Journal articles: 'Feral buffalo'

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DAHDOUH-GUEBAS, F., D. VRANCKEN, T. RAVISHANKAR, and N. KOEDAM. "Short-term mangrove browsing by feral water buffalo: conflict between natural resources, wildlife and subsistence interests?" Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003080.

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Management of the natural environment and its resources leads to conflicts between different stake-holders worldwide. Recently mangrove browsing by feral water buffalo in the East-Godavari Delta (India) has been considered a threat to the regeneration of mangroves by the local Forest Department, which led to conflicts between the authorities and local herds-men who have an ancient tradition involving feral water buffalo. The impact of browsing and grazing of mangroves by feral water buffalo was monitored. Feral water buffalo consumed mangroves, but not to the extent claimed by the Forest Department, prefering Avicennia alba, A. marina and A. officinalis. Their browsing behaviour was not linked to a height zone, and buffalo preferred the fresh leaves from previously undamaged branches. Under experimental and natural conditions, browsing induced compensatory regrowth in Avicennia. The carrying capacity of the mangrove appears to be sufficient to accumulate impact. There are both positive and negative impacts of livestock animals on forest ecosystems, and sociocultural consequences must be carefully assessed prior to enforcing a change in natural resource or environmental management. Before banning feral water buffalo from the mangrove, forest managers should confront their prejudices about the real impact of feral herbivores on these forests.

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Carrick, P., D. Thomson, and G. Calley. "The use of radio transmitters for tracking and shooting feral buffalo." Rangeland Journal 12, no. 2 (1990): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9900084.

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An exercise is described in which transmitters were attached to feral buffalo females and these 'judas cows' were then used to lead a shooter to other animals with which they sought company. The technique, the problems and the benefits are described. The efficiency and thoroughness with which feral buffalo can be shot in difficult country is greatly increased by the use of radio tracking. The use of the technique with other feral animals in northern Australia or in extensive buffalo or cattle husbandry is discussed.

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Corbett, L. "Does Dingo Predation or Buffalo Competition Regulate Feral Pig Populations in the Australian Wet-Dry Tropics? An Experimental Study." Wildlife Research 22, no. 1 (1995): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950065.

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Dingo (Canis farniliaris dingo) predation on feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in response to experimental changes in prey populations was measured over seven years in the seasonally wet-dry tropics of northern Australia. Following the removal of feral swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from half of the 614-km*2 study area, the number of pigs doubled and there was a 3-fold increase of pig in dingo diet. The relationship between the functional response of the dingo and pig abundance was negative and significant for both the treatment and control areas. This indicated that dingoes were not regulating the pig population. Instead, dingo predation probably acted in concert with interference competition by buffalo which decreased access to critical subterranean food for pigs during the dry season and thus limited population growth in pigs.

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Kandel, Ram C., Ram C. Poudel, Amir Sadaula, Prakriti Kandel, Kamal P. Gairhe, Chiranjibi P. Pokheral, Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, Mukesh K. Chalise, and Ghan Shyam Solanki. "Revisiting genetic structure of Wild Buffaloes Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: an assessment for translocation programs." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 15 (December 26, 2019): 14942–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4940.11.15.14942-14954.

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Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) has the last remaining Nepalese population of the Endangered Asiatic Wild Buffalo (Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792). Individual animals protected inside KTWR may be of purely wild, domestic or hybrid origin, and the wild population is under potential threat due to habitat loss and genetic introgression from feral backcrosses. Identification of genetically pure wild individuals is important for identifying animals for translocation to other areas within their former range. In this study we have sequenced a highly variable 422bp region of the Cytochrome b gene of 36 animals, and added 61 published sequences of both River and Swamp Buffalo from Italy and some southern Asian countries including India. The haplotype diversities ranged from 0.286-0.589 with slightly higher diversities in domesticated individuals. The AMOVA analysis revealed that 97.217% of the genetic variation was contained within groups and 2.782% occurred among groups. An overall fixation index (FST) was found to be 0.02782 (p>0.05). Phylogenetic relationships derived through a reduced median network and maximum parsimony analyses reconfirmed the ancestral nature of the Wild Water Buffalo. Moreover, this study has reviewed recent achievements of molecular research in wild buffalo, assessed the technical capacities of research institutes in Nepal to conduct molecular research required for identifying pure wild individual in KTWR and more importantly initiated DNA bank and DNA sequence library of buffalos, which will enable an international collaboration for advanced molecular research in the future.

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Werner, P. A., I. D. Cowie, and J. S. Cusack. "Juvenile tree growth and demography in response to feral water buffalo in savannas of northern Australia: an experimental field study in Kakadu National Park." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 3 (2006): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04135.

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Tree populations in the wooded savannas of northern Australia lack a well developed seed bank, but instead rely on a persistent ground layer of suppressed juvenile plants <1 m of indeterminate ages. The feral Asian water buffalo has been implicated as a factor in inhibiting the movement of juvenile trees to sapling stage. In a 6-year field study in Kakadu National Park, 656 juvenile plants were monitored for growth and survival, and in exploring the effects of buffalo, clipping surrounding vegetation and ambient fire. Buffalo were removed from one half of the sites across an environmental gradient in a landscape-scale experiment. Juvenile trees grew more slowly but fewer became dormant where buffalo were absent. Experimental clipping of surrounding vegetation produced significantly increased height at the buffalo-absent sites, but not at the buffalo-present sites, demonstrating that the positive effect of buffalo on growth was indirect, by reducing the competitive regime for juvenile trees. Within 3 years of removal of buffalo, ground-level green biomass increased 2–10 times and litter 1.3–2 times over a topographic gradient. Mortality of juvenile trees was not significantly different between buffalo-present and buffalo-absent sites when plots remained unburnt. By contrast, at buffalo-absent sites, three times more juveniles died after late dry-season fires than at unburnt sites, but there was no difference among buffalo-present sites. Overall, the total juvenile tree bank decreased by 7% where buffalo grazed and by 18% where buffalo had been removed. The study demonstrated a major mechanism(s) responsible for recorded changes in vegetation patterns of these savannas, whereby buffalo initiate a cascade of effects by changing ground-level biomass, which change competitive relationships and fuel loads, which then have an impact on tree growth and demography. The results are discussed with respect to dynamics of the juvenile tree bank and implications for long-term sustainability of these wooded savannas.

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Ens, E. J., S. Bentley-Toon, F. Campion, S. Campion, J. Kelly, and G. Towler. "Rapid appraisal links feral buffalo with kunkod (Melaleuca spp.) decline in freshwater billabongs of tropical northern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 9 (2017): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16267.

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Freshwater wetlands have great ecological, social, cultural and economic importance and are considered some of the most threatened ecosystems globally, especially in the tropics. In the tropics of northern Australia, much land is owned by Aboriginal people, thus requiring community-based approaches to monitoring and decision making. Herein we present a collaborative community-based rapid appraisal of an observed decline in a culturally and ecologically important tree genus of the freshwater wetlands in northern Australia, locally known as kunkod (Melaleuca spp., Myrtaceae) by Bininj (local Aboriginal people). We conducted collaborative research with the local Aboriginal Djelk Rangers incorporating local and scientific knowledge and preferred research methods. The decline in kunkod was more common in the water zone than in the mud and dry zones of freshwater billabongs in the Djelk Indigenous Protected Area. Kunkod decline and poor regeneration were significantly correlated with high water electrical conductivity, turbidity and ammonium. Feral buffalo activity was also positively correlated with these parameters, suggesting an indirect effect of buffalo on kunkod population health (large and small trees) through reduced water quality rather than direct rubbing on the trees, as was initially expected. Ongoing monitoring will allow assessment of potential recovery of kunkod following planned feral buffalo control.

