Relevant bibliographies by topics / Feral animals

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Feral animals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Feral animals"

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Bishop, Greg T., and Emilio DeBess. "Feline parasites and the emergence of feline lungworm in the Portland metropolitan area, Oregon, USA 2016–2017." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 7, no. 2 (July 2021): 205511692110535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551169211053595.

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Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of internal parasites in feral and free-roaming owned cats in the region of Portland, Oregon, USA. Methods Fecal samples from asymptomatic cats were opportunistically collected from feral cats presented for surgical sterilization (n = 46), as well as free-roaming owned cats (n = 86) presented to primary care clinics. Fecal analysis was performed using the Baermann technique, centrifugal flotation, fluorescent auramine and fluorescent antibody for Giardia species. Results Lungworm infection was identified in 24.2% of owned cats and 17.2% of feral cats. At least 11 unique parasite species were identified in this study. Taenia species and Toxocara cati were identified in higher proportions in feral cats, whereas Giardia species were significantly higher in owned cats. Conclusions and relevance The prevalence of lungworm was higher than has been previously documented in other areas of the USA. In addition, feral cats were infected with a higher percentage of Toxocara species and Taenia but a significantly lower percentage of Giardia species.
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Algar, D., and R. I. Brazell. "A bait-suspension device for the control of feral cats." Wildlife Research 35, no. 5 (2008): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07167.

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The use of poison baits is an effective method for controlling feral cats. However, take of baits by non-target animals may place those animals at risk of poisoning and also reduces the availability of baits to the target animal, feral cats. Therefore, techniques that reduce non-target take of baits are desirable. Earlier trials have suggested that suspending baits might prevent most non-target animals from removing the baits while maintaining their attractiveness and availability to feral cats. This paper assesses the efficacy of a bait-suspension device to provide a relatively simple means of controlling feral cats (across age and sex classes). In addition, it confirms the high target specificity of the bait-delivery mechanism on Australia’s Christmas Island, where non-target species would have posed a problem with baits laid on the ground. The technique may have potential application on other islands where similar non-target species are threatened by baiting programs or at specific sites on the mainland where aerial or on-track deployment of feral cat baits may pose an unacceptable risk to non-target species.
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TAKAHASHI, Shunjo, and Clement A. TISDELL. "The Feral and Near Feral Animals of Iriomote Island." Geographical review of Japan, Series B. 65, no. 1 (1992): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.65.66.

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Rudge, M. R. "A ROLE FOR FERAL MAMMALS IN CONSERVING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LIVESTOCK." Animal Genetic Resources Information 5 (April 1986): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004016.

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SUMMARYThe rationale for conserving breeds of livestock may be extended to free-living populations which are descended from domestic stock (= feral). An important management difference is that feral animals are not maintained as fixed breeds, but are free to vary and adapt. Many feral populations are pests, and threaten the status of native flora and fauna. This means that they continue to diminish as a result of control operations. Nevertheless, some populations and herds of goats, cattle, horses, sheep and pigs have now been protected. Positive values of commercial and scientific Interest are emerging as animals of feral extraction are studied. Further work is needed to assess the contribution that feral animals can make to the cause of conserving genetic diversity in the world's livestock.
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Hoque, Md Monirul, Folasade Adekanmbi, Subarna Barua, Kh Shamsur Rahman, Virginia Aida, Brian Anderson, Anil Poudel, et al. "Peptide ELISA and FRET-qPCR Identified a Significantly Higher Prevalence of Chlamydia suis in Domestic Pigs Than in Feral Swine from the State of Alabama, USA." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010011.

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Chlamydia suis is an important, highly prevalent, and diverse obligate intracellular pathogen infecting pigs. In order to investigate the prevalence and diversity of C. suis in the U.S., 276 whole blood samples from feral swine were collected as well as 109 fecal swabs and 60 whole blood samples from domestic pigs. C. suis-specific peptide ELISA identified anti-C. suis antibodies in 13.0% of the blood of feral swine (26/276) and 80.0% of the domestic pigs (48/60). FRET-qPCR and DNA sequencing found C. suis DNA in 99.1% of the fecal swabs (108/109) and 21.7% of the whole blood (13/60) of the domestic pigs, but not in any of the assayed blood samples (0/267) in feral swine. Phylogenetic comparison of partial C. suis ompA gene sequences and C. suis-specific multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) revealed significant genetic diversity of the C. suis identified in this study. Highly genetically diverse C. suis strains are prevalent in domestic pigs in the USA. As crowding strongly enhances the frequency and intensity of highly prevalent Chlamydia infections in animals, less population density in feral swine than in domestic pigs may explain the significantly lower C. suis prevalence in feral swine. A future study is warranted to obtain C. suis DNA from feral swine to perform genetic diversity of C. suis between commercial and feral pigs.
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Gering, Eben, Darren Incorvaia, Rie Henriksen, Dominic Wright, and Thomas Getty. "Maladaptation in feral and domesticated animals." Evolutionary Applications 12, no. 7 (March 18, 2019): 1274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12784.

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Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Eduardo J., Jesús Gil-Morión, and Juan J. Negro. "Feral Animal Populations: Separating Threats from Opportunities." Land 11, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081370.

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Feral animals are those that live in the wild but are descendants of domesticated populations. Although, in many cases, these feral populations imply a demonstrable risk to the ecosystems in which they live and may conflict with local wild species and human activities, there are feral populations that are considered worth preserving and, in some cases, they already enjoy protection by interest groups and even public authorities. In this review, we aim to identify valuable populations using three criteria: (a) Genetic conservation value (for instance, if the wild ancestor is extinct), (b) the niche occupancy criterion and, finally, (c) a cultural criterion. We propose a detailed analysis of feral populations under scrutiny, supporting control measures when necessary, but also allowing for international protection at the same level as wild animals for feral taxa of special concern. Feral taxa, which are already in the focus of conservation efforts, and should be awarded extended recognition and protection, mainly include ancient lineages with relevant genetic or cultural importance.
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Singer, Peter. "Neither human nor natural: ethics and feral animals." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96060.

