar nanoestruturas que podem apresentar altos valores de momento magnético, foram investigados nanofios de FexCo1-x adsorvidos em uma superfície de Pt(111) . Nossos resultados indicam que os momentos magnéticos de spin dos átomos de Fe e Co são independentes da concentração de Fe e apresentam valores superiores quando comparados aos das ligas FeCo bcc, enquanto que o momento magnético médio de spin do nanofio FexCo1-x varia linearmente com a concentração de Fe, comportamento este que é diferente da curva de Slater-Pauling observada na liga FeCo bcc. O momento magnético orbital médio do nanofio de FexCo1-x é monotonicamente decrescente com a concentração de Fe que se apresenta bastante diferente a monocamada FexCo1-x sobre Pt(111).
We use the first principles RS-LMTO-ASA (Real Space - Linear Muffin- Tin Orbital - Atomic Sphere Approximation) method, in the framework of the Density Functional Theory and implemented to calculate noncollinear magnetic structures, to investigate the magnetic properties of nanostructures adsorbed on metallic surfaces. First, due to presence of the complex magnetic properties, we investigated magnetic nanostructures deposited on a ferromagnetic substrate. We have considered a variety of nanostructures such as adsorbed wires, pyramids, at and intermixed clusters with sizes varying from two to nine atoms deposited on Fe(001) and Fe(110). Our calculations reveal the long-range nature of exchange interactions between Mn-Mn and Mn-Fe atoms. Moreover, the presence of the strong dependence of these interactions on the local environment, the magnetic frustration, and the effect of spin-orbit coupling lead to the possibility of realizing complex noncollinear magnetic structures such as helical spin spiral and half-skyrmion. Finally, we also investigated FexCo1-x nanowires deposited on Pt(111) surface aiming to investigate materials with large local magnetic moment. Our results reveal that the Fe and Co spin magnetic moment are independent of the Fe concentration with the enhancement of the spin magnetic moment when compared with the FeCo bcc alloys, while the average spin magnetic moment is a linear function of the Fe concentration. This is in contrast to the Slater-Pauling model observed in the FeCo bcc alloys. The average orbital magnetic moment shows a linearly decreasing behavior with the Fe concentration which is in contrast to the behavior of FexCo1-x monolayer on Pt(111) surface.

Los trabajos de esta memoria persiguen un doble objetivo. Por un lado se ha pretendido ahondar en modelos de campo cristalino para cationes 3d(n) y su correlación con los datos experimentales, de sustancias de interés catalítico y básico. En segundo lugar, se trataba de iniciar un estudio amplio y ambicioso sobre sistemas desordenados. En esta Tesis hemos estudiado sistemas ferromagnéticos diluídos y se han utilizado modelos de campo medio y de simulación Monte Carlo para determinar diferentes magnitudes macroscópicas, a la vez que contestar a ciertas preguntas fundamentales, referidas al comportamiento crítico de estos sistemas. En el capítulo primero de este trabajo se desarrolla un formalismo matemático general que permite determinar la estructura electrónica de cationes 3d(n) situados en el seno de un campo cristalino, a partir de las propiedades magnéticas de la molécula considerada. En el caso particular de iones 3d(5) sometidos a un campo cristalino de elevado caracter tetragonal, hemos obtenido expresiones analíticas que describen la dependencia con la temperatura de la susceptibilidad y los momentos eficaces según las direcciones principales de la molecula. En el capitulo segundo se aplican los modelos citados al estudio de las propiedades magnéticas y, en consecuencia, de la estructura electrónica de algunos compuestos sintéticos análogos a las porfirinas naturales (ftalocianinas). En el Apéndice 2.I se comprueba la validez del modelo particular para cationes 3d(5), comparando las predicciones teóricas con los resultados experimentales para algunas mioglobinas férricas. El capitulo tercero está dedicado al estudio de tres teorías de campo medio de tipo Bethe-Peierls que describen dos situaciones particulares que se dan con frecuencia en sistemas magnéticos "desordenados": i) sistema ferromagnetico Ising con dilución de impurezas no-magnéticas, ii) sistema ferromagnético Ising con dilución de enlace. La validez de estas teorías se pone de manifiesto comparando con algunos resultados experimentales y de simulación Monte Carlo, asi como con las predicciones de teorias mas sofisticadas. Por último, en el capitulo cuarto presentamos un estudio Monte Carlo de un sistema Ising tridimensional diluido con impurezas no-magnéticas. De la simulación Monte Carlo se obtienen las dependencias con la temperatura de las principales magnitudes termodinámicas que caracterizan el sistema magnético. El estudio se restringe a concentraciones de impurezas relativamente pequeñas (X menor o igual que 0.2). Un análisis detallado de los resultados nos ha permitido deducir importantes consecuencias sobre el comportamiento crítico de este sistema.

