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Journal articles on the topic 'Ferries Victoria Port Phillip Bay'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Cohen, Brian F., David R. Currie, and Matthew A. McArthur. "Epibenthic community structure in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 7 (2000): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00027.

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Epibenthic community structure in Port Phillip Bay was examined from quantitative diver samples collected at 30 depth-stratified stations during 1998. Analysis of variance showed a strong trend of decreasing epibenthic abundance, biomass and species diversity with depth. Reductions in these three parameters were most pronounced over shallow inshore waters and could be attributed largely to decreases in the abundance of the heavy, mat-forming ascidian Pyura stolonifera with depth. Four epifaunal community groupings, closely reflecting differences in sediment and habitat type within the bay, were identified from ordinations of species abundance and biomass data. The four epifaunal groupings also closely matched distributional patterns observed in other studies in both demersal fish and infaunal communities. Epifaunal communities in the bay were dominated by filter-feeding organisms which accounted for nearly 95% of the total species abundance and 98% of the total species biomass. Seven of the 63 epibenthic organisms collected during the survey are exotic introductions to the bay (Sabella spallanzanii, Ascidiella aspersa, Styela clava, Styela plicata, Ciona intestinalis, Pyromaia tuberculata and Asterias amurensis). As many of these species are widespread and abundant (35% of all individuals), their effects on the ecology of Port Phillip Bay are likely to be significant.

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2

DUCKER, SOPHIE C., and T. M. PERRY. "James Fleming: the first gardener on the River Yarra, Victoria." Archives of Natural History 13, no. 2 (June 1986): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1986.13.2.123.

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James Fleming, a convict gardener, was a member of the party in the Colonial Schooner Cumberland, on a journey of exploration to Bass Strait and Port Phillip Bay in 1802 and 1803; they were the first Europeans to visit the northern part of the Bay and discovered the River Yarra. The acting Surveyor General of N.S.W., Charles Grimes mapped the whole Bay. Fleming wrote a journal of the expedition and the descriptions of the country on Grimes's map. Later in 1803, he compiled a list of plants introduced into the colony of New South Wales and returned to England on H.M.S. Glatton in charge of a collection of Australian plants and seeds: A note sets the work of the Cumberland's expedition in the context of early discoveries and charting of Port Phillip Bay.

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3

Langdon, JS. "Haemosiderosis in Platycephalus bassensis and Diodon nicthemerus in south-east Australian coastal waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 5 (1986): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860587.

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The degree of haemosiderin deposition in the spleen, liver, and kidney of P. bassensis and D. nicthemerus was compared in specimens from Port Phillip Bay, and Lakes Entrance, Victoria, Bass Strait, and the Derwent estuary, Tasmania. D. nicthemerus displayed extensive visceral haemosiderosis and fatty infiltration of the liver at all sites, apparently as normal conditions. P. bassensis from Port Phillip Bay displayed severe visceral haemosiderosis, whereas specimens from the remaining sites had only low background levels of haemosiderin deposition. It is suggested that high levels of visceral haemosiderin in fish species normally displaying low levels are indicative of a suboptimal health status in fish populations. No infectious cause of the haemosiderosis in Port Phillip Bay fish has been identified, and toxic or pollution-related causes are thus considered likely to be responsible.

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4

Tran, Huy Quang, David Provis, and Alexander V. Babanin. "Hydrodynamic Climate of Port Phillip Bay." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080898.

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This study is dedicated to the hydrodynamic climate of Port Phillip Bay (PPB)—a largest coastal lagoon system in Victoria, Australia. Novelty of the present study includes long-term hydrodynamic hindcast simulations integrated with a spectral wave model. Specifically, a coupled unstructured grid wave–current modelling system (SCHISM + WWM) was built upon a high resolution and advanced wave physics (ST6). This coupling system was thoroughly calibrated and validated against field observations prior to applying for 27-year hindcast and case scenarios. Data from these simulations were then used to investigate the hydrodynamic climate of PPB focusing on three main aspects: water levels, waves and currents. For sea levels, this study shows that tidal and extreme sea levels (storm tides) across a large part of PPB have a similar magnitude. The highest storm tide level is found along eastern coasts of the bay in line with the wind pattern. In the vicinity of the entrance, the extreme sea level slightly reduced, in line with wave decay due to coupling effects. This extreme level is lower than results reported by previous studies, which were not built on a wave–current coupled system. For the wave field, the mean wave direction inside PPB is strongly affected by seasonality, in line with wind patterns. The 100-year return significant wave height is above 2 m along the eastern coasts. At PPH, waves get refracted after passing the narrow entrance. For currents, this study shows that both mean variations and high percentile currents are not affected by seasonality. This highlights the fact that tidal currents dominate flow movements in PPB. However, in extreme conditions, the circulation in PPB is also driven by wind patterns, forming two gyre systems. Based on case scenarios simulations, the strongest magnitude of wind-driven currents is above 0.5 m/s and found in the confined shallow region in the southern portion of PPB.