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There are three major ethical approaches to issues affecting nonhuman animals and the natural environment: an anthropocentric ethic, an ethic of concern for all sentient beings, and a biocentric approach. The ethic of concern for all sentient beings is the most defensible basis for resolving conflicts between the interests of humans and wild animals. There is no ethical basis for discounting the suffering of an animal simply because that being is a member of a different species. On the other hand, it is certainly true that human and nonhuman animals differ in their capacities, and this does make a difference to the ethics of what we may do to them, including rendering them infertile. Since ethics is not a matter of adhering to absolute rules, but rather of doing what will have best consequences, given the constraints under which we act, the ethics of using a specific method of fertility control for feral animals will depend on what other methods are being used, or will be used, if the given method is not available. It will also depend on the consequences of not using any method of controlling the population of the animals.
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Carrick, P., D. Thomson, and G. Calley. "The use of radio transmitters for tracking and shooting feral buffalo." Rangeland Journal 12, no. 2 (1990): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9900084.

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An exercise is described in which transmitters were attached to feral buffalo females and these 'judas cows' were then used to lead a shooter to other animals with which they sought company. The technique, the problems and the benefits are described. The efficiency and thoroughness with which feral buffalo can be shot in difficult country is greatly increased by the use of radio tracking. The use of the technique with other feral animals in northern Australia or in extensive buffalo or cattle husbandry is discussed.
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Lima, Débora Costa Viegas de, Fernando Jorge Rodrigues Magalhães, Muller Ribeiro Andrade, José Givanildo da Silva, Eduardo Guelfer Ferrer de Morais, Carlos Diógenes Ferreira de Lima Filho, Wagner José Nascimento Porto, and Rinaldo Aparecido Mota. "Anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in feral cats on the Island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 645–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0074.

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Abstract Neospora caninum is a protozoan responsible for abortions, stillbirths (mainly among cattle) and neuromuscular diseases in dogs. Its importance in wild species and its impact on the environmental preservation of different ecosystems have been little described. This study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in feral cats on the island of Fernando de Noronha and contribute epidemiological data on this disease in these animals and its impact on the environmental preservation of the island. Serum samples from 257 feral cats on the island were analyzed through the Neospora agglutination test (NAT) to search for anti-Neospora caninum antibodies. Among the 257 serum samples analyzed, 8 (3.11%) were positive in the NAT. The antibody titers were 20 in seven animals (87.5%) and 40 in one animal (12.5%). These results demonstrate that feral cats are exposed to infection by N. caninum on the island of Fernando de Noronha, at a low frequency. Greater knowledge on this infection in this animal species in this insular environment is important for elucidating its impact on the conservation of species and the maintenance of this parasite on the island.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feral animals"

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Cole, Heather J. "Sibling alliances in juvenile feral pigeons." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23878.

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This thesis examines whether juvenile feral pigeons, Columba livia, form sibling alliances when competing for access to a defensible food source. When tested as a flock at a non-depletable column feeder, with room for either one or two birds to feed, siblings associated with each other more often than expected by chance. Frequency of aggression between siblings at these feeders tended to be lower than expected on the basis of their association. Removal experiments showed that sibling presence had a positive effect on relative feeding success at the single column feeder: a juvenile who lost to another juvenile on a one-to-one basis tended, in the presence of its sibling, to lose less badly to, or even beat, that same juvenile. In contrast, presence of the winner's sibling tended not to affect the relative feeding success of competitors. These results support the hypothesis that pigeon siblings form aggressive alliances when competing for food that is defensible.
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Lazenby, Billie Theresa. "Do feral cats affect small animals? : a case study from the forests of southern Tasmania." Phd thesis, School of Biological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9990.

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Maggiulli, Katrina. "Going Feral: The Utopian Horror of Human-Animal Hybrids." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20463.

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According to the material feminist corpus, namely Stacy Alaimo’s concept of trans-corporeality, material flows and interconnectivity between humans and their environment insists that the human body has never been atomistic, but rather a porous figure that continually interacts/intra-acts with its environment. The recent biotechnological boom allowing for the production of human-animal hybrids (chimeras) provides the kind of visualization of these interconnectivities that can help instigate a reconception of the human—as not human at all, but rather posthuman. This study looks at the presence of these human-animal hybrids in popular art media, specifically: the horror film, Splice (Dir. Natali 2009); the YA novel, Inhuman (Falls 2013); and the comic, Sweet Tooth (Lemire 2009-2013). This thesis argues that the human-animal hybrid figure exhibits utopian horror, or the use of horror to produce new, better, ways of conceptualizing human-animal relationships, ones that acknowledge our already posthuman plurality of self.
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Sparklin, William DeRoche. "Territoriality and habitat selection of feral pigs on Fort Benning, Georgia, USA." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06052009-130412.

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Dybing, Narelle. "Invasive animals and the Island Syndrome: Parasites of feral cats and black rats from Western Australia and its offshore islands." Thesis, Dybing, Narelle (2017) Invasive animals and the Island Syndrome: Parasites of feral cats and black rats from Western Australia and its offshore islands. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/37939/.

