Journal articles: 'Feral donkeys'

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Goodrich, Erin L., Amy McLean, and Cassandra Guarino. "A Pilot Serosurvey for Selected Pathogens in Feral Donkeys (Equus asinus)." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101796.

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Recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. Very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around Death Valley National Park, California, USA. The aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equine influenza (EIV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease). The results of this study indicate that this feral equid population is mostly naïve and likely susceptible to these common equid pathogens upon removal from the wild.

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Jerele, Sara, Eric Davis, Samantha Mapes, Nicola Pusterla, Francisco Javier Navas González, Carlos Iglesias Pastrana, Essam Mahmoud Abdelfattah, and Amy McLean. "Survey of Serum Amyloid A and Bacterial and Viral Frequency Using qPCR Levels in Recently Captured Feral Donkeys from Death Valley National Park (California)." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061086.

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Feral donkey removal from state land has raised concerns in terms of disease transmission between equine species. Disease outbreaks may occur as a result of the relocation of animals to new environments. Virus and bacteria DNA load and serum amyloid A derived from the pathogenic processes that they involve were measured in recently captured donkeys. Blood and nasal swabs were collected from 85 donkeys (Death Valley National Park, Shoshone, California); 24 were retested after 30/60 days in the Scenic (Arizona) long-term holding facility co-mingled with feral donkeys from Arizona and Utah. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect viral and bacterial genomic material (equine influenza A [EIV], equine rhinitis A and B viruses, AHV-2, AHV-3, AHV-5 and EHV-1, EHV-4, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi and zooepidemicus,). Significant relations between behavior, body condition score, nasal discharge, and coughing were found in donkeys for which AHV-2 and Streptococcus zooepidemicus DNA was detected. Higher SAA concentrations were found in foals. AHV-2 and Streptococcus zooepidemicus DNA concentrations significantly differed between sampling moments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, donkeys do not appear to be a substantial risk for disease transmission to horses but could be if they carried strangles or other processes in which AHV-2 and Streptococcus zooepidemicus were involved.

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Bogliani, Giuseppe. "Social behaviour of coexisting feral horses and feral donkeys." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 3 (September 1993): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1993.9523032.

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Oliveira, Fernanda G., R. Frank Cook, João H. F. Naves, Cairo H. S. Oliveira, Rejane S. Diniz, Francisco J. C. Freitas, Joseney M. Lima, et al. "Equine infectious anemia prevalence in feral donkeys from Northeast Brazil." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 140 (May 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.015.

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Cappai, Maria Grazia, Corrado Dimauro, Giovanni Paolo Biggio, Raffaele Cherchi, Francesca Accioni, Flavia Pudda, Gianpiero Boatto, and Walter Pinna. "The metabolic profile of Asinara (albino) and Sardo donkeys (pigmented) (Equus asinus L., 1758) points to unequivocal breed assignment of individuals." PeerJ 8 (July 8, 2020): e9297. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9297.

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This study pointed to explore if variations in circulating levels of metabolites in the blood stream of no. 25 feral donkeys occur in view of the different coat color between specimens of Asinara (albino, no. 8) vs. Sardo (dun-grey, no. 17) breed. All individuals involved in this investigation are living in the nature, at Mediterranean latitudes and roam in the same areas all over the National Park of Capo Caccia, where they feed on spontaneous vegetation sources. The study was conducted during the positive photoperiod of the boreal hemisphere (peak in the month of June, 2019) to maximize the effect of exposure to the natural sun radiation and thus elicit the coping ability of albino (Asinara) in comparison with pigmented donkeys (Sardo). The biochemical profile of all donkeys was used in a Discriminant Analysis (DA) to explore if circulating levels of metabolites could point to metabolic markers for breed assignment of individuals following a canonical discriminant analysis (CANDISC). The biochemical investigation included also the determination of the circulating Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol, α-TOH), as an essential biologically active compound involved in antioxidant mechanisms, and its respective status (circulating α-TOH to total triglycerides and total cholesterol ratio). In the CANDISC, the distance between the two breeds was not significant. However, it pointed to different metabolites (UREA, total protein, total triglycerides, Zn) capable of describing biochemical patterns on each respective breed (Asinara vs. Sardo). The multivariate analysis DA carried out using 22 metabolites correctly assigned individuals to the two breeds in the 100% of cases. In view of such metabolic background, circulating α-TOH found in the bloodstream of Asinara vs. Sardo donkeys under free grazing conditions turned out to reach similar values (2.114 vs. 1.872 µg/ml, respectively, p = 0.676). It is worth noting that significant differences were observed as to circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, p = 0.022) levels, in association with increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK, p = 0.076), both above the upper limit of the physiological range reported in other donkey breeds, and found in the totality of Asinara (albino) donkeys solely, still apparently clinically healthy.

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Choquenot, D. "Rate of Increase for Populations of Feral Donkeys in Northern Australia." Journal of Mammalogy 71, no. 2 (May 21, 1990): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382161.

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Lundgren, Erick J., Daniel Ramp, Juliet C. Stromberg, Jianguo Wu, Nathan C. Nieto, Martin Sluk, Karla T. Moeller, and Arian D. Wallach. "Equids engineer desert water availability." Science 372, no. 6541 (April 29, 2021): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd6775.

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Megafauna play important roles in the biosphere, yet little is known about how they shape dryland ecosystems. We report on an overlooked form of ecosystem engineering by donkeys and horses. In the deserts of North America, digging of ≤2-meter wells to groundwater by feral equids increased the density of water features, reduced distances between waters, and, at times, provided the only water present. Vertebrate richness and activity were higher at equid wells than at adjacent dry sites, and, by mimicking flood disturbance, equid wells became nurseries for riparian trees. Our results suggest that equids, even those that are introduced or feral, are able to buffer water availability, which may increase resilience to ongoing human-caused aridification.

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Muller, Halcyone, and Amanda Bourne. "Minimum population size and potential impact of feral and semi-feral donkeys and horses in an arid rangeland." African Zoology 53, no. 4 (December 18, 2018): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2018.1557018.

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Bayliss, P., P. Bayliss, KM Yeomans, and KM Yeomans. "Distribution and Abundance of Feral Livestock in the 'Top End' of the Northern Territory (1985-86), and Their Relation to Population Control." Wildlife Research 16, no. 6 (1989): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890651.