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5

Jenkins, GP. "Composition, seasonality and distribution of Ichthyoplankton in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860507.

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Plankton samples were collected on monthly cruises over 1 year from May 1983 to April 1984, to investigate composition, seasonality and distribution of ichthyoplankton in Port Phillip Bay. Fish egg numbers were dominated by the southern anchovy, Engraulis australis; clupeoids and gobiids were co-dominant larvae. Other common fish larvae were the cobbler, Gymnapistes marmoratus, greenback flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina, and callionymids. Egg abundances were highest in summer, resulting mainly from high abundances of E. australis eggs. Abundances of fish larvae were highest in summer and winter-spring. The summer period was dominated by clupeoid and gobiid larvae, together with callionymids, monacanthids, platycephalids, the blenny, Pictiblennius tasmanianus, the snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, and a number of rarer species. The winter-spring period was almost entirely dominated by four taxa: gobiids, G. marmoratus, R. taplrina and the long-snouted flounder, Ammotretis rostratus. Eggs of E. australis, Sardinops neopilchardus and A. rostratus, and larvae of all common taxa except monacanthids and C. auratus, were distributed widely throughout the bay. Abundance of eggs of E. australis at the mouth of the bay was significantly lower than within the bay proper. Larvae of P. tasrnanianus were significantly more abundant in the shallow, northern region of the bay than in the deeper, central region. Most monacanthid larvae were collected towards the mouth of the bay, whereas C. auratus larvae were only collected at stations well inside the bay. Analysis of winter samples revealed multispecies patchiness of fish larvae, and a positive correlation between larval abundance and volume of net zooplankton. Although juveniles of King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctatus, and yellow-eyed mullet, Aldrichetra forsteri, are abundant in Port Phillip Bay, larvae were virtually absent. It is proposed that these species spawn offshore, and that immigration into the bay occurs at a late larval-early juvenile stage not detectable by plankton sampling.

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6

Lowe, Meagan K., and David M. Kennedy. "Stability of artificial beaches in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Journal of Coastal Research 75, sp1 (March 3, 2016): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si75-51.1.

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7

Thresher, Ronald E., Richard B. Martin, Sue Boyd, Brian F. Cohen, David R. Currie, Martin F. Gomon, Michael J. Keough, et al. "Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine Biology 144, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1173-x.

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8

Tran, NH, JNA Hooper, and RJ Capon. "New Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes From a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Dictyodendrilla sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 10 (1995): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9951757.

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Chemical investigation of a Dictyodendrilla sp. from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, yielded three new oxygenated sesquiterpenes, dictyodendrillin -A (6), -B (7) and -C (8), together with the known sesquiterpene dendrolasin (9). Structures for all these metabolites were established by spectroscopic analysis.

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9

JAMES, DARREN S., ROB W. DAY, and SCORESBY A. SHEPHERD. "EXPERIMENTAL ABALONE RANCHING ON ARTIFICIAL REEF IN PORT PHILLIP BAY, VICTORIA." Journal of Shellfish Research 26, no. 3 (September 2007): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[687:earoar]2.0.co;2.

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10

Fancett, MS. "Species composition and abundance of Scyphomedusae in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 3 (1986): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860379.

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Five species of Scyphomedusae were identified from plankton samples collected betwen April 1983 and June 1985 in Port Phillip Bay: Cyanea capillata, Pseudorhiza haeckeli, Aurelia aurita, Pelagia noctiluca and Catostylus mosaicus. Abundances of Scyphomedusae fluctuated seasonally. Cyanea capillata was dominant between May and September with maximum abundances of approximately 100 adults per 1000 m3 (mean 3.5 per 1000 m3) and 200 ephyrae per 1000 m3 (mean 16.5 per 1000 m3). Ephyrae of C. capillata were present throughout the year with a maximum biomass between May and July. Pseudorhiza haeckeli was dominant between November and April with maximum abundances of approximately 100 adults per 1000 m3 (mean 1.8 per 1000 m3). Aurelia aurita was collected throughout the year, P. noctilraca occurred from January to April, and C. mosaicus occurred from September to March.

