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Academic literature on the topic 'Feral goats'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Feral goats"

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Pisanu, Philip, Paul Bayne, Robert Harden, and Ann Eggert. "Feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in the Macleay River gorge system, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. II. Impacts on rainforest vegetation." Wildlife Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03085.

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The impacts of feral goats in rainforests and thickets of the Macleay River system were studied. Rainforest floristics and diversity and goat browsing were measured over five years in a large-scale experiment with two experimental controls (density <1 goat km–2 and density ~20 goats km–2), and a goat-removal treatment (670-ha exclosure, initial density ~20 goats km–2). Feral goats browsed forb, shrub, tree and vine species. Sites with many goats were browsed at significantly higher levels than sites from which goats were removed and sites where goats occurred at very low density (<1 goat km–2). Contrary to findings in other studies, no plant species declined substantially where goat densities remained high throughout the study. Only the native forb Urtica incisa increased markedly following removal of goats. High goat numbers were not linked to increased exotic species abundances. At the community scale, species richness, diversity and evenness did not vary substantially among treatments in any year, nor did ordinations of sites (multidimensional scaling) reveal any pattern of site similarity between years that could be related to either goat presence or absence. Rainfall may have influenced plant density and masked the effects of feral goats. Rainforests in the region appear to be resilient to browsing under present feral goat densities, probably because goats feed predominantly in adjacent grassy woodlands and forests. However, we recommend a precautionary approach to feral goat management as these rainforests and thickets are of high conservation value.

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Holt, C., and G. Pickles. "Home Range Responses of Feral Goats." Rangeland Journal 18, no. 1 (1996): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9960144.

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The variability in size and the extent of the overlap of feral goat home ranges are important considerations when formulating control strategies. Radio telemetry data revealed home range sizes were similar to what was found in other studies performed in pastoral areas. This study confirms the need for a wide ranging cooperative approach, by neighbouring pastoral properties, to feral goat control if all the feral goats using an area are to be targeted. Aerial control activities had little effect on the home ranges of resident feral goats and so can continue to be an effective control tool without causing the reinfestation of previously cleared areas.

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Edwards, GP, TF Clancy, J. Lee, and J. Mcdonnell. "An Evaluation of Feral Goat Control Methods on Currawinya National Park, South-Western Queensland." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 2 (1997): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970166.

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This study was designed to develop monitoring techniques based on aerial survey and to evaluate the effectiveness of control methods for large feral herbivores (especially goats) in the mulga woodlands. It was conducted on a study site in south-western Queensland encompassing Currawinya National Park. Two control programs were undertaken on the park: a ground-based shooting program and a two-stage live-muster and aerial culling program. Population estimates of feral goats based on 100 m strip counts from a fixed-wing aircraft were 4.6/km2 for the survey block for the initial survey with a decline to less than 2/km2 by the end of the project. It was concluded that fixed-wing aerial surveys provide an accurate estimate of the density of large feral herbivores, such as goats. The first control program, based on ground-based shooting, was of only limited success. The second control program, based on contract mustering with the aid of fixed-wing aircraft followed by aerial culling using a helicopter, was very successful in reducing the number of feral goats and other feral animals. This approach represents best practice management of feral goats in the mulga woodlands. The effect of the reduction in goat numbers on goat impact within the park is yet to be evaluated.

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Russel, A. J. F., and J. E. Adkins. "Production and composition of milk from suckled feral, dairy and crossbred coats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600018523.

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The developing UK cashmere goat industry utilises a variety of goat breeds and crosses as base stock in breed improvement programmes. Native feral goats contribute small but significant quantities of very high quality fibre and the attribute of hardiness. Stock from overseas are imported to increase the weight of cashmere produced. Some dairy goats are used for their higher prolificacy and because their superior ability to rear kids is important in the production of goat meat which is a secondary but nonetheless important source of income in cashmere production enterprises.Early growth rates of feral kids have been shown to be low in relation to those of dairy breed and crossbred kids when reared by their natural mothers (Russel, Lippert, Ryder and Grant, 1986) but it is not known whether this is a result of a low potential growth rate or a limitation in the production or composition of their dams’ milk.Little is known of the milk production characteristics of feral goats or even of dairy goats kept under suckling as opposed to milking regimes. This paper describes the milk production characteristics of suckled feral, dairy and feral x dairy goats and the effects of these characteristics on early kid growth rate.

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Khairo, S. A., R. B. Hacker, T. L. Atkinson, and G. L. Turnbull. "Alternative strategies for management of feral goats: implications for natural resource management policies in New South Wales rangelands." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 2 (2013): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj13020.

