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Journal articles on the topic 'Fermion masse'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

GUENDELMAN, E. I., and A. B. KAGANOVICH. "NEW PHYSICS AT LOW ENERGIES AND DARK MATTER-DARK ENERGY TRANSMUTATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 06 (March 10, 2005): 1140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05024018.

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A field theory is proposed where the regular fermionic matter and the dark fermionic matter can be different states of the same "primordial" fermion fields. In regime of the fermion densities typical for normal particle physics, the primordial fermions split into three families identified with regular fermions. When fermion energy density becomes comparable with dark energy density, the theory allows transition to new type of states. The possibility of such Cosmo-Low Energy Physics (CLEP) states is demonstrated by means of solutions of the field theory equations describing FRW universe filled with homogeneous scalar field and uniformly distributed nonrelativistic neutrinos. Neutrinos in CLEP state are drawn into cosmological expansion by means of dynamically changing their own parameters. One of the features of the fermions in CLEP state is that in the late time universe their masses increase as a3/2 (a=a(t) is the scale factor). The energy density of the cold dark matter consisting of neutrinos in CLEP state scales as a sort of dark energy; this cold dark matter possesses negative pressure and for the late time universe its equation of state approaches that of the cosmological constant. The total energy density of such universe is less than it would be in the universe free of fermionic matter at all.

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2

MACHADO, A. A., and F. PISANO. "CHARGED RIGHT-HANDED CURRENTS IN THE LEPTOQUARK–BILEPTON FLAVOR DYNAMICS." Modern Physics Letters A 14, no. 32 (October 20, 1999): 2223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732399002303.

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Flavor dynamics chiral models of leptoquark fermions and bilepton gauge bosons with masses up to a few TeV, although coincident with physics of the Fermi scale standard model, address the fermion mass hierarchy and explain the flavor question. The presence of charged right-handed weak currents coupled to bileptons, which we point out here, is another feature of these chiral semisimple gauge theories.

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3

ABE, HIROYUKI, HIRONORI MIGUCHI, and TAIZO MUTA. "DYNAMICAL FERMION MASSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF KALUZA–KLEIN FERMIONS IN EXTRA DIMENSIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 15, no. 06 (February 28, 2000): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000438.

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The dynamical fermion mass generation in the four-dimensional brane is discussed in a model with five-dimensional Kaluza–Klein fermions in interaction with four-dimensional fermions. It is found that the dynamical fermion masses are generated beyond the critical radius of the compactified extra dimensional space and may be made small compared with the masses of the Kaluza–Klein modes.

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4

EBERT, D., V. CH ZHUKOVSKY, and A. V. TYUKOV. "DYNAMICAL FERMION MASSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF KALUZA–KLEIN FERMIONS AND A BULK ABELIAN GAUGE FIELD." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 35 (November 20, 2010): 2933–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310034249.

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The dynamical fermion mass generation on the 3-brane in the 5D spacetime is discussed in a model with bulk fermions in interaction with fermions on the branes assuming the presence of a constant Abelian gauge field A5 in the bulk. We calculate the effective potential as a function of the fermion masses and the gauge field A5. The masses can be found from the stationarity condition for the effective potential (the gap equation). We formulate the equation for the mass spectrum of the 4D-fermions. The phases with finite and vanishing fermion masses are studied and the dependence of the masses on the radius of the fifth dimension is analyzed. The influence of the A5-gauge field on the symmetry breaking is considered both when this field is a background parameter and a dynamical variable. The critical values of the A5 field, the coupling constant and the radius are examined.

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SESHAVATHARAM, U. V. S., and S. LAKSHMINARAYANA. "SUPER SYMMETRY IN STRONG AND WEAK INTERACTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 02 (February 2010): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131001473x.