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Introduced animals impact ecosystems due to predation, competition and disease transmission. The effect of introduced infectious disease on wildlife populations is particularly pronounced on islands where parasite populations are characterised by increased intensity, infra-community richness and prevalence (the “Island Syndrome”). This thesis studied parasite and bacterial pathogens of conservation and zoonotic importance in feral cats from two islands (Christmas Island, Dirk Hartog Island) and one mainland location (southwest Western Australia), and in black rats from Christmas Island. The general hypothesis tested was that Island Syndrome increases the risk of transmission of parasitic and bacterial diseases introduced/harboured by cats and rats to wildlife and human communities. To investigate the Island Syndrome, necropsies were performed on feral cats and black rats and the macro parasites identified were collected and quantified to ascertain parasite prevalence, infra-community richness and intensity. On Christmas Island, it was determined that 92% of feral cats and 84% of rats harboured helminth parasites with an infra-community richness of 0-6, and 0-7, species in cats and rats, respectively. A high intensity (number of individual parasites recovered per host) was observed for some parasite species. These findings demonstrated that three epidemiological characteristics (high prevalence, infra-community richness and intensity/abundance) conformed to the characteristics of the Island Syndrome. However, contrary to the Island Syndrome hypothesis, a high regional richness of parasites was observed on Christmas Island, with nine species of helminth recorded in cats and 10 species in rats). The parasite community characteristic observations were repeated on Dirk Hartog Island, which also exhibited the same three characteristics of Island Syndrome (high prevalence, infra-community richness and intensity/abundance), but where no difference in regional richness was observed compared with the mainland environment. Specifically, the overall prevalence was significantly higher (p≤0.01) on Dirk Hartog Island (100%) compared to southwest WA (79.6%), as was mean infra-community richness (p≤0.001) (3.61±1.41 on Dirk Hartog Island and 1.57±1.29 from southwest WA). For those parasite species occurring on Dirk Hartog Island and in southwest WA, the prevalence and abundance was found to be significantly higher on Dirk Hartog Island than the southwest WA (p≤0.019 and p≤0.003, respectively). These findings suggest that not all facets proposed by the Island Syndrome hypothesis apply to all island environments, particularly for parasite communities harboured by invasive species. Parasites of both zoonotic and conservation significance were detected in the cats and rats from both islands and from mainland Western Australia. Pathogenic bacteria of public health importance were identified; two species of Bartonella in rats (Bartonella phoceensis and an unidentified Bartonella species) on Christmas Island, two species Bartonella in cats (B. henselae and B. koehlerae) from southwest Western Australia, and Leptospira interrogans from both cats and rats on Christmas Island. The presence of Trypanosoma in cats and rats (from all three locations) and Leishmania (Christmas Island only) were investigated, with neither of these vector-borne protozoans identified at any of the locations. In summary, this thesis presents new data pertaining to parasite community structures in two invasive mammalian pest species of global importance following their introduction to islands, and the potential relationship between their parasite community structures and parasite biology, prevailing physiographic factors and faunal biology. The observations suggest that cats and rats are important in contributing to and maintaining artificially elevated parasite species’ richness within both insular and mainland environments. The findings also highlight potential threats that invasive animals pose with respect to disease transmission to susceptible ecological communities, in particular insular ecosystems, as reservoir hosts for parasitic and bacterial organisms.
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Walter, Michelle, and n/a. "The Population ecology of wild horses in the Australian Alps." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050412.151308.

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In this thesis I examine the population ecology of wild horses (Equus caballus) in the Australian Alps. Wild horses were first introduced into the Alps over 150 years ago. Paradoxically, they are a feral animal impacting on the environment, but are also a cultural icon. Managing wild horse populations is contentious and needs to be founded on knowledge of their population ecology. This is the first study of its kind in the Australian Alps and therefore has a broad focus. Four general areas were addressed: distribution, estimation of abundance and density, population dynamics and the influence of brumby-running. The study was conducted between 1999 and 2002 inclusive in the Australian Alps national parks, which form a contiguous protected area in south-eastern Australia from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in the north, through New South Wales (NSW) and into Victoria in the south. The current distribution of wild horses in the Australian Alps national parks is patchy. There are five major discrete populations in NSW and Victoria with the northern most population in Kosciuszko National Park (NSW) bordering on the ACT. A review of published material and oral history reveals historic influences on distribution. The presence of each population is associated with introductions by people. The distribution of some populations expanded after introductions and many have fluctuated over time. Distributions have been contained or reduced through control by people, natural events such as snow and drought and by geographical barriers. Park managers eliminated a population of wild horses in the ACT in the 1980s. Distributions have expanded in areas without active management (notably northern Kosciuszko National Park) and are likely to continue expanding under a policy of no management. In February and March 2001, abundance and density of wild horses were estimated by helicopter aerial survey in areas where the mapping showed horses to occur. This was the first time that these parameters have been estimated empirically. I compared three different aerial survey techniques (strip, mark-recapture and line transect) based on relative accuracy and precision and found that line transect analysis gave the highest, most precise estimate. Given that aerial surveys usually underestimate abundance, this method was also likely to be the most accurate. Mark-recapture over a 50m wide strip gave a similar result but lacked precision. Strip and mark-recapture techniques performed poorly over 200m strips because animals were missed. Numbers observed dropped off dramatically beyond the 50m strip. Line transect analysis (for both observers combined) gave an estimate of 5010 (+/- 1408SE) horses while mark recapture over 50 metres gave an estimate of 4915 (+/-2733SE). These estimates correspond to a density of 1.8 horses km-2 over the area surveyed (2789km2). The results suggest that aerial surveys of large mammals using a wide strip width (200m) and mark recapture analysis may seriously underestimate population density. The population dynamics and demography of wild horses were estimated at three sites, Big Boggy, Cowombat and Currango, every spring and autumn over 3 years. The sites were spread widely across the Alps with the aim of obtaining a broad understanding of population dynamics. The survey used Pollock�s robust design and natural markings were used to identify individuals. There was a seasonal spring peak in population size at Big Boggy with no clear seasonal trend at the other two sites. Mean wild horse densities determined at Big Boggy (2.01km-2) and Currango (2.13km-2) were not significantly (p<0.5) different to the density calculated in the aerial survey, whereas density was significantly higher at Cowombat (6.4 km-2). Census techniques were of limited use in estimating annual population growth rate because of low precision. Demographic analysis showed that none of the populations were increasing at the maximum intrinsic rate (l = 1.2), and the Big Boggy and Cowombat populations may be stable (l = 1.0/yr). There was an apparent trend of food limitation across the sites. Body condition was positively related (p<0.01) to pasture biomass. The Currango population was increasing (l = 0.09) associated with higher recruitment, body condition and pasture biomass than in the other two populations studied. The Cowombat population had the lowest annual finite rate of increase (l = 1.03), and horses at this site were in the poorest condition and pasture biomass was lowest. The Big Boggy population was intermediate between the two. Annual adult survival was constant in all populations at 0.91. Survival in the first three years of life was more variable with the average at each site ranging from 0.63/yr to 0.76/yr. An average of 0.26 female foals was born per adult female per year. Sensitivity analysis showed that population growth rate is most sensitive to changes in adult survival, followed by fecundity and then survival in the first three years of life. The dynamics observed at each site was representative of the demography of wild horses in other parts of the world and is typical for large mammalian herbivores. Brumby-running is a form of harvesting that is currently being used to control wild horses in the Alpine National Park (Victoria) and is soon to be trialled in Kosciuszko National Park (NSW). The effectiveness of brumby-running has not been assessed prior to this study. Data collected by the Alpine Brumby Management Association and predictive modelling were used to examine the influence of brumby-running on the wild horse population in Alpine National Park. Brumby-runners remove about 200 horses per year with a preference for young animals and adult females. More horses are caught in autumn (61/yr) and least in summer (30/yr) (p<0.05). Brumby-runners do not appear (p>0.05) to target horses in poor condition. One skilled brumby-runner caught an average of 1.16 horses/day, while his companions caught an average of 0.55 horses/day. Brumby-runners show behaviour analogous to social carnivores. Predictive modelling suggests that brumby-runners could suppress the population of wild horses in Alpine National Park similar to the effects of predators, or human harvesting of other large mammals. Selecting young animals in the harvest reduces the impact of harvesting on the population compared to unselective harvesting, while selecting adult females increases the predicted impact. There are several management recommendations based on the findings of this thesis that address concerns for both environmental impact and the cultural value of wild horses. The distribution of wild horses should not be allowed to expand further, and the size of the wild horse population should be prevented from increasing further. Other management recommendations that are more complex involve reducing some populations so that the level of environmental impact they are causing is acceptable. This requires a definition of �acceptable impact.� Finally managers should consider eradicating smaller populations.
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Mahon, Paul S. "Predation by feral cats and red foxes and the dynamics of small mammal populations in arid Australia." Thesis, School of Biological Sciences, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3927.