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Feral goats (Capra hircus) are increasing in abundance and distribution in the semi-arid and arid rangelands of New South Wales, and elsewhere in the southern rangelands. They present a conundrum for natural resource managers and policy-makers as they can be both an agricultural and environmental pest and an economic resource for landholders. This paper presents an economic analysis of a range of alternative approaches to feral goat management and assesses their implications for natural resource management policies. ‘Opportunistic harvesting’ and ‘value-added’ strategies (the latter involving use of a paddock to increase the liveweight of feral goats before slaughter for meat) returned positive net benefits to landholders, whereas the strategy of ‘no management’ resulted in a negative net benefit if the overall stocking rate was held constant. The erection of goat-proof boundary fencing to enhance production from domestic livestock generated negative net benefits unless increases in stocking rates of domestic livestock could be achieved within the exclusion fencing through improved grazing management. The use of goat-proof fencing to establish an individual paddock for domestic livestock production returned positive net benefit for landholders but also required increases in domestic stocking rate to be competitive with the best feral goat harvesting strategy. The ‘opportunistic harvesting’ and ‘value added’ strategies are thus likely to be adopted by producers without financial incentive and could result in positive resource conservation outcomes if goat prices encourage harvesting. The ‘no management’ strategy will most likely promote resource degradation and should be discouraged. Strategies involving goat-proof fencing are likely to provide positive net benefits for landholders and achieve positive natural resource outcomes if associated with improved grazing management, and reduced density of feral goats outside the exclusion fencing. It is concluded that resource conservation benefits of feral goat control strategies may be positive, negative, or neutral depending on the management strategy adopted, the extent of goat-proof fencing, and the price of meat from feral goats. It is, therefore, difficult to rely on the commercial harvesting of feral goats to achieve resource conservation objectives. Public funds could be better used to support education and training in grazing management and provide incentives for achievement of measurable natural resource outcomes than to support infrastructure establishment for the harvesting of feral goats on private properties.

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Russell, Benjamin G., Mike Letnic, and Peter J. S. Fleming. "Managing feral goat impacts by manipulating their access to water in the rangelands." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 2 (2011): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10070.

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Feral goats are a significant threat to biodiversity in Australia. However, goats are also harvested by some landholders for commercial benefit and this can lead to disagreements regarding control techniques. In the rangelands of New South Wales, feral goat distribution is closely linked to artificial watering points (AWP) such as tanks and bores. Previous surveys indicated that goat activity was rare more than 4 km from water. We hypothesised that constructing sections of goat-proof fencing in areas where goats were feeding on National Parks but watering on neighbouring properties, such that they had to travel more than 4 km from the AWP to access the park, would result in a significant decrease in goat abundance in these areas. We tested this hypothesis in Paroo-Darling National Park, Gundabooka State Conservation Area and Gundabooka National Park using changes in index (fresh goat dung groups per 100-m transect). We also measured kangaroo dung and ground cover index changes. Twelve months after the fences were constructed, goat dung significantly declined compared with non-treatment areas and the relationship between distance to water and goat dung broke down at the treatment sites. Kangaroo indices were not affected by the fences. The results for bare ground were the same as for goat dung, with significantly less bare ground and a breakdown in the relationship with distance to water at the treatment sites after the fences were constructed, but this was due to a corresponding increase in litter rather than live vegetation. This technique can be a significant tool for protecting biodiversity from feral goats, without removing the potential for neighbouring landholders to harvest the goats. If strategically used to create zones free of resident goats around the boundaries of conservation reserves, it should increase the effectiveness of other techniques such as trapping, mustering and shooting, by reducing post-control reinvasion. Recognition of access to water as an important management tool should substantially improve our management of feral goats in the rangelands.

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Thompson, J., J. Riethmuller, D. Kelly, E. Miller, and J. C. Scanlan. "Feral goats in south-western Queensland: a permanent component of the grazing lands." Rangeland Journal 24, no. 2 (2002): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02015.

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Feral goats were harvested in south-western Queensland at four sites under two regimes (opportunistic harvesting and sustained control). We assessed how this impacted on their contribution to total grazing pressure, on soil and pasture conditions and on the economics of goat management. The population impact was not consistent across sites with the same treatment, with 62% and 84% reductions in numbers in the two northern sites (one opportunistic harvesting site and one sustained control site) while numbers in the southern sites essentially remained the same. The contribution of goats to grazing pressure ranged from 3 to 30%; kangaroos contributed 16–36%; and livestock contributed 37–72%. Harvest rates of feral goats calculated for each of the sites ranged from 17 to 41%. There was no consistent relationship between population changes and the harvest rates. Seasonal conditions had greater influence on pasture and soil conditions than did changes in feral goat populations. The average cost of mustering goats (based on 34 operations) was $1.93 per head. Mustering costs increased markedly when goat density was lower than 10/km2. Average trapping costs (based on 7 trapping programs) were $2.08 per head. This compared with on-farm prices of $16–$25 per head in 1997. Personal circumstances and preferences of individual landholders were the key determinant of the level of control undertaken. Variability in price contributed to landholders being apprehensive about the viability of the goat industry. There are few simple tools available for landholders to estimate feral goat numbers and this makes effective management of total grazing pressure difficult.

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Cassidy, Lara M., Matthew D. Teasdale, Seán Carolan, Ruth Enright, Raymond Werner, Daniel G. Bradley, Emma K. Finlay, and Valeria Mattiangeli. "Capturing goats: documenting two hundred years of mitochondrial DNA diversity among goat populations from Britain and Ireland." Biology Letters 13, no. 3 (March 2017): 20160876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0876.

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The domestic goat ( Capra hircus ) plays a key role in global agriculture, being especially prized in regions of marginal pasture. However, the advent of industrialized breeding has seen a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity within commercial populations, while high extinction rates among feral herds have further depleted the reservoir of genetic variation available. Here, we present the first survey of whole mitochondrial genomic variation among the modern and historical goat populations of Britain and Ireland using a combination of mtDNA enrichment and high throughput sequencing. Fifteen historical taxidermy samples, representing the indigenous ‘Old Goat’ populations of the islands, were sequenced alongside five modern Irish dairy goats and four feral samples from endangered populations in western Ireland. Phylogenetic and network analyses of European mitochondrial variation revealed distinct groupings dominated by historical British and Irish samples, which demonstrate a degree of maternal genetic structure between the goats of insular and continental Europe. Several Irish modern feral samples also fall within these clusters, suggesting continuity between these dwindling populations and the ancestral ‘Old Goats’ of Ireland and Britain.