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For strong interaction two new fermion mass units 105.32 MeV and 11450 MeV are assumed. Existence of "Integral charge quark bosons", "Integral charge effective quark fermions", "Integral charge (effective) quark fermi-gluons" and "Integral charge quark boso-gluons" are assumed and their masses are estimated. It is noticed that, characteristic nuclear charged fermion is Xs · 105.32 = 938.8 MeV and corresponding charged boson is Xs(105.32/x) = 415.0 where Xs = 8.914 is the inverse of the strong coupling constant and x = 2.26234 is a new number by using which "super symmetry" can be seen in "strong and weak" interactions. 11450 MeV fermion and its boson of mass = 11450/x = 5060 MeV plays a crucial role in "sub quark physics" and "weak interaction". 938.8 MeV strong fermion seems to be the proton. 415 MeV strong boson seems to be the mother of the presently believed 493,496 and 547 MeV etc, strange mesons. With 11450 MeV fermion "effective quark-fermi-gluons" and with 5060 MeV boson "quark boso-gluon masses" are estimated. "Effective quark fermi-gluons" plays a crucial role in ground state charged baryons mass generation. Light quark bosons couple with these charged baryons to form doublets and triplets. "Quark boso-gluons" plays a crucial role in ground state neutral and charged mesons mass generation. Fine and super-fine rotational levels can be given by [I or (I/2)] power(1/4) and [I or (I/2)] power(1/12) respectively. Here, I = n(n+1) and n = 1, 2, 3, ….

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6

PILAFTSIS, APOSTOLOS. "ANOMALOUS FERMION MASS GENERATION AT THREE LOOPS." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 22 (July 18, 2013): 1350083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313500831.

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We present a novel mechanism for generating fermion masses through global anomalies at the three-loop level. In a gauge theory, global anomalies are triggered by the possible existence of scalar or pseudoscalar states and heavy fermions, whose masses may not necessarily result from spontaneous symmetry breaking. The implications of this mass-generating mechanism for model building are discussed, including the possibility of creating low-scale fermion masses by quantum gravity effects.

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7

GUENDELMAN, E. I., and A. B. KAGANOVICH. "GEOMETRICAL ORIGIN OF FERMION FAMILIES IN SU(2) × U(1) GAUGE THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 17, no. 19 (June 21, 2002): 1227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732302007351.

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A spontaneously broken SU (2) × U (1) gauge theory with just one "primordial" generation of fermions is formulated in the context of generally covariant theory which contains two measures of integration in the action: the standard [Formula: see text] and a new Φd4x, where Φ is a density built out of degrees of freedom independent of the metric. Such type of models are known to produce a satisfactory answer to the cosmological constant problem. Global scale invariance is implemented. After SSB of scale invariance and gauge symmetry it is found that with the conditions appropriate to laboratory particle physics experiments, to each primordial fermion field corresponds three physical fermionic states. Two of them correspond to particles with different constant masses and they are identified with the first two generations of the electroweak theory. The third fermionic states at the classical level get nonpolynomial interactions which indicate the existence of fermionic condensate and fermionic mass generation.

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8

MIZRACHI, LEAH. "FERMIONIC CONDENSATES IN SUPERSYMMETRIC COMPOSITE MODELS." Modern Physics Letters A 01, no. 05 (August 1986): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732386000440.

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Fermionic condensates are calculated in a background of instantons in a supersymmetric composite model based upon SU(2) hypercolor symmetry. Due to the effective 4-fermi interaction of the composites, the quasi-Goldstone fermion acquires a mass which is much smaller than ΛHC provided the gauge symmetry breaking scale, υ, is large enough for the approximation to be valid. (Typically υ≃eΛHC.) This provides a dynamical mechanism for generating the masses of quarks and leptons in this class of models.

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9

SARIRIAN, KAMRAN. "ON FERMION ZERO MODES IN INSTANTON V - A MODELS WITH SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING." Modern Physics Letters A 09, no. 08 (March 14, 1994): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732394000526.

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The left- and right-handed fermion zero modes are examined. Their behavior under the variation of the size of the instanton, ρ I , and the size of the Higgs core, ρ H , for a range of Yukawa couplings corresponding to the fermion masses in the electroweak theory are studied. It is shown that the characteristic radii of the zero modes, in particular those of the left-handed fermions, are locked to the instanton size, and are not affected by the variation of ρ H , except for fermion masses much larger than those in the standard electroweak theory.

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10

KIKUKAWA, YOSHIO. "CHIRAL SYMMETRY AND OPERATOR MIXING IN LATTICE SU(N) THIRRING MODEL WITH SHIFT SYMMETRY." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 10 (March 28, 1992): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392003517.

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We formulate lattice SU (N) Thirring model in which two Wilson fermions describe the respective left- and right-handed components of the Dirac fermion in the continuum model. Only chirally projected half components of the Wilson fermions have four-fermion interaction. As to their non-interacting components, there exist shift symmetries discussed by Golterman and Petcher. Axial U (1) Ward-Takahashi identity is examined by weak coupling expansion. It is shown in all orders of the weak coupling expansion that the chiral limit is achieved by simply setting fermion bare mass equal to zero, and that a lattice operator has no mixing due to the Wilson masses with the operators of wrong chiral representation and of lower dimensionality.