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Feral and domestic livestock (buffalo, cattle, horses and donkeys) were censused by fixed-wing aerial survey over the 'Top End' of the Northern Territory (above the 16th parallel) in March-April 1985, encompassing 233 672 km2 (16.7% of the Territory). The mean sampling rate on the major coastal lowland (38 281 km2) was 7.3%, and that for the rest was 3.7%. The accuracy of population estimates was improved by applying habitat-specific visibility correction factors to animals counted in groups.

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Turnbull, A., U. Wernery, R. Wernery, J. P. Anandh, and J. Kinne. "Survey of six infectious diseases of feral donkeys in the United Arab Emirates." Equine Veterinary Education 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2002.tb00135.x.

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11

Moreira, R., A. García, J. Valencia, and V. Moreno. "Equine Viral Arteritis in feral donkeys (Equus asinus) of the Atacama Region, Chile." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 39 (April 2016): S63—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.137.

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12

Choquenot, David. "Density-Dependent Growth, Body Condition, and Demography in Feral Donkeys: Testing the Food Hypothesis." Ecology 72, no. 3 (June 1991): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940583.

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13

Altemann, D., R. Bauerfeind, and U. Wernery. "Pathogenesis of glanders in experimentally infected feral donkeys using different infection routes and doses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 32, no. 10 (October 2012): S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.174.

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14

Hacker, R. B., K. Sinclair, and C. M. Waters. "Total grazing pressure - a defining concept for extensive pastoral systems in the southern rangelands of Australia." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 6 (2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19026.

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In Australia, particularly in the southern rangelands, large populations of native and feral herbivores (including kangaroos, goats, rabbits, pigs, donkeys and camels, depending on the location) co-exist with domestic livestock. In recent decades the concept of ‘total grazing pressure’ has been developed, and widely accepted, to denote the total forage demand of all vertebrate herbivores relative to the forage supply. This concept provides a framework within which both domestic and non-domestic species can be managed to allow commercially viable livestock production, landscape maintenance or restoration and species conservation. The concept should have relevance wherever pest animal control programs, biodiversity conservation, or commercialisation of wildlife are conducted in conjunction with extensive livestock production. The rationale for the compilation of the Special Issue is outlined.

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Malo, Juan E., Benito A. González, Cristina Mata, André Vielma, Denise S. Donoso, Nicolás Fuentes, and Cristián F. Estades. "Low habitat overlap at landscape scale between wild camelids and feral donkeys in the Chilean desert." Acta Oecologica 70 (January 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2015.11.002.

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16

ABDELWHAB, E. M., and H. M. HAFEZ. "An overview of the epidemic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in Egypt: epidemiology and control challenges." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 5 (February 1, 2011): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810003122.

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SUMMARYEmergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Egypt in mid-February 2006 caused significant losses for the poultry industry and constituted a potential threat to public health. Since late 2007, there has been increasing evidence that stable lineages of H5N1 viruses are being established in chickens and humans in Egypt. The virus has been detected in wild, feral and zoo birds and recently was found in donkeys and pigs. Most of the outbreaks in poultry and humans occurred in the highly populated Nile delta. The temporal pattern of the virus has changed since 2009 with outbreaks now occurring in the warmer months of the year. Challenges to control of endemic disease in Egypt are discussed. For the foreseeable future, unless a global collaboration exists, HPAI H5N1 virus in Egypt will continue to compromise the poultry industry, endanger public health and pose a serious pandemic threat.

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17

Rudman, Rebecca. "The social organisation of feral donkeys (Equus asinus) on a small Caribbean island (St. John, US Virgin Islands)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 60, no. 2-3 (November 1998): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00165-8.

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18

Woolnough, Andrew P., Jordan O. Hampton, Susan Campbell, Mark R. Lethbridge, Wayne S. J. Boardman, Trudy Sharp, and Ken Rose. "FIELD IMMOBILIZATION OF FERAL ‘JUDAS’ DONKEYS (EQUUS ASINUS) BY REMOTE INJECTION OF MEDETOMIDINE AND KETAMINE AND ANTAGONISM WITH ATIPAMEZOLE." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 48, no. 2 (April 2012): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.435.

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Fuentes-Allende, Nicolás, André Vielma, Katheryne Paulsen, Cristóbal Arredondo, Paulo Corti, Cristián F. Estades, and Benito A. González. "Is human disturbance causing differential preference of agricultural landscapes by taruka and feral donkeys in high Andean deserts during the dry season?" Journal of Arid Environments 135 (December 2016): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.08.018.

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20

Clancy, Cara, Fiona Cooke, and Zoe Raw. "Entanglement, autonomy and the co-production of landscapes: relational geographies for free-roaming ‘feral’ donkeys (Equus asinus) in a rapidly changing world." Geoforum 123 (July 2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.04.026.

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Feuerherdt, Leah, Stuart Peevor, Michael Clinch, and Tim Moore. "Social return on investment: application for an Indigenous rangelands context." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 3 (2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj18017.

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Social Return on Investment (SROI) is an internationally recognised methodology used to measure and value the economic impact of program outcomes. Like a traditional cost-benefit analysis, SROI examines economic outcomes, but also includes the social, environmental and cultural outcomes created by the investment. These outcomes are evaluated against their cost, using financial proxies to estimate their relative economic worth. SROI is particularly valuable in the indigenous natural resource management context, because of the strong ‘value’ or importance of non-economic (particularly cultural) costs and benefits. The Alinytjara Wilurara Natural Resources Management Board undertook a study of the economic, social, environmental and cultural impacts and benefits of the presence of large feral herbivores in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands, in the far north-west of South Australia. Camels, donkeys and horses present significant impacts for the community in terms of vehicle collisions, community health, damage to infrastructure and water pollution, as well as impacts on sites of cultural and spiritual significance to the local communities. With the annual cost impacts incurred by society caused by large feral herbivores in the APY lands valued at $4.2million and possible dollar value of those animals valued at $140000, the study found that there was a net cost impact of ~$4million from not managing the impact of these animals. The study also found significant cultural impacts of large feral herbivores, such as the fouling of natural springs and other culturally sensitive sites, and further analysis would be required to determine the economic cost of these impacts. Investment models that consider a broad range of costs and benefits are considered necessary for Australian rangelands, particularly Indigenous-owned land. This paper presents a case study of the development of a ranger program that employs local community members to manage the impacts of large feral herbivores that will provide a net benefit to society of ~$3million every year, aside from the additional benefits of employment and economic participation. The $3-million net benefit accrues from saving human lives and costs associated with vehicle accidents, and reduced management costs and increased income for pastoral areas of the APY Lands. APY community members, and the APY Pastoral business are core beneficiaries; however, there are several external beneficiaries that this SROI approach recognises including the Motor Accident Commission, Health Departments and South Australian Police. The strongly positive SROI in this case presents an excellent co-investment opportunity for agencies whose core focus is on road safety and health. Importantly, the SROI approach to creation of social value can be implemented in a way that is consistent with stated community aspirations for development.