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Petty, Aaron M., Patricia A. Werner, Caroline E. R. Lehmann, Jan E. Riley, Daniel S. Banfai, and Louis P. Elliott. "SAVANNA RESPONSES TO FERAL BUFFALO IN KAKADU NATIONAL PARK, AUSTRALIA." Ecological Monographs 77, no. 3 (August 2007): 441–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-1599.1.

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8

Robinson, Catherine J. "Buffalo hunting and the feral frontier of Australia's Northern Territory." Social & Cultural Geography 6, no. 6 (December 2005): 885–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649360500353285.

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9

McMahon, Clive R., Barry W. Brook, David M. J. S. Bowman, Grant J. Williamson, and Corey J. A. Bradshaw. "Fertility partially drives the relative success of two introduced bovines (Bubalus bubalis and Bos javanicus) in the Australian tropics." Wildlife Research 38, no. 5 (2011): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10174.

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Context Some large herbivores introduced to Australia have achieved population densities so high as to cause considerable ecological damage. Intriguingly, others have been relatively less successful and have correspondingly perturbed their new environments less. An excellent example is two similar-sized bovine species that established feral populations in the Northern Territory of Australia in the mid-19th century. Asian swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) rapidly colonised the tropical savannas, causing ecological degradation, especially on freshwater swamps. In contrast, banteng (Bos javanicus) are restricted to their point of introduction and have caused relatively negligible ecological damage. Understanding the reasons of this differential success is of theoretical and applied interest and contributes to managing large herbivore populations for ex situ conservation and feral-animal control. Aims To compare the population structure of buffalo and banteng on the basis of shot samples, so as to construct life tables for four contemporary (low-density) buffalo populations, and collated data from previous work from three historical (high-density) buffalo populations and one banteng population (the only extant ex situ population in existence). Further, to provide a validation of age estimation with and without informed priors in a Bayesian model comparing horn length and ages estimated from tooth cementum annuli. Finally, to interpret our results in the context of relative invasion potential of the two bovid species. Key Results For both species, survival of juveniles was the most important demographic component influencing deterministic population growth. However, buffalo have the demographic capacity to recover swiftly after control because of high survival and fertility rates across a range of population densities. Fertility of buffalo was historically greater than that of banteng, and buffalo fertility increased as their populations were reduced. Conclusions These findings highlight how subtle differences in demographic rates and feeding ecology can influence the success (high population growth and range expansion) of large herbivores, knowledge which is increasingly important for managing invasive species effectively. Implications We show that that individual life-history traits and demographic performance, especially fertility, play an important role in determining the spread of invasive bovids in a novel environment.

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10

Friend, Gordon R., and Kevyn M. Cellier. "Wetland herpetofauna of Kakadu National Park, Australia: seasonal richness trends, habitat preferences and the effects of feral ungulates." Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, no. 2 (May 1990): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400004235.

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ABSTRACTThe abundance and distribution of reptiles and amphibians inhabiting tropical monsoonal wetlands in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia, were monitored between late 1979 and 1982. Seasonal trends in species richness, and the influence of various environmental attributes (including those caused by feral ungulates) on species distribution patterns were also examined.These wetlands support a high proportion of the amphibian species known from the Park, but are of less importance to reptiles. Within the wetlands, the structurally more complex forested ‘margins’ support many more species than the treeless floodplains. Amphibian species distributions seem to be influenced primarily by elevation, through its effects on soil moisture and flooding levels, while reptile distribution patterns reflect a more complex set of environmental factors, with structural attributes (e.g. vegetation height structure and cover, refuge abundance, leaf litter cover and depth, extent of flooding) being of prime importance.Feral buffalo and pigs, through their grazing, trampling and wallowing, may considerably influence such structural attributes and change the duration and extent of water lie, and thus indirectly affect species distribution patterns. Current buffalo culling programmes provide an opportunity to monitor vegetation and faunal changes, and quantify feral animal impact post facto.

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11

Boulton, WJ, and WJ Freeland. "Models for the Control of Feral Water Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Using Constant Levels of Offtake and Effort." Wildlife Research 18, no. 1 (1991): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910063.

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A model of population growth of feral water buffalo is presented and used as a basis for simulating buffalo control exercises. Simulations incorporated annual removal of constant numbers of buffalo, annual allocations of constant amounts of control effort, or continous application of effort until control density had been achieved. The models rely on data from helicopter-based shooting and shooting by shooters on the ground (Bayliss 1986). Approximately 60% of a starting population had to be removed per annum for control to extinction to be achieved within two years. Annual allocations of constant levels of control effort resulted in failure to reach the control target within 150 years, control in about 40 years, or control within the first two years of operation, depending on the level of effort expended. Addition of two helicopters to a team of four helicopters working for 20 days changed the result from no control to control within two years. Optimal allocation of control effort requires continuous application of control measures until the objective has been achieved. Lower levels of effort result in prolonged campaigns that may not achieve desired objectives.

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Bayliss, P., P. Bayliss, KM Yeomans, and KM Yeomans. "Distribution and Abundance of Feral Livestock in the 'Top End' of the Northern Territory (1985-86), and Their Relation to Population Control." Wildlife Research 16, no. 6 (1989): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890651.

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Feral and domestic livestock (buffalo, cattle, horses and donkeys) were censused by fixed-wing aerial survey over the 'Top End' of the Northern Territory (above the 16th parallel) in March-April 1985, encompassing 233 672 km2 (16.7% of the Territory). The mean sampling rate on the major coastal lowland (38 281 km2) was 7.3%, and that for the rest was 3.7%. The accuracy of population estimates was improved by applying habitat-specific visibility correction factors to animals counted in groups.

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Albrecht, Glenn, Clive R. McMahon, David M. J. S. Bowman, and Corey J. A. Bradshaw. "Convergence of Culture, Ecology, and Ethics: Management of Feral Swamp Buffalo in Northern Australia." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 22, no. 4 (March 11, 2009): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-009-9158-5.

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Bowman, D. M. J. S., J. E. Riley, G. S. Boggs, C. E. R. Lehmann, and L. D. Prior. "Do feral buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) explain the increase of woody cover in savannas of Kakadu National Park, Australia?" Journal of Biogeography 35, no. 11 (November 2008): 1976–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01934.x.

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Russell, Shaina, Michelle Power, and Emilie Ens. "Cryptosporidium and Giardia in feral water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the South East Arnhem Land Indigenous Protected Area, Australia." Parasitology Research 119, no. 7 (May 19, 2020): 2149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06703-6.

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Robinson, Cathy J., and Peter Whitehead. "Cross-Cultural Management of Pest Animal Damage: A Case Study of Feral Buffalo Control in Australia?s Kakadu National Park." Environmental Management 32, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0013-6.

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BOWMAN, DAVID M. J. S., LYNDA D. PRIOR, and SIOBHAN C. DE LITTLE. "Retreating Melaleuca swamp forests in Kakadu National Park: Evidence of synergistic effects of climate change and past feral buffalo impacts." Austral Ecology 35, no. 8 (November 25, 2010): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02096.x.

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Ferreira, Guilherme J., Érika Branco, Rosa Cabral, Guilherme B. Gregores, Emerson T. Fioretto, Ana Rita de Lima, Carlos Alberto P. Sarmento, Maria Angelica Miglino, and Ana F. Carvalho. "Morphological aspects of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) umbilical cord." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 10 (October 2009): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009001000002.