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Miller, SM, JD Brooker, A. Phillips, and LL Blackall. "Streptococcus caprinus is ineffective as a rumen inoculum to improve digestion of mulga (Acacia aneura) by sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 8 (1996): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9961323.

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This study examined the distribution of Streptococcus caprinus in domestic and feral ruminants, and the effect of rumen inoculation with S. caprinus on nitrogen digestion in mulga-fed sheep. S. caprinus is a tannin-resistant rumen bacterium found in feral goats and may play a role in alleviating the nutritive depressing effects of high concentrations of plant tannins in these animals. S. caprinus was present in samples of rumen fluid from feral goats and feral camels but was not detectable in rumen fluid from sheep and domestic goats that had not previously grazed forages containing condensed tannins. A proportion of sheep, domestic goats, and cattle grazing in mulga paddocks, with either feral goats or camels, had detectable populations of S. caprinus. Pure cultures of S. caprinus grown in vitro were successfully placed in the rumen of sheep; however, nitrogen digestion was unaffected by rumen inoculation. Interactions between several populations of micro-organisms may therefore be involved in achieving improvements in protein digestion.

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Southwell, CJ, and GS Pickles. "Abundance, Distribution, and Rate of Increase of Feral Goats in Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 15, no. 2 (1993): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930334.

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Aerial survey of 1.2 million km2 of Western Australia in 1987 and 1990 indicated minimum feral goat populations (� standard error) of 363,000�44,000 and 596,500�41,200 respectively. The observed rate of increase over the three-year period was r = 0.17, corresponding to a finite rate of increase of 18% per annum. In the period between the surveys an average of 187,000 goats were known to be commercially harvested each year. The observed rate of increase is below maximum potential rates of increase predicted theoretically for goat-sized mammals and derived from age-specific fecundity and mortality data for feral goats in South Australia.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feral goats"

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Pratiwi, Ni Made Werdi. "The quality and nutritive value of meat from male Boer and Australian feral goats /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18758.pdf.

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Maas, Sylvana, and n/a. "Population dynamics and control of feral goats in a semi-arid environment." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060825.132138.

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The ability of feral herbivores to reduce the amount of food available to domestic livestock has rarely been quantified. This thesis seeks to examine the degree to which feral goats (Capra hircus) reduce the availability of pasture and shrub biomass for other herbivores. The interaction between feral goat populations and their food supply will be explored using a modelling approach. In addition to this it will also examine the cost of controlling goats and attempt to identify the cost efficient target densities for control operations. The implications of this information for management will be discussed. There are two ways an animal population can interact with its food supply, through: (1) intrinsic food shortages, and (2) extrinsic food shortages. Intrinsic food shortages occur when a negative feed-back loop exists between the animal population and their food supply. This means the animals affect the availability of their food and their food supply affects the dynamics of the animal population. Since the animals are affecting their own food supply it could be said that they will also affect the availability of that food to other herbivores if they consume the same species. Extrinsic food shortages occur when there is no feed-back from the animals to their food supply. Food availability is determined by extrinsic factors such as rainfall and is unaffected by the animal population. To determine how feral goats interact with their food supply several models will be examined, and these include: (1) single species models which use data from the animal population only. These have historically been used to identify density dependence which is commonly caused by the animal population being regulated through their food supply in the case of large herbivores, and (2) trophic models which incorporate data from at least two trophic levels in an ecosystem, in this case those being the animal population and the vegetation they are thought to consume. These models allow a more direct examination of the relationship between the feral goat population and their food supply. The various models were fitted to data collected on the field sites and the following results were obtained: (1) the dynamics of the feral goat populations could not be represented by single-species models. This was most probably due to the stochastic environment in which they lived causing the level of density dependence experienced by the goats to vary greatly masking its presence. (2) the rate of increase of the goat population could be predicted by the numerical response of rate of increase to pasture biomass. This demonstrated that food availability influenced the dynamics of the goat population. (3) goat density affected the availability of some species of shrub biomass. There was, however, no response seen in the availability of pasture species to changes in goat density. Since the study was conducted during a drought this is in agreement with other studies which indicated that goats will primarily browse during dry spells but switch to pasture species when conditions improve following rainfall. These results indicate that a negative feed-back loop does exist between feral goat populations and their food supply since the goats affected the availability of some shrub species and so they suffer intrinsic food shortages. This means goats have the ability to reduce the availability of food to other herbivores providing both are eating the same species. Cost-efficiency analysis showed that the cost of removing individual feral goats increases exponentially as density decreases because the search time per animal becomes greater. This relationship was used to construct a model that predicted the cost of achieving a target density. The model describing cost of control over density was also combined with a productivity model based on the numerical response of feral goats to pasture biomass to predict the cost of maintaining target densities under different environmental conditions. Using these models the most cost-efficient density identified was 11 goats/km2. From this study we can make the following conclusions: (1) feral goats have the ability to reduce the amount of shrub biomass available to other herbivores during dry conditions (2) their ability to influence the availability of pasture species remains unknown (3) given the cost of initial and ongoing control and the minimal benefits that result it would be difficult to justify controlling goats during a drought on the field sites.

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Cochrane, C. Hamish. "Effect of vegetation composition and hunting on habitat selection by feral goats." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Environmental Science, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4808.