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Tesfai, Redae T., Francesca Parrini, Norman Owen-Smith, and Patricia D. Moehlman. "How spatial and dietary overlap with domestic livestock affect African wild ass nutrition on the Messir Plateau (Eritrea)." Journal of Mammalogy 102, no. 4 (June 17, 2021): 1174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab064.

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Abstract Competition with livestock over forage resources has been identified as a potential threat to the survival of the African wild ass (Equus africanus) in the Danakil ecosystem (Eritrea). The Messir Plateau is an important breeding area for the African wild ass but also hosts cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and camels. Locations and fecal samples of African wild ass and livestock were collected in dry and rainfall months. Stable carbon isotopes [δ 13C ‰] in fecal samples were used to assess diet composition and overlaps with domestic herbivores. Fecal samples also were used to assess the nutritional quality of African wild ass and domestic donkey diets. During the dry months, African wild ass were concentrated in the northern section of the Messir Plateau, approximately 9 km from the permanent water source, and overlapped spatially with local livestock. During the rainfall months, African wild ass dispersed throughout the Messir Plateau (124 km2) when a high number of livestock, particularly cattle from the highlands with herders, were concentrated in the northern section. During the rainfall months, the northern section had relatively better vegetation cover and access to seasonal water. The grass contribution to the diet of the African wild ass in both dry and rainfall months overlapped significantly with that of domestic donkeys and cattle. In rainfall months, the percent fecal nitrogen and phosphorus contents of African wild ass were significantly lower than those of domestic donkey samples. The lower nutrient levels in fecal samples of African wild ass during rainfall months may be due to their displacement from the northern sector by the high number of immigrant highland cattle with people. Our work provides evidence as to how the presence of domestic herbivores, particularly cattle, may negatively impact the nutrient level of wild equids and threaten the survival of the critically endangered African wild ass.

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Utzeri, V. J., F. Bertolini, A. Ribani, G. Schiavo, S. Dall'Olio, and L. Fontanesi. "The albinism of the feral Asinara white donkeys (Equus asinus ) is determined by a missense mutation in a highly conserved position of the tyrosinase (TYR ) gene deduced protein." Animal Genetics 47, no. 1 (November 19, 2015): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.12386.

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24

Papini, R. A., C. Orsetti, and M. Sgorbini. "Evaluation of a marketed polyherbal dewormer against intestinal strongyles in naturally infected donkeys." Helminthologia 57, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0003.

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SummaryThe study evaluated the effectiveness of a commercially available polyherbal dewormer to control intestinal strongyles in naturally infected donkeys. The animals were allotted to two groups: treated with the herbal dewormer (n=8) according to manufacturer recommendations and untreated control group (n=6). Fecal samples were taken from each animal on days 0 (day of treatment), 14, 21 (day of second additional treatment), 35, and 42. Faecal egg count reduction tests showed very negligible or no reduction in number of strongyle eggs for donkeys in the phytotherapeutic treatment group compared to those in the control group. Thus, the herbal dewormer was mostly ineffective in reducing fecal egg counts in donkeys infected with intestinal strongyles. These findings can make equine practitioners aware of possible disadvantages of herbal dewormers.

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Egbe-Nwiyi, Tobias Nnia, Bura Thlama Paul, and Ajuji Chungsyn Cornelius. "Coprological detection of equine nematodes among slaughtered donkeys (Equus asinus) in Kaltungo, Nigeria." December-2019 12, no. 12 (December 2019): 1911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1911-1915.

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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and intensity of nematode infection among slaughtered donkeys in Kaltungo, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 fecal samples were examined by salt flotation and the modified McMaster fecal egg count technique to morphologically identify nematodes eggs and determine their egg per gram (EPG) outputs. Results: Out of a total of 72 (100%) donkeys sampled, 36 (50%) tested positive, but the prevalence of nematodes was independent of the age, sex, and breed of donkeys (p>0.05). Among the four species of nematodes identified in single and mixed infections, Strongylus spp. (27.8%) and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (13.9%) were the most prevalent followed by Strongyloides westeri (5.6%) and Trichonema spp. (5.6%). Infected donkeys had moderate overall mean EPG (801.39±611.3) with no statistical differences between age groups and sexes (p>0.05), but means of EPG were significantly higher (p<0.05) in Duni (1026.92±719.55) than Idabari (673.91±514.75). Light EPG count was recorded among 63.9% of infected donkeys, while 16.7% and 19.4% had moderate and severe infections, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence and importance of equine nematodes were discussed in connection to their epidemiology and control. Furthermore, the preponderance of light infection may suggest that donkeys in this environment developed resistance to nematode infection and are potential reservoirs for other equines.

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Fesseha, Haben, Mesfin Mathewos, and Friat Kidanemariam. "Anthelmintic Efficacy of Strongyle Nematodes to Ivermectin and Fenbendazole on Working Donkeys (Equus asinus) in and around Hosaena Town, Southern Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (September 24, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4868797.