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11

McKellar, Bruce H. J., T. J. Goldman, and G. J. Stephenson. "Effective masses in a dense fermion background — Applied to neutrinos, dark matter and dark energy." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 21 (August 20, 2014): 1444010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14440102.

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If fermions interact with a scalar field, and there are many fermions present the scalar field may develop an expectation value and generate an effective mass for the fermions. This can lead to the formation of fermion clusters, which could be relevant for neutrino astrophysics and for dark matter astrophysics. Because this system may exhibit negative pressure, it also leads to a model of dark energy.

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12

Lu, Wei. "A Clifford algebra approach to chiral symmetry breaking and fermion mass hierarchies." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 26 (September 20, 2017): 1750159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501597.

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We propose a Clifford algebra approach to chiral symmetry breaking and fermion mass hierarchies in the context of composite Higgs bosons. Standard model fermions are represented by algebraic spinors of six-dimensional binary Clifford algebra, while ternary Clifford algebra-related flavor projection operators control allowable flavor-mixing interactions. There are three composite electroweak Higgs bosons resulted from top quark, tau neutrino, and tau lepton condensations. Each of the three condensations gives rise to masses of four different fermions. The fermion mass hierarchies within these three groups are determined by four-fermion condensations, which break two global chiral symmetries. The four-fermion condensations induce axion-like pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone bosons and can be dark matter candidates. In addition to the 125 GeV Higgs boson observed at the Large Hadron Collider, we anticipate detection of tau neutrino composite Higgs boson via the charm quark decay channel.

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13

Rinaldi, E. "Investigation of the scalar spectrum in SU (3) with eight degenerate flavors." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 35 (December 20, 2017): 1747002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17470029.

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The Lattice Strong Dynamics collaboration is investigating the properties of a SU(3) gauge theory with [Formula: see text] light fermions on the lattice. We measure the masses of the lightest pseudoscalar, scalar and vector states using simulations with the nHYP staggered-fermion action on large volumes and at small fermion masses, reaching [Formula: see text]. The axial-vector meson and the nucleon are also studied for the same range of fermion masses. One of the interesting features of this theory is the dynamical presence of a light flavor-singlet scalar state with [Formula: see text] quantum numbers that is lighter than the vector resonance and has a mass consistent with the one of the pseudoscalar state for the whole fermion mass range explored. We comment on the existence of such state emerging from our lattice simulations and on the challenges of its analysis. Moreover we highlight the difficulties in pursuing simulations in the chiral regime of this theory using large volumes.

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14

RAJPOOT, S. "SEE-SAW MASSES FOR QUARKS AND LEPTONS IN AN AMBIDEXTROUS ELECTROWEAK INTERACTION MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 02, no. 05 (May 1987): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732387000422.

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An ambidextrous electroweak interaction model with SU (2)L× SU (2)R× U (1) gauge symmetry is described in which the conventional quarks and leptons are accompanied by a set of new fermions that transform as singlets of SU (2)L× SU (2)R. The model has only two doublets of Higgs scalars. The masses of all known quarks and leptons result from the see-saw mechanism between the conventional fermions and the new “singlet” fermions. Neutrino neutral current interactions are identical to those of the standard SU (2)L× U (1) model. The singlet fermion masses lie in the 100-GeV to 1-TeV range to be probed by the oncoming accelerators of the 1990’s.

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15

Seshavatharam, U. V. S., and S. Lakshminarayana. "4G model of final unification – A brief report." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2197, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2197/1/012029.

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Abstract To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

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16

PALHARES, LETÍCIA F., and EDUARDO S. FRAGA. "RENORMALIZATION GROUP FLOW IN COLD AND DENSE YUKAWA THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 09 (October 2007): 2806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307008458.

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We analyze the role of renormalization group (RG) running of the coupling and fermion masses in perturbative Yukawa theory at finite density. The dependence of the RG flow on the number of fermion flavors is discussed. Results for the fermionic contribution to the two-loop pressure at zero temperature and finite density are presented for NF = 4, and finite fermion mass effects are shown to be an important correction.