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Feral goats are a continuing threat to conservation values in New Zealand. First introduced in 1773 feral goats have spread to occupy many areas of public conservation land. Organised control of feral goats by private landholders began in the early 1900s, but it was not until the mid 1930s that organised government control began. From the 1960s onwards substantial changes are evident in the philosophy governing the control of introduced herbivores in New Zealand, changes that have marked a move away from emphasising the pests per se to focusing upon the resource under threat.

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Tracey, John Paul. "Assessing estimators of feral goat (Capra hircus) abundance." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://cicada.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20050708.103427/.

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Henderson, Marilyn. "Some aspects of the production of cashmere fibre from nonselected Australian feral goats." Title page, contents and forward only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh497.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-280) and index. Deals with the domestication of the goat and the history of the cashmere industry; investigates fibre physiology and production in general; and gives a detailed account of skin histology and fibre production of goats with particular reference to the cashmere-bearing animal; followed by research related to cashmere fibre production

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Tracey, John Paul, and n/a. "Assessing estimators of feral goat (Capra hircus) abundance." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Management, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050708.103427.

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(1) Reliable measures of population abundance are essential for managing wildlife effectively. Aerial surveys provide a rapid and efficient means of surveying large mammals and many techniques have been developed to adjust for the inability to count all animals within transects. The probability of detection varies according to a range of factors which are important to consider when estimating density. Standardised survey methods developed in flat country are not readily transferable to steep terrain due to safety, access and difficulties delineating transect widths. Other methods have logistic constraints and must adhere to various other assumptions. (2) Density estimators are seldom examined using actual population size, hence their ability to correct for true bias is unknown. Studies that compare techniques are difficult to interpret because of the uncertainty of adherence to their respective assumptions. Factors influencing detection probability, estimators that correct for bias, the validity of their assumptions and how these relate to true density are important considerations for selecting suitable methods. The aim of this study was to obtain accurate and reliable methods for estimating the density of feral goats by improving predictions of detection probability, investigating the assumptions of aerial surveys, and examining the accuracy of 15 density estimators by comparing with total counts of feral goats. (3) Group size, vegetation and observer were the most important factors influencing the probability of observing a group of goats during aerial surveys. However, different approaches to analysing these data influenced the significance of variables and the predicted probabilities. Goat colour, type of helicopter, site and rear observer experience in hours were also found to be significant (P<0.05) when using likelihood equations based on all animals in the population rather than only those in the sample. The slope of the terrain was also shown to significantly (P=0.014) affect the probability of detection. (4) Indices are commonly used in wildlife management for their simplicity and practicality, but their validity has been questioned because of variable probability of detection. Results of this study suggest aerial survey indices are useful in monitoring a range of medium-sized mammal species across space and time if differences in detection probability between species, group size, vegetation and observer are considered and their effects are standardised. (5) An assumption of most sampling regimes that is fundamental but rarely examined is that animals are not counted more than once. In this study the behavioural responses of feral goats to helicopters were investigated as a basis for estimating the probability that goats were recounted. No long-term consequences were evident in feral goat behaviour of responses to helicopters. However, helicopter surveys were found to alter the structure of 42% of groups observed, with 28% of groups merging with others and 14% splitting into separate groups. Therefore, group size estimated from the air should not be considered as biologically important, and when estimating density, researchers should also avoid using group sizes determined from independent ground observations to correct group sizes determined from aerial surveys. Goats were also more likely to flush further when helicopters were within 150 m, which is close to or within standard helicopter strip widths. Substantial movement occurred between transects and 21% of goats were estimated to be available for recounting in adjacent transects. (6) Different detection probabilities between groups of goats may be particularly relevant when using double-counting, where multiple observers are �capturing� and �recapturing� animals in the same instant. Many analyses test and adjust for this �unequal catchability� assumption in different ways, with the approaches of Huggins and Alho allowing prediction of unique probability values for a range of co-variates. The approach of Chao attempts to correct for skewed distributions in small samples. The Horvitz-Thompson approach provides a useful basis for estimating abundance (or density) when detection probability can be estimated and is known to vary between observations according to a range of independent variables, and also avoids errors associated with averaging group size. (7) After correcting for recounting, the Alho estimator applied to helicopter surveys was the most accurate (Bias = 0.02) and reliable of all techniques, which suggests that estimates were improved by taking into account unconditional detection probability and correcting individual observations according to their characteristics. The positive bias evident in the Chao (Bias = 0.28) and Petersen (Bias = 0.15) aerial survey estimators may have been a result of averaging detection probability across all observations. The inconsistency and inaccuracy of the ground-based area-count technique emphasises the importance of other assumptions in density estimation, such as representative sampling and availability bias. The accuracy of index-manipulation-index techniques was dependent on the indices used. Capture-recapture estimates using mustering showed slight negative bias (Bias = -0.08), which was likely a result of increased probability of re-capture (i.e. trap happy). Ground-based capture-resight estimates were labour intensive and positively biased (Bias = 0.13), likely due to underestimating the area sampled, or overestimating the number of unmarked individuals with each sample. (8) Helicopter survey using double-counting is recommended for estimating the density of feral goats in steep terrain. However, consideration of recounting under intensive sampling regimes and adjustments for the factors that influence unconditional detection probability is required.

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Shi, Jianbin. "Habitat selection and foraging ecology of feral goats on the Isle of Rum, Scotland." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250289.

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Adkins, Nicholas. "Vegetation Assessment to Understand the Effect of Feral Goat Populations on Native Flora Composition." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7466.