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Buffalo is an important livestock resource, with a great participation in agricultural systems, providing milk, meat, and work power. Umbilical cord is responsible for maternal-fetal nutrients exchange during pregnancy, and its alterations can compromise the fetal development. We investigated ten pregnant uteruses collected from cross-bread buffaloes in different stages of gestation. Pregnancy and fetal age was determined by measuring the apex sacral length and development period was calculated by previously published formula. Umbilical cords were measured for length determination. Umbilical cord vascular net and anastomosis were observed by injection of Neoprene latex. Histological sections of the umbilical cord were studied after stain with HE, picrossirius, toluidine blue, orceine, and PAS reaction. Buffaloes' umbilical cord was formed by two central arteries, an allantois duct and two peripheral veins. The artery wall was composed by large quantity of collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts and large number of vasa vasorum. The allantois duct was located between the arteries and presented a great number of small nourishing vessels. Small nourishing vessels should be carefully considered to avoid to be mistaken to the arterials and veins vasa vasorum. Medium length of umbilical cord from buffalos was 11.8cm (minimum of 6.8cm and maximum of 17.4cm).

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Gohar, Mohamed A., Mohammed A. Elmetwally, Abdelmonem Montaser, and Samy M. Zaabel. "Effect of Oxytetracycline Treatment on Postpartum Reproductive Performance in Dairy Buffalo-Cows with Retained Placenta in Egypt." Journal of Veterinary Healthcare 1, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2575-1212.jvhc-18-2146.

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Retained fetal membrane (RFM) is a crucial calving related disorder that affects economic for the farmer and herd health. Retention of Placenta (ROP) is the condition in which the fetal membranes are not expelled within a period of 12 hours after parturition. Buffalo cows (n=34) aged 4-9 years old with 2-6 lactation season were used in the present study. The Experimental buffaloes were divided into either with (n=25) or without (n=9) fetal membrane retention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oxytetracycline treatment on reproductive performance of buffalo-cows with retained fetal membranes. All buffaloes in treated group received systemic infusion of oxytetracyclin Hcl injection 5% and 10 mg/kg oxytetracycline for 3 days intrauterine. Reproductive performance parameters for all experimental buffaloes were days to first estrous, number of service per conception, days open and pregnancy diagnosis. All reproductive parameters demonstrated significant changes between treated and non-treated animals (P < 0.05). Altogether, the obtained results indicated that retained placenta in buffaloes could be treated successfully by intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline

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Mihailou, Helenna, and Melanie Massaro. "An overview of the impacts of feral cattle, water buffalo and pigs on the savannas, wetlands and biota of northern Australia." Austral Ecology 46, no. 5 (May 2021): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.13046.

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Hallett, Matthew T., Gerard Pereira, Oswin Ambrose, Diane McTurk, and Brittany A. Bankovich. "Projecting the theoretical niche of a recently re-discovered population of feral Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the North Rupununi wetlands, Guyana." Neotropical Biodiversity 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1967661.

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Russell, Shaina, Emilie Ens, and Ngukurr Yangbala Rangers. "‘We don’t want to drink that water’: cross-cultural indicators of billabong water quality in remote Indigenous Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 10 (2020): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19305.

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Globally, many Indigenous people rely on surface waters for drinking due to limited access to safe or palatable water, cultural and spiritual reasons and belief in its healing properties. In northern Australia, Indigenous people from the remote community Ngukurr have raised concerns about drinking water from freshwater billabongs due to potential microbial contamination from feral ungulates (buffalo, pig, horse and cattle). In response to these concerns, a cross-cultural assessment of water quality and drinking water safety was undertaken. Indigenous biocultural indicators of water quality and perceptions of drinking water safety at billabongs were documented. In addition, Western scientific methods were used to assess billabong waters surrounding the Ngukurr community for the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The results revealed that local Indigenous people make decisions about water quality and drinking water safety through visual indicators, seasonal knowledge and intuition. Giardia was only detected in the late dry season and Cryptosporidium was not detected during either the wet or dry season. The commonly held Indigenous perspective aligned with the pathogen results, whereby billabongs were safer to drink from in the early dry season then the late dry season. Boiling water when drinking from billabongs during all seasons is considered best practice to avoid ingestion of infective enteric pathogens.

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Bowman, David M. J. S., Lynda D. Prior, and Grant Williamson. "The roles of statistical inference and historical sources in understanding landscape change: the case of feral buffalo in the freshwater floodplains of Kakadu National Park." Journal of Biogeography 37, no. 1 (August 18, 2009): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02244.x.

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Freeland, WJ, and WJ Boulton. "Feral Water-Buffalo (Bubalus-Bubalis) in the Major Floodplains of the Top End, Northern-Territory, Australia - Population-Growth and the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Campaign." Wildlife Research 17, no. 4 (1990): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900411.

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WERNER, PATRICIA A. "Impact of feral water buffalo and fire on growth and survival of mature savanna trees: An experimental field study in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia." Austral Ecology 30, no. 6 (September 2005): 625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01491.x.

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Ens, Emilie-Jane, Peter Cooke, Ray Nadjamerrek, Seraine Namundja, Victor Garlngarr, and Dean Yibarbuk. "Combining Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Knowledge to Assess and Manage Feral Water Buffalo Impacts on Perennial Freshwater Springs of the Aboriginal-Owned Arnhem Plateau, Australia." Environmental Management 45, no. 4 (February 21, 2010): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9452-z.

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Corbett, Laurie, Anthony L. Hertog, and Warren J. Muller. "An experimental study of the impact of feral swamp buffalo Bubalus bubalis on the breeding habitat and nesting success of magpie geese Anseranas semipalmata in Kakadu National Park." Biological Conservation 76, no. 3 (1996): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00121-2.

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Purohit, Govind Narayan, Pramod Kumar, Kanika Solanki, Chandra Shekher, and Sumit Prakash Yadav. "Perspectives of fetal dystocia in cattle and buffalo." Veterinary Science Development 2, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/vsd.2012.3712.

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We review the causes of fetal dystocia in cows and buffalo. Two fetal causes are distinct fetal oversize and fetal abnormalities. Fetal oversize is common in heifers, cows of beef cattle breeds, prolonged gestations, increased calf birth weight, male calves and perinatal fetal death with resultant emphysema. Fetal abnormalities include monsters, fetal diseases and fetal maldispositions, and it is difficult to deliver such fetuses because of their altered shape. Although monsters are rare in cattle, a large number of monstrosities have been reported in river buffalo; yet also here, overall incidence is low. Diseases of the fetus resulting in dystocia include hydrocephalus, ascites, anasarca and hydrothorax. The most common cause of dystocia in cattle seems to be fetal maldispositions, of which limb flexion and head deviation appear to be the most frequent. We provide a brief description of the management of dystocia from different causes in cattle and buffalo. A case analysis of 192 and 112 dystocia in cattle and buffalo, respectively, at our referral center revealed that dystocia is significantly higher (P<0.05) in first and second parity cows and buffalo, and that dystocia of fetal origin is common in cows (65.62%) but less frequent (40.17%) in buffalo. In buffalo, the single biggest cause of dystocia was uterine torsion (53.57%). Fetal survival was significantly (P<0.05) higher both in cows and buffalo when delivery was completed within 12 h of second stage of labor.

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Sah, Ramesh Prasad, Hari Kumar Prasai, Jiban Shrestha, Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder, AKM Anisur Rahman, and Ram Bali Sah. "Seasonal and Altitudinal Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Buffalo in Eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 4 (May 6, 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v4i1.19689.