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Shuster, Gabriela. "The Management Of Feral Pig Socio-Ecological Systems In Far North Queensland, Australia." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1357345563.

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Törnsten, Emma. "Ett liv utan djur är ett liv utan gud : En människa-djur studie analys av Kerstin Ekmans Vargskinnstrilogi." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Litteraturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45282.

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This essay applies human-animal studies in relation to the Swedish author Kerstin Ekman's books Guds barmhärtighet (1999), Sista Rompan (2002) and Skraplotter (2003) together called Vargskinnstrilogin. Kerstin Ekman's authorship is characterized by a coexistence between human, nature and animals where the stories entangle them into a dense complexity. As a reader, one is constantly reminded of this coexistence through Ekman's narrative approach as her stories contain many contact zones between humans and animals, which creates space for problematizing this entangled coexist from a posthumanistic perspective. The animals in the stories are at different distances to the human being based on their characteristics of being regarded as wild, domesticated or ferral. Based on these three categories, the wolf as a representative of the wild animals is analyzed in a theoretical context focusing on the function of different power structures within the anthropocentric paradigm. Ferral conditions are analyzed on the basis of, among other things, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's theories of animal-becomings, escape lines and rhizom where the dog mainly exists when it is embodied in close interaction with humans in Ekman's stories. The domesticated animals are analyzed on the basis of the tension between rural and urban, where the progress of the civil society are rapidly changing during the 20th century which creates changed relations between people and agricultural animals.
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Lladó, Santaeularia Alexandra. "Animales salvajes en Mesopotamia: los grandes mamíferos en el tercer milenio a. C." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668513.

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Los animales han tenido siempre una gran repercusión en la Historia del ser humano. Durante el Paleolítico eran cazados como fuente de alimento para complementar una dieta pobre en proteínas. Más tarde, la domesticación de algunas especies fue uno de los principales motores de la revolución neolítica, convirtiéndolos en un recurso económico de gran importancia. Además de la carne y las pieles, se empezaron a explotar otros productos secundarios como la leche o la lana, y algunos animales fueron empleados como fuerza de trabajo agrícola y medio de transporte terrestre. Pese a estos cambios trascendentales, los animales salvajes siguieron teniendo una importante presencia en la sociedad. Los depredadores eran una amenaza constante para las personas y sus rebaños, mientras que los herbívoros seguían siendo cazados por necesidad o por entretenimiento. El caso de Mesopotamia no es distinto. A lo largo de toda su historia encontramos multitud de referencias a los animales salvajes tanto en las fuentes escritas como en las representaciones figurativas, demostrando que su importancia, al menos simbólica, era parecida a la de los animales domésticos. Incluso algunos de ellos tuvieron cierta trascendencia en actividades económicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis analiza la presencia de fauna salvaje en la Mesopotamia del tercer milenio a. C. y su relación con la sociedad de la época, centrándose en el caso concreto de los grandes mamíferos. Para ello, se propone un enfoque multidisciplinar que incluye el estudio de los restos faunísticos, las representaciones figurativas y las fuentes escritas (lexicográficas, literarias y administrativas), con el objetivo de tener una visión lo más completa posible sobre la situación concreta de cada una de estas especies en el periodo estudiado.
Animals have always had quite a large repercussion on humans’ history. In the Paleolithic, they were hunted as feeding source to complement a low-protein diet. Later on, the domestication of some species facilitated the Neolithic revolution as animals became an important economic resource. Apart from consuming their meat and using their furs, other secondary products such as milk and wool started to being exploited. Some others were used as working animals in agriculture and for terrestrial transportation. Even though all these transcendental changes, wild animals still had an important presence in society. Predators were a constant threat for people and herds, while herbivores were hunted because of necessity or as entertainment. Mesopotamian case was not different. Throughout all its history, numerous references to wild animals in textual sources as well as figurative representations can be found, what demonstrates that their importance was similar to the domestic animals’, at least in a symbolic way. Some of these wild animals even had a certain transcendence in economic activities. In this context, the aim of this dissertation is to analyse the presence of wild fauna in Mesopotamia during the third millennium BC and its relationship with the society of the period, focusing on the specific case of big mammals. To achieve such a goal, an interdisciplinary approach is proposed, which includes the study of faunal remains, figurative representations and written sources (lexical, literary and administrative) to provide a general picture of the status of the animal world in the third millennium BC.
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Books on the topic "Feral animals"