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11

Lawrie, J., and J. W. Hearne. "Using Modified Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (MPOD) for reducing ecosystem models." ANZIAM Journal 48, no. 4 (April 2007): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100003151.

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AbstractIn this paper we consider simplifying a model of the nitrogen cycle in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. The approach taken is to aggregate state variables that are linearly related using a projection in state space. The technique involved is a modification of proper orthogonal decomposition and was developed so that a resulting simplified model retains an ecological interpretation. It can be applied automatically, and enables insights into the system to be gained that were not obvious beforehand. In the case of the Port Phillip Bay model, we find that the variables representing water and sand are unaffected by the remaining variables, while only variables on the same trophic level can be grouped together. The validity of the aggregation under several nutrient loads is also discussed.

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12

Hoedt, FE, WF Dimmlich, and P. Dann. "Seasonal variation in the species and size composition of the clupeoid assemblages in Western Port, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 7 (1995): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9951085.

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The size composition of three species of clupeoid fish was monitored from monthly samples taken between May 1992 and April 1994 in Western Port, Victoria. Anchovy and pilchard were the dominant species in most samples and sandy sprat were occasionally common. Seasonal variations in catches indicate that adult clupeoids are temporary inhabitants in Western Port, migrating into the bay between October and December and leaving between February and June. Juvenile anchovy and pilchard were common in catches between February and April, indicating that Western Port serves as a nursery area for both species. Sizes of adult anchovy and pilchard collected in Western Port were at the lower end of the known range and these probably represent a single age-group of young adult fish. Comparisons with published data from Bass Strait and Port Phillip Bay show the importance of different habitats for different sizes of clupeoids in western Victoria.

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13

Campbell, Stuart J., and Trevor R. Burridge. "Occurrence of Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta : Laminariales) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 5 (1998): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97010.

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In July (winter) of 1996 Undaria pinnatifida f. typica (Harvey) Suringar was found growing on basalt reef and rock/shell rubble in 2–4 m of water near Point Wilson, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. The population grew prolifically over winter–spring with a density of up to 140 plants m-2, with sporophytes attaining a maximum length of approximately 800 mm. Size–frequency distributions of the population in September 1996 suggested that the population was actively recruiting, and examination of sporophylls indicated that plants reached reproductive maturity at a length of approximately 400 mm. Release of zoospores was achieved in the laboratory at temperatures between 10˚C and 15˚C, and gametophytes and immature sporophytes developed between 10˚C and 20˚C.

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14

Nicholson, G. J., T. Theodoropoulos, and G. J. Fabris. "Hydrocarbons, pesticides, PCB and PAH in Port Phillip Bay (Victoria) sand flathead." Marine Pollution Bulletin 28, no. 2 (February 1994): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(94)90548-7.

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15

Urban, S., RJ Capon, and JNA Hooper. "A New Alkaloid From an Australian Marine Sponge, Spongosorites sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 12 (1994): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9942279.

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A specimen of a marine sponge, Spongosorites sp., collected in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, has yielded the alkaloid (2). The structure of (2) was secured by spectroscopic analysis, chemical derivatization and synthesis of a dihydro derivative (4). The antibiotic property of the crude ethanol extract of this sponge was attributed to (2).

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16

Fabris, G. J., C. A. Monahan, and G. E. Batley. "Heavy metals in waters and sediments of Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98032.

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Despite significant inputs of heavy metals from rivers, creeks and drains and a major sewage treatment plant to Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, attenuation processes in the water column are such that metal concentrations in the bay waters are comparable to uncontaminated estuaries elsewhere in the world. Sedimentation appeared to be largely responsible for metal removal, with strong correlations between particulate metals and iron in input waters sampled over a storm event. Storm events contributed between 9 (Zn) and 21 (Cr) times the metal loads that enter the bay during low flow conditions. Although metal accumulations in sediments are below guideline concentrations in the major deposition zones, they are highest close to input sources. A unique feature of bay waters was the high concentration of dissolved arsenic (2.8 µg L–1). The source appears to be natural sediment mineralogy, and sediment cores were found to be depleted in arsenic near the sedimentŒwater interface. Overall, the findings suggested that current heavy metal inputs do not represent a threat to the health of the bay.

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17

Norman, F. I. "Counts of Little PenguinsEudyptula minorin Port Phillip Bay and off Southern Phillip Island, Victoria, 1986–1988." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 5 (December 1991): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910287.

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18

Norman, F. I. "Distribution and Abundance of Seabirds off Phillip Island and within Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, 1986–1988." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 5 (December 1991): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910377.