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A vegetation assessment was conducted to understand the effect of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the vegetation of Isolated Hill Scenic Reserve located in Southern Marlborough. New Zealand forests evolved without the pressure of mammalian herbivores but following human settlement they became subject to intensive browsing following the introduction of exotic mammals. This study focuses on the presence of feral goats. Interest arises from the settlement of other countries and the subsequent liberations of feral goats which are now considered to be responsible for the significant removal of native vegetation as well as playing a dominant role in erosion. Changes in plant communities have occurred with the pressure of goat browsing as well as secondary effects such as habitat degradation The purpose of this research was to investigate the changes in plant species composition since the initial and subsequent research conducted in 1985 and 1994. An analysis of previous work on the diet of multiple introduced ungulate species was also conducted. Previous studies were not limited to only feral goat studies and included other introduced herbivores to provide a broad overview of diets. The New Zealand Forest Service implemented a programme for monitoring the seral forest in Isolated Hill Scenic Reserve using standard Forest Service vegetation quadrants. 32 quadrants were established, including three exclosures, in various locations around the Reserve to allow assessment of feral goat impacts on seral forests (forest whose constituents are of varied age classes). Nine forest service plots, including three exclosures were re-measured and an additional nine plots were measured. Given the progression of vegetation change that has been observed during the course of this study, both analytically and observationally, Isolated Hill Scenic Reserve in its current state, involving the notable presence of feral goats and the vegetation types will continue to diminish in diversity.

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Fleming, Peter J. S., and n/a. "Relationships between feral goats (Capra hircus) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) with reference to exotic disease transmission." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050714.142151.

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Merino sheep are the most numerous domestic livestock in Australia and feral goats are wide-spread and locally abundant in many of the regions where sheep are grazed. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a disease of ungulates that causes severe economic hardship to countries where outbreaks occur or where it has become endemic. In India, Africa, Greece and recently the United Kingdom and Eire, sheep and goats have been implicated in the spread and maintenance of FMD. In Australia, there are contingency plans (AUSVETPLANS) for dealing with an outbreak of FMD. Included in those plans are strategies for control of the disease in feral ungulates including feral pigs and feral goats. Modelling has provided assistance in developing strategies to combat outbreaks in feral pigs and for controlling outbreaks in domestic livestock. No models have been constructed to aid decisions about controlling FMD in feral goats where they co-occur with merino sheep. In Australia, the greatest densities of free-ranging feral goats and domestic livestock occur in the high rainfall zone (> 500 mm mean annual rainfall) along the eastern tablelands and adjacent slopes of the Great Dividing Range. Previous studies of feral goat biology, population dynamics and behaviour in Australia have concentrated on arid and semi-arid zones or on islands. Interactions between free ranging feral goats and merino sheep have not previously been studied in the high rainfall zone. My study investigated the ecological and behavioural characteristics of feral goats and their interactions with sympatric merino sheep at a high rainfall site in central eastern New South Wales. The population dynamics, biological and behavioural parameters of feral goats and sheep were then used to model FMD in such an environment. Deterministic temporal models and a new spatial stochastic model were used. Of particular interest were the rates of contact within and between subgroups of feral goats (termed herds and mobs), within and between subgroups of merino sheep (termed flocks and mobs), and between subgroups of the two species. Feral goats at the study site were found to be numerous (mean density = 34.94 goats km-2, from aerial surveys), in good condition, fecund and had high adult survival and low annual adult mortality (survival= 0.81�1.00) in the absence of harvesting and hunting. They had an observed instantaneous rate of increase of 0.112 per year. Annual rate of increase was similar to other sites in Australia without sustained harvesting pressure. Home ranges were small for both males (3.754 km², s.e. = 0.232, n = 116 goats) and females (2.369 km², s.e. = 0.088, n = 241 goats). From this and other Australasian studies, an inverse power function was found to be an excellent descriptor of the relationship between mean annual rainfall and female home range size. A resource selection function was fitted in a geographic information system to observational data of feral goats. The habitat selection of feral goats included a preference for wooded vegetation on eastern and north eastern aspects at higher elevations. The resource selection function was also used to set the probabilities of occurrence of feral goats in 1 ha areas of the landscape and these probabilities were used to generate heterogeneity in a spatial model of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) transmission. Daily per capita contact rates were estimated from observed contacts in the field where a contact between individuals was recognised when one approached within 1 body length ([approx] 1m) of another. The contacts between feral goats within herds were frequent and occurred at a rate of 6.96 (s.e. = 1.27) goat�goat contacts day-1. Sheep to sheep contacts were slightly less frequent (4.22 sheep�sheep contacts day-1, s.e. = 0.65) but both estimates were most likely negatively biased because of observer errors in estimating the number of individual animals coming in contact with observation subject (focal) animals. Contacts between herds of feral goats were not common and those between adjacent populations were fewer than 1 per year. In sheep, flock to flock contact was largely governed by husbandry practices and occurred at a mean daily rate of 0.0014 flock�flock contacts. Contacts between sheep and feral goats were less frequent but nonetheless common (2.82 goat�sheep contacts day-1, s.e. = 0.40). In feral goats the size of the mob in which focal goats were observed was found to be the most important factor in determining contact rates between individuals and a counter-intuitive inverse relationship was identified. Contacts were heterogeneous and density was not an important determinant of contact rates implying that, because of the uniformly high densities at the site, saturation had occurred. The temporal models of FMDV transmission showed that the rate of contact within and between species was such that FMD was predicted to spread rapidly throughout an infected herd or flock. Control strategies of intense culling of feral goats at the population level were predicted to allow the disease to persist at low prevalence, with a small peak corresponding to the annual lambing pulse in sheep. However, the same level of control (>90% reduction) at the herd level was predicted to eliminate FMD and allow the safe reintroduction of sheep. Extreme control that left very small groups (<3 individuals) may be counter productive because such small groups are likely to join the reintroduced sheep in an effort by the goats to meet gregarious urges. The spatial model was more reassuring. It predicted that FMD would die out in a mixed sheep and feral goat population in less than 90 days because of the low rate of herd to herd contact and herd to flock contact. For similar environments, the contingency planning consequences are that an outbreak of FMD introduced into feral goats from sympatric sheep is likely to be containable by removing all the sheep, determining the extent and likely range of the feral goats, then removing a substantial proportion of or eradicating each herd. Feral goats, being relatively sedentary, are unlikely to spread to adjacent populations and the disease will die out through lack of contact between herds and populations. Because feral goat home ranges overlap and are centred on one or two small catchments, a containment ring of feral goat control, set to encompass the home range of a target herd and that of adjacent herds, should be adequate to limit spread of FMD.