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Low, Tim. Feral future. Ringwood, Vic: Viking, 1999.

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Donovan, Tristan. Feral cities: Adventures with animals in the urban jungle. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press, 2015.

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Australia. Parliament. Senate. Standing Committee on Animal Welfare. Culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory. Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1991.

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Feral children and clever animals: Reflections on human nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Chigang, Lu, ed. Rang wo men hao hao huo xia qu: Shi er ge liu lang dong wu jian qiang qiu sheng de gu shi. Xianggang: Huang guan chu ban she (Xianggang) you xian gong si, 2014.

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ill, Malone Peter 1953, ed. The forest child. New York: Orchard Books, 1995.

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Mara, Wil. What should i do?: If i see a stray animal. Ann Arbor, Mich: Cherry Lake Pub., 2011.

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Woolnough, Andrew P. Distribution and abundance of pest animals in Western Australia: A survey of institutional knowledge. [Forrestfield, W.A.]: Dept. of Agriculture, 2005.

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illustrator, Kim David 1977, and Kipling Rudyard 1865-1936, eds. The jungle book. Vancouver, BC: Caramel Tree, 2014.

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Beck, Alan M. The ecology of stray dogs: A study of free-ranging urban animals. West Lafayette, Ind: NotaBell Books, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Feral animals"

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Jarvis, Peter J. "Feral animals in the built environment." In The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology, 463–71. Other titles: Handbook of urban ecology Description: Second Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429506758-39.

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Lorden, Rosanne. "Polarized Opinions and Shared Goals: Feral Cat Management in an Academic Community in Kentucky." In Companion Animals in Everyday Life, 183–200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59572-0_12.

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Burrows, Neil D. "Feral Animals in the Semi-arid and Arid Regions of Australia: Origins, Impacts and Control." In On the Ecology of Australia’s Arid Zone, 331–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93943-8_13.

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Davies, Jamie. "Fetal Organ Culture." In Replacing Animal Models, 81–87. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119940685.ch8.

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Hannigan, John H., and Surilla Randall. "Behavioral Pharmacology in Animals Exposed Prenatally to Alcohol." In Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 191–213. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003068761-9.

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Yost, Christopher K., Moussa S. Diarra, and Edward Topp. "Animals and Humans as Sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria." In The Fecal Bacteria, 67–91. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816865.ch4.

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Steyn, Clare, and Mark Hanson. "Studies of Fetal Growth in Animals." In Intrauterine Growth Restriction, 73–88. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0735-4_5.

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Broom, Donald M. "Fetal and parturient behaviour." In Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 199–209. 6th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0019.

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Ferrell, C. L. "Placental Regulation of Fetal Growth." In Animal Growth Regulation, 1–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8872-2_1.

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Silva, Praneeth, Parnia Azimian Zavareh, and Devi Atukorallaya. "Teleost Fish as Model Animals to Understand Alcohol Teratology." In Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, 31–48. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2613-9_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Feral animals"

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Wanderley, Daniel Dias, Yani Neves Coelho, Bruno Corrêa do Lago, Eliana Pereira Santos, and Erika Cinthia Quaresma Machado. "MACERAÇÃO FETAL EM GATA - RELATO DE CASO." In I Congresso Brasileiro Online de Práticas Veterinárias: Uma abordagem para animais de grande porte e produção Animal. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/granvet-34.

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Introdução: A m aceração fetal é um processo séptico que cursa com degeneração, liquefação e esqueletização do feto. Este processo acomete frequentemente gatas, principalmente, devido ao uso de anticoncepcionais. Os sinais clínicos são dores abdominais, descarga vaginal purulenta, inapetência, apatia, perda de peso progressiva, aumento de volume abdominal, dentre outros. Objetivos: Relatar um caso de maceração fetal em uma gata. Material e métodos: Gata, 6 anos, fértil, sem raça definida, pesando 4,400kg. A tutora relatou que a paciente apresentava corrimento vaginal amarronzado em um período aproximado de 8 dias, onde o fluxo do corrimento aumentava com o passar dos dias. Na anamnese, descobriu-se o histórico de aplicação de anticoncepcional. No exame físico, a paciente apresentou temperatura retal de 38,6ºC e os demais parâmetros sem alteração, sendo notada na palpação a sensibilidade e elevada distensão bilateral do abdômen. Devido a hipossuficiência econômica das tutoras e amparado pelo exame clínico e reprodutivo bem conduzidos, foi decidido pelas tutoras que a paciente deveria ser submetida à laparotomia exploratória para elucidação do quadro e consequente realização de OSH tanto em caso de presença ou ausência de alterações uterinas. Tendo em vista que a suspeita de hemomucopiometra/aborto eram condizentes com o quadro, o médico responsável pelo caso, aceitou realizar a cirurgia para que a felina em questão tivesse uma chance de tratamento mesmo em condições econômicas desfavoráveis. Já durante a consulta foram aplicados Dipirona (0,05ml/sc) e Floxiclin 10% (0,15ml/sc) para controle da dor e infecção. Também foram prescritos amoxicilina, (2x ao dia/10 dias), cetoprofeno gotas (1x ao dia/4 dias) e hemopet gotas (1ml/dia/10 dias) para uso oral em casa, um dia antes da cirurgia e no pós-operatório. Resultados: Laparotomia exploratória com êxito ao encontrar o feto macerado, com possibilidade dos outros terem sidos reabsorvidos, identificando ao toque e na retirada o corpo fetal desmanchando e presença de ossículos definidos, fracos e quebradiços, com secreção amarronzada abundante. A medicação pós-operatória foi e uso tópico de Rifocina spray (BID/10 DIAS) e continuação da medicação anteriormente prescrita. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o uso de técnicas semiológicas bem conduzidas é uma ferramenta essencial no diagnóstico de maceração fetal.
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Lin Wang, Kyle R. Mankin, and George L. Marchin. "Fecal Bacteria Survival in Animal Manure." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.10490.