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19

Hamer, Paul A., and Gregory P. Jenkins. "High levels of spatial and temporal recruitment variability in the temperate sparid Pagrus auratus." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 7 (2004): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04024.

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Knowledge of spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of early life stages is important to developing an understanding of juvenile recruitment processes and, ultimately, the dynamics and demographics of fish populations. In Victoria, south-eastern Australia, snapper, Pagrus auratus, supports an important fishery characterised by high variability in year-class strength. We investigated spatial and temporal variation in the recruitment of small juvenile (0+) snapper by monitoring their abundance in four bay and inlet nursery areas during four consecutive summer/autumn recruitment periods (2000–2003). We found considerable spatial variability in the abundance of recruits, both within and among inlets. Interannual recruitment variation, however, differed among inlets. Recruitment into the largest nursery area and most important fishery, Port Phillip Bay, varied by ~10-fold across years, whereas variation for the other inlets was low or not significant. There were also clear differences in size distributions of recruits among both inlets and years. Strong recruitment in Port Phillip Bay during 2001 was related to a longer period of spawning and successful larval settlement and was associated with above average water temperatures. Future monitoring of 0+ recruitment in Victoria and studies of the recruitment processes should be specific to individual nursery areas.

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20

Fabris, GJ, C. Monahan, G. Nicholson, and TI Walker. "Total mercury concentrations in sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 6 (1992): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9921393.

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Total mercury concentrations were measured in the axial muscle tissues of 562 sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) from a total of 37 sites within Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Mean concentrations of mercury (0.23 �0.18�g g-1 wet weight) were less than half (P<0.05) of those recorded for this species during 1975-78 and below the Victorian health standard for fish and fish products (i.e. less than a mean concentration of 0.5 �g g-1 wet weight) at all 37 sites. During the 1975-78 period, mercury concentrations in sand flathead from the bay were reported to decrease from north to south and from east to west. During 1990, however, mercury concentrations were found to be related to the water depth at which the fish were sampled. Sand flathead from the deeper (22 m) waters of the bay had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean mercury concentrations than did those collected from shallower (7 m) waters. The overall mean mercury concentration in sand flathead from the bay during 1990 approached the mean concentration in sand flathead collected from six sites in Bass Strait (0.22 �g g-1) during 1975-78, although the range of concentrations for the Port Phillip Bay samples (0.01- 0.89 �g g-1) was wider than that for the Bass Strait samples (0.1-0.33 �g g-1).

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21

Bearlin, Andrew R., Mark A. Burgman, and Helen M. Regan. "A stochastic model for seagrass (Zostera muelleri) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Ecological Modelling 118, no. 2-3 (June 1999): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(99)00011-3.

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22

Currie, David R., and Gregory D. Parry. "Changes to benthic communities over 20 years in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 38, no. 1 (January 1999): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(99)80010-1.

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23

Phillips, D. J. H., B. J. Richardson, A. P. Murray, and J. G. Fabris. "Trace metals, organochlorines and hydrocarbons in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria: A historical review." Marine Pollution Bulletin 25, no. 5-8 (January 1992): 200–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90226-v.

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24

Ovenden, Simon P. B., and Robert J. Capon. "Trunculins G - I: New Norsesterterpene Cyclic Peroxides from a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Latrunculia sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 7 (1998): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c98012.

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A Latrunculia sp. collected off Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, returned three new norsesterterpene cyclic peroxides. Trunculins G (9), H (10) and I (11) were isolated as their methyl esters (12), (13) and (14) respectively. Gross structures for these new trunculins were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, while the absolute stereochemistry about the cyclic peroxide terminus was established by application of the Horeau and Mosher procedures.

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25

Jenkins, Gregory P., Megan Shaw, and Bryce D. Stewart. "Spatial Variation in Food-Limited Growth of Juvenile Greenback Flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina: Evidence from Otolith Daily Increments and Otolith Scaling." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-279.

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Growth rates of juvenile flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina, determined from daily increment number, and the relationship between otolith and fish sizes (otolith scaling), were compared between two adjacent areas. Swan Bay, Victoria, a sheltered bay with a well-developed seagrass-detrital system, supports higher populations of prey and feeding rates of juvenile flounder than Port Phillip Bay, an area more exposed to waves and tidal currents. Temperature was significantly higher in Swan Bay (though generally less than 1 °C). Growth rates determined from daily increment number were similar within bays, but significantly different between bays. The pooled growth rate for Swan Bay (0.29 mm∙d−1) was significantly higher than for Port Phillip Bay (0.17 mm∙d−1). The same pattern was found for otolith scaling. Most of the variation in growth rates between the two bays was apparently related to food supply. A laboratory experiment indicated that otolith growth rate had a minimum level which was independent of somatic growth rate, and an additional component which was highly correlated with somatic growth rate. This resulted in an exponential decrease in otolith growth per unit somatic growth with increasing somatic growth rate such that variation in otolith scaling would be greatest at low growth rates.