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Background. Gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major influencing factor against profitability of working equines all over the world. Objectives. A study was conducted from October 2016 to May 2017 in and around Hosaena to determine the efficacy of benzimidazole (BZ) and avermectin (AVM) chemical groups against strongyle nematodes in working donkeys. Methods. A total of 230 donkeys from Hosaena, Soro, Anlemo, and Gombora were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 46 donkeys in each group. All groups, except group 1 (control), were treated with ivermectin 1%, ivertong 10%, fenbendazole, and Fenacure 750 mg, respectively. Fecal samples were collected perrectally before treatment (day 0) and after treatment (day 14), and an egg per gram (EPG) value of >200 was used as a cutoff for inclusion to assess the efficacy of anthelmintics. Results. Accordingly, the study revealed that AVM was effective against strongyle nematodes of donkeys with the mean fecal egg count reduction (FECR) of 100% in three study areas and 97.2% in one study area, respectively, whereas BZ resistance was suspected in the areas where the drug was tested, with the mean FECR of less than 94% in the three study areas. The study also revealed that 73% of the donkeys were affected with a severe degree of strongyle infection as determined by EPG, while 10.4% of donkeys were affected with a mild degree of Parascaris equorum infection. Conclusions. The findings of the present study are expected to serve as baseline data for future investigations and control actions to design realistic control programs to minimize factors that favor emergence of anthelmintic resistance and improve the overall health of the donkeys. Thus, further detailed studies are needed to determine the factors that reduce anthelmintic efficacy and increase anthelmintic resistance in donkeys.

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Wannas, H. Y. "Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Horses and Donkeys in Al Diwaniyah Governorate." Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2012): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.29079/vol11iss1art183.

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The study was included hundred of fecal samples of horses and donkeys (44 horses and 56 donkeys) males and females at age (2-6) years were collected from the period (1/11/2009– 30/10/2010). The parasites were encounter in 100% of horses and donkeys. Among the parasites that detected in horses, the prevalence of Strongylidae, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westri, Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi Cryptosporidium spp., Balantidium coli and Eimeria spp. were 50% , 40.90%, 22.72%, 25% ,11.36%, 20.45% 15.90% 6.81% respectively. In donkeys, the prevalence of Strongylidae, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westri, Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Cryptosporidium spp., Balantidium coli, Eimeria spp. and Entamoeba coli were 57.14%, 32.14%, 28.57%, 17.85%, 17.85%, 17.85%, 19.64, 17.85%, 10.71% and 3.57% respectively. The single parasitic infection in this research was 50%, 28.57% and the mixed infection was 50%, 71.42% in horses and donkeys respectively. The statistical analysis reveal significant differences in the percentages of infections in different ages in horses and donkeys (p<0.01), while there were no significant differences in the percentages of infections of males and females of horses and donkeys (p<0.05).

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Wang, Wen, Zhenjie Zhang, Ying Zhang, Aiyun Zhao, Bo Jing, Longxian Zhang, Pengtao Liu, Meng Qi, and Wei Zhao. "Prevalence and genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and farm-raised donkeys (Equus asinus asinus) in Xinjiang, China." Parasite 27 (2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020042.

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The prevalence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium in donkeys is poorly understood. Here, 680 fecal specimens were collected from 178 free-ranging and 502 farmed donkeys in Xinjiang, China. Cryptosporidium was identified using PCR amplification of the small subunit of ribosomal DNA. Cryptosporidium-positive isolates were subtyped using PCR analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60). The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 2.4% (16/680), with 3.2% (16/502) in farmed donkeys and 0% (0/178) in free-ranging donkeys. Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 13), C. parvum (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium horse genotype (n = 2) were identified. The C. hominis isolates belonged to two subtypes, IkA16 (n = 9) and IkA16G1 (n = 4). The subtype of C. parvum was IIdA15G1, whereas the two Cryptosporidium horse genotype isolates were of subtype VIaA15G4. The predominance of C. hominis in donkeys suggests that these animals are infected through human contact.

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Ramalho Sousa, Sérgio, Sofia Anastácio, Miguel Nóvoa, Adolfo Paz-Silva, and Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho. "Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Miranda Donkeys: Epidemiology and Selective Control of Strongyles Infection in the Northeast of Portugal." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010155.

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In Portugal, equine parasitism in pasture animals is characterized by high parasitic burden and high helminthic biodiversity; both factors are potentially pathogenic for their hosts. The decrease in the number of donkeys over the last years in Portugal, their importance in rural lowland and mountain ecosystems and pastures and the scarce information regarding their parasitism led to this research, which aimed to evaluate the parasitological status of a Miranda donkey breed population, a native breed mainly located in the northeast of Portugal. This study provides better knowledge of their gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly strongyles, and the assessment of a targeted selective treatment (TST) as an alternative control approach of their parasitism. A longitudinal observational study was developed during a period of five years in a population of 62 Miranda donkeys. At first, strategic deworming of these animals was performed every semester, but this was progressively replaced by a TST approach according to the levels of Eggs per Gram (EPG). This new deworming strategy was conducted in association with a regular parasitological monitoring of the animals every three months, being dewormed with ivermectin when egg shedding was higher than 500 EPG. Over the study period, a decrease of the annual prevalence rate of infection by gastrointestinal strongyles was observed, from 35.5% to 19.4%, as well as a negative binomial distribution of parasitic strongyles in donkeys submitted to selective anthelminthic control. The prevalence rate of infection was higher in females (39.5%), in individuals under four years (46.7%) and in those presenting a lower body condition (40.8%). The egg output was higher in animals younger than four years (589.3 EPG) than in those older than 10 years (533.6 EPG) (p < 0.05). However, no differences were observed according to sex during the study period. Results from this study allowed to note the influence of swampy pastures and of the weather changes in the epidemiology of strongylosis in Miranda donkeys. Moreover, it was possible to establish the annual epidemiological curve of strongyle egg shedding, with June being the month with the highest EPG, December having the lowest EPG and March and September showing intermediate numbers. Overall, a lower biodiversity of gastrointestinal parasites was observed. Cyathostomum sensu lato was the most prevalent genus and Strongylus vulgaris was the most observed large strongyle of the Strongylidae family. Trichostrongylus axei and Parascaris sp. were other nematodes with a minor frequency. The higher prevalence of strongyles at the beginning of the study showed a progressive decrease throughout the research period, and also for parasite biodiversity. Therefore, a targeted selective treatment seems to be a rational anthelminthic control approach in Miranda donkey strongyle infection and in other gastrointestinal parasites, since it reduces the antiparasitic treatments, the parasite’ prevalence and the EPG level. However, a loss of parasite biodiversity was noted at the end of the study period, as Cyathostominae were the only isolated strongyles. This can be a challenging situation in the long run, taking the ability of these nematodes to adapt easily to any deworming program, meaning that fecal EPG monitoring should be kept as a rule to a rational parasite control program.