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Garcia, Giovana Alcantara, Larissa Raquel Martins Adami, and Daniel De Souza Ramos Angrimani. "DIFERENÇAS ENTRE CESARIANA ELETIVA E EMERGENCIAL - REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." In I Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1908.

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Introdução: O parto de cadelas e gatas deve ocorrer de forma natural, no entanto, os animais estão suscetíveis a distocias, de origem fetal ou materna. Neste contexto, a cesariana é método rotineiro e aplicado na rotina clínica de pequenos animais e é considerada solução confiável para evitar ou corrigir distocias. Assim, a cesariana pode ser dividida em emergencial ou eletiva. Objetivos: Desta forma, esse estudo possui como objetivo discorrer sobre as principais diferenças entre a cesariana eletiva e emergencial em cadelas e gatas, para contribuir com sua utilização na rotina de clínica e cirurgia veterinária. Resultados: A cesariana de emergência, como o próprio nome remete, é indicada para casos emergenciais, quando, por exemplo, o animal apresenta contrações há mais de 4 horas e não há nascimento dos filhotes. Ainda, é considerada emergência obstétrica quando ocorrem intervalos muito longos entre filhotes, sendo este maior que 2 horas. Por outro lado, a cesariana eletiva requer planejamento, sendo indicada em raças de cães braquicefálicas, quando há histórico prévio de distocia e fraturas de pelve. Além disso, situações como, falha na estática fetal, tamanho exagerado dos fetos, fêmeas muito jovens ou senis, hidrocefalia e anasarca são fatores indicativos para tal método cirúrgico. Neste sentido, obtém-se sucesso ao evitar o sofrimento do neonato e a fadiga da fêmea em trabalho de parto. Conclusão: Quando efetuados de maneira correta, bem como, por meio do acompanhamento ao longo da gestação, ambos os tipos de cesariana são cirurgias seguras e eficientes em pequenos animais. Sendo que o prognóstico para a fêmea e prole é favorável.
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Dorokhina, Yu A., and G. F. Ryzhkova. "Morphological and biochemical parameters of blood in rabbits when using energymetabolic compositions." In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2022-7-18-23.

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Modern animal husbandry can no longer be imagined without special biologically active additives and a variety of protein, vitamin and mineral complexes. Among all additives, a special place is occupied by energy-metabolic compositions that give animals all the most necessary and important substances. The composition of the EC includes: yantaric acid is a universal intracellular metabolite, widely involved in metabolic reactions in the body; citric acid is the main intermediate product of the metabolic cycle of tricarboxylic acids, plays an important role in the system of biochemical reactions of cellular respiration of living organisms; iodinol – uniquea fecal medicinal substance, it determines high biological activity, regulates immunity and metabolism in the body; cyanocoalamin (vitamin B12) - prevents the appearance of anemia, enhances immunity, plays an important role in regulating the function of hematopoietic organs; glycerin has antiseptic and preservative properties.
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Adami, Larissa Raquel Martins, Giovana Alcantara Garcia, and Daniel De Solza Ramos Angrimani. "DISTOCIA NA CLÍNICA DE PEQUENOS ANIMAIS." In I Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1909.

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Introdução: A distocia é definida como dificuldade para expelir os fetos pelo canal do parto. Esta afecção é mais frequente em cadelas do que em gatas. Normalmente, a distocia pode ocorrer devido origem materna ou fetal e de modo geral, raças de porte pequeno ou braquicefálicas possuem maior predisposição a afecção. Objetivos: Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é revisar as principais causas da distocia em pequenos animais, métodos diagnósticos e terapêutica. Materiais e métodos: Para elaboração da revisão de literatura, foram utilizados trabalhos e artigos científicos retirados do Google Acadêmico dos últimos 6 anos. Resultados: A distocia de origem materna é recorrente principalmente em fêmeas primíparas ou com múltiplos fetos. Dentre as causas primordiais da distocia de origem materna destaca-se a inércia uterina (primária e secundária), estreitamento das vias moles e duras, torção uterina e contrações excessivas sem sucesso. Já a distocia de origem fetal pode ser acarretada por deficiência de corticosteroides adrenais do feto, tamanho do feto, gestação prolongada, ascites, anasarca e hidrocefalia ou alterações na estática fetal. Por se tratar de afecção rotineira na clínica de pequenos animais, o diagnostico ocorre por meio de exames radiográficos ou ultrassonográficos, palpação abdominal e exame digital vaginal. O gluconato de cálcio a 10% é capaz de promover aumento da força uterina. O tratamento divide-se em medicamentoso ou por intervenção cesariana, sendo que os fármacos podem ser administrados caso a fêmea esteja em boas condições clínicas e apresente inércia uterina secundária. Contudo, em situações de falha de estática fetal onde a correção não é possível, ou falha na indução da contração uterina, a cesariana é indicada. Conclusão: O conhecimento da fisiologia e endocrinologia da fêmea e sua gestação é de sua importância para que o diagnóstico e tratamento corretos sejam efetuados, garantindo assim, a sobrevida da mãe e fetos.
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GIMENEZ, Elena Macedo, Lucas Augusto MARIOTTO, Lorrayne de Souza Araújo MARTINS, Antônio Campanha MARTINEZ, and Rodrigo Garcia MOTTA. "RELATO DE CASO - ACHADOS CLÍNICOS E ANATOMOPATOLÓGICOS DA ENTERITE LINFOPLASMOCITÁRIA EM OVINO." In I Congresso Brasileiro Online de Práticas Veterinárias: Uma abordagem para animais de grande porte e produção Animal. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/granvet-57.