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26

TAKEUCHI, ICHIRO, and JAMES K. LOWRY. "Description of Metaprotella haswelliana (Mayer, 1882) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae) from Western Australia with designation of a neotype." Zootaxa 1466, no. 1 (May 7, 2007): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1466.1.2.

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Metaprotella haswelliana (Mayer, 1882), the type species of Metaprotella, was originally described from Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia and was reported from there in literature published between 1882 and 2003. However, the type specimens are lost and no further specimens could be found in recent surveys in New South Wales waters. The only current records are from Albany, Western Australia and from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Based on the materials from Western Australia, the poorly known type species, Metaprotella haswelliana is redescribed, a neotype is assigned, and the genus Metaprotella Mayer, 1890 is redefined.

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27

Neira, Francisco J., Miriana I. Sporcic, and Andrew R. Longmore. "Biology and fishery of pilchard, Sardinops sagax (Clupeidae), within a large south-eastern Australian bay." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 1 (1999): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98067.

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Length–frequency and maturity data of pilchards (Sardinops sagax) are described from monthly purse-seine commercial catch samples obtained in Port Phillip Bay (Victoria) between December 1994 and January 1997. These data, together with findings of a 12-month ichthyoplankton bay survey from September 1995 to August 1996, were used to determine the size at which pilchards recruit to the bay fishery and whether they spawn within this system. Monthly pilchard catch rates between January 1990 and June 1996 are also described and analysed in terms of environmental variables during that period. Results show that pilchards do not generally attain sexual maturity or spawn within the bay but use it as a nursery area, entering this system mostly as 0+ to 1+ year-o ld juveniles (4–12 cm fork length, FL) in late spring–early summer and returning to sea the following winter. This migration is supported by the marked seasonality in catch rates, which each year peak in March–May and are lowest in August–October. The seasonality was adequately explained by temperature lagged 2 months in a multivariate time-series model. Port Phillip Bay appears to be the only semi-enclosed, shallow marine embayment in temperate Australia that supports a substantial pilchard fishery that, in addition, is based predominantly on juveniles.

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28

Campbell, Stuart J. "Uptake of ammonium by four species of macroalgae in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98058.

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The uptake rates of ammonium were determined for three species of native macroalgae and an exotic macroalga from Port Phillip Bay. All species exhibited rate-saturated mechanisms of uptake described by Michaelis–Menten uptake kinetics. At the highest concentration examined (28.6 µmol NH4-N) Hincksia sordida had a higher rate of uptake (435 µmol NH4 -N g dry wt–1 h–1) than Ulva sp. (108 µmol NH4-N g dry wt–1 h–1) or Polysiphonia decipiens (53 µmol NH4 -N g dry wt–1 h–1). Maximum surge uptake rate was highest for H. sordida and lowest for P. decipiens (802 and 57 µmol NH4 -N g dry wt–1 h–1 respectively). The introduced phaeophyte Undaria pinnatifida had an intermediate capacity for ammonium uptake which was dependent on blade maturity. Differences in the ratio of maximum uptake rate to half-saturation rate between surge and assimilation uptake phases suggest a propensity for some species to take up ammonium at low concentrations. The relationships between nutrient uptake and growth among species would afford mature U. pinnatifida, H. sordida and Ulva sp. a competitive advantage for ammonium uptake in winter during high N availability, whereas P. decipiens would be able to exploit low N concentrations in spring and summer.

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29

SCARPACI, CAROL, NUGEGODA DAYANTHI, and PETER J. CORKERON. "Compliance with Regulations by "Swim-with-Dolphins" Operations in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Environmental Management 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2799-z.

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30

Georgiades, E. T., A. Temara, and D. A. Holdway. "The reproductive cycle of the asteroid Coscinasterias muricata in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 332, no. 2 (May 2006): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.11.014.

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31

Dixon, J. M., L. Frigo, and R. L. C. Moyle. "New information on the Southern Bottlenose Whale, Hyperoodon planifrons (Cetacea: Ziphiidae), from a recent stranding in Victoria, Australia." Australian Mammalogy 17, no. 1 (1994): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am94009.