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Lloyd, Katherine. "Reproductive strategies in the feral goat on the Isle of Rum, Scotland." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402317.

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Books on the topic "Feral goats"

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Parkes, John. Managing vertebrate pests: Feral goats. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1996.

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Veltman, C. J. The potential of poisoned foliage as bait for controlling feral goats (Capra hircus). Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 2002.

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Sweetapple, P. J. Assessing the response of forest understoreys to feral goat control with and without possum control. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 2002.

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Rooney, Seán. Forest mammals - management and control. Dublin: COFORD, 2002.

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Watkins, Michele. Women working toward their goals through AADAC enhanced services for women (ESW): Summary report. Edmonton]: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission, 2006.

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Watkins, Michele. Women working toward their goals through AADAC enhanced services for women (ESW): Technical report. Edmonton]: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission, 2006.

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Rainbolt, Raymond E. Control and biology of feral goats on Aldabra Atoll, Republic of Seychelles. 1997.

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Effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Aldabra Atoll. Washington, D.C: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1987.

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Seward, Dawn R'Lene. Use of the Judas goat technique to eradicate the remnant feral goat population on San Clemente Island, California. 1991.

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James, Philip. Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0006.

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Relationships between organisms within urban environments are many and varied. Plants are found in many households, and in addition to the benefits derived from their decorative properties, they also purify the air by removing pollutants. Over the course of history some animals have become domesticated: cows, horses, goats, providing food and transport. Of these, a select group have become companions (cats, dogs, and more exotic pets). Such domesticated and companion animals are an important part of the overall biology of urban environments and these relationships are explored and discussed. Some former companion or domestic animals have become feral, and other animals have never been domesticated and live freely in the urban environment. Some of these animals have beneficial relationships with humans whereas others are parasitic or are considered pests. These relationships are the focus for the later part of the exploration set out in this chapter.

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Book chapters on the topic "Feral goats"

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Hess, Steven C., Dirk H. Van Vuren, and Gary W. Witmer. "Feral Goats and Sheep." In Ecology and Management of Terrestrial Vertebrate Invasive Species in the United States, 289–310. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315157078-14.

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Whiting, Jericho C., Vernon C. Bleich, R. Terry Bowyer, Kezia Manlove, and Kevin White. "Bighorn Sheep and Mountain Goats." In Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 759–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_22.

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AbstractBighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and to a lesser extent mountain goats (Oreamanos americanus), historically occupied much of the mountainous rangelands of western North America. Both ungulates inhabit rugged terrain and feed on grasses, forbs, and browse. Bighorn sheep and mountain goats are widely recognized for their consumptive and non-consumptive value. Indigenous peoples valued these species for cultural and subsistence purposes. Populations of these ungulates have declined since the latter part of the nineteenth century—for mountain goats, this decline has occurred particularly in the southern portion of their distribution. Historical declines have been attributed to unregulated harvest, habitat loss, competition with non-native ungulates, and disease contracted from domestic livestock. Regulated hunting has played an important role in the conservation of bighorn sheep, and recent reintroductions of these ungulates have bolstered current populations in rangelands of western North America. Although competition for habitat is minimal for bighorn sheep and mountain goats with domestic livestock (compared with other wild ruminants or feral equids), diseases of domestic sheep and domestic or exotic goats have long posed challenges to the conservation of bighorn sheep. In parts of their distributions, mountain goats and bighorn sheep are sympatric, and both species may encounter domestic livestock on grazing allotments on public or private rangelands. If management of bighorn sheep and mountain goats is the goal, spatial and temporal separation is recommended between these species and domestic sheep and goats; doing so will improve the conservation of populations of bighorn sheep and mountain goats and their habitat on rangelands of western North America.

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HATA, Kenji, Jun-Ichirou SUZUKI, and Naoki KACHI. "Vegetation changes between 1978, 1991 and 2003 in the Nakoudojima island that had been disturbed by feral goats." In Restoring the Oceanic Island Ecosystem, 85–91. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53859-2_14.

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Papaioannou, Haritakis, and Sandro Lovari. "Mediterranean Feral Goat Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758." In Handbook of the Mammals of Europe, 475–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24475-0_161.

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Papaioannou, Haritakis, and Sandro Lovari. "Mediterranean Feral Goat Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758." In Handbook of the Mammals of Europe, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65038-8_161-1.

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Papaioannou, Haritakis, and Sandro Lovari. "Mediterranean Feral Goat Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758." In Handbook of the Mammals of Europe, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65038-8_161-2.