En els darrers anys, el desenvolupament de nous mètodes per a la fabricació de xarxes ordenades de nanoestructures magnètiques (litografia magnètica) ha esdevingut un camp de recerca de gran interès. Això es deu tant per l'ampli ventall d'aplicacions tecnològiques que se'n deriven de les estructures magnètiques de grandària submicromètrica (biomedicina, gravació magnètica, ...), com per raons de caire més fonamental, ja que sovint el comportament magnètic d'aquests materials a escala nanomètrica és diferent del corresponent als materials massissos.
Els aliatges de Fe60Al40 (percentatge atòmic) i els acers inoxidables austenítics posseeixen una combinació de propietats estructurals i magnètiques que els converteix en materials amb cert potencial per a ser litografiats magnèticament. Des d'un punt de vista magnètic, mentre que els aliatges de Fe60Al40 ordenats atòmicament són paramagnètics a temperatura ambient, els aliatges de Fe60Al40 desordenats a nivell atòmic presenten un comportament ferromagnètic. Pel que fa als acers inoxidables austenítics, a partir de deformació mecànica, es pot induir la transformació en estat sòlid de la fase austenita (paramagnètica) a la fase martensita (ferromagnètica) en aquests aliatges ferris. A més, els processos de nitruració a temperatura moderada en acers inoxidables austenítics permeten transformar parcialment la fase austenita en la fase "austenita expandida", que és una solució sòlida sobresaturada de nitrogen que presenta un comportament ferromagnètic.
Aquesta Tesi està basada en la generació de xarxes ordenades d'entitats ferromagnètiques a escala micro/nanomètrica, dins d'una matriu paramagnètica, en la superfície d'aliatges de Fe60Al40 i acers inoxidables austenítics. Aquest propòsit s'assoleix aprofitant les transicions magnètiques que tenen lloc en aquests materials després de sotmetre'ls a processos de deformació plàstica local (nanoindentació) i irradiació controlada amb ions (αs de feixos d'ions focalitzats i irradiació amb ions de gasos nobles a través de màscares en el cas del Fe60Al40 i processos de nitruració a través de màscares d'irradiació en els acers inoxidables austenítics). Cal esmentar que també s'ha dut a terme un estudi detallat de les modificacions a nivell estructural, mecànic i magnètic que ocorren en aquests materials una vegada s'han deformat mecànicament o irradiat amb ions.
In recent years, intense research is being pursued in the development of novel methods for the fabrication of arrays of ordered magnetic nanostructures. This is motivated, in part, by the technological applications of sub-micron magnetic structures, ranging from biomedicine to recording media, but it is also due to fundamental scientific reasons, since the behavior of magnetic materials at this length scale is often significantly different from that in the bulk.
Fe60Al40 (at. %) alloys and austenitic stainless steels show an interesting combination of magnetic and structural properties, which makes them turn into potential candidates to be magnetically patterned. Namely, from the magnetic point of view, whereas atomically ordered Fe60Al40 (at. %) is paramagnetic at room temperature, disordered Fe60Al40 becomes ferromagnetic. Concerning austenitic stainless steels, due to mechanical deformation, a phase transformation from the paramagnetic austenite phase to the ferromagnetic martensite phase can occur in these ferrous alloys. In addition, nitriding of austenitic stainless steels at moderate temperatures is able to partially transform the austenite phase into the supersaturated nitrogen solid solution, often called in the literature "expanded austenite" phase, which shows ferromagnetic behavior.
This Thesis is mainly focused on the generation of ordered arrays of micro/nanoscaled ferromagnetic entities (i.e., magnetic patterning), embedded in a paramagnetic matrix, at the surface of either Fe60Al40 (at. %) alloys or austenitic stainless steels. This is accomplished by taking advantage of the magnetic transitions which occur in these alloys upon local plastic deformation (nanoindentation) and controlled ion irradiation (focused ion beam and broad beam noble gas ion irradiation through shadow masks in FeAl alloys and ion beam nitriding through shadow masks in austenitic stainless steels). Furthermore, a detailed study of the structural, mechanical and magnetic changes which take place in these materials upon either mechanical deformation or ion irradiation is presented.

In the present study it was tried to create a diluted magnetic semiconductor on the basis of GaN and TiO2 by means of ion beam implantation. In most cases, by characterization of structural and magnetic properties, it was possible to prove that the ferromagnetic state is related to either spinodal decomposition or secondary phase formation. In case of Fe implanted GaN spinodal decomposition, epitaxially oriented alpha-Fe or epsilon-Fe3N nanocrystals were found to be responsible for the ferromagnetic behavior. In addition, the formation of gamma-Fe clusters was observed. Similarly, in TiO2 the ferromagnetism is related to the formation of epitaxially oriented alpha-Fe clusters. Dependent on the process parameters during annealing experiments several various secondary phases were formed. A critical examination of the references in literature points out the significance of usage of sensitive and complementary probe techniques (like CEMS, SQUID, XRD, EXAFS), in order to be able to discuss the origin of ferromagnetism in the field of diluted magnetic semiconductors in a proper way
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, mittels Ionenimplantation verdünnte magnetische Halbleiter auf der Basis von GaN und TiO2 herzustellen. In den meisten Fällen konnte anhand von Charakterisierungen der strukturellen und magnetischen Eigenschaf- ten nachgewiesen werden, dass der ferromagnetische Zustand auf das Vorliegen von entweder spinodaler Entmischung oder kristalliner Ausscheidungen zurückgeführt werden kann. Im Fall von Fe-implantiertem GaN konnten spinodale Entmischung, epitaktisch ausgerichtete alpha-Fe- oder epsilon-Fe3N-Nanokristallite für den Ferromagnetismus verantwortlich gemacht werden. Daneben wird die Bildung von gamma-Fe beobachtet. Bei TiO2 ist Ferromagnetismus ebenfalls auf die Ausscheidung von epitaktisch orientierten alpha-Fe-Clustern zurückzuführen. In Abhängigkeit von den Prozessparametern bei Temperungsexperimenten bildete sich eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Sekundärphasen. Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den Literaturangaben zeigt die Wichtigkeit des Einsatzes sensitiver, sich ergänzender Messmethoden (wie CEMS, SQUID, XRD, EXAFS), um die Ursache des Ferromagnetismus auf dem Gebiet der verdünnten magnetischen Halbleitern zu finden

CUNHA, Anderson Magno Chaves. Correspondência entre ondas de spin de um ferromagneto em uma rede favo de mel e a banda de energia do grafeno. 2014. 88 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.
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Spin waves are collective excitations that occur in magnetic materials. These excitations are caused by disturbances in the magnetic system. For example, a small change in temperature causes the precession of a magnetic dipole moment that interacts with neighboring leading to the spread of this disorder. This disturbance has wave character, and can propagate in the direction of any of the nearest neighbors. These waves of spin can be observed by some experimental methods, such as: the inelastic neutron scattering, inelastic scattering of light including Raman and Brillouin scattering, to name a few. The importance of spin waves emerges clearly when magnetoelectronic devices are operated at low frequencies. This situation, the generation of spin waves can sing in a significant loss of energy of these systems, because the excitation of such waves consumes a small part of the energy of the system, becoming important in the innovation process of electronic systems. These waves can be studied using mathematical models like the Heisenberg, Ising, among others. In this model, we can calculate the dispersion relation of the spin waves. The Heisenberg model can be written in terms of operators of creation and destruction through the Holstein-Primakoff transformations. The Hamiltonian that describes the spin waves is now written in terms of bosonic operators. This mathematical description is similar to Tight-Binding Hamiltonian for fermions. This Hamiltonian described, for example, graphene, a material that has recently been discovered and is being treated with much optimism for having a two-dimensional structure that leads to amazing properties. Many possibilities of applications for it have been studied. Our goal here is to make an analogy between the graphene and a magnetic system on a honeycomb lattice. In the magnetic system, we use the Heisenberg model to find the dispersion relations and understand the behavior of the spin waves of the same. While in graphene, we used the Tight-Binding model to find the energy spectrum. Underscoring we use a mathematically identical method for both and found that the curves for power modes have similar behaviors, respecting the particularities of each. Then, we calculate how these modes behave introduction of impurities in substitution sites on one or two lines of the crystal lattice.
Ondas de spin são excitações coletivas que surgem em materiais magnéticos. Essas excitações são causadas por perturbações no sistema magnético. Por exemplo, uma pequena variação na temperatura provoca a precessão de um momento de dipolo magnético que interage com seus vizinhos levando à propagação dessa perturbação. Essa perturbação tem caráter ondulatório, e pode se propagar na direção de qualquer um dos vizinhos próximos. Essas ondas de spin podem ser observadas através de alguns métodos experimentais, tais como: espalhamento inelástico de nêutrons, espalhamento inelástico de luz incluindo espalhamento Raman e Brillouin. A importância das ondas de spin surge claramente quando aparelhos magnetoeletrônicos são operados a baixas frequências. Nessa situação a geração de ondas de spin pode ser um processo significante na perda de energia desses sistemas, pois a excitação de tais ondas consome uma pequena parte da energia do sistema, as tornando importante no processo de inovação dos sistemas eletrônicos. Essas ondas podem ser estudadas através de modelos matemáticos como o de Heisenberg, Ising, dentre outros. Nesse modelo, podemos calcular a relação de dispersão das ondas de spin. O modelo de Heisenberg pode ser escrito em termos de operadores de criação e destruição através das transformações de Holstein-Primakoff. O Hamiltoniano que descreve as ondas de spin é agora escrito em termos de operadores bosônicos. Essa descrição matemática é semelhante ao Hamiltoniano Tight-Binding para férmions. Tal Hamiltoniano descreve, por exemplo, o grafeno, um material que foi descoberto recentemente e vem sendo tratado com muito otimismo, por ter uma estrutura bidimensional que leva a propriedades surpreendentes. Muitas possibilidades de aplicações para ele vêm sendo estudadas. Nosso objetivo aqui é fazer uma analogia entre o grafeno e um sistema magnético em uma rede favo de mel. No sistema magnético, utilizamos o Modelo de Heisenberg para encontrar as relações de dispersão e conhecer o comportamento das ondas de spin do mesmo. Enquanto no grafeno, utilizamos o modelo Tight-Binding para encontrar o espectro de energia. Ressaltando que utilizamos um método matematicamente idêntico para ambos e que as curvas encontradas para os modos de energia são idênticas. Então, calculamos como esses modos se comportam com a introdução de impurezas em substituição em sítios de uma ou duas linhas da rede cristalina.