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Few strandings of the Southern Bottlenose Whale, Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, have been recorded on Australian shores. The general biology of this southern species has received little study, compared with those on the northern species H. ampullatus. The stranding of a juvenile male H. planifrons at Mentone, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria in September 1992 provided an opportunity for a wide range of observations and analyses to be made. New information is presented here on general morphology, feeding, ectoparasites, and organochlorine assays.

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32

Walker-Smith, Genefor K. "A new species of Quinquelaophonte (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Laophontidae) from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61, no. 2 (2004): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2004.61.14.

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33

Leeming, R., N. Bate, R. Hewlett, and P. D. Nichols. "Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0369.

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This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were similar to those for samples collected from nearby sewer mains. During dry weather, there were still severely elevated levels of faecal contamination based on bacterial indicators, but correspondingly low concentrations of faecal sterols suggesting minimal human or herbivore faecal contamination. The origin of the majority of the faecal pollution in dry weather therefore remains to be fully explained. It is clear from this and related studies that the combined measurement of faecal sterols and bacterial indicators can greatly assist distinguishing sources of faecal pollution. It is also shown for aquatic environments that the measurement of coprostanol or other single indicators alone, is inadequate to fully discern faecal contamination from human sources.

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34

Sause, BL, D. Gwyther, PJ Hanna, and NA O'Conner. "Evidence for winter-spring spawning of the scallop Pecten alba (Tate) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 3 (1987): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870329.

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Gonadal reproductive status of P. alba from two locations within Port Phillip Bay (38�S.,145�E.) was studied for 25 months from March 1983. Samples were collected monthly by divers and analysed for reproductive status. Although the scallops were spent of gametes during summer and showed development of gonads throughout autumn, phases of winter spawning were observed before a major late spring release. Spawning of P. alba and other scallop species in the Southern Hemisphere is a winter-spring phenomenon, rather than the summer-autumn phenomenon common among scallops of the Northern Hemisphere.

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35

Primo, C., C. L. Hewitt, and M. L. Campbell. "Reproductive phenology of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) in Port Phillip Bay (Victoria, Australia)." Biological Invasions 12, no. 9 (January 29, 2010): 3081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9700-4.

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36

Dann, Peter, F. I. Norman, J. M. Cullen, F. J. Neira, and A. Chiaradia. "Mortality and breeding failure of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, in Victoria, 1995 - 96, following a widespread mortality of pilchard, Sardinops sagax." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 4 (2000): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99114.

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In May 1995, numbers of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, coming ashore declined at Phillip Island and St Kilda concurrently with deaths of many penguins in western Victoria and a massive mortality of one of their food species (pilchard) throughout southern Australia. Among 1926 dead penguins reported were 131 banded birdsrecovered from Phillip Island (86% adults and 14% first-year birds), 26 from Rabbit Island and six from St Kilda. The number of banded penguins found dead per number of adult Phillip Island birds at risk was 2.3% in 1995 compared with an annual mean of 0.7% for 1970–93. Of 29 corpses autopsied, at least 26 died of starvation associated with mild–severe gastro-intestinal parasitism. Following the pilchard mortality, egg-laying by penguins in the subsequent breeding season (1995–96) was ~2 weeks later than the long-term mean and 0.3 chicks were fledged per pair compared with the long-term mean of 1.0. Unlike previous years, few penguins were recorded in Port Phillip Bay in September–October 1995, a period when pilchard schools were infrequently seen. It is concluded that the increase in penguin mortality in northern Bass Strait and the significant reduction in breeding success were associated with the widespread pilchard mortality.

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37

Fromant, Aymeric, Yonina Eizenberg, Rosalind Jessop, Arnaud Lec’hvien, Johanna Geeson, and John Arnould. "Colony relocation of Greater Crested Terns Thalasseus bergii in Bass Strait, south-eastern Australia." Australian Field Ornithology 37 (2020): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo37166171.