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Ramalho Sousa, Sérgio, Sofia Anastácio, Miguel Nóvoa, Adolfo Paz-Silva, and Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho. "Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Miranda Donkeys: Epidemiology and Selective Control of Strongyles Infection in the Northeast of Portugal." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010155.

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In Portugal, equine parasitism in pasture animals is characterized by high parasitic burden and high helminthic biodiversity; both factors are potentially pathogenic for their hosts. The decrease in the number of donkeys over the last years in Portugal, their importance in rural lowland and mountain ecosystems and pastures and the scarce information regarding their parasitism led to this research, which aimed to evaluate the parasitological status of a Miranda donkey breed population, a native breed mainly located in the northeast of Portugal. This study provides better knowledge of their gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly strongyles, and the assessment of a targeted selective treatment (TST) as an alternative control approach of their parasitism. A longitudinal observational study was developed during a period of five years in a population of 62 Miranda donkeys. At first, strategic deworming of these animals was performed every semester, but this was progressively replaced by a TST approach according to the levels of Eggs per Gram (EPG). This new deworming strategy was conducted in association with a regular parasitological monitoring of the animals every three months, being dewormed with ivermectin when egg shedding was higher than 500 EPG. Over the study period, a decrease of the annual prevalence rate of infection by gastrointestinal strongyles was observed, from 35.5% to 19.4%, as well as a negative binomial distribution of parasitic strongyles in donkeys submitted to selective anthelminthic control. The prevalence rate of infection was higher in females (39.5%), in individuals under four years (46.7%) and in those presenting a lower body condition (40.8%). The egg output was higher in animals younger than four years (589.3 EPG) than in those older than 10 years (533.6 EPG) (p < 0.05). However, no differences were observed according to sex during the study period. Results from this study allowed to note the influence of swampy pastures and of the weather changes in the epidemiology of strongylosis in Miranda donkeys. Moreover, it was possible to establish the annual epidemiological curve of strongyle egg shedding, with June being the month with the highest EPG, December having the lowest EPG and March and September showing intermediate numbers. Overall, a lower biodiversity of gastrointestinal parasites was observed. Cyathostomum sensu lato was the most prevalent genus and Strongylus vulgaris was the most observed large strongyle of the Strongylidae family. Trichostrongylus axei and Parascaris sp. were other nematodes with a minor frequency. The higher prevalence of strongyles at the beginning of the study showed a progressive decrease throughout the research period, and also for parasite biodiversity. Therefore, a targeted selective treatment seems to be a rational anthelminthic control approach in Miranda donkey strongyle infection and in other gastrointestinal parasites, since it reduces the antiparasitic treatments, the parasite’ prevalence and the EPG level. However, a loss of parasite biodiversity was noted at the end of the study period, as Cyathostominae were the only isolated strongyles. This can be a challenging situation in the long run, taking the ability of these nematodes to adapt easily to any deworming program, meaning that fecal EPG monitoring should be kept as a rule to a rational parasite control program.

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Mathewos, Mesfin, Dawit Girma, Haben Fesseha, Metages Yirgalem, and Eyob Eshetu. "Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis in Horses and Donkeys of Hawassa District, Southern Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (May 7, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6686688.

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Background. Gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major influencing factor against the profitability of working equines all over the world. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract (GI) helminths and assess the associated risk factors in donkeys and horses in the Hawassa district. A total of 214 fecal samples were collected from randomly selected equines (112 donkeys and 102 horses) and examined for the presence of eggs of GI helminths using standard coprological techniques. Results. According to the current study, the prevalence of GI helminths in equine was 78.5% (168/214) and the highest prevalence was reported in donkeys 92% (103/112) as compared to horses 63% (65/102). Out of 168 positive samples, the different species of parasites were identified, namely, Strongyle species 120 (56.1%), Strongyloides westeri 76 (35.5%), Parascaris equorum 54 (25.2%), Anoplocephala perfoliata 34 (15.8%), Oxyuris equi 20 (9.3%), Fasciola hepatica 18 (8.8%), Gastrodiscus species 12 (5.6%), and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi 4 (1.8%). There was a strong association between the prevalence of GI helminths and factors such as the species of equine, body condition scores, and feed type ( p < 0.05). However, no significant association ( p > 0.05) was observed between the prevalence of GI helminths and putative risk factors such as age, sex, housing, and water source. The coproculture performed on 30 pooled fecal samples revealed that Cyathostomes species, Strongylus vulgaris, and Strongylus edentatus were the major helminth parasites of donkeys and horses. Conclusion. The frequency of gastrointestinal helminths in equine species was high, especially in donkeys. Hence, strategic deworming using broad-spectrum antihelminthic drugs and a rotational grazing program should be implemented to control and prevent the diseases.

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Mulwa, Nancy, Samuel Githigia, Davis Karanja, Cecilia Mbae, Eberhard Zeyhle, Erastus Mulinge, Japhet Magambo, and Kennedy Ogolla. "Prevalence and Intensity of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Donkeys in Selected Abattoirs in Kenya." Scientifica 2020 (March 9, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5672140.

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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys slaughtered in Kinamba, Mogotio, and Lodwar slaughterhouses and their association with several host factors. A survey was done between July and September 2017 in three slaughterhouses. Faecal samples were collected per rectum from all the study donkeys for faecal egg counts (EPG) and morphological identification of the eggs. At slaughter, the gastrointestinal tracts were opened and examined visually, and all helminth parasites collected were subjected to morphological identification. Prevalence and intensity were calculated based on the helminth identified and EPG. A total of 282 donkeys were sampled. A majority of the donkeys (89%) were in poor body condition. Ten helminth parasite species were identified in 85.5% donkeys. They were Strongylus vulgaris (52.8%), Parascaris equorum (20.2%), Strongylus edentatus (12.1%), Anaplocephala perfoliata (10.3%), Setaria equina (3.5%) Anaplocephala magna (2.5%), Cylicocyclus auriculatus (2.1%), Cyathostomum species (1.8%), Strongylus equinus (0.4%), and Triodontophorus serratus (0.4%). A significant percentage (55.3%) had no eggs in their feces, 39% had low infection, 5% had medium, and only 0.7% were heavily infected. Prevalence rates via use of the EPG showed Strongyles (44.7%), Parascaris equorum (5.3%), Oxyuris equi (11%), Triodontophorus tenuicolis (0.7%), Habronema species (0.7%), and cestodes eggs (0.4%). No significant differences were observed between fecal Strongylus egg count and age, sex, and pregnancy status. However, donkeys with poor body condition shed more Strongylus eggs in feces. Helminth infections are prevalent in donkeys in Kenya; however, this is not reflected in coprological analyses. These helminth parasites may contribute to poor body condition, ill health, and poor productivity of donkeys.