Les propriétés chimiques de nanoparticules de Co supportées dépendent de leur taille, de leur morphologie, de leur structure cristalline et de la force de l'interaction avec le support. Ces caractéristiques se reflètent dans les propriétés magnétiques des nanoparticules, notamment dans la distribution du champ magnétique hyperfin à travers la particule et donc dans leur ferromagnétisme et dans la fréquence de résonance des noyaux de 59Co dans une expérience de RMN à champ interne (IF NMR). Cette technique de RMN non conventionnelle est un outil puissant pour étudier la structure cristalline et magnétique du cobalt métallique ainsi que l'environnement local des noyaux de Co dans des matériaux ferromagnétiques. Cependant, l'application de cette technique est entravée par la nature complexe des spectres expérimentaux qui sont soumis à diverses contributions. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de ce travail était d'établir les effets sur les spectres IF NMR du 59Co de deux aspects particulièrement importants dans l'application à la catalyse hétérogène : la distribution de la taille des particules et l'interaction avec la surface du support.L'effet de la distribution de la taille des particules a été démontré sur un échantillon modèle de petites nanoparticules de Co supportées sur des nanotubes de carbone multi-parois où la transition des particules de l'état superparamagnétique à l'état ferromagnétique a été observée en utilisant la spectroscopie IF NMR du 59Co. La température d'une telle transition pour une particule individuelle est liée à son volume, ce qui rend possible l'utilisation de la spectroscopie IF NMR pour la caractérisation de la distribution de la taille des particules dans un échantillon.L'influence de la surface du support sur la structure des nanoparticules de Co a été étudiée en utilisant des échantillons supportés sur alumine. Selon les mesures de 59Co IF NMR, la surface de χ-Al2O3 a favorisé la formation de plus grandes particules de Co de structure principalement hcp. En utilisant des calculs semi-empiriques, nous avons montré qu'un tel effet du support sur la structure des nanoparticules de Co était dû à la couverture hydroxyle de l'alumine
The chemical properties of supported Co nanoparticles depend on their size, morphology, crystal structure, and the strength of interaction with the support. These characteristics reflect themselves in the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic nanoparticles, namely in the distribution of the hyperfine magnetic field across the particle and thus in the resonant frequency of 59Co nuclei in a 59Co Internal Field NMR (IF NMR) experiment. This unconventional NMR technique is a powerful tool for studying the crystal and magnetic structure of ferromagnetic metallic cobalt as well the local environment of Co nuclei. However, the application of this technique is hindered by the complicated nature of the experimental spectra that are subject to contributions from various sources. Thus, the main aim of this work was to establish the effects on 59Co IF NMR spectra of two aspects particularly important in heterogeneous catalysis – particle size distribution and metal-support interaction.The effect of particle size distribution was demonstrated on a model sample of small Co nanoparticles supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes where the transition of the particles from superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic state was observed using 59Co IF NMR spectroscopy. The temperature of such a transition for an individual particle depends on its volume, making it possible to use 59Co IF NMR to characterize particle size distribution in a sample.The influence of the support surface on the structure of the Co nanoparticles was investigated using samples supported on metastable alumina phases. According to the 59Co IF NMR, the surface of χ-Al2O3 promoted formation of larger Co particles and favored the hcp crystal structure. Using semi-empirical calculations, we suggest that the hydroxyl coverage of the alumina is the main support characteristic determining the Co nanoparticles structure

In this thesis, an inductive ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique is developed to measure the magnetisation dynamics in thin films across a wide range of frequencies and fields. In particular, this project concentrates on measuring higher order exchange dominated modes to observe surface and interface effects in bilayer films. The experimental technique was first developed as a time domain technique, utilising a fast rise time (~50 ps) step pulse to disturb the equilibrium position of the magnetisation. The subsequent precessional damped decay was measured at different applied fields to observe the resonant modes. The data is Fourier transformed to extract a frequency dependent susceptiblity, and results are presented for the frequency and linewidth dependence of excitations of a permalloy film as a function of applied field. This technique is limited to a frequency range dictated by the rise time of the pulse. The technique was then extended so as to use a continuous wave perturbation, utilising a network analyser as both the excitation source and the measurement device. The scattered wave parameters of both the transmission and reflection from the sample were measured, and a magnetic susceptibility is extracted. This method has a frequency range which is dictated by the bandwidth of the network analyser and the microwave circuit. In this project, results are presented for frequencies up to 15 GHz. The signal to noise ratio was also found to be lower than the pulsed technique. Fundamental resonant mode studies are presented for a Fe/MnPd exchange bias bilayer film. Crystalline and exchange anisotropies are extracted from angular measurements, and the behaviour of the magnetisation is investigated during its reorientation to a hard axis direction. Information about the distribution of the local exchange field strength and direction is predicted. Fundamental mode studies are also presented for a Py/Co exchange spring bilayer film. Two modes are observed, approximating an optical and acoustical excitation. Film systems were also designed with suitable thicknesses to observe in the experimentally available frequency range non-uniform exchange dominated excitations through the thickness of the film. The broadband nature of the experiment allowed the frequency of the modes to be measured as a function of field. Results from a single permalloy layer showed two observable modes, the fundamental and the first exchange mode. Measurements were also taken of bilayer films where permalloy is coupled to cobalt. In this system the effect of the cobalt is seen to shift the single layer Py mode frequencies, as well as introduce new modes. The relative intensities of the modes also change with the addition of cobalt. Results are shown for a Pt/Co multilayer coupled to a permalloy layer through a Cu spacer of varying thickness. The observation of excitations through the thickness of the film motivated the development of a suitable theory. A system of integro-differential equations were derived which account for dipole and exchange coupling in the film as well as the field screening by the metal of the coplanar line. The conductivity of the sample and the finite wavevector excitation of the stripline are also included. Numerical solution of the equations results in a spectrum of acoustical, optical and higher-order modes. Fitting of the model to the experimental results allowed extraction of the film parameters including; the exchange constants in the film; the surface pinning from any surface layer anisotropy; as well as the interlayer exchange coupling across the interface.