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A newly established Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii colony was observed on Kanowna Island, northern Bass Strait, in December 2019 and was monitored through January 2020. A maximum of 532 ± 28 nests was counted,representing ~15–20% of the known northern Bass Strait breeding population. Resightings of 69 leg-banded individuals (from 3 to 24 years of age) demonstrated that founding individuals originated from colonies in Victoria [The Nobbies on Phillip Island (54%), Corner Inlet Barrier Islands (39%), Mud Islands in Port Phillip Bay (6%)] and one individual from South Australia. Breeding began 2 months later than usual for northern Bass Strait, perhaps because the birds only moved to Kanowna Island after failed nesting attempts elsewhere (Corner Inlet and Phillip Island). Individuals were observed to mainly feed their chicks with Barracouta Thyrsites atun and Jack Mackerel Trachurus declivis, contrasting with the usual predominance of Australian Anchovy Engraulis australis in the diet of this species in the Bass Strait region. This relocation may result from local changes in prey availability and/or a combination of potential human disturbance, predation and storm events. The recent 50% decrease in the number of breeding Greater Crested Terns in Victoria suggests substantial changes in the regional environmental conditions, highlighting the importance of understanding the impact of environmental variations on seabird species.

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38

Lever, James, Robert Brkljača, Gerald Kraft, and Sylvia Urban. "Natural Products of Marine Macroalgae from South Eastern Australia, with Emphasis on the Port Phillip Bay and Heads Regions of Victoria." Marine Drugs 18, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18030142.

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Marine macroalgae occurring in the south eastern region of Victoria, Australia, consisting of Port Phillip Bay and the heads entering the bay, is the focus of this review. This area is home to approximately 200 different species of macroalgae, representing the three major phyla of the green algae (Chlorophyta), brown algae (Ochrophyta) and the red algae (Rhodophyta), respectively. Over almost 50 years, the species of macroalgae associated and occurring within this area have resulted in the identification of a number of different types of secondary metabolites including terpenoids, sterols/steroids, phenolic acids, phenols, lipids/polyenes, pheromones, xanthophylls and phloroglucinols. Many of these compounds have subsequently displayed a variety of bioactivities. A systematic description of the compound classes and their associated bioactivities from marine macroalgae found within this region is presented.

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39

Cason, Timothy N., Lata Gangadharan, and Charlotte Duke. "Market power in tradable emission markets: a laboratory testbed for emission trading in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Ecological Economics 46, no. 3 (October 2003): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(03)00187-3.

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40

Cumming, Erin, Jessie C. Jarvis, Craig D. H. Sherman, Paul H. York, and Timothy M. Smith. "Seed germination in a southern Australian temperate seagrass." PeerJ 5 (March 23, 2017): e3114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3114.

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In a series of experiments, seeds from a temperate seagrass species,Zostera nigricauliscollected in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia were exposed to a range of salinities (20 PSU pulse/no pulse, 25 PSU, 30 PSU, 35 PSU), temperatures (13 °C, 17 °C, 22 °C), burial depths (0 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm) and site specific sediment characteristics (fine, medium, coarse) to quantify their impacts on germination rate and maximum overall germination. In southern Australia the seagrassZ. nigricaulisis a common subtidal species; however, little is known about the factors that affect seed germination which is a potential limiting factor in meadow resilience to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Overall seed germination was low (<20%) with germination decreasing to <10% when seeds were placed in the sediment. When germination ofZ. nigricaulisseeds was observed, it was enhanced (greater overall germination and shorter time to germination) when seeds were exposed to a 20 PSU pulse for 24 h, maintained at salinity of 25 PSU, temperatures <13 °C, in sediments with fine or medium grain sand and buried at a depth of <1 cm. These results indicate that germination ofZ. nigricaulisseeds underin situconditions may be seasonally limited by temperatures in southern Australia. Seed germination may be further restricted by salinity as freshwater pulses reaching 20 PSU are typically only observed in Port Phillip Bay following large scale rainfall events. As a result, these populations may be particularly susceptible to disturbance with only a seasonally limited capacity for recovery.

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41

Smith, JD, and PH Towler. "Polonium-210 in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) from south-eastern Australian waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 5 (1993): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930727.

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A study was made of the concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclide polonium-210 in the livers of cartilaginous fishes (chondrichthyans) caught in the waters of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia in 1991. Five elasmobranch species had 210Po concentrations in the range 1-31 Bq kg-1 (wet weight) and one holocephalian species, the elephant fish (Callorhynchus milii), was exceptional with a 210Po range of 60-270 Bq kg-1 (n=3, mean 180 Bq kg-1). Lead-210 was present at 0.1- 1.1 Bq kg-1 and activity concentration ratios of 210Po:210Pb were all greater than 1, indicating that the 210Po could not all have grown in from in situ decay of 210Pb within the chondrichthyan liver. The concentration of 210Po in the livers appeared to be species related. Concentrations of the trace metals Cu, Fe and Zn showed no correlation with the 210Po and were not species-related. The mean concentration of 210Po measured in Port Phillip Bay water was 0.32 mBq kg-1. This yields concentration factors of 3.2 × 103 to 8.4 × 105 for unsupported 210Po in the livers of the chondrichthyans. The total 210Po (using Q=20) exposes the livers to a weighted absorbed dose of up to 140 mGy year-1 (16�Gy h-1), which is >99% of the total internal dose and three orders of magnitude greater than the external dose based on estimated levels of 40K.