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17

DOFF, A., and F. PISANO. "CHARGE QUANTIZATION IN THE LARGEST LEPTOQUARK–BILEPTON CHIRAL ELECTROWEAK SCHEME." Modern Physics Letters A 14, no. 17 (June 7, 1999): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732399001218.

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The uniqueness of the hypercharge assignments in the three-fermion families leptoquark–bilepton SU (3)C× SU (4)L× U (1)N model is established. Although the gauge group contains an explicit U(1) factor, freedom from triangle anomalies combined with the requirement of nonvanishing charged fermion masses uniquely fix the electric charges of all fermions independently of the neutrinos being massless or not. The electric-charge quantization, flavor family replication, and the existence of three colors are interwoven.

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18

Masuda, Keisuke, and Daisuke Yamamoto. "Cooper Pairing of Fermions with Unequal Masses in Heavy-Fermion Systems." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 81, Suppl.B (January 2012): SB010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsjs.81sb.sb010.

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19

Doff, A. "Mass splitting in an 331-TC coupled scenario." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 27 (September 30, 2020): 2050169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20501699.

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The root of most of the technicolor (TC) problems lies in the way the ordinary fermions acquire their masses, where an ordinary fermion [Formula: see text] couples to a technifermion [Formula: see text] mediated by an extended technicolor (ETC) boson leading to fermion masses that vary with the ETC mass scale [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text]. Recently, we discussed a new approach consisting of models where TC and QCD are coupled through a larger theory, in this case the solutions of these equations are modified compared to those of the isolated equations, and TC and QCD self-energies are of the irregular form, which allows us to build models where ETC boson masses can be pushed to very high energies. In this work we extend these results for 331-TC models, in particular considering a coupled system of Schwinger–Dyson equations, we show that all technifermions of the model exhibit the same asymptotic behavior for TC self-energies. As an application we discuss how the mass splitting of the order [Formula: see text](100) GeV could be generated between the second and third generation of fermions.

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20

Fox, M., W. Grimus, and M. Löschner. "Renormalization and radiative corrections to masses in a general Yukawa model." International Journal of Modern Physics A 33, no. 03 (January 30, 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x18500197.

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We consider a model with arbitrary numbers of Majorana fermion fields and real scalar fields [Formula: see text], general Yukawa couplings and a [Formula: see text] symmetry that forbids linear and trilinear terms in the scalar potential. Moreover, fermions become massive only after spontaneous symmetry breaking of the [Formula: see text] symmetry by vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of the [Formula: see text]. Introducing the shifted fields [Formula: see text] whose VEVs vanish, [Formula: see text] renormalization of the parameters of the unbroken theory suffices to make the theory finite. However, in this way, beyond tree level it is necessary to perform finite shifts of the tree-level VEVs, induced by the finite parts of the tadpole diagrams, in order to ensure vanishing one-point functions of the [Formula: see text]. Moreover, adapting the renormalization scheme to a situation with many scalars and VEVs, we consider the physical fermion and scalar masses as derived quantities, i.e. as functions of the coupling constants and VEVs. Consequently, the masses have to be computed order by order in a perturbative expansion. In this scheme, we compute the self-energies of fermions and bosons and show how to obtain the respective one-loop contributions to the tree-level masses. Furthermore, we discuss the modification of our results in the case of Dirac fermions and investigate, by way of an example, the effects of a flavor symmetry group.

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21

Binétruy, P. "Fermion masses." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 62, no. 1-3 (March 1998): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(97)00652-x.

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22

Raju, Chandra. "Fermion masses." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 36, no. 12 (December 1986): 1350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01959559.

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23

ZHANG, HONG-HAO, YUE CAO, and QING WANG. "THE EFFECTS ON S, T AND U FROM HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL FERMION REPRESENTATIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 33 (October 30, 2007): 2533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307022736.

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Inspired by a new class of walking technicolor models recently proposed using higher-dimensional technifermions, we consider the oblique corrections from heavy nondegenerate fermions with two classes of higher-dimensional representations of the electroweak gauge group itself. One is chiral SM-like, and the other is vector-like. In both cases, we obtain explicit expressions for S, T, U in terms of the fermion masses. We find that to keep the T parameter ultraviolet-finite, there must be a stringent constraint on the mass nondegeneracy of a heavy fermion multiplet.

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24

Liu, Zhi-Cheng, Chong-Xing Yue, and Zhen-Hua Zhao. "Production of the triply charged leptons at the LHC." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 30 (September 28, 2018): 1850174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318501742.