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Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other multipurpose uses distributed densely from southern tarai to northern mid-hills in Nepal. Among several internal parasitic diseases fascioliasis is highly economic one caused by Fasciola in buffaloes. However, there are only few studies carried on prevalence of fascioliasis emphasizing buffaloes in relation to seasonal (summer and rainy, and winter) and altitudinal variations. Therefore, we examined prevalence of fascioliasis seasonally and vertically. For the purpose, we selected two districts of eastern Nepal and sampled from low altitude area known as Madhesha ranging from 175-200, Dhankuta from 800-1200 m, and Murtidhunga from 1800-2200 m elevation from the sea level, representing tarai, mid hills and high hills, respectively. Altogether from February 2013 to January 2014 at every two months interval we collected 798 fecal samples from buffaloes; 282 from Murtidhunga, 239 from Dhankuta and 277 from Madhesha. The samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Fasciola eggs using sedimentation technique. Results showed that overall prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was 39.9% (319/798), ranging highest 42.6%in Madhesha followed by 39.7% in Murtidhunga and 37.2% in Dhankuta, respectively. The prevalence of fascioliasis was found to be significantly (p <0.05) high in winter (44.9%) comparing to rainy season (34.4%). The prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was relatively higher in low altitude than high altitude, although it was not statistically significant (p <0.05). In our findings the female buffaloes showed higher prevalence for fascioliasis than in male. Since the fascioliasis in buffaloes is highly endemic, thus strategic deworming in high risk period is recommended along with measure to prevent pasture contamination with buffalo feces.

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Mehta, P., R. Kaushik, M. S. Chauhan, P. Palta, S. Singla, M. K. Singh, and R. S. Manik. "208 PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC CLONED BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) EMBRYOS CONTAINING HUMAN INSULIN GENE THROUGH HAND-GUIDED CLONING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab208.

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Diabetes is a growing disease worldwide and has emerged as a major healthcare problem in India. Insulin is an essential medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Large dairy animals, such as buffaloes and cows, may be used as bioreactors for cost-effective production of human insulin. The present study was aimed to produce transgenic buffalo embryos containing the human insulin gene through hand-guided cloning for production of transgenic animals. Buffalo female fetal fibroblast cells at passage number 3 were transfected using mammary gland- specific expression vector containing the human insulin gene under buffalo β-lactoglobulin promoter by nucleofection method and cultured with G418 drug for 3 weeks to obtain positive transgenic cell clones. Transgene integration into buffalo female fetal fibroblast genome was confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting. Nontransfected and transgene integrated cells were used as nuclear donors to produce embryos by the hand-guided cloning technique. The developmental competence and quality of embryos as judged by total cell number and TUNEL assay were compared among transgenic and nontransgenic (control) embryos. The blastocyst rate was lower (P < 0.05) for transgenic embryos than that of nontransgenic cloned embryos (35.97 ± 2.16 v. 45.80 ± 4.11, respectively). The apoptotic index was found to be lower (P < 0.05) for control blastocysts than that for transgenic blastocysts. However, the total cell number was similar (P < 0.05) among transgenic and control cloned blastocysts. Thus, transgenic cells, and subsequently transgenic embryos containing the human insulin gene, were successfully produced and transferred in recipients. In the future, these may be used for production of transgenic buffalo expressing human insulin in its milk and thus can be further utilised in large-scale production of human insulin.

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Nurhidayah, Nanis, Fadjar Satrija, Elok Budi Retnani, Dewi Apri Astuti, and Sri Murtini. "Prevalence and risk factors of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java Island of Indonesia." April-2020 13, no. 4 (2020): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.687-694.

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Background and Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and intensity and to identify the associated risk factors and impact of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 580 fecal samples were collected from swamp buffaloes in five different agro-climatic areas in Banten and Central Java Provinces, Indonesia. The fecal samples were examined using the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory Technique to determine the prevalence and intensity of trematode infection. The risk factors for infection were determined from an in-depth interview of owners/keepers, and the results were analyzed using Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression. The infection was also correlated with swamp buffalo production parameters (body weight and body condition score [BCS]). Results: From all fecal samples, the overall prevalence of trematode infection was 64.83%, which comprised Fasciola spp. (16.03%; mean eggs per gram [EPG]±SD: 1.02±0.43) and Paramphistomatidae (62.93%; mean EPG±SD: 1.01±0.66). The main risk factor for trematode infection was feeding animals with rice straw (odds ratio [OR]: 40.124); the risk of trematode infection was 40.142 times higher in buffaloes that consumed rice straw. Other risk factors included the frequency of anthelmintic treatment (OR: 4.666), age (OR: 0.449), and drinking water source (OR: 0.358). Trematode infection did not significantly affect the body weight or BCS of swamp buffaloes. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of trematode infection was high in swamp buffaloes, the intensity of infection was low, and the infection did not affect the animals' physical parameters.

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Pereira, F., F. Braga, J. R. Kfoury Jr, L. Oliveira, P. Papa, A. F. Carvalho, A. Kohayagawa, et al. "118 TRANSFER OF IRON FROM MOTHER TO FETUS IN WATER BUFFALO: ERYTROPHAGOCYTOSIS AND UTEROFERRIN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab118.

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The transplacental transport of iron by uteroferrin (Uf), and the hemophagous areas in the water buffalo placenta were analyzed to clarify the mechanism of blood extravasation in the materno-fetal interface with consequent transfer of iron to the fetus through the trophoblastic erythrophagocytosis (Murai and Yamauchi 1986 Nippon Juigaki Zasshi 48, 75–88) and in the endometrial glands (Bazer et al. 1991 Exp. Hematol. 19 910–19 915). In the water buffalo placenta this mechanism remains unclear; uteroferrin is very important in this process because it is both an iron transporter and a progesterone-induced hematopoietic growth factor. Our objective was to characterize these hemophagous areas and the endometrium of the water buffalo, focusing in the materno-fetal transfer of iron. Small pieces of the placentomes and interplacentomal region of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis bubalis, n = 51) in all of the gestation periods were fixed in 4% paraformoldehyde, and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS, processed, and stained for light and transmission electron microscopy to characterize the hemophagous areas and endometrial glands morphologically, histochemically (Perls, acid phosphatase reaction), and immunohistochemically with rabbit anti-pig uteroferrin antibody to confirm the iron transfer. The hemophagous areas were present in the placentome from 4–10-months-pregnant placentae. The Perls reaction for ferric iron staining was negative in the placentome and positive in the endometrial glands, and the acid phosphatase reaction to detect phagocytic activity was positive in the placentome as well as in the interplacentomal region. The uteroferrin immunohistochemical reaction was positive in the trophoblast, mainly in determined regions of the materno-fetal interface and in other points deep in the placentome, and the endometrial glands showed a strong reaction in the epithelium and in the lumina. The ultrastructure of the hemophagous areas revealed ingested erythrocytes inside the epithelial cells of trophoblasts, endocytic vesicles, and caveolae. The endometrial gland epithelium is of the columnar type with microvilli and basal nuclei. The results obtained mainly by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry indicated that the hemophagous areas and endometrial glands are very important sites for iron transfer in water buffalo, and are thus involved in the regulation of fetal hematopoiesis. This work was funded by FAPESP.

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Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Iain C. Field, David M. J. S. Bowman, Chris Haynes, and Barry W. Brook. "Current and future threats from non-indigenous animal species in northern Australia: a spotlight on World Heritage Area Kakadu National Park." Wildlife Research 34, no. 6 (2007): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06056.