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42

Harris, Margaret. "VICTORIANS LIVE: AUSTRALIA'S VICTORIAN VESTIGES." Victorian Literature and Culture 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150306221193.

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ON 1 JANUARY 1901, at the beginning of a new century, the Commonwealth of Australia was proclaimed a political entity by the federation of six separate British colonies. Queen Victoria's formal assent to the necessary legislation of the Westminster Parliament was one of her last official acts; she died on 22 January. For all the tyranny of 20,000 kilometres distance, the impress of the monarch on her far-flung colony was evident. Two of the states of the Commonwealth, Victoria and Queensland, had been named for her. When the Port Phillip settlement separated from New South Wales in 1851, it became Victoria; in 1859, when the Moreton Bay settlement also hived off, its first governor announced “a fact which I know you will all hear with delight–Queensland, the name selected for this new Colony, was entirely the happy thought and inspiration of Her Majesty herself!” (Cilento and Lack 161)

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43

SCARPACI, CAROL, DAYANTHI NUGEGODA, and PETER J. CORKERON. "NO DETECTABLE IMPROVEMENT IN COMPLIANCE TO REGULATIONS BY “SWIM-WITH-DOLPHIN” OPERATORS IN PORT PHILLIP BAY, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." Tourism in Marine Environments 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427304774865904.

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44

SCARPACI, C., D. NUGEGODA, and P. J. CORKERON. "TOURISTS SWIMMING WITH AUSTRALIAN FUR SEALS (ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS) IN PORT PHILLIP BAY, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA: ARE TOURISTS AT RISK?" Tourism in Marine Environments 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427305774865787.

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45

Norman, F. I., and P. W. Menkhorst. "Aspects of the Breeding and Feeding Ecology of the Australasian GannetMorus serratorin Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, 1988–92." Emu - Austral Ornithology 95, no. 1 (March 1995): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9950023.

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46

Underwood, Megan, and Ashley Bunce. "The breeding biology of the White-faced Storm Petrel (Pelagodroma marina) on Mud Islands, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Emu - Austral Ornithology 104, no. 3 (September 2004): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu03029.

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47

Currie, D. R., M. A. McArthur, and B. F. Cohen. "Reproduction and distribution of the invasive European fanworm Sabella spallanzanii (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Marine Biology 136, no. 4 (May 19, 2000): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050724.

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48

Ewing, A. D., F. I. Norman, S. J. Ward, and A. Bunce. "Preliminary investigation of the costs of incubation in the Australasian Gannet (Morus serrator) breeding in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Emu - Austral Ornithology 105, no. 2 (June 2005): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu03061.

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49

Foale, Simon. "An evaluation of the potential of gastropod imposex as a bioindicator of tributyltin pollution in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria." Marine Pollution Bulletin 26, no. 10 (October 1993): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(93)90404-8.

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50

Tory, K. J., M. E. Cope, G. D. Hess, S. Lee, K. Puri, P. C. Manins, and N. Wong. "The Australian Air Quality Forecasting System. Part III: Case Study of a Melbourne 4-Day Photochemical Smog Event." Journal of Applied Meteorology 43, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 680–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2092.1.

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Abstract A 4-day photochemical smog event in the Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, region (6–9 March 2001) is examined to assess the performance of the Australian Air Quality Forecasting System (AAQFS). Although peak ozone concentrations measured during this period did not exceed the 1-h national air quality standard of 100 ppb, elevated maximum ozone concentrations in the range of 50–80 ppb were recorded at a number of monitoring stations on all four days. These maximum values were in general very well forecast by the AAQFS. On all but the third day the system predicted the advection of ozone precursors over Port Phillip (the adjacent bay) during the morning, where, later in the day, relatively high ozone concentrations developed. The ozone was advected back inland by bay and sea breezes. On the third day, a southerly component to the background wind direction prevented the precursor drainage over the bay, and the characteristic ozone cycle was disrupted. The success of the system's ability to predict peak ozone at individual monitoring stations was largely dependent on the direction and penetration of the sea and bay breezes, which in turn were dependent on the delicate balance between these winds and the opposing synoptic flow.

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