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The neutrino masses can be ascribed to some operators of higher dimension than the Weinberg operator, so that the energy scale of underlying theory can be lowered to an accessible level for the ongoing or upcoming colliders. We hereby consider an interesting model in this connection where quintuplet fermions with hypercharge [Formula: see text]2 are introduced and therefore the neutrino masses are produced by dimension-11 operators. These exotic fermions can be pairly produced at the LHC via electroweak interactions and subsequently decay to multiple leptons. We simulate the relevant signal and backgrounds of the triply charged fermion in this model, and give the needed integrated luminosity to observe such a particle at the 13 TeV LHC.

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25

Stumpf, H. "Formfactors of Relativistic Composite Particle Interactions in Unified Nonlinear Spinorfield Models." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 752–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0717.

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Unified nonlinear spinorfield models are self-regularizing quantum field theories in which all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states of fermionic preon fields. Due to their large masses the preons themselves are confined and below the threshold of preon production the effective dynamics of the model is only concerned with bound state reactions. In preceding papers a functional energy representation, the statistical interpretation and the dynamical equations were derived and the effective dynamics for preon-antipreon boson states and three preon-fermion states (with corresponding anti-fermions) was studied in the low energy limit. The transformation of the functional energy representation of the spinorfield into composite particle functional operators produced a hierarchy of effective interactions at the composite particle level, the leading terms of which are identical with the functional energy representation of a phenomenological boson-fermion coupling theory. In this paper these calculations are extended into the high energy range. This leads to formfactors for the composite particle interaction terms which are calculated in a rough approximation and which in principle are observable. In addition, the mathematical and physical interpretation of nonlocal quantum field theories and the meaning of the mapping procedure, its relativistic invariance etc. are discussed.

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CHAMOUN, N., and S. KHALIL. "FERMION MASSES AND MIXING IN FOUR AND MORE DIMENSIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 31 (December 20, 2006): 6267–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06033131.

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We give an overview of recent progress in the study of fermion mass and flavor mixing phenomena. Mass matrix ansatze are considered within the Standard Model (SM) and SUSY GUT's where some predictive frameworks based on SU(5) and SO(10) are reviewed. We describe a variety of schemes to construct quark mass matrices in extra dimensions focusing on four major classes: models with the SM residing on 3-brane, models with universal extra dimensions, models with split fermions and models with warped extra dimensions. We outline how realistic patterns of quark mass matrices could be derived from orbifold models in heterotic superstring theory. Finally, we address the fermion mass problem in intersecting D-branes scenarios, and present models with D6-branes able to give a good quantitatively description of quark masses and mixing. The role of flavor/CP violation problem as a probe of new physics is emphasized.

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TRIANTAPHYLLOU, GEORGE. "MASS GENERATION AND THE DYNAMICAL ROLE OF THE KATOPTRON GROUP." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 02 (January 20, 2001): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301002274.

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Heavy mirror fermions along with a new strong gauge interaction capable of breaking the electroweak gauge symmetry dynamically were recently introduced under the name of katoptrons. Their main function is to provide a viable alternative to the Standard-Model Higgs sector. In such a framework, ordinary fermions acquire masses after the breaking of the strong katoptron group which allows mixing with their katoptron partners. The purpose of this letter is to study the elementary-scalars-free mechanism responsible for this breaking and its implications for the fermion mass hierarchies.

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Das, Ashok K., Jorge Gamboa, Fernando Méndez, and Natalia Tapia. "Testing dark matter with the anomalous magnetic moment in a dark matter quantum electrodynamics model." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 33 (October 19, 2017): 1750175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317501759.

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We consider a model of dark quantum electrodynamics (QEDs) which is coupled to a visible photon through a kinetic mixing term. We compute the [Formula: see text] for the dark fermion, where [Formula: see text] is its gyromagnetic factor. We show that the [Formula: see text] of the dark fermion is related to the [Formula: see text] of (visible) QEDs through a constant which depends on the kinetic mixing factor. We determine [Formula: see text] as a function of the mass ratio [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] denote the masses of the dark photon and the dark fermion, respectively, and we show how [Formula: see text] becomes very different for light and heavy fermions around [Formula: see text] eV.

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29

Holdom, Bob. "Four-Fermion Dynamics and Fermion Masses." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 123 (1996): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.123.71.