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Non-indigenous animal species threaten biodiversity and ecosystem stability by damaging or transforming habitats, killing or out-competing native species and spreading disease. We use World Heritage Area Kakadu National Park, northern Australia, as a focal region to illustrate the current and potential threats posed by non-indigenous animal species to internationally and nationally recognised natural and cultural values. Available evidence suggests that large feral herbivores such as Asian swamp buffalo, pigs and horses are the most ecologically threatening species in this region. This may reflect the inherent research bias, because these species are highly visible and impact primary production; consequently, their control has attracted the strongest research and management efforts. Burgeoning threats, such as the already established cane toad and crazy ant, and potentially non-indigenous freshwater fish, marine invertebrates and pathogens, may cause severe problems for native biodiversity. To counter these threats, management agencies must apply an ongoing, planned and practical approach using scientifically based and well funded control measures; however, many stakeholders require direct evidence of the damage caused by non-indigenous species before agreeing to implement control. To demonstrate the increasing priority of non-indigenous species research in Australia and to quantify taxonomic and habitat biases in research focus, we compiled an extensive biography of peer-reviewed articles published between 1950 and 2005. Approximately 1000 scientific papers have been published on the impact and control of exotic animals in Australia, with a strong bias towards terrestrial systems and mammals. Despite the sheer quantity of research on non-indigenous species and their effects, management responses remain largely ad hoc and poorly evaluated, especially in northern Australia and in high-value areas such as Kakadu National Park. We argue that improved management in relatively isolated and susceptible tropical regions requires (1) robust quantification of density–damage relationships, and (2) the delivery of research findings that stimulate land managers to develop cost-effective control and monitoring programs.

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Simon, Liz, C. Veerapandian, S. Balasubramanian, and A. Subramanian. "Somatic cell nuclear transfer in buffalos: effect of the fusion and activation protocols and embryo culture system on preimplantation embryo development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 4 (2006): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05079.

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The present study was conducted primarily to evaluate several factors that affect the nuclear transfer programme in water buffalos, in which relatively few studies have been performed. Embryos reconstructed with quiescent fetal fibroblasts and metaphase II cytoplasts were matured for 24 h, and activation was found to be comparatively better than in those matured for 30 h. A significantly higher proportion of embryos fused (52.0 ± 1.9) and cleaved (51.2 ± 1.7) when the couplets were fused 4–6 h before activation than when fused and activated simultaneously (46.5 ± 1.6 and 44.5 ± 2.0, respectively). Development of nuclear transfer embryos to the blastocyst stage (4.8 ± 2.2) was supported by a commercially available sequential medium, and cleavage (76.5 ± 2.8) was significantly higher in this medium compared with cleavage in TCM-199 with oviduct epithelial cell coculture (45.6 ± 1.5) and synthetic oviduct fluid (21.8 ± 6.6). Of the 16 cloned embryos transferred, none resulted in pregnancy. The present study demonstrates that optimal numbers of cloned buffalo blastocysts can be obtained from oocytes matured for 24 h, fused 3–4 h before activation and cultured in a commercially available sequential media (G1/G2), thus providing further information to enable successful nuclear transfer in buffalos.

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Panda, S. K., A. George, A. P. Saha, R. Sharma, N. M. Kamble, R. S. Manik, M. S. Chauhan, P. Palta, and S. K. Singla. "60 EFFECT OF CYTOPLASMIC VOLUME ON DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF HAND-GUIDED CLONED BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab60.

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Despite recent successes in the birth of buffalo calves cloned through SCNT or hand-guided cloning (HGC), the cloning efficiency is very low in this species because of lack of information on factors that influence it. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of cytoplasmic volume on the developmental competence of cloned buffalo embryos produced by HGC. In vitro matured oocytes were stripped of their cumulus investment and zona pellucida using hyaluronidase and pronase, respectively. Protrusion cone-guided bisection of zona-free oocytes was performed to remove the nucleus. For reconstructing control HGC embryos, 2 enucleated oocytes (demi-cytoplasts) were fused with a single somatic cell. For reconstruction of embryos with lower or higher cytoplasmic volume, 1 or 3 demi-cytoplasts were fused, respectively, with the donor somatic cell. 2 different cell types, i.e. buffalo fetal fibroblasts (BFF) between passage 10 and 15 and buffalo embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells between passage 22 and 25 were used as nuclear donors in 2 different experiments. Data were analysed by 1-way ANOVA after arcsine transformation of percentage values. For BFF, the blastocyst rate for doublet and triplet embryos were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than that for singlet embryos despite the cleavage rate for the 3 groups being similar. For the ESC-like cells, the cleavage and the blastocyst rate were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.01) for the singlet than that for the doublet embryos. The pregnancies were established only in doublet and triplet embryo groups using BFF cells and in the doublet embryo group using ESC-like cells. These results indicate that increasing the cytoplasmic volume could be helpful in improving cloning efficiency in terms of blastocyst production rate in buffaloes. Table 1.Effect of cytoplasmic volume on the developmental competence of cloned buffalo embryos This work was funded by NAIP grant C 2-1-(5)/2007 to SKS.

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Chauhan, M. S., V. Verma, R. S. Manik, P. Palta, S. K. Singla, and S. L. Goswami. "195 DEVELOPMENT OF INNER CELL MASS AND FORMATION OF EMBRYOID BODIES ON A GELATIN-COATED DISH AND ON THE FEEDER LAYER IN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab195.

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Isolation and culture of embryo-derived cell lines have been reported in many mammals, however, there is not even a single report toward initiation of such work in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Therefore the present study was carried out to isolate the inner cell mass from in vitro-produced buffalo blastocysts and to grow this inner cell mass for formation of embryoid bodies in a gelatin-coated dish and on an homologous fetal fibroblast feeder layer. Immature buffalo oocytes were isolated from the slaughterhouse ovaries. In vitro production of blastocysts was carried as reported by Chauhan et al. (1999 J. Dairy Science 82, 918-926). A total of 26 buffalo blastocysts were produced in vitro. These blastocysts were transferred into a 100-mL drop of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for further culturing. Thirteen blastocysts hatched on the next day of culture. The hatched mass was separated, suspended in Dulbecco's phosphate buffer saline (DPBS, without Ca++ and Mg++) containing 5% FBS + 0.25% trypsin and examined under the zoom stereomicroscope until disappearance of the trophectoderm cells. The remaining cells of seven blastocysts were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS on 0.2% gelatin coated culture dish (group 1), and cells of six blastocysts in DMEM medium supplemented with 20% FBS were cultured on a mitomycin-c-treated (10 �L/mL) feeder layer (group 2), for 14 days. The isolated cells attached to the bottom of the dish in both the groups, spreading was noticed on Day 5 of the culture in group 1 and on Day 3 of culture in group 2. The attached cells were trypsinized using DPBS with 0.25% trypsin, isolated, and subcultured further. Attachment and spreading was noticed only in group 2 subcultured cells. The cellular integrity was homogeneous and the plasma membrane was clearly visible in group 2, but not in group 1. Less than 10% of the attached cells formed embryoid bodies in group 1, where as more than 30% attached cells in group 2 formed embryoid bodies; the latter expressed alkaline phosphatase activity and were blue after staining. These results indicate that the culturing of the inner cell mass on an homologous fetal fibroblast feeder layer is a better choice for production of embryonic stem cells in buffaloes.

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Hanh, N. V., Q. X. Huu, N. T. Uoc, J. Sulon, N. M. Sausa, B. X. Nguyen, and J. F. Beckers. "105 DETECTION OF PLACENTAL LACTOGENS IN SWAMP BUFFALO BY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab105.