Ferromagnétisme et supraconductivité conventionnelle sont deux phases antagonistes dont la compétition peut facilement être étudiée dans les structures hybrides S/F. En particulier, une supraconductivité triplet odd-frequency peut être induite dans une couche ferromagnétique en régime diffusif.Dans une première partie, on étudie les courants qui circulent à l'équilibre dans de telles jonctions hybrides S/F. On prédit l'existence d'un courant triplet longue portée dans une bicouche ferromagnétique d'aimantation non homogène. La relation courant phase a la particularité d'être superharmonique. Ceci peut être interprété comme un effet Josephson entre un supraconducteur conventionelle et un supraconducteur triplet artificiellement induit à l'extrémité de la bicouche ferromagnétique. La compétition entre supraconductivité singulet et triplet peut aussi être observée dans le courant critique de certaines jonctions hybrides : le courant circulant entre deux reservoirs triplets au travers d'une couche supraconductrice conventionnelle peut présenter un maximum à température finie.Dans une seconde partie, on explore la combinaison de la supraconductivité et du ferromagnétisme avec en perspective la génération de courants de spin pour la spintronique. La resonance ferromagnetique (RFM) est un mécanisme de pompage de spin qui permet de générer des courants de spin sans appliquer de tension. Grâce à des effets d'interface, les signatures d'un courant de spin induit par RFM ont déjà été mesurées à température ambiante au bord d'un métal normal attaché à une couche ferromagnétique sous RFM. On prédit que l'effet survit à basse température quand le métal normal devient supraconducteur
While ferromagnetism and conventional superconductivity appear as antagonist phases of nature, the proximity effect in hybrid S/F structures offers a unique opportunity to study their interplay. In particular, spin-triplet odd-frequency superconducting correlations may be induced in a diffusive ferromagnet.In a first part, we study the equilibrium current that may flow in hybrid S/F Josephson junctions. We exhibit signatures of odd-frequency triplet correlations. In particular, we predict the existence of a long range triplet current through a non-collinear bilayer ferromagnet with a peculiar superharmonic current phase relation. This can be viewed as the Josephson effect between a conventional superconductor and an effective triplet superconductor generated at the end of the bilayer ferromagnet. Then, we study the competition between triplet and singlet superconductivity in the temperature dependence of the critical current. Namely, the critical current flowing between two effective triplet reservoirs through a conventional superconducting layer may display a maximum at finite temperature

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver novos materiais magnéticos para ímãs de alta performance. Duas classes de materiais foram estudadas: materiais a base de (Nd,Sm)5(Fe,MT)17, onde MT é um metal de transição, e materiais nanocristalinos a base de (Nd,Pr)FeB com adições de TiC. As ligas (Nd,Sm)5(Fe,MT)17 foram preparadas por fusão em forno de arco e posteriormente foram tratadas termicamente por longos períodos (no mínimo 30 dias). Tentamos melhorar as propriedades magnéticas por meio de substituições químicas (Ti, Co, Mn, etc.) e/ou por introdução intersticial de deutério ou nitrogênio. As amostras foram caracterizadas via análise termomagnética (TMA), magnetometria de baixas temperaturas, difração de raios X e de nêutrons, e espectroscopia Mössbauer. Os principais resultados foram: a) aumento de Tc de até 70 º C; b) localização dos átomos de deutério na redecristalina. Ligas de (Nd,Pr) com adição de TiC foram preparadas por fusão de arco, sendo processadas via "melt spinning" e passando por tratamentos térmicos variados. Os promissores resultados na literatura para Nd2Fe14B+TiC foram obtidos também para Pr2Fe14B + TiC, mas não para os sistemas compostos pela fase φ e Fe3B com TiC. Porém, bons resultados foram obtidos em sistemas compostos pelas fases φ e α–Fe, com aumento de até 30% nos valores de campo coercivo Hc e aumentos de até 15% de (BH)max.
The aim of the present work was to develop new improved magnetic materials suitable for permanent magnets. Two kinds of materials were studied: (Nd,Sm)5(Fe,MT)17 based materials, were MT is a transition metal and, (Nd,Pr)FeB nanocrystalline materials (exchange spring magnets) with TiC additions. The 5:17 alloys were melted in an arc melting furnace followed by a long annealing (at least 30 days). We tried to improve the magnetic properties by means of chemical substitutions (Ti, Co, Mn, etc.) and/or by addition of interstitial atoms of deuterium or nitrogen. The samples were characterized by means of thermomagnetic analysis (TMA), low temperature magnetometry, X ray and neutron diffraction, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The main results were: a) increase of Tc temperature (up to 70 ºC) and; b) determination of interstitial sites for deuterium. (Nd,Pr)FeB alloys with TiC additions were melted in an arc melting furnace, being processed in a melt spinner system. After the samples were heat treated at different temperatures. The promissing literature results for Nd2Fe14B+TiC were also obtained for Pr2Fe14B + TiC, but not for systems composed by Pr2Fe14B and Fe3B phases with TiC additions. However, good results were obtained in systems composed by Pr2Fe14B and α-Fe with TiC additions, with 30% increase on coercive field values Hc, and 15% increase on (BH)max.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 4, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