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Morais, Clairton Bruno Rodrigues de, Juliano Martins Santiago, Marilene Maria de Lima, and Jorge Eduardo Cavalcante Lucena. "Parasite prevalence among equidae in the backland of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 6 (November 23, 2017): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3629.

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The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal and lung parasites in equidae reared in the backland of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil and also evaluate the influence of equidae species, rearing system, age group, and anthelmintic administration schedule the infection level. 185 fecal samples were randomly collected in cities in the backland of Pernambuco. After collection, the material was submitted to a qualitative coproparasitological analyses and number of eggs and larvae of parasites. The horses were found to have lower EPG count than the donkeys. Regarding the rearing system, equidae reared in pasture had higher EPG counts than those confined in pens. Moreover, foals under one year old have lower EPG count than those between one and two years old. No difference was found in EPG count among de equidae that received anthelmintic at different frequencies, while the horses and donkeys had a higher amount of Cyathostominae than of other nematodes researched. It is concluded that, in the backland of Pernambuco, most equidae had light to moderate parasite loads, with a predominance of the Cyathostominae e Strongylinae subfamilies, with no horses, donkeys, or mules infected by Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. In addition, the donkeys had higher parasite loads than the horses and the extensive grazing system presents a greater risk of infections by nematodes.

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Carrion, Victor, C. Josh Donlan, Karl Campbell, Christian Lavoie, and Felipe Cruz. "Feral donkey (Equus asinus) eradications in the Galápagos." Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 2 (December 30, 2006): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-5825-7.

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Kidane, Negusse F., Jerry W. Stuth, and Douglas R. Tolleson. "Predicting Diet Quality of Donkeys via Fecal-NIRS Calibrations." Rangeland Ecology & Management 61, no. 2 (March 2008): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/05-193.1.

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Johnson, Claire, Jane Williams, and Chelsie Phillips. "Effect of Routine Dentistry on Fecal Fiber Length in Donkeys." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 57 (October 2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.06.002.

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Liu, Li-Lin, Xiao-Ling Zhou, and Hong-Jian Yang. "Effect of Dietary Forage: Concentrate Ratio on Pre-Caecal and Total Digestive Tract Digestibility of Diverse Feedstuffs in Donkeys as Measured by the Mobile Nylon Bag Technique." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061070.

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The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements, however, limited laboratory evidences are available to address the digestibility contribution of the prececum in relation to the total digestive tract. In the present study, six caecum-fistulated adult female Xinjiang donkeys served as the experimental animals in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and mobile nylon bag technique was applied to determine the effect of dietary F:C ratio on pre-caececum and total digestive tract digestibility of rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn meal, and soybean meal. The dietary treatments included: (1) HF, a high-fiber ration (F:C = 80:20), (2) MF, a medium-fiber ration (F:C = 55:45), and (3), LF, a low-fiber ration (F:C = 35:65). The experiment consisted of three consecutive Latin square periods, and each period lasted 25 days. In each period, the animals were administrated naso-gastrically nylon bags (38 μm pore size) containing aforementioned feeds. After 1.5 h intubation, the bags were checked once an hour and collected at the ileo-caecal junction (small intestine bag, D1) and in the feces (fecal bag, D2). Regardless whatever feeds were introduced, the percentage of bag collected (BC) was quadratically (HF) or linearly (MF and LF) increased against different fixed bag collection time. The highest BC occurred in MF (73.8%), but no significant difference was observed between HF (62.3%) and LF (50.8%). The lowest mean bag retention time was observed in HF (2.7 h), and no significant difference occurred between MF (4.6 h) and LF (5.0 h) diets. For each feed, D1 and D2 digestibility for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF did not differ among three dietary treatments (p > 0.05). Regardless of whatever diets were fed to the donkeys, D2 digestibility for DM and CP among the feeds ranked as: soybean meal > corn meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). D1 digestibility for DM among the feeds ranked as: corn meal > soybean meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). D1 digestibility for CP among the feeds ranked as: soybean meal > corn meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). In summary, dietary forage: concentrate ratio did not affect pre-caecal or total tract nutrient digestibility. The fiber level in feeds was the main limiting factor to affect the digestibility contribution of the pre-caecum in relation to the total digestive tract.

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Maestrini, Michela, Aldo Tava, Simone Mancini, Federica Salari, and Stefania Perrucci. "In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Saponins Derived from Medicago spp. Plants against Donkey Gastrointestinal Nematodes." Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020035.

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With the aim to find new effective natural compounds for the control of nematodes, the in vitro anthelminthic properties of purified 1% saponins showing different chemical compositions and derived from Medicago sativa (MS), Medicago arborea (MA), Medicago polymorpha cultivar ‘Santiago’ (MPS), M. polymorpha cultivar ‘Anglona’ (MPA), and 1% prosapogenins from M. sativa (MSp), were evaluated and compared. As a source of nematode eggs, pooled fresh fecal samples taken from dairy donkeys naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes were used. From fecal samples, eggs were recovered, suspended in deionized water, and used immediately in the bioassay (egg hatch test). The activity of the tested compounds was compared to positive (0.1% thiabendazole) and negative (deionized water and 1% DMSO) controls. All experiments were repeated in triplicate and the obtained data were statistically analyzed. All the tested plant compounds caused a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of nematode egg hatching (>80%). Moreover, all saponins and prosapogenins showed in vitro anthelmintic properties statistically comparable to that of the reference drug (p < 0.05), except for MPS extract. Obtained results showed that the different Medicago saponins evaluated in this study possess high anthelmintic properties against gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy donkeys, although to a different extent depending on their composition.