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Ruminant placental lactogens (PL) are members of the growth factor/prolactin (GH/PRL) family. They are synthesized by trophectodermal binucleate cells. There is evidence to suggest that PL is involved in control of fetal growth, through actions in both the maternal and fetal compartments, as well as in influencing mammary growth during pregnancy (Byatt JC et al. 1992 J. Anim. Sci. 70, 2911–2923). The structure and biology of PL have been studied in the cow, sheep, goat, human, and mice. The maternal concentration of PL is 100- to 1 000-fold greater in pregnant sheep and goats than in cows but no information exists about PL concentration in buffalo. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability to detect PL in buffalo fluids by using bovine PL antibody. Samples were collected in the slaughterhouse immediately after animal slaughter. The fetuses were measured after heart blood collection. A bPL RIA system was used to determine the bPL concentrations in the buffalo samples (Alvarez-Oxiley AV et al. 2007 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 877–885). The rbPL molecules were radio-iodinated with [125]I-Na by using the lactoperoxidase method (Thorell JI and Johansson BG 1971 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 251, 363–369). Concentrations of buffalo PL are presented in Table 1. In this RIA system, the minimum detected value was 0.068 ng mL–1, and the binding competition curves of bovine PL standard and buffalo fluids dilution using bovine PL antibody were paralleled in all kinds of samples. The lowest concentration was detected in allantoid fluid and the greatest concentration in fetal plasma (P < 0.05). Study of the biology of PL in buffalo has proved difficult because the concentration of PL in all buffalo fluids is very low. Furthermore, the research concerning buffalo PL function required in vivo experiments. Existing data suggest that at least the concentration of buffalo PL is different from cattle and other smaller domestic ruminants. In conclusion, our results provide preliminary information about concentrations of PL in buffalo fluids. Table 1.Concentration of placental lactogen in buffalo fluids This work was supported by a grant from the Belgian Technical Cooperation.

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Islam, M. N., M. H. Alam, A. Khatun, M. A. Hashem, and M. Moniruzzaman. "117 Kit ligand enhances growth and nuclear maturation of buffalo oocytes in vitro." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab117.

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of Kit ligand (KL), a growth factor that regulates folliculogenesis in mammalian ovaries, on growth of buffalo oocytes in early antral follicles in vitro. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were dissected from early antral follicles (1mm) of slaughtered buffaloes and cultured in Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, gentamycin, hypoxanthine, dexamethasone, cysteine, polyvinylpyrolidione, l-ascorbic acid, oestradiol-17β, and androstenedione in a 96-well culture plate at 38.5°C under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air for 6 days. The culture medium was supplemented with 0, 50, and 100 ng/mL KL (recombinant human SCF, Cat. No. H8416, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Sixty oocytes were cultured in each group with 6 replications. In vitro-grown oocytes were cultured for maturation in tissue culture medium-199 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, gentamycin, and 100 ng/mL FSH at 38.5°C for 24h under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. The oocytes were then stained with aceto-orcein and examined under a differential interference contrast microscope. Data were analysed using SAS/STAT version 9.1.3 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) by one-way ANOVA and means compared with Tukey’s HSD test. The mean diameter of oocytes measured at the time of seeding on the culture substrate was 100.6±0.4μm (n=180). After 6 days of culture, the diameters of oocytes increased to 110.8±0.5, 114.0±0.5, and 115.0±0.6µm in 0, 50, and 100 ng/mL KL-treated groups, respectively. The survival rates were 60.0±6, 81.2±1.2, and 92.0±4.9% in 0, 50, and 100 ng/mL KL-supplemented oocytes at Day 6. Moreover, KL pretreatment enhanced maturation of buffalo oocytes dose dependently. A small proportion of oocytes (8.4%) treated with 50 ng/mL KL reached the MII stage. This number increased to 25% when oocytes were treated with 100 ng/mL KL. These results show that KL enhances growth, viability, and meiotic progression of buffalo oocytes in vitro.

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A., Jerome, S. K. Singh, S. K. Agarwal, Mohini Saini, and Ashwin Raut. "Characterization and In Silico Analysis of Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein-1 Gene of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)." Genetics Research International 2011 (February 6, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/436138.

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Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) are trophoblastic proteins belonging to the Aspartic proteinase family secreted by different placental cells of many mammalian species. They play a pivotal role in placentogenesis, foetomaternal unit remodeling, and implantation. The identification of the genes encoding those proteins will be helpful to unravel the intricate embryogenomic functions during pregnancy establishment. Considering importance of these proteins, the present study was undertaken to characterize the pregnancy associated glycoprotein-1 gene of buffalo. An 1181 base pairs buffalo Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein PAG-1 gene was PCR amplified from the RNA obtained from the fetal cotyledons. BLAST analysis of the buffalo PAG-1 sequence retrieved a total of 20 cattle, 5 goat, and 4 sheep PAG sequences, exhibiting more than 80% similarity. Buffalo PAG-1 gene contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 1140 base pairs encoding 380 amino acids that possess a 15 amino acid signal peptide and mature peptide of 365 amino acids. The phylogenetic study of the buffalo PAG-1 gene revealed buffalo PAG-1 is more related to cattle, goat, and sheep PAG-1 sequences. By this study characterization of buffalo PAG-1 gene and its evolutionary relationship was deduced for the first time.

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Kochhar, H. P. S., K. B. C. Appa Rao, A. M. Luciano, S. M. Totey, F. Gandolfi, P. K. Basrur, and W. A. King. "In vitro production of cattle-water buffalo (Bos taurus - Bubalus bubalis) hybrid embryos." Zygote 10, no. 2 (May 2002): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199402002216.

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Interspecific hybrid embryos are useful models for the study of maternal-fetal interactions, transmission pattern of species-specific markers and parental contributions to growth and developmental potential of pre-attachment embryos. In an attempt to investigate the possibility of producing hybrid embryos of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), cattle oocytes were exposed to buffalo sperm and buffalo oocytes were exposed to cattle sperm and the cleavage rate and the post-fertilisation features of hybrid embryos up to the blastocyst stage were compared with those of buffalo and cattle embryos. The cleavage rate in buffalo oocytes exposed to cattle sperm was low (40.8%), with only 8.8% of these hybrid embryos reaching the blastocyst stage. Cattle oocytes exposed to buffalo sperm showed 86.3% cleavage, while 25.9% of these attained the blastocyst stage. The speed of development of both types of hybrids was intermediate between that of cattle and buffalo embryos, with hatching occurring on day 7.5 in hybrid embryos, day 8-9 in cattle and day 7 in buffalo. The proportions of cells contributing to the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass were closer to those of the maternal species in both types of hybrid embryos. Our results indicate that cattle-water buffalo hybrid embryos produced using interspecies gametes are capable of developing to advanced blastocyst stages and that their in vitro fate, and developmental potential, are influenced by the origin of the oocyte.

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Scala, G., M. Corona, A. Perrella, P. de Girolamo, A. Vittoria, F. Scala, and G. V. Pelagalli. "The Innervation of the Fetal Buffalo Tongue." Veterinary Research Communications 29, S2 (August 2005): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-0043-z.

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Beechler, B. R., C. A. Manore, B. Reininghaus, D. O'Neal, E. E. Gorsich, V. O. Ezenwa, and A. E. Jolles. "Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1805 (April 22, 2015): 20142942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2942.

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The ubiquity and importance of parasite co-infections in populations of free-living animals is beginning to be recognized, but few studies have demonstrated differential fitness effects of single infection versus co-infection in free-living populations. We investigated interactions between the emerging bacterial disease bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and the previously existing viral disease Rift Valley fever (RVF) in a competent reservoir host, African buffalo, combining data from a natural outbreak of RVF in captive buffalo at a buffalo breeding facility in 2008 with data collected from a neighbouring free-living herd of African buffalo in Kruger National Park. RVF infection was twice as likely in individual BTB+ buffalo as in BTB− buffalo, which, according to a mathematical model, may increase RVF outbreak size at the population level. In addition, co-infection was associated with a far higher rate of fetal abortion than other infection states. Immune interactions between BTB and RVF may underlie both of these interactions, since animals with BTB had decreased innate immunity and increased pro-inflammatory immune responses. This study is one of the first to demonstrate how the consequences of emerging infections extend beyond direct effects on host health, potentially altering the dynamics and fitness effects of infectious diseases that had previously existed in the ecosystem on free-ranging wildlife populations.