In this dissertation I have reported and discussed the results that suggest that superconductivity arises out of itinerant electron ferromagnetism in UGe₂. Superconductivity is observed in the milli-Kelvin temperature range and close to but below the critical pressure where the Curie temperature collapses to absolute zero. This appears to be first example of this type of phenomena in Nature. A realistic model for the mechanism for pairing has not yet been developed for UGe₂. We note, however, that a satisfactory description would have to explain not only the occurrence of superconductivity in a narrow pressure window just below the critical pressure, but also the unidentified transition at T_x which collapses to zero near the maximum of the superconducting transition temperature with pressure. A consistent model would also be expected to account for the divergence of the quadratic coefficient of the resistivity where T_x tends to absolute zero, and for the absence of superconductivity on the paramagnetic side of the border of ferromagnetism. An important clue to understanding the above properties may be found in the strong nesting which appears to exist on the majority skin part of the electron sheet of the Fermi surface. This nesting may be expected to produce a strong enhancement of the magnetic susceptibility at high wavevectors, particularly in the spin-polarised state. This should produce enhanced magnetic interactions, strongly coupled to charge and lattice fluctuations, again, particularly in the ferromagnetic state. It seems likely that pairing in the spin-triplet state will then emerge out of interactions which involve magnetic, charge and lattice degrees of freedom, which, in this case in particular, cannot be treated separately. The studies presented in this dissertation provide the groundwork for a comprehensive research programme to understand magnetic pairing in UGe₂. Detailed investigations of the microscopic properties via bulk electronic and transport measurements and of the microscopic properties via neutron scattering are prime concerns of our future work.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem ferromagnetischen Kondo-Gitter-Modell (s-d-, s-f-Modell) für Filmstrukturen. Die Spin-Fermion-Wechselwirkung des Modells kommt in Materialien vor, in denen lokalisierte Spins mit beweglichen Ladungsträgern wechselwirken, wie etwa in (verdünnten) magnetischen Halbleitern, Manganaten, oder Seltene-Erd-Verbindungen. Die durch die Ladungsträger vermittelte, indirekte Wechselwirkung zwischen den lokalisierten Spins reicht von der langreichweitigen, oszillierenden RKKY-Austauschwechselwirkung im Falle schwacher Kopplung bis zur kurzreichweitigen Doppelaustausch-Wechselwirkung bei starker Spin-Fermion-Kopplung. Beide Grenzfälle werden in dieser Arbeit durch die Abbildung des Problems auf ein effektives Heisenberg-Modell erfasst. Der Einfluss von reduzierter Translationssymmetrie auf die effektive Austauschwechselwirkung und auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften des ferromagnetischen Kondo-Gitter-Modells wird untersucht. Curie-Temperaturen werden für verschiedene Parameterkonstellationen berechnet. Die Auswirkungen von Ladungstransfer und von Gitter-Relaxation auf die magnetische Oberflächenstabilität werden betrachtet. Die Diskussion bezieht sich auf die Modifizierungen der Zustandsdichte und der kinetischen Energie im dimensionsreduzierten Fall, da die effektiven Austauschintegrale eng mit diesen Größen verknüpft sind. Die Bedeutung von Spinwellen für den Magnetismus dünner Filme und an der Oberfläche wird gezeigt. Die Interlagen-Austauschkopplung stellt ein besonders interessantes und wichtiges Beispiel der indirekten Wechselwirkung zwischen lokalisierten Momenten dar. Im Rahmen einer RKKY-Behandlung wird die Kopplung zwischen Monolagen in dünnen Filmen untersucht. Sie wird entscheidend durch die Art der ebenen und senkrechten Ladungsträgerdispersion bestimmt und ist jenseits eines kritischen Wertes der Fermi-Energie stark unterdrückt. Schließlich wird die temperaturabhängige magnetische Stabilität von interlagen-gekoppelten dünnen Filmen behandelt und die Bedingungen für einen temperaturgetriebenen magnetischen Reorientierungsübergang werden diskutiert.
This thesis is concerned with the ferromagnetic Kondo lattice (s-d, s-f) model for film geometry. The spin-fermion interaction of this model refers to materials in which localized spins interact with mobile charge carriers like in (dilute) magnetic semiconductors, manganites, or rare-earth compounds. The carrier-mediated, indirect interaction between the localized spins comprises the long-range, oscillatory RKKY exchange interaction in the weak-coupling case and the short-range double-exchange interaction for strong spin-fermion coupling. Both limits are recovered in this work by mapping the problem onto an effective Heisenberg model. The influence of reduced translational symmetry on the effective exchange interaction and on the magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model is investigated. Curie temperatures are obtained for different parameter constellations. The consequences of charge transfer and of lattice relaxation on the magnetic stability at the surface are considered. Since the effective exchange integrals are closely related to the electronic structure in terms of the density of states and of the kinetic energy, the discussion is based on the modifications of these quantities in the dimensionally-reduced case. The important role of spin waves for thin film and surface magnetism is demonstrated. Interlayer exchange coupling represents a particularly interesting and important manifestation of the indirect interaction among localized magnetic moments. The coupling between monatomic layers in thin films is studied in the framework of an RKKY approach. It is decisively determined by the type of in-plane and perpendicular dispersion of the charge carriers and is strongly suppressed above a critical value of the Fermi energy. Finally, the temperature-dependent magnetic stability of thin interlayer-coupled films is addressed and the conditions for a temperature-driven magnetic reorientation transition are discussed.