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GUENDELMAN, E. I., and A. B. KAGANOVICH. "FERMION FAMILIES AND LONG-RANGE FORCE PROBLEMS: INTERRELATION AND RESOLUTION." International Journal of Modern Physics D 11, no. 10 (December 2002): 1591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271802002943.

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We study a generally covariant model with SSB of scale invariance where two measures of integration in the action enter: the standard [Formula: see text] and a new Φd4x, where Φ is a density built out of degrees of freedom independent of the metric. Under normal laboratory conditions where the fermionic matter dominates, it is found that starting from a single fermionic field we obtain exactly three different types of spin 1/2 particles which can be identified with known fermion families. It is automatically achieved that for two of them, fermion masses are constants, the energy-momentum tensor is canonical and the "fifth force" is absent. For the third family, a self-interaction appears as a result of SSB of scale invariance.

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31

Zhou, Bang-Rong. "Masses of Heavy Fermions and Higgs Boson in Four-Generation Fermion Condensate Scheme." Communications in Theoretical Physics 26, no. 2 (September 15, 1996): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/26/2/235.

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32

Zhang, Ying. "A unified Yukawa interaction for the Standard Model of quarks and leptons." Modern Physics Letters A 36, no. 27 (September 7, 2021): 2150196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732321501960.

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To address fermion mass hierarchy and flavor mixings in the quark and lepton sectors, a minimal flavor structure without any redundant parameters beyond phenomenological observables is proposed via decomposition of the Standard Model Yukawa mass matrix into a bi-unitary form. After reviewing the roles and parameterization of the factorized matrix [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in fermion masses and mixings, we generalize the mechanism to up- and down-type fermions to unify them into a universal quark/lepton Yukawa interaction. In the same way, a unified form of the description of the quark and lepton Yukawa interactions is also proposed, which shows a similar picture as the unification of gauge interactions.

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33

Capitani, Stefano, Giulia Maria De Divitiis, Petros Dimopoulos, Roberto Frezzotti, Marco Garofalo, Bastian Knippschild, Bartosz Kostrzewa, Ferenc Pittler, Giancarlo Rossi, and Carsten Urbach. "Testing a non-perturbative mechanism for elementary fermion mass generation: numerical results." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817508008.

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Based on a recent proposal according to which elementary particle masses could be generated by a non-perturbative dynamical phenomenon, alternative to the Higgs mechanism, we carry out lattice simulations of a model where a non-abelian strongly interacting fermion doublet is also coupled to a doublet of complex scalar fields via a Yukawa and an “irrelevant" Wilson-like term. In this pioneering study we use naive fermions and work in the quenched approximation. We present preliminary numerical results both in the Wigner and in the Nambu-Goldstone phase, focusing on the observables relevant to check the occurrence of the conjectured dynamical fermion mass generation effect in the continuum limit of the critical theory in its spontaneously broken phase.

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34

Jiménez, José C., and Eduardo S. Fraga. "Radial Oscillations of Quark Stars Admixed with Dark Matter." Universe 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8010034.

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We investigated compact stars consisting of cold quark matter and fermionic dark matter treated as two admixed fluids. We computed the stellar structures and fundamental radial oscillation frequencies of different masses of the dark fermion in the cases of weak and strong self-interacting dark matter. We found that the fundamental frequency can be dramatically modified and, in some cases, stable dark strange planets and dark strangelets with very low masses and radii can be formed.

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35

Tuominen, K. "Dynamical origin of the electroweak scale and a 125 GeV boson." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 35 (December 20, 2017): 1747008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1747008x.

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A fully dynamical origin for the masses of weak gauge bosons and heavy quarks of the Standard Model is considered. Electroweak symmetry breaking and the gauge boson masses arise from new strong dynamics, which leads to the appearance of a composite scalar in the spectrum of excitations. In order to generate mass for the Standard Model fermions, we consider extended gauge dynamics, effectively represented by four fermion interactions at presently accessible energies. By systematically treating these interactions, we show that they lead to a large reduction of the mass of the scalar resonance. Therefore, interpreting the scalar as the recently observed 125 GeV state, implies that the mass originating solely from new strong dynamics can be much heavier, of the order of 1 TeV. The couplings of the scalar resonance with the Standard Model gauge bosons and fermions are evaluated, and found to be compatible with the current LHC results.

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36

ZHURIDOV, DMITRY V. "NEUTRINO MASSES AND LEPTOGENESIS FROM EXTRA FERMIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 21 (August 20, 2013): 1350104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501042.