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Chauhan, M. S., S. K. Singla, P. Palta, R. S. Manik, and M. L. Madan. "In vitro maturation and fertilization, and subsequent development of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos: effects of oocyte quality and type of serum." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 10, no. 2 (1998): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r97080.

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In Experiment 1, to determine the developmental potential of buffalo oocytes of different qualities, compact cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) with an unexpanded cumulus mass, and with homogeneous ooplasm were classified as Grade 1 (with 5 layers of cumulus cells) and Grade 2 less than 4 layers of cumulus cells). Grade-3 oocytes were either without cumulus cells or with expanded cumulus mass, and with irregular ooplasm. The oocytes were matured for 24 h at 38·5°C, 5% CO2 in air in maturation medium (10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in TCM-199 supplemented with 5 µg mL-1 follicle stimulating hormone-P). The nuclear maturation and cleavage rates, and the proportion of cleaved embryos which developed to morula and blastocyst stage were in the order Grade 1>Grade 2>Grade 3 (P < 0·05). For Experiment 2, the maturation medium consisted of TCM-199 supplemented with one of the following sera at 10% concentration: (1) buffalo oestrus serum (BOS), (2) superovulated buffalo serum (SBS), (3) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and (4) steer serum (SS). After in vitro fertilization (IVF), the oocytes were co-cultured with buffalo oviductal epithelial cells in TCM-199 containing the respective sera at 10% concentration for the subsequent 9 days. The extent of cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation were not different among different groups. The cleavage rates were lower (P < 0·05) with FBS than with BOS, SBS and SS. The proportion of cleaved embryos which developed to blastocyst stage was higher (P < 0·05) with SBS than with BOS, FBS and SS.

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Gholib, Gholib, Fatri H. R. A. Pampang, Triva M. Lubis, Mulyadi Adam, Muhammad Jalaluddin, Razali Razali, Azhar Azhar, and Teuku F. Karmil. "Non-Invasive Measurement of Cortisol Metabolite in Feces of Toraya Buffalo by Using Enzyme Immunoassay Technique." E3S Web of Conferences 151 (2020): 01061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015101061.

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Non-invasive measurement hormones in feces using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique needs to be validated. This study was conducted to develop and validate an enzyme immunoassay kit for measuring the concentration of cortisol metabolites in feces of Toraya buffalo. An EIA kit of 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone (11β-hydroxy-CM assay) was developed and validated analytically and biologically using feces of Toraya Buffalo for cortisol metabolite measurements. Analytical validation comprises the parallelism test, accuracy, precision, and assay sensitivity. Biological validation performed by comparing concentration cortisol metabolites in feces of Toraya buffalo before and after pa’silaga tedong, a fighting contest of buffalo during the death ceremony of rambu solo at Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi Province. Results showed that the curve of serial dilution of fecal samples was parallel with the 11β-hydroxy-CM standard curves. The accuracy and sensitivity of the 11β-hydroxy-CM assay were 96.21%±7.59 and 0.78pg/well, respectively. The precision based on coefficient variation (CV) of intraand inter-assay was < 10% and < 15%, respectively. Biological validation results showed that cortisol metabolites concentrations after pa’silaga tedong were increased 3-10 fold than before pa’silaga tedong. In conclusion, the 11β-hydroxy-CM assay is a reliable assay for measuring cortisol metabolites in feces of Toraya buffalo.

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Meena, C. R., and S. K. Das. "196 IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF RECONSTRUCTED WATER BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) OOCYTES AFTER FETAL SKIN FIBROBLAST CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab196.

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The present study was undertaken to explore the feasibility of using buffalo fetal skin fibroblasts as donor nuclei and to determine the developmental competence of embryos following transfer of these nuclei to in vitro-matured enucleated buffalo oocytes. Skin cells were isolated from 1–2-month-old fetuses, obtained from an abattoir, by enzymatic digestion (0.5% w/v trypsin + 0.05% w/v collagenase in Dulbecco's PBS) for 15–20 min. The cells were washed four times with Dulbecco's PBS and then once with RPMI-1640 medium + 10% FBS by centrifugation at 600g. The cells were then cultured in the same medium in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2 in air) at 38.5°C for 2–3 days. COCs collected from slaughterhouse buffalo ovaries were subjected to IVM in the IVM medium (TCM-199 + 1 μg mL−1 E-β + 5 μg mL−1 FSH-P + 10 μg mL−1 LH + 10% FBS) for 22–24 h in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2 in air) at 38.5°C. Oocytes were denuded with 0.1% trypsin followed by repeated pipetting and then enucleated by aspirating the first polar body and 10–15% of nearby cytoplasm with a micromanipulator. Two different types of donor cells (growing cells and those arrested with cytochalasin-B) were used for reconstruction of oocytes. The reconstructs were electrofused and incubated in the activation medium (TCM-199 + 8 μg mL−1 cytochalasin-B + 10% FBS) for 4 h. These were then cultured in IVC medium (TCM-199 + 10% FBS) in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2 in air) at 38.5°C for 48 h. Next, the cleaved embryos were co-cultured with buffalo oviductal cells in embryo development medium. Out of 119 denuded matured oocytes which were enucleated and reconstructed with growing cells, 78 (65.5%) were electrofused, activated and cultured, out of which 4 (5.1%) reconstructs cleaved and developed to the 2-cell stage, 3 (3.8%) reached the 4-cell stage, and 1 (1.3%) reached the 8-cell stage. In the synchronized group, out of 100 denuded matured oocytes which were reconstructed with cytochalasin-B blocked cells, 40 (40%) were electrofused, activated, and cultured, out of which 4 (10%) developed to the 2-cell stage, 3 (7.5%) to the 4-cell stage, 2 (5.0%) to early morula stage, and 1 (2.5%) to blastocyst stage. These results suggest that buffalo fetal skin fibroblasts could be used as donor nuclei for the production of buffalo embryos after nuclear transfer to enucleated in vitro-matured buffalo oocytes.

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Huang, Gao-Bo, Li Quan, Yong-Lian Zeng, Jian Yang, Ke-Huan Lu, and Sheng-Sheng Lu. "Role of linker histone H1c during the reprogramming of Chinese swamp buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 3 (2016): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14051.

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During reprogramming, there is exchange of histone H1c and the oocyte-specific linker histone, and H1c may play a critically important role in the reprogramming process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the H1c gene in SCNT reprogramming in Chinese swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using RNA interference (RNAi). Chinese swamp buffalo H1c gene sequences were obtained and H1c-RNAi vectors were designed, synthesised and then transfected into a buffalo fetal skin fibroblast cell line. Expression of H1c was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction to examine the efficiency of vector interference. These cells were then used as a nuclear donor for SCNT so as to observe the further development of SCNT embryos. Inhibition of H1c gene expression in donor cells significantly improved the developmental speed of embryos from the 1-cell to 8-cell stage. Furthermore, compared with the control group, inhibition of H1c gene expression significantly reduced the blastocyst formation rate. It is concluded that linker histone H1c is very important in SCNT reprogramming in Chinese swamp buffalo. Correct expression of the H1c gene plays a significant role in preimplantation embryonic development in B. bubalis.

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Numchaisrika, P., A. Thongphakdee, R. Rungsiwiwut, K. Pruksananonda, P. Virutamasen, and M. Techakumphu. "71 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTRA- AND INTER-SPECIES CLONED EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM RABBIT OOCYTES: THE EFFECT OF DONOR CELL SOURCES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab71.