O efeito Hall quântico surge em gases de elétrons bidimensionais (2DEG) na presença de altos campos magnéticos B. O campo magnético quantiza o movimento planar dos elétrons em órbitas ciclotrônicas caracterizadas pelos níveis de Landau. Neste regime a resistividade transversal (ou Hall) ρxy em função de B exibe platôs em submúltiplos inteiros de e2/h, i.e., ρxy = ν-1 e2/h, sendo ν o fator de preenchimento dos níveis de Landau. Por sua vez, a resistividade longitudinal ρxx apresenta picos nas transições entre platôs de ρxy. Em primeira instância, ρxx é uma medida indireta da densidade de estados no nível de Fermi g(εF), e os picos dos mesmos indicam cruzamentos do nível de Fermi εF com niveis de Landau. Assim, o diagrama de densidade de elétrons n2D e B dos picos de ρxx ~ g(εF) fornece um mapa topológico da estrutura eletrônica do sistema. Em sistemas de duas subbandas, ρxx(n2D, B) exibe estruturas em forma de anel devido a cruzamentos de níveis de Landau de subbandas distintas [experimentos do grupo do Prof. Jiang (UCLA)]. Estes cruzamentos podem ainda levar a instabilidades ferromagnéticas. Investigamos estas instabilidades usando a teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT) para o cálculo da estrutura eletrônica, e o modelo de Ando (formalismo de Kubo) para o cálculo de ρxx e ρxy. Para temperaturas mais altas (340 mK) obtemos as estruturas em forma de anel em ρxx. Para temperaturas mais baixas (70 mK), observamos uma quebra dos anéis devido a transições de fase ferromagnéticas. Variando-se o ângulo θ de B com relação ao 2DEG observa-se o encolhimento do anel. Nossos resultados mostram que o ângulo de colapso total do anel depende de uma competição entre o termo de troca da interação de Coulomb (princípio de Pauli) e cruzamentos evitados devido ao ângulo θ finito. As transições de fase exibem ainda o fenômeno de histerese. Na região de instabilidade ferromagnética obtemos diferentes soluções variando B de forma crescente ou decrescente. Estas soluções possuem energias total diferentes, de forma que representam estados fundamental e excitado de muitos corpos. Esta observação, juntamente com resultados anteriores do grupo [Freire & Egues (2007)], representam as primeiras realizações teóricas da previsão da possibilidade de estados excitados como mínimos locais do funcional de energia do estado fundamental [Perdew & Levy (1985)]. O modelo aqui proposto fornece excelente acordo com os experimentos considerados. Adicionalmente, a observação sistemática e experimentalmente verificada dos estados excitados valida as previsões de Perdew & Levy. Aplicamos ainda estas mesmas ideias no cálculo da estrutura eletrônica e condutância de fios quânticos na presença de campos magnéticos, mostrando que cruzamentos de modos transversais também exibem instabilidades ferromagnéticas observadas em experimentos recentes [Dissertação de Mestrado de Filipe Sammarco, IFSC/USP], fortalecendo a validade do modelo apresentado nesta tese.
The quantum Hall effect arises in two dimensional electron gases (2DEG) under high magnetic fields B. The magnetic field quantizes the planar motion of the electrons into cyclotron orbits given by the Landau levels. In this regime the transversal (Hall) resistivity ρxy shows plateaus as a function of B at integer sub-multiples of e2/h, i.e., ρxy = ν-1 e2/h, where n is the filling factor of the Landau levels. The longitudinal resistivity ρxx shows peaks at the transition between the plateaus of ρxy. In principle, ρxx is an indirect measure of the density of states at the Fermi level g(εF), so that the peaks indicate when the Fermi level εF crosses a Landau level. Therefore, a density-B-field diagram n2D-B of the ρxx ~ g(εF) peaks shows a topological map of the electronic structure of the system. In two-subband systems, ρxx( n2D, B) shows ringlike structures due to crossings of spin-split Landau levels from distinct subbands [experiments from the group of Prof. Jiang (UCLA)] that could lead to ferromagnetic instabilities. We study these instabilities using the density functional theory (DFT) to calculate the electronic structure, and Ando\'s model (Kubo formalism) for ρxx and ρxy. At higher temperatures (340 mK) we also obtain the ringlike structures in ρxx. At lower temperatures (70 mK) we see broken rings due to quantum Hall ferromagnetic phase transitions. Tilting B by theta with respect to the 2DEG normal we find that the ring structure shrinks. Our results show that the angle of full collapse depends on a competition between the exchange term from the Coulomb interaction (Pauli principle) and the anticrossing of Landau levels due to the finite angle theta. Additionally, at the instabilities we observe hysteresis. Sweeping the B field up or down near these regions we obtain two different solutions with distinct total energies, corresponding to the ground state and an excited state of the many-body system. This result, together with previous results of our group [Freire & Egues (2007)], are the first realizations of the theoretical prediction of the possibility of excited states as local minima of the ground state energy functional [Perdew & Levy (1985)]. The model proposed here shows an excellent agreement with the experiments. Additionally, the systematic and experimentally verified observation of excited states corroborates the predictions of Perdew & Levy. Similar ideas as presented here when applied to the electronic structure and conductance of quantum wires with an in-plane magnetic field show ferromagnetic instabilities at crossings of the wire transverse modes [Master Thesis of Filipe Sammarco, IFSC/USP], also with excellent experimental agreement. This strengthen the range of validity of the model proposed in this Thesis.

Orientador: Pascoal J. G. Pagliuso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Semicondutores ferromagnéticos (FM) são compostos de grande interesse tecnológico devido à possibilidade de combinar suas cargas e o grau de liberdade de spin para produzir dispositivos eletrônicos. Em particular, filmes finos semicondutores dopados com metais de transição têm se tornado foco de intensa investigação científica desde a descoberta do ferromagnetismo com razoável temperatura de Curie [1] ¿[4]. Exemplos de semicondutores magnéticos diluídos (DMS) são os filmes finos de GaAs dopado com Mn e ZnO dopado Co. Nessa dissertação, nós apresentamos experimentos de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (EPR) e de susceptibilidade magnética para os filmes finos amorfos e cristalinos de GaAs dopados com Mn e filmes cristalinos de ZnO dopados com Co, com a finalidade de explorar as propriedades magnéticas globais e locais nesses DMS. Para todos os filmes amorfos de GaAs dopados com Mn, os nossos resultados indicaram a ausência de qualquer ordenamento ferromagnético entre as temperaturas 300 > T > 2 K ao contrário dos filmes cristalinos que foi observado ferromagnetismo em T < 110 K. Além do mais, observamos nas medidas de EPR uma única linha associada aos íons localizados de Mn 2+ para os filmes finos amorfos de GaAs dopados com Mn e g ~ 2,01, o qual se manteve inalterado com a temperatura. Para nossos filmes cristalinos de GaAs foram observados modos ferromagnéticos para T < TC. Alguns filmes amorfos de GaAs dopado com Mn, foram hidrogenados e, para estes, encontramos que dopagem de hidrogênio, torna o filme mais cristalino, e que sua influência nas propriedades magnéticas é somente causada pela sua variação no grau de cristalinidade. Para os filmes cristalinos de ZnO dopado com Co, os experimentos de EPR mostraram que somente para os filmes com concentração de 10 % de Co um modo ferromagnético pôde ser observado. E através de medidas de magnetização foi observada uma magnetização de saturação máxima MS ~ 1,1 µB/Co para o filme com concentração de 10 % de Co, sendo que a magnetização decresce para concentrações maiores de Co. Isso indica que o loop ferromagnético encontrado nos filmes não pode estar associado a simples precipitação de Co. Uma comparação entre as propriedades magnéticas do filmes de 10 % de Co e da possível fase espúria, ZnCo2O4, mostraram propriedades magnéticas dos filmes de ZnO dopado com Co não parecem estar associados com esta fase
Abstract: Ferromagnetic semiconductors (FM) are compounds of technological interest due to the possibility of combining their charge and spin degrees of freedom when producing electronic devices. In particular, semiconductor thin films doped with transition metal have become focus of intense scientific investigation since ferromagnetism with reasonably high Curie temperatures (racing from few Kelvin to room temperature) was found in theses films [1-4]. Examples of such dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) are Mn-doped GaAs and Co-doped ZnO thin films. ZnO is a direct bandgap II-VI semiconductor with a wurtzite-type structure. In this word, we have performed studies of EPR and magnetic susceptibility in Co-doped ZnO and Mn-doped GaAs thin films in order to further explore the global and local magnetic properties of these intriguing DMS. For the Mn-doped GaAs samples, our results show the absence of ferromagnetic ordering for the amorphous films in the 300 > T > 2 K temperature range, in contrast to the ferromagnetism found in crystalline films for TC< 110 K. A single EPR line with a temperature independent g-value (g ~ 2) is observed for the amorphous films and the behavior of this ESR linewidth depends on the level of crystallinity of the film. For the Mn-doped GaAs crystalline films, only a ferromagnetic mode is observed for T < TCwhen the film is ferromagnetic. Regarding the effect of H-doping in the properties of Mn-doped GaAs amorphous films, the Mn 2+ ESR line was found to be nearly unaffected by the presence of hydrogen apart of slightly linewidth changes induced by the changes in the film crystallinity. Hydrogen doping has no direct effects in the magnetic properties of Mn-doped GaAs films. For the Co-based films, the ESR experiments show that only the Zn0,90Co0,10 O film presented a strong anisotropic FMR. The magnetization data show that ~ 10% of Co-doped ZnO films produce the maximum Ms ~ 1,1 µB/Co in the series. The absence of FMR for films with higher Co Concentration indicates that the observed FM loops cannot be associated with simply precipitation of pure Co ions, but more work needs to be done to complete rule out the contribution of other magnetic secondary phases
Mestrado
Física da Matéria Condensada
Mestre em Física