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Gitonga, Farida Karambu, Tarisai Kanyepi, and Vincent Itai Tanyanyiwa. "Fecal Sludge Management for Sustainable Cities: Glimpses from Kenya." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 215–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95846-0_181.

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Gitonga, Farida Karambu, Tarisai Kanyepi, and Vincent Itai Tanyanyiwa. "Fecal Sludge Management for Sustainable Cities: Glimpses from Kenya." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_181-1.

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Lorden, Rosanne. "Polarized Opinions and Shared Goals: Feral Cat Management in an Academic Community in Kentucky." In Companion Animals in Everyday Life, 183–200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59572-0_12.

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Currie, W. B., and G. D. Thorburn. "The Fetal Role in Timing the Initiation of Parturition in the Goat." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 49–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470720295.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Feral goats"

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Tsakmakidou, Aikaterini, Panagiotis Stamatis, and Evdokia Patta-Apostolidi. "Innovative tools for the management of feral goats." In ICEGOV 2021: 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494193.3494267.

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Panova, D. S., and O. A. Panova. "EXPERIENCE OF SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK FARMS WITH PARASITOSIS." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.343-348.

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Parasitic diseases cause significant damage to livestock affecting the productivity and clinical condition of sheep and goats. The purpose of our research was to provide a comprehensive diagnosis of endoparasites in ruminants kept on a private livestock farm in the Moscow Region, and to develop and propose a scheme of therapeutic and preventive measures. Fifty five fecal samples were studied: 19 samples from cows (4 from calves, 15 from adults), 24 from goats (10 from goatlings, 14 from adults), 12 from sheep (all age groups were kept together). Fecal samples were taken individually from the cows and goats, and by a group method from the sheep. The samples were examined on the sampling day by the flotation method. The therapy was carried out on a group of goatlings with intense Eimeria spp. infection using toltrazuril at a dose of 15 mg/kg once daily for 3 consecutive days. The adult sheep and goats were given a combined preparation with praziquantel 15 mg and ivermectin 3 mg per 10 kg of animal weight, as a single dose. Fourteen days after helminth therapy, toltrazuril was prescribed at a dose of 15 mg/kg once a day for 2 consecutive days. Toltrazuril was administered individually, and the anthelmintic was chosen in the form of a suspension - it was given to the goats individually, and to the sheep by a group method in food. Fecal samples from the goatlings were examined on day 7 after the anticoccidial drug, and fecal samples from the adult animals were examined on day 14 after the anthelmintic therapy and on day 7 after the anticoccidial drug.

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Manlin Wu, Yuhao Chen, Haixia Fu, Bingchun Liu, Xinjie Cui, Shuyu Li, and Zhigang Wang. "The novel mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (Eeverolimus) induces antiproliferative effects in goat fetal fibroblasts." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964203.

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Wanderley, Daniel Dias, Yani Neves Coelho, Bruno Corrêa do Lago, Eliana Pereira Santos, and Erika Cinthia Quaresma Machado. "MACERAÇÃO FETAL EM GATA - RELATO DE CASO." In I Congresso Brasileiro Online de Práticas Veterinárias: Uma abordagem para animais de grande porte e produção Animal. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/granvet-34.

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Introdução: A m aceração fetal é um processo séptico que cursa com degeneração, liquefação e esqueletização do feto. Este processo acomete frequentemente gatas, principalmente, devido ao uso de anticoncepcionais. Os sinais clínicos são dores abdominais, descarga vaginal purulenta, inapetência, apatia, perda de peso progressiva, aumento de volume abdominal, dentre outros. Objetivos: Relatar um caso de maceração fetal em uma gata. Material e métodos: Gata, 6 anos, fértil, sem raça definida, pesando 4,400kg. A tutora relatou que a paciente apresentava corrimento vaginal amarronzado em um período aproximado de 8 dias, onde o fluxo do corrimento aumentava com o passar dos dias. Na anamnese, descobriu-se o histórico de aplicação de anticoncepcional. No exame físico, a paciente apresentou temperatura retal de 38,6ºC e os demais parâmetros sem alteração, sendo notada na palpação a sensibilidade e elevada distensão bilateral do abdômen. Devido a hipossuficiência econômica das tutoras e amparado pelo exame clínico e reprodutivo bem conduzidos, foi decidido pelas tutoras que a paciente deveria ser submetida à laparotomia exploratória para elucidação do quadro e consequente realização de OSH tanto em caso de presença ou ausência de alterações uterinas. Tendo em vista que a suspeita de hemomucopiometra/aborto eram condizentes com o quadro, o médico responsável pelo caso, aceitou realizar a cirurgia para que a felina em questão tivesse uma chance de tratamento mesmo em condições econômicas desfavoráveis. Já durante a consulta foram aplicados Dipirona (0,05ml/sc) e Floxiclin 10% (0,15ml/sc) para controle da dor e infecção. Também foram prescritos amoxicilina, (2x ao dia/10 dias), cetoprofeno gotas (1x ao dia/4 dias) e hemopet gotas (1ml/dia/10 dias) para uso oral em casa, um dia antes da cirurgia e no pós-operatório. Resultados: Laparotomia exploratória com êxito ao encontrar o feto macerado, com possibilidade dos outros terem sidos reabsorvidos, identificando ao toque e na retirada o corpo fetal desmanchando e presença de ossículos definidos, fracos e quebradiços, com secreção amarronzada abundante. A medicação pós-operatória foi e uso tópico de Rifocina spray (BID/10 DIAS) e continuação da medicação anteriormente prescrita. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o uso de técnicas semiológicas bem conduzidas é uma ferramenta essencial no diagnóstico de maceração fetal.