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Generating cloned embryos using rabbit oocytes as the recipient cytoplasm is useful for studying the interaction between a foreign donor nucleus and the recipient cytoplasm. The aims of the study were to (1) investigate the development of inter-species cloned embryos derived from rabbit oocytes, using cow (no. 1 and no. 2), swamp buffalo, pig, and elephant ear fibroblasts as donor cells, and (2) observe the developmental capacity of cloned rabbit embryos derived from adult and fetal fibroblasts. Mature oocytes were collected from superovulated rabbit does by oviductal flushing. A single fibroblast (passages 3–5) in the starvation stage (1–3 days prior to nuclear transfer) was transferred into an enucleated oocyte, which was confirmed by Hoechst staining. Reconstructed oocytes were later fused by electrical stimulation using 3 DC pulses, 3.2 kV.cm-1, for 20 �s. Fused couplets were activated by inducing the same electrical stimulation, and subsequently incubated in activation medium comprised of 5 �g mL-1 cycloheximide, 2 mM mL-1 6-DMAP and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF), for 1 h. They were then cultured in SOF supplemented with 10% FBS for 5 days. Differences in the percentages of fusion and embryo development to a particular stage between source of donor cells were determined by chi-square analysis. The fusion rates of cow no. 1 (62%; 82/133), cow no. 2 (54%; 41/76), buffalo (63%; 53/84), pig (69%; 60/87), elephant (59%; 44/74), adult rabbit (55%; 41/74), and fetal rabbit couplets (70%; 56/80) did not differ significantly. The cleavage rates of cows no. 1 and 2, buffalo, pig, and elephant embryos were 33%, 83%, 57%, 67%, and 100%, respectively. The rabbit fibroblasts derived from an adult gave a significantly lower cleavage rate than those derived from a fetus (54% vs. 95%) (P < 0.05). The developmental rates at morula and blastocyst of cloned embryos reconstructed from fetal rabbit fibroblasts were significantly greater than those reconstructed from adult rabbit, buffalo, pig, and elephant (morula: 39%, 12%, 4%, 7%, and 14%; blastocyst: 23%, 7%, 0%, 3%, and 9%, respectively; P < 0.05). While cow no. 2 donor cells provided a significant embryo development success rate in terms of blastocyst formation, cow no. 1 cloned embryos could not develop beyond the cleavage stage (morula: 10% vs. 0%; and blastocyst: 7% vs. 0%). In conclusion, cow, swamp buffalo, pig, and elephant fibroblasts can be produced by using enucleated rabbit oocytes as recipient cytoplasm. The developmental capacity of cloned embryos is affected by the sources and the individual ability of donor cell used, and varies according to the species. This study was supported by Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, and Royal Golden Jubilee, PhD program of Thailand Research Fund.

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Schmidt, S., J. T. Soley, T. A. Aire, and D. Gerber. "127 VILLOUS ARCHITECTURE AND FETO-MATERNAL INTERDIGITATION IN THE AFRICAN BUFFALO (SYNCERUS CAFFER) DURING DIFFERENT GESTATION STAGES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab127.

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Anchorage of the ruminant placenta is achieved by complementary indentation of chorionic villi into endometrial crypts. Geometrical patterns of interdigitation vary greatly among ruminants. Fetal villosity has been studied in other bovid species (Bos taurus, Bubalus bubalis) closely related to the African buffalo. The present study provides first information on villous architecture and feto-maternal anchorage in the African buffalo. Tissue samples from six pregnant cows (crown/rump length in cm: 2, 3, 14, 17, full-term) were collected during disease eradication programs in the Hluhluwe Game Reserve and from a buffalo breeding centre at Phalaborwa (afterbirths, n = 3). Tissue was fixed with 2.4% glutaraldehyde in Millonig's phosphate buffer by immersion or, if possible, via vascular perfusion through uterine and umbilical arteries prior to separation of feto-maternal tissue for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) preparation. Samples were further prepared for light microscopy and SEM using standard techniques. SEM samples were examined in a Philips XL 20 Microscope operated at 7 kV. Fetal villi consisted of a vascularized mesenchymal core covered by trophoblast epithelium. At a crown/rump length of 2 and 3 cm, the cotyledons comprised numerous short finger-like villi (length = 0.15–0.46 mm) originating from the chorionic plate. Some of these primary (stem) villi divided longitudinally a short distance from their origin. These relative simple villi were accommodated within corresponding caruncular crypts. At later gestation (crown/rump length: 14 and 17 cm), fetal villi had lengthened (length = 2–7.5 mm) and lateral (secondary) branching had started. The latter appeared in the form of bulbous or elongated structures projecting at approximately right angles from the stem villus. During the last month of gestation and in post-partum samples, primary (8–12 mm) and secondary villi had developed considerably in length. Secondary villi displayed a complex array of tertiary (terminal) villi of variable shape and size. A rich capillary network was observed within the connective tissue core of the tertiary villi as well as in the corresponding endometrial septae forming the walls of the caruncular crypts. Fully developed, each primary villus with its attendant secondary and tertiary villi formed a slender conical-shaped unit, also referred to as a cotyledonary villous tree. This paper provides the first description of villous architecture and placentome development in the African buffalo. The specific branching pattern of cotyledonary villi and complementary caruncular crypts in the African buffalo placenta, as described in this study, appears less complex when compared to that in the placenta of related Bos and Bubalus species.

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Paula, Tania V., Caroline L. Francisco, André M. Castilhos, Paulo R. L. Meirelles, Amanna G. Jacaúna, Hugo L. Correa, Camila S. Oliveira, Felipe de Barros, Vanessa R. M. Jacob, and Andre M. Jorge. "PSVII-11 Fecal parameters as indicators of starch digestibility and feedlot performance of water buffaloes." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.539.

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Abstract This study evaluated fecal parameters indicative of starch digestibility of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of three genetic groups (GG: Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah). Seventy-eight non-castrated males [n = 26 of each GG; 200 kg of initial body weight (BW); 210 days of age] were used. Animals were finished in feedlot, receiving a diet rich in starch [38.76% in dry matter (DM) basis]. Samples of feces, diet offered, and orts were collected for digestibility test during 3 consecutive days. Diet samples were incubated in situ in the rumen of cannulated buffaloes. The remaining material was submitted to analysis to quantify the indigestible neutral detergent fiber levels. Fecal starch (FS) determination was performed by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Final BW (BW, kg), metabolic BW (BW0.75, kg0.75), average daily gain (ADG, kg/day), DM intake (DMI, in kg/day, and %BW) were recorded. Data were analyzed using MIXED and CORR procedure in SAS, with significance considered if P ≤ 0.05. Starch digestibility and FS concentration are not influenced by GG (P ≥ 0.23), unlike fecal DM and fecal pH (P ≤ 0.04; Table 1). Although weak, negative correlations were detected between FS and BW (r = -0.247; P = 0.05) and BW0.75 (r = -0.261; P =0.03), as well as between fecal DM and BW (r = -0.245; P = 0.05), ADG (r = -0.341; P < 0.01), DMI, kg/day (r = -0.374; P < 0.01), and DMI, %BW (r = -0.335; P < 0.01) variables. The results demonstrate that there are differences among GG of water buffaloes regarding fecal parameters. Furthermore, the high FS content and the low fecal pH may indicate the low capacity of water buffaloes to digest starch. Thus, the research results provide evidence that water buffaloes are not able to use high-grain diets, and fecal parameters proved to be potential tools to evaluate the feedlot performance of these animals.

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Campanile, Giuseppe, Gianluca Neglia, and Michael J. D'Occhio. "Embryonic and fetal mortality in river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)." Theriogenology 86, no. 1 (July 2016): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.033.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Feral buffalo'

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