Apresentaremos uma série de estudos realizados sobre o tema anisotropias magnéticas induzidas (Kind) em 1igas amorfas. Foram usados vários tipos de tratamentos térmico, com o objetivo de obtermos uma visão amp1a do assunto. A análise teórica dos dados de Kind e de \"after-effect\" magnético (MAE) foi feita com um modelo baseado em sistemas de dois níveis (TLS). A partir da análise dos dados experimentais obtém-se um largo espectro de energias de ativação. Estas energias estão relacionadas aos tempos de re1axação, através da equação de Arrhenius: = 0 exp (E/kT), onde o pré-fator 0 é da ordem do inverso da frequência de Debye. Construiu-se um forno para tratamentos térmicos em ligas amorfas, que opera em um eletroimã de 6 kOe e desenvolveu-se os programas para análise de dados experimentais. Essas facilidades, associadas ao traçador de curvas de histerese, permitiram os seguintes estudos de anisotropias induzidas em ligas amorfas ferromagnéticas: 1. Estudo da cinética de indução de anisotropia por tratamentos térmicos na faixa de temperatura de 190 a 250 °C, para fitas amorfas \"as cast\" de composição C070.4Fe4.6 Si15B10. Com o modelo TLS pode-se obter o espectro de energias de ativação, que se apresentou na faixa de energia de 1.50 a 1.85eV, com 0 = 1.6 x 10-13s. 2. Realizou-se também o estudo da indução de anisotropia na presença de um campo magnético de 5 kOe, para amostras pré-tratadas a 400 °C por 10 minutos. Estas são de composição Co77-X Mnx Si14 B9, com X = 2 e 6 e foram submetidas a tratamentos isotérmicos a temperaturas entre 240 e 325 °C. Neste caso pode-se verificar que para as duas composiQ6es 0 pré-fator é maior ( 10-8S). Quanto ao espectro de energias de ativação, em ambos os casos, apresenta-se na faixa de energias de 1.10 a 1.55 eV. 3.Outro experimento, neste caso com amostras de composição Co67Fe4Mo1Si12B16 consistiu na aplicação, à temperatura ambiente, de tensão mecânica ( 800 MPa) na fita, enquanto se monitorava a energia de anisotropia magnética. Pudemos então observar uma variação continua dessa propriedade e posteriormente uma recuperação completa da condição inicial, com a remoção da tensão aplicada, mostrando um processo de caráter anelástico. Procuramos estudar os efeitos de tensões mecânicas sobre as propriedades magnéticas de amostras com composição Co67Fe4Mo1Si12B16. Duas linhas de trabalho foram adotadas: 4) Numa olhou-se para a isotropia induzida em amostras pré-tratadas, quando submetidas a tratamentos térmicos na faixa de temperatura de 200 a 400 °C, sob tensão mecânica de 500 MPa e posteriormente na ausência de tensão. A partir desses ensaios foi possível se separar uma componente plástica e outra anelástica na anisotropia induzida. 5) Noutra, obteve-se o comportamento do MAE, para amostras com e sem tensão mecânica aplicada, no intervalo de 300 a 500 K. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a não existência de efeitos plásticos ou anelásticos nas energias de ativação dos processos envolvidos no \"after-effect\". Por outro lado verificamos uma grande alteração na intensidade do MAE, devido à tensão.
In this thesis we will present a series of studies related to induced magnetic anisotropies (Kind) in amorphous alloys. In order to get a more general view of this theme, we used several different kinds of annealings. The theoretical analysis of the data of Kind and magnetic after-effect (MAE) was performed using a model based on two-level systems (TLS). From the analysis of the experimental data we get a large actiyation energy spectrum. These energies are related to the relaxation times, through the Arrheniu \'s expression: = 0 exp(E/kT), where the pre-factor 0 is of the order of the inverse of the Debye frequency . We constructed a furnace for thermal annealing of the amorphous alloys, which operates within an electromagnet producing 6 kOe. We also wrote, the computer programs for the analysis of the experimental data. These facilities, together with the hysteresis loop tracer permitted the followings studies of the induced anisotropies in amorphous alloys: 1) A study of the kinetics of the induced anisotropy by annealing in the temperature range from 190 to 250 °C, in as cast amorphous ribbons of composition Co70.4Fe4.6Si15B10. Using the TLS model we obtained the activation energy spectrum. It presents two peaks in the energy range from 1.50 to 1.85eV and a pre-factor 0= 1.6x10-13 s. 2) Using a 5 KOe magnetic field we studied the effects of a Field annealing treatment in samples pre-annealed at 400 °C for 10 minutes. The isothermal annealings were made in Co70-XMnXSi14B9 with x = 2 and 6, in the temperature range from 240 to 325 °C. In this case we observed for these two compositions a larger pre-factor ( 10-8s) than before. The activation-energy spectra, for the both composition, are found in the energy range from 1.10 to 1.55eV. 3) Another experiment was done using samples of Co67Fe4Mo1Si12B16. We applied a tensile stress (800MPa) to the ribbon and measured the magnetic anisotropy energy. We observed a continuous variation of this energy and, after removal of the stress, the sample recuperated its initial condition, showing a process characteristically anelastic. We studied the effects of mechanic stress on the magnetic properties of samples of composition Co67Fe4Mo1Si12B16. We worked in two directions: 4) We studied the induced anisotropy in pre-annealed samples, submitted to annealing in the range from 200 to 400 °C, under a tensile stress of 500MPa and without applied stress. From these resul ts we can separate a plastic and an anelastic component in the induced anisotropy. 5) In other, we studied the behavior of the MAE, for samples with and with and without applied tensile stress, in the range from 300 to 500 K. The results obtained show neither plastic nor anelastic effects on the activation energies of the processes involved in the MAE. On the other h~nd we can see a strong alteration in the intensity of the MAE, due the stress.