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Hamrick, Richard G., Tahir Pirgalioglu, Serife Gunduz, and John P. Carroll. "Feral donkey Equus asinus populations on the Karpaz peninsula, Cyprus." European Journal of Wildlife Research 51, no. 2 (April 30, 2005): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0085-0.

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Allen, W. R. (Twink), Fiona Stansfield, and Sandra Wilsher. "Placentation in the plains zebra (Equus quagga)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 11 (2017): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd16475.

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The placenta and fetal gonads of 12 pregnant plains zebra (Equus quagga), estimated to be between 81 and 239 days of gestation, were examined. The diffuse, microcotyledonary zebra placenta appeared, developmentally, to be 3–4 weeks behind its counterpart in horse pregnancy and this, together with the presence of small and long-lived endometrial cups, low levels of zebra chorionic gonadotrophin in maternal serum and few accessory corpora lutea in the maternal ovaries during the first half of gestation, made zebra pregnancy more similar to donkey than horse pregnancy. Zebra fetal gonads enlarged after 80 days of gestation and their interstitial cells stained positively for 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17,20 lyase steroid enzymes while the trophoblast stained for aromatase. This confirmed that zebra fetal gonads, like those of the horse and donkey, can synthesise C19 androgens, which can then be aromatised by the placenta to C18 oestrogens. It is remarkable that such unusual feto–placental mechanisms of production of gonadotrophic and steroid hormones has persisted unchanged within the genus Equus despite the many physical adaptations and the considerable loss of chromosomes that have occurred during the evolution of its member species.

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Blake, John G., and Charles L. Douglas. "Albumin polymorphism in the feral donkey of Death Valley National Monument, California." Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 9, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1978.tb01405.x.

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Treitler, Julia T., Giuseppe M. Carpaneto, Marco Dellacasa, and Jörn Buse. "An updated checklist of the scarab beetle fauna of Asinara Island, Sardinia, Italy (Coleoptera: Trogidae, Geotrupidae, Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Cetoniidae, Dynastidae, Hybosoridae)." Fragmenta Entomologica 51, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/fe.2019.333.

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The island of Asinara, located in the northwest of Sardinia, is characterized by a large number of feral grazing mammals belonging to four herbivorous species (horse, donkey, mouflon, and goat) and an omnivorous one (wild boar). Hand-collections of scarabs in 2014 and the examination of unpublished records revealed the presence of five species new for Asinara (Trox nodulosus, Ateuchetus laticollis, Sisyphus schaefferi, Caccobius schreberi and Cetonia carthami). Based on all records (published and unpublished) we present a new checklist of the scarab beetle fauna of Asinara which increased from 30 to 43 species belonging to seven families: 2 Trogidae, 2 Geotrupidae, 13 Scarabaeidae, 19 Aphodiidae, 5 Cetoniidae, 1 Dynastidae, and 1 Hybosoridae

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Costa, Paulo Wbiratan Lopes da, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela, and Thais Ferreira Feitosa. "Parasitic profile of traction equids in the semi-arid climate of Paraíba State, Northeastern, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180035.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the parasitological profiles of traction equids from the semi-arid climate of Paraíba (PB) State. We analyzed 96 equids that performed traction work, with no defined breed, males and females, and all older than 24 months. Among the analyzed animals, 51% were donkeys, 41.7% mules, and 7.3% horses. Fecal material and blood were collected for parasitological examination and to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), respectively. The samples were sent to the Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital - IFPB, Sousa-PB campus, and epidemiological questionnaires were provided to the owners. It was observed that 83.3% of equids tested positive for gastrointestinal parasites. Strongylidae was the most prevalent parasite (83.3%), followed by Giardia sp. (5.3%), and Eimeria sp. (2.1%). The mean eggs per gram (EPG) value of the fecal samples was 1143. Fecal analysis revealed that 78.9% of the larvae were from “small strongyles”. The presence of ectoparasites was not observed in the studied animals. The answers to our questionnaire revealed that 69.8% of the animals had never been dewormed and that the remaining 31.2% had only been dewormed once. We concluded that the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among traction equids in the municipality of Sousa-PB is high.

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Forsyth, David M., A. David M. Latham, Naomi E. Davis, Peter Caley, Mike Letnic, Paul D. Moloney, Luke P. Woodford, and Andrew P. Woolnough. "Interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates: concepts, evidence and knowledge gaps." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17042.

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The dingo (Canis dingo or C. familiaris, including hybrids with feral dogs) is the apex carnivore on mainland Australia. Fifteen non-native ungulate species have established wild populations in Australia. Dingoes are managed to reduce impacts on domestic ungulates, and introduced wild ungulates are managed to reduce impacts on natural ecosystems and to minimise competition with domestic ungulates. There is speculation about the extent to which (1) dingoes limit the abundances of introduced wild ungulates, and (2) introduced wild ungulates sustain dingo populations. We reviewed the literature to identify potential ecological interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates, and to synthesise evidence for interactions between dingoes and each ungulate species (including the percentage frequency occurrence (%FO) of ungulates in dingo diets). Eleven of the 15 ungulate species were recorded in the diet of dingoes, with the highest %FO occurrences reported for feral goats (73%) and cattle (60%). Two studies concluded that dingoes reduced ungulate abundances (feral goat (Capra hircus) and feral donkey (Equus asinus)), and two studies concluded that dingoes did not regulate feral pig (Sus scrofa) abundances. A fifth study concluded that dingoes exhibited a Type III functional response to increasing sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) abundances. A sixth study concluded that dingoes made relatively little use of hunter-shot sambar deer carcasses. We propose that interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates depend on the sex–age classes vulnerable to dingo predation, dingo pack sizes, the availability of escape terrain for ungulates and the availability of alternative foods for dingoes. The interplay between environmental conditions and the population growth rate of ungulates, and hence their ability to sustain losses from predation, could also be important. We predict that dingoes will have most impact on the abundance of smaller ungulate species and neonates.

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Reid, Stuart W. J., Brendan J. Godley, Sheena M. Henderson, Gavin J. Lawrie, David Lloyd, Katie Small, Nan Swannie, and Rachel L. Thomas. "Ecology and behaviour of the feral Donkey,Equus asinus, population of the Karpas peninsula, northern Cyprus." Zoology in the Middle East 14, no. 1 (January 1997): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.1997.10637701.