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Chen, Yuhao, Haixia Fu, Bingchun Liu, Xinjie Cui, Xiao Wang, and Zhigang Wang. "RAD001 (everolimus) induces antiproliferative effect and abnormal cell morphology in goat fetal fibroblasts under optical microscope." In 2011 International Conference on Human Health and Biomedical Engineering (HHBE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hhbe.2011.6027941.

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Khandaker, Morshed, Sadegh Nikfarjam, Karim Kari, Onur Can Kalay, Fatih Karpat, Helga Progri, Ariful Bhuiyan, Erik Clary, and Amgad Haleem. "Laser Microgrooving and Nanofiber Membrane Application for Total Knee Replacement Implants Using a Caprine Model." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73597.

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Abstract Aseptic loosening is a well-recognized phenomenon in cementless total knee replacement (TKR) and often carries severe consequences for the patient. We recently developed and tested in vitro a novel strategy for enhancing osseointegration and acute mechanical stability of orthopedic implants that employ laser-induced microgroove (LIM) and nanofiber membrane (NFM) applications at the bone-implant interface. We report herein investigation of the approach with results from a pilot study employing three skeletally mature female Spanish cross goats (∼4y, 35–45kg) receiving cementless TKR with a commercially available implant system (Biomedrix® Canine Total Knee). Pre-operative radiographs were taken to ensure limb normality and to select the appropriately sized implants for each goat. With the animal under general anesthesia and the limb properly prepped for aseptic surgery, the stifle was approached, and osteotomies of the proximal tibia and distal femur performed in preparation for implantation of the tibial (TT) and femoral (FT) trays. For one goat, the arthroplasty implant surfaces were unaltered from the manufacturer’s mirror-polished (MP) condition. For the other two goats, the TT bone-contact surface was laser-micro grooved (150 μm depth, 200 μm width, 200 μm spacing) prior to sterilization and then implanted with (LIM/NFM) or without (LIM) an intermediate (surface-applied) polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber mesh (50 × 50mm, electrospun, aligned, unidirectional, 10 μm thickness). Following surgery, animals received appropriate analgesic therapy and rehabilitative care to maximize animal comfort, function, and quality of life while limiting the risk of major complications. Post-operative monitoring included assessment of mentation, vital signs, pain level, digestive function (weight, appetite, rumen contractions, feed intake, fecal output), and limb status (usage, range of motion, muscular volume). By the study’s end (12 wks), all animals had recovered a pre-surgery range of motion in the operated knee and exhibited typical bony changes on radiographic follow-up. At necropsy following humane euthanasia, no gross instability of TKR components was observed. Histomorphometric analysis of explanted bone-TT constructs showed the increased new bone surface area in the LIM-NFM sample (0.49 mm2) compared with the MP sample (0.03 mm2), suggesting that microgrooves and/or PCL nanofiber coating may improve the clinical performance of the implant. A finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to explore the impact of surface micro grooving to the mechanical stimuli at the bone-implant interface to supplement the in vivo studies. The three-dimensional geometry of the tibia was scanned using computed tomography and imported into a proprietary (MIMICS®) software to construct the solid models for finite element micro-strain analyses.

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Yudianto, Ahmad. "THE USE OF CELL FREE FETAL DNA [cff-DNA] AS NON-INVASIVE TECHNIQUES ON PATERNITY TEST [FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION]." In 1st International Conference Postgraduate School Universitas Airlangga : "Implementation of Climate Change Agreement to Meet Sustainable Development Goals" (ICPSUAS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpsuas-17.2018.8.

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Wang, Xiaojing, Manlin Wu, Yan Liang, Zhigang Wang, and Dongjun Liu. "Observation of Morphology and Proliferative Density for Cashmere Goat Fetal Fibroblasts after mTOR Inhibition with Optical Microscope Cell Imaging." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5780115.

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Kurćubić, Vladimir, Marko Dmitrić, Saša Živković, and Miloš Petrović. "Severe adverse impact of bovine viral diarrhea on cattle production: A comprehensive approach to control." In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24020k.

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is caused by a pestivirus known as BVDV and is one of the most important infectious diseases of cattle, with a huge economic impact worldwide. The most important source of infection are persistently infected (PI) and diseased cattle. In addition to cattle infection, BVDV infection has been diagnosed in sheep, goats, pigs and wild ruminants (roe deer, deer, bison), as reservoirs of the virus and sources of infection in cattle herds. The consequences of BVDV infections are abortions in pregnant animals, poor female conception, mummification and congenital malformations of fetuses, respiratory problems, transplacental infections and fetal death, neonatal and postnatal mortality, mucosal diseases, slowed growth and poorer performance of surviving animals. Hemorrhagic syndrome (with thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage) is caused exclusively by non-cytopathogenic (NCP) BVDV genotype 2, i.e. virulent strains. The basis of the control program is the prevention of intrauterine infection by identifying and removing PI animals from the cattle herd. The high prevalence of BVDV in cattle worldwide and in Serbia is a danger and causes extremely high economic losses, preventing international trade in breeding and fattening cattle with EU countries, primarily due to uneven approaches or lack of control programs. There are suggestions that the control of the disease in Serbia could be based on a voluntary BVDV eradication program at the herd level, based on four phases, which includes frequent diagnostic tests, removal of PI animals from the herd and introduction of strict biosecurity measures. Certification and register of herds with BVDV free status could be done through the Veterinary Administration.

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Reports on the topic "Feral goats"

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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.

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