Self-organized GaN nanostructures have been accomplished with lattice-(mis)matched using MOCVD. A lattice mismatched system (i.e. GaN nanostructure/ AlN) was utilized with S-K mode mechanism, whereas, metallic droplet method (i.e. Vapor-Liquid-Solid method) was employed in the lattice matched system (i.e. GaN nanostructure / AlGaN). The nanostructure size is adjustable by changing growth parameters (height: 2 ~ 15nm and diameter: 10 ~ 100nm). It has been found that the photon emission energy is tunable relative to the nanostructure size, and smaller nanostructures have larger photon energy. However, a numerical modeling was performed to investigate the relationship between quantum confinement (and/or piezoelectric polarization) and the dot size. For dot height < 4.1nm, the confinement effect is larger than the piezoelectric effect, otherwise the piezoelectric effect is more dominant. In addition, GaN nanostructures grown on Al0.15Ga0.85N have smaller lattice mismatch (less than 0.5%) than the GaN nanostructures grown on AlN. Therefore, the quantum confinement in a GaN/Al0.15Ga0.85N system is more dominant in determining photon emission energy than in a GaN/AlN system. The nanostructure advantages of quantum confinement and high thermal stability have been studied for the achievement of room temperature ferromagnetism using TM (transition metal; Mn or Fe). The transition metal (Mn or Fe) enhances nucleation of islands, resulting in size and density improvements. The magnetization measurements revealed magnetic properties of ferromagnetic nanostructure. Especially, room temperature ferromagnetism was observed in GaFeN nanostructures, which can contribute to ferromagnetic semiconductors operating above room temperature.

Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 6, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

The precise control of ferromagnetic domain wall formation opens up exciting avenues of research and potential application in spintronics ? the manipulation of charge carriers via their spin properties. Recent experiments on Cobalt-Platinum multilayers containing artificially created domains provide the motivation for this work. In this thesis the electronic structure of CoPt multilayers are calculated by an ab initio multiple scattering method, and attempts are made at replicating the systems used in experiments, including lattice relaxations and the effects of substitutional alloying. The magnetic reversal process in Pt/Co/Pt trilayer systems is studied in the framework of micromagnetics, in which effects such as exchange, magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the demagnetising field are treated phenomenologically. The results are compared to recent experiments and the switching mechanism can be understood in terms of domain growth and domain wall nucleation. A ballistic transport framework is outlined in terms of a tight binding Green function method. The domain wall is modelled as a change in the local spin reference frame. The method is applied to Cobalt Platinum trilayers, and it is found that the resulting domain wall resistances are sensitive to the details of the Fermi energy bands. Subsequently, the angular dependence of domain wall resistivity in Pt/Co/Pt systems is studied by a model based on the anisotropic resistivity tensor that is expected in a domain wall. The results are used to extract resistivity parameters from experimental data, and a positive domain wall resistivity is identified, whilst resulting arguments provide supporting evidence for the Levy-Zhang theory of domain wall resistance. Finally, recent experiments on the dilute magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As have provided evidence for a negative intrinsic domain wall resistance in this material. By applying a similar model to that used on the CoPt systems, it is shown that the anomalous magnetoresistance effect can also provide a significant negative contribution to the measured resistance via induced eddy current at the domain wall boundary.

Thesis advisor: Kevin S. Bedell
The Landau Fermi liquid theory is a very successful theory in condensed matter physics. It provides a phenomenological framework for describing thermodynamics, transport and collective modes of itinerant fermionic systems. In 1957, Silin described the spin waves in polarized Fermi liquids based on Landau Fermi liquid theory, which are related to series of components of the spherical harmonic expansion of the fermi surface. It has been proved by Pomeranchuck that for the Fermi surface to be stable, the Landau parameters should satisfy the relation: $F_l^{s,a}>-(2l+1)$. Whenever the relation is violated, there will exist an instability of the Fermi surface known as a Pomeranchuck instability, such as the Stoner ferromagnetism when $F_0^a→ -1^+$, or phase separation when $F_0^s→ -1^+$. In 1959, Abrikosov and Dzyaloshinskii developed a ferromagnetic Fermi liquid theory(FFLT) of itinerant ferromagnetism based on Landau Fermi liquid theory, whose microscopic foundations were established later by Dzyaloshiskii and Kondratenko. Further studies had been made of this state using a generalized Pomeranchuck instability based on the FFLT of Blagoev, Engelbrecht and Bedell and Bedell and Blagoev. In this thesis, I study a magnetically ordered system with spin orbit magnetism, where the order parameter has a net spin current and no net magnetization in both two dimension and three dimension. Starting from a Fermi liquid theory, similar to that for a weak ferromagnet, I have shown that this excitation emerges from an exotic magnetic Fermi liquid state that is protected by a generalized Pomeranchuck condition. I derive the propagating mode using the Landau kinetic equation, and find that the dispersion of the mode has a $sqrt q$ behavior in leading order in 2D. I also find an instability toward superconductivity induced by this exotic mode, and a further analysis based on the forward scattering sum rule strongly suggests that this superconductivity has triplet pairing symmetry. I perform similar studies in the 3D case, with a slightly different magnetic system and find that the mode leads to a Lifshitz-like instability most likely toward an inhomogeneous magnetic state in one of the phases. I also study the collective modes in itinerant ferromagnetic system, which is related to the $F_0^a$ pomeranchuck instability. Using FFLT, I obtained the well-known magnon (Nambu-Goldstone) mode and a gapped mode that was first found by Bedell and Blagoev. I have identified this mode as the Higgs boson (amplitude mode) of a ferromagnetic metal. This is identified as the Higgs since it can be shown that it corresponds to a fluctuation of the amplitude of the order parameter. I use this model to describe the itinerant-electron ferromagnetic material MnSi. By fitting the model with the existing experimental results, I calculate the dynamical structure function and see well-defined peaks contributed from the magnon and the Higgs. From my estimates of the relative intensity of the Higgs amplitude mode I expect that it can be seen in neutron scattering experiments on MnSi
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Physics