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N. Shulga, Nikolay, Nikolay M. Mandro, Galina A. Gavrilova, Alexey N. Chubin, Irina Yu. Sayapina, Yuriy A. Gavrilov, Lopsondorzho V. Hibchenov, and Natal'ya V. Trush. "Morphological Aspects of Absorption of Antibodies." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.5 (July 7, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16133.

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Placenta, depending on the species histological features, may interfere or promote the transmission of antibodies in the mother-fetus system. There are several types of placentas: epithelial type (horses, donkeys and pigs), desmochoric type (cows, sheep and goats), endothelial type (rabbits, Guinea pigs), hemochorial type (monkeys and women). Desmochoric and epithelial type of the placenta block the transfer of circulating maternal antibodies to the fetus. In animals with these types of placentae transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring is carried out by colostrum. Hemochorionic and endothelial chorionic placentae provides active transport of antibodies from the mother's bloodstream into the bloodstream of the fetus. Therefore, newborns have a complete set of maternal antibodies. The aim of our study was to investigate the mechanism of absorption of antibodies from colostrum by the epithelial cells of the small intestine of newborn animals with epithelial and desmochoric types of placentas. The article presents the results of the absorption of antibodies by epithelial cells of the small intestine of newborn animals with colostrum - type transmission of immune proteins from mother-offspring. Thus, it was established that the absorption of antibodies by epithelial cells of the small intestine is limited in time (24-72 hours). The mechanism of absorption is the fetal structure of the epithelial cells of the small intestine with the ability to absorb antibodies, and the termination of antibody absorption is associated with the replacement of fetal enterocytes by postnatal ones.

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Conrad, Cheyenne, Kim Stanford, Claudia Narvaez-Bravo, Norman Neumann, Krysty Munns, Lisa Tymensen, Cassandra Jokinen, and Tim McAllister. "Zoonotic Fecal Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Canadian Petting Zoos." Microorganisms 6, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030070.

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This study aimed to better understand the potential public health risk associated with zoonotic pathogens in agricultural fairs and petting zoos in Canada. Prevalence of Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7, and top six non-O157 STEC serogroups in feces (n = 88), hide/feather (n = 36), and hand rail samples (n = 46) was assessed, as well as distributions of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) broad and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pig nasal swabs (n = 4), and Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in feces was also assessed. Neither Salmonella nor MRSA were detected. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 32% of fecal samples. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 2% and 15% of fecal samples, respectively. Only one fecal sample was positive for STEC O157, whereas 22% were positive for non-O157 STEC. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to antibiotics classified as critically and highly important in human medicine was proportionally greatest in E. coli from cattle feces. The β-lactamase-producing E. coli from pig, horse/donkey feces, and hand rail samples, as well as the STEC E. coli from handrail swabs were MDR. The diversity and prevalence of zoonotic pathogens and AMR bacteria detected within agricultural fairs and petting zoos emphasize the importance of hygienic practices and sanitization with respect to reducing associated zoonotic risks.

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Bazzano, Marilena, Alessandra Di Salvo, Manuela Diaferia, Fabrizia Veronesi, Roberta Galarini, Fabiola Paoletti, Beniamino Tesei, Amy McLean, Vincenzo Veneziano, and Fulvio Laus. "Anthelmintic Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Ivermectin Paste after Oral Administration in Mules Infected by Cyathostomins." Animals 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10060934.

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Ivermectin (IVM) is an anthelmintic compound commonly used off-label in mules due to its broad-spectrum of activity. Despite the general use of IVM in mules with the same dose and route of administration licensed for horses, significant pharmacokinetic differences might exist between horses and mules, as already observed for donkeys. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile and anthelmintic efficacy of an oral paste of IVM in mules naturally infected with cyathostomins. Fifteen adult mules with fecal egg counts (FEC) ≥ 200 eggs per gram (EPG), with exclusive presence of cyathostomins, were included in the study. All mules were orally treated with IVM according to the manufacturer's recommended horse dosage (200 µg/kg body weight). FECs were performed before (day-10 and day-3) and after treatment at days 14 and 28 by using a modified McMaster method. The FEC reduction (FECR%) was also calculated. Blood samples were collected from five animals at various times between 0.5 h up to 30 days post treatment to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. The maximum IVM serum concentration (Cmax) was 42.31 ± 10.20 ng/mL and was achieved at 16.80 ± 9.96 h post-treatment (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC) was 135.56 ± 43.71 ng × day/mL. FECR% remained high (>95%) until the 28th day.

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Palomero, A. M., J. A. Hernández, C. F. Cazapal-Monteiro, Fabián Arroyo Balán, M. I. Silva, Adolfo Paz-Silva, R. Sánchez-Andrade, and María Sol Arias Vázquez. "Implementation of Biological Control to the Integrated Control of Strongyle Infection among Wild Captive Equids in a Zoological Park." BioMed Research International 2018 (June 7, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4267683.

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Abstract:

The integrated control of strongyles was assayed for a period of three years in wild equids (zebras, European donkeys, and African wild asses) captive in a zoo and infected by strongyles. During three years control of parasites consisted of deworming with ivermectin + praziquantel; equids also received every two days commercial nutritional pellets containing a blend of 104 - 105 spores of the fungi Mucor circinelloides + Duddingtonia flagrans per kg meal. Coprological analyses were done monthly to establish the counts of eggs of strongyles per gram of feces (EPG). The reductions in the fecal egg counts (FECR) and in the positive horses (PHR) were calculated fifteen days after deworming; the egg reappearance period (ERP) and the time elapsed from the previous deworming (TPD) were also recorded. Four anthelmintic treatments were administered during the assay, three times throughout the first 2 yrs, and another treatment during the last one. FECR values of 96-100% and 75-100% for the PHR were recorded. The ERP oscillated between eight and twenty-eight weeks, and the TPD ranged from four to eighteen months, increasing to the end of the trial. No side effects were observed in any of the equids. It is concluded that integrated control of strongyles among equids captive in a zoo can be developed by anthelmintic deworming together with the administration of pellets manufactured with spores of parasiticide fungi every two days.

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Nnabuife Bernard, Agumah. "Recovery of Pathogenic Human Intestinal Parasites in Fecal Effluents Obtained from Donkey Abattoir at Nkwo-Izhia, Ebonyi State." American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 3, no. 4 (2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.11.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Feral donkeys'

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