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Introdução: As verminoses impactam em sérios prejuízos para a ovinocultura. São enfermidades com ciclo oro-fecal, em que os animais infectados eliminam os ovos do parasito pelas fezes, e no meio ambiente eclodem, e dão origem, as larvas infectantes. Na espécie ovina são raros os estudos com o diagnóstico da oesofagostomose pela histopatologia. Em cabanhas endêmicas, identificam-se: animais com histórico de emagrecimento progressivo, queda da produção de lã, anorexia, diarreia verde escura, anemia, hipoproteinemia e morte. Os principais achados anatomopatológicos: formação de nódulos no intestino e reação do tecido linfóide regional. Na microscopia enterite linfoplasmocitária nodular. Objetivo: relatar os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos da enterite linfoplasmocitária em ovino. Relato de caso: Foi realizada a necropsia de uma ovelha, fêmea, 4 anos, mestiça, com histórico de emagrecimento progressivo há 4 meses, sem resposta terapêutica a vermifugação. Caquexia, mucosas hipocoradas, palidez visceral. Conteúdo intestinal com aspecto esverdeado, presença de múltiplos nódulos calcificados na serosa do rúmen, retículo, omaso e abomaso. Áreas de congestão intestinal e linfadenomegalia (linfonodos mesentérios). Fragmentos de mucosa intestinal e linfonodos mesentéricos foram fixados em formal 10% e colorados em Hematoxilina e Eosina (H&E). O exame microscópico identificou enterite, hiperplasia linfocitária, com aumento dos folículos no tecido linfóide e edema nodal. Resultados: A oesofagostomose é uma verminose, subdiagnosticada em ovinos, causa enterite linfoplasmocitária e nódulos intestinais, o que, em algumas situações, inviabiliza a ação dos antiparasitários. É importante, suspeitar desta enfermidade, em ovelhas que apresentam este histórico. Os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos possibilitaram diagnosticar enterite linfoplasmocitária, causada por Oesophagostomum spp. em ovelha. Conclusão: O exame anatomopatológico possibilitou estabelecer o diagnóstico de enterite linfoplasmocitária, ressalta-se a importância dos exames complementares, na elucidação dos óbitos em animais de produção.
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Barros, Thaís Raylla Laurindo Sena, Julia De Oliveira Silva, Vanessa Saraiva Sousa, Maria José Lima Do Nascimento, and Francisco Lima Silva. "HIDROPSIA FETAL EM NEONATO DE CADELA DA RAÇA ROTTWEILER: RELATO DE CASO." In I Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1832.

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Introdução: A hidropsia fetal é uma alteração caracterizada pelo grande acúmulo de líquido no espaço extravascular, edema de subcutâneo generalizado e nas cavidades peritoneal, pleural e pericárdica. Objetivo: Objetiva-se relatar o nascimento de um filhote canino da raça Rottweiler com hidropsia fetal do tipo anasarca. Materiais e Métodos: Uma cadela da raça Rottweiler, 7 anos e 2 meses, 35 kg foi atendida em caráter emergencial em um hospital veterinário na cidade de Teresina-PI. O tutor relatou que a cadela entrou em trabalho de parto, eliminando apenas três filhotes e secreção purulenta. A cadela não teve acompanhamento gestacional. No exame clínico o animal apresentou respiração ofegante, secreção vaginal esverdeada e purulenta, contrações, TR=39,6º e apatia. Diante do quadro solicitou-se a realização de exames para encaminhamento cirúrgico do caso. Resultados: No hemograma verificou-se hemácias normocíticas e normocrômicas, leucócitos morfologicamente normais e plaquetas morfologicamente normais e bem distribuídas. No bioquímico observou-se os seguintes resultados: T.G.O/ AST: 43,0 U/L; T.G.P/ALT: 33,O U/L; GGT:3,0 U/L; Creatinina: 0,8 mg/dL e Ureia: 28,0mg/dL. Diante dos resultados observados dentro dos valores de referência a cadela foi submetida a cesariana de emergência com retirada de 6 filhotes vivos e 1 natimorto. Após necropsia, com base nos achados patológicos, o filhote foi diagnosticado como um caso de hidropsia fetal do tipo anasarca. Conclusão: A hidropsia fetal pode resultar em obstrução do canal do parto resultando em um parto distócico. É fundamental conhecer a predisposição genética de cada raça antes de realizar o cruzamento. Somado a isso é fundamental realizar o acompanhamento da gestação e ao qualquer sinal de anormalidade sempre procurar a assistência médica veterinária a fim de garantir gestação e parto tranquilos.
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Resende, Isa Lucia Sousa, DIEGO RIBEIRO, BIANCA FERREIRA COSTA BERNARDES, STEFANI FERNANDES DE SOUZA, and ANTONIO CARLOS MARCONDES DE CARVALHO. "MACERAÇÃO FETAL E PIOMETRA E SUBSEQUENTE SEPSE EM CÃO." In II Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-clinvet/8578.

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L. Wang and K.R. Mankin. "DIEOFF AND RELEASE OF FECAL PATHOGENS FROM ANIMAL MANURE." In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.7399.