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Generation of the neutrino masses and leptogenesis (LG) in the standard model extended by the heavy Majorana fermions is considered. Classification of LG scenarios according to the new fermion mass spectra is given, where singlet–triplet LG is considered for the first time. The upper bound on the CP asymmetry relevant for LG with hierarchical heavy neutrinos (Davidson–Ibarra bound) is revised, and shown that in the case of one massless neutrino it essentially depends on the type of the light neutrino mass hierarchy. The resonant scenarios, which help to avoid the problem of extremely high reheating temperature in the early universe, are discussed. In particular, we present new simplified, generalized and detailed formulation of freed LG, which violates Davidson–Ibarra bound in a special class of models.

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37

Weigel, H., M. Quandt, and N. Graham. "Quantum stabilization of cosmic strings." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 27 (August 13, 2015): 1530022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315300220.

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In the standard model, stabilization of a classically unstable cosmic string may occur through the quantum fluctuations of a heavy fermion doublet. We review numerical results from a semiclassical expansion in a reduced version of the standard model. In this expansion, the leading quantum corrections emerge at one loop level for many internal degrees of freedom. The resulting vacuum polarization energy and the binding energies of occupied fermion energy levels are of the same order, and must therefore be treated on equal footing. Populating these bound states lowers the total energy compared to the same number of free fermions and assigns a charge to the string. Charged strings are already stabilized for a fermion mass only somewhat larger than the top quark mass. Though obtained in a reduced version, these results suggest that neither extraordinarily large fermion masses nor unrealistic couplings are required to bind a cosmic string in the standard model. Furthermore, we also review results for a quantum stabilization mechanism that prevents closed Nielsen–Olesen-type strings from collapsing.

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38

Li, Bing An. "Masses of W and Z bosons without spontaneous symmetry breaking." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01a (October 2001): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01006905.

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A new dynamical symmetry breaking of SU(2)L × U(1) caused by the combination of the axial-vector component and the fermion mass is found in electroweak theory. The masses of the W and the Z bosons are obtained to be [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The Fermi constant is determined to be [Formula: see text].

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39

MIRONOV, SERGEY, MIKHAIL OSIPOV, and SABIR RAMAZANOV. "STANDARD MODEL IN AdS SLICE WITH UV-LOCALIZED HIGGS FIELD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2010): 3641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10049797.

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We discuss five-dimensional Standard Model in a slice of AdS space–time with the Higgs field residing near or on the UV brane. Allowing fermion fields to propagate in the bulk, we obtain the hierarchy of their masses and quark mixings without introducing large or small Yukawa couplings. However, the interaction of fermions with the Higgs and gauge boson KK excitations gives rise to FCNC with no built-in suppression mechanism. This strongly constrains the scale of KK masses. We also discuss neutrino mass generation via KK excitations of the Higgs field. We find that this mechanism is subdominant in the scenarios of spontaneous symmetry breaking we consider.

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Mavromatos, Nick E. "Non-Hermitian Yukawa interactions of fermions with axions: potential microscopic origin and dynamical mass generation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2038, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2038/1/012019.

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Abstract In this mini review, we discuss some recent developments regarding properties of (quantum) field-theory models containing anti-Hermitian Yukawa interactions between pseudoscalar fields (axions) and Dirac (or Majorana) fermions. Specifically, we first motivate physically such interactions, in the context of string-inspired low-energy effective field theories, involving right-handed neutrinos and axion fields. Then we proceed to discuss their formal consistency within the so-called Parity-Time-reversal(PT)-symmetry framework. Subsequently, we review dynamical mass generation, induced by the Yukawa interactions, for both fermions and axions. The Yukawa couplings are assumed weak, given that they are conjectured to have been generated by non-perturbative effects in the underlying microscopic string theory. The models under discussion contain, in addition to the Yukawa terms, also anti-Hermitian anomalous derivative couplings of the pseudoscalar fields to axial fermion currents, as well as interactions of the fermions with non-Hermitian axial backgrounds. We discuss the role of such additional couplings on the Yukawa-induced dynamically-generated masses. For the case where the fermions are right-handed neutrinos, we compare such masses with the radiative ones induced by both, the anti-Hermitian anomalous terms and the anti-Hermitian Yukawa interactions in phenomenologically relevant models.

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41

FOOT, R., and S. TITARD. "GAUGE BOSON MASSES FROM FERMION MASSES?" Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 22 (July 20, 1992): 1991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392001713.

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We examine the possibility that the masses of the W and Z gauge bosons are induced radiatively from the masses of heavy fermions. From experiment we know that [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]. We point out that this relation can be naturally obtained if the W and Z boson masses are radiatively generated from heavy fermions which arise from a mass matrix which has large electroweak violating masses as well as very large electroweak invariant masses. Two examples of this are considered: The usual see-saw neutrino model and the SU(5)c/quark-lepton symmetric models.

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TRIANTAPHYLLOU, GEORGE. "STRATEGY TOWARDS MIRROR-FERMION SIGNATURES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 02 (January 20, 2000): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00000124.

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The existence of mirror fermions interacting strongly under a new gauge group and having masses near the electroweak scale has been recently proposed as a viable alternative to the standard-model Higgs mechanism. The main purpose of this work is to investigate which specific experimental signals are needed to clearly differentiate the mirror-fermion model from other new-physics models. In particular, the case is made for a future large lepton collider with c.o.m. energies of roughly 4 TeV or higher.

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43

FAYYAZUDDIN. "ELECTROWEAK UNIFICATION OF QUARKS AND LEPTONS IN A GAUGE GROUP SUC(3) × SU(4) × UX(1)." International Journal of Modern Physics A 27, no. 21 (August 20, 2012): 1250117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x12501175.

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A model for electroweak unification of quarks and leptons, in a gauge group SUC(3) × SU(4) × UX(1) is constructed. The model requires, three generations of quarks and leptons which are replicas (mirror) of the standard quarks and leptons. The gauge group SU(4) × UX(1) is broken in such a way so as to reproduce standard model and to generate heavy masses for the vector bosons [Formula: see text], the leptoquarks and mirror fermions. It is shown lower limit on mass scale of mirror fermions is [Formula: see text], E- being the lightest mirror fermion coupled to Z boson. As the universe expands, the heavy matter is decoupled at an early stage of expansion and may be a source of dark matter. Leptoquarks in the model connect the standard model and mirror fermions. Baryon genesis in our universe implies antibaryon genesis in mirror universe.

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44

Vien, Vo Van, and Hoang Ngoc Long. "Neutrino mixing with nonzero θ13 and CP violation in the 3-3-1 model based on A4 flavor symmetry." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 21 (July 22, 2015): 1550117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15501171.

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We propose a 3-3-1 model with neutral fermions based on [Formula: see text] flavor symmetry responsible for fermion masses and mixings with nonzero [Formula: see text]. To get realistic neutrino mixing, we just add a new [Formula: see text] triplet being in [Formula: see text] under [Formula: see text]. The neutrinos get small masses from two [Formula: see text] antisextets and one [Formula: see text] triplet. The model can fit the present data on neutrino masses and mixing as well as the effective mass governing neutrinoless double beta decay. Our results show that the neutrino masses are naturally small and a little deviation from the tri-bimaximal neutrino mixing form can be realized. The Dirac CP violation phase [Formula: see text] is predicted to either [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text].

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45

Coleridge, P. T., Z. W. Wasilewski, P. Zawadzki, A. S. Sachrajda, and H. A. Carmona. "Composite-fermion effective masses." Physical Review B 52, no. 16 (October 15, 1995): R11603—R11606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.52.r11603.

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46

Ross, G. G., and L. Velasco-Sevilla. "Symmetries and fermion masses." Nuclear Physics B 653, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(03)00041-5.

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MOFFAT, J. W. "ORIGIN OF FERMION MASSES." Modern Physics Letters A 06, no. 40 (December 28, 1991): 3697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732391004280.

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An eigenvalue equation for the spectrum of lepton and quark is obtained from a truncated set of Tamm-Dancoff integral equations, generated by a four-fermion interaction based on a finite nonlocal quantum field theory. Eigenvalue equations for the meson and baryon mass spectra are also derived and integral equations are proposed for the scattering amplitudes, which can be used to calculate coupling constants in the nonlocal version of the standard model.

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48

Chun, Liu. "Supersymmetry for Fermion Masses." Communications in Theoretical Physics 47, no. 6 (June 2007): 1088–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/47/6/025.

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49

Chang, Darwin, and Jiang Liu. "Radiative-induced fermion masses." Physical Review D 38, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.38.327.

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50

Bijnens, J., and C. Wetterich. "Fermion masses from symmetry." Nuclear Physics B 283 (January 1987): 237–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(87)90271-9.

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