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Morkovin, Evgeny, Dmitry Bakulin, Liliya Knyshova, Anatoly Yakovlev, Denis Kurkin, Nazar Osadchenko, and Elizaveta Abrosimova. "ВЛИЯНИЕ ПЕРОРАЛЬНОГО ВВЕДЕНИЯ NAC ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫМ ЖИВОТНЫМ, ПОДВЕРГНУТЫМ АЛКОГОЛЬНОЙ ИНТОКСИКАЦИИ." In Nauka. Issledovaniia. Praktika: sbornik izbrannyh statei po materialam Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferencii (Sankt-Peterburg, Fevral` 2020). ГНИИ "Нацразвитие", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/srp289.2020.36.96.003.

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Пероральное введение ацетилцистеина препятствовало развитию признаков окислительного стресса у животных подвергнутых алкогольной интоксикации. Это подтверждает антиоксидантные свойства ацетилцистеина и способность предотвращать развитие токсических процессов в печени на фоне алкогольной интоксикации организма, что является основанием для его более широкого применения в клинической практике.Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor to glutathione. Oral administration of NAC prevented the development of signs of oxidative stress in animals subjected to alcohol intoxication, which confirms the antioxidant properties of NAC and the ability to prevent the development of toxic processes in the liver against the background of alcohol intoxication of the body, which is the basis for its wider use in clinical practice.
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Reports on the topic "Feral animals"

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Huijser, Marcel, E. R. Fairbank, and K. S. Paul. Best Practices Manual to Reduce Animal-Vehicle Collisions and Provide Habitat Connectivity for Wildlife. Nevada Department of Transportation, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.2.

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The goal for this manual is to provide practical information for the implementation of mitigation measures that aim to: 1. Improve human safety through reducing collisions with large animals, including large wild mammal species, select free roaming large feral species, and select free roaming large livestock species, and 2. Improve or maintain habitat connectivity for terrestrial wildlife species and selected feral species through safe crossing opportunities. This manual does not include all possible measures that can or may reduce animal-vehicle collisions and maintain or improve habitat connectivity for wildlife. The measures included in this manual are: Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large wild mammals and for small wild animal species), roadside animal detection system, Barriers (fences), Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for free roaming livestock), and culling, relocation, anti-fertility treatment, roadside animal detection systems, barriers (fences), and barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large feral mammal species such as feral horses and burros).
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Ament, Rob, Marcel Huijser, and Dana May. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Cost Effective Solutions - Final Report. Nevada Department of Transportation, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.1.4.

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Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) are a significant component of overall crashes in the US and Canada. Roads and their traffic also create partial or total barriers to the movement of wildlife, both large and small. There are several well-studied proven mitigation measures that significantly reduce WVCs, provide for safe animal passage across roads, and maintain habitat connectivity. Highly effective measures, such as overpasses and underpasses with fencing can reduce large animal WVCs by over 80% – 100% on average; yet these structures can be costly and there is room for improvement in their design, the use of new materials, adding elements that improve their use by smaller animal species, such as reptiles and amphibians and improving their cost effectiveness. This Transportation Pooled Fund Study, TPF-5(358) (TPF Study), allowed researchers to evaluate the latest information on the effectiveness of 24 different highway mitigation measures designed to decrease collisions with large wildlife, large feral and domestic animals. Also reviewed were these same measures’ ability to protect small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians from collisions. The TPF Study also explored the effectiveness of the 24 measures ability to maintain or enhance habitat connectivity. It conducted 11 different research projects that variously explored a) the costs and benefits of animal-vehicle collisions and the mitigation measures that seek to reduce them, b) the ecological effectiveness of various mitigation measures, and 3) new designs for crossing structures for a variety of species. The project developed a manual of best practices and concluded with a final report.
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Huijser, M. P., Robert J. Ament, M. Bell, A. P. Clevenger, E. R. Fairbank, K. E. Gunson, and T. McGuire. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Pooled Fund Study – Literature Review. Nevada Department of Transportation, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2021.12.

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This report contains a summary of past research and new knowledge about the effectiveness of mitigation measures aimed at reducing animal-vehicle collisions and at providing safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. The measures are aimed at terrestrial large bodied wild mammal species, free roaming large livestock species (e.g. cattle, horses), free roaming large feral species (e.g. “wild” horses and burros), and small animal species (amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals). While mitigation is common, it is best to follow a three-step approach: avoidance, mitigation, and compensation or “off-site” mitigation. If reducing collisions with large wild mammals is the only objective, the most effective measures include roadside animal detection systems, wildlife culling, wildlife relocation, anti-fertility treatments, wildlife barriers (fences),and wildlife fences in combination with wildlife crossing structures. If the objectives also include maintaining or improving connectivity for large wild mammals, then wildlife barriers (fences) in combination with wildlife crossing structures are most effective. Measures for large domestic mammal species are largely similar, though for free roaming livestock there are legal, moral and ethical issues. For small animal species, temporary or permanent road closure and road removal are sometimes implemented, but barriers in combination with crossing structures are the most common.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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5

Huijser, MP, J. W. Duffield, C. Neher, A. P. Clevenger, and T. Mcguire. Final Report 2022: Update and expansion of the WVC mitigation measures and their cost-benefit model. Nevada Department of Transportation, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.10.

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This report contains an update and an expansion of a cost-benefit model for wildlife-vehicle collisions and associated mitigation measures along highways, that was originally calculated in 2007 US$ and published in 2009. The direct cost values (vehicle repair, human injuries, human fatalities) were updated for deer, elk, and moose, and expanded by including additional species: gray wolf (Canis lupus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), and free ranging or feral domesticated species including cattle, horse, and burro. The costs associated with collisions were also expanded by including passive use, or nonuse values associated with the conservation value of selected wild animal species. The total costs (in 2020 US$) associated with a collision with deer, elk and moose were about 2-3 times (direct costs only) or about 3-4 times higher (direct costs and passive use values combined) compared to the values in 2007 US$. The passive use costs associated with threatened species (wolf, grizzly bear) were higher or much higher than the direct costs. The costs associated with mitigation measures (especially fences and wildlife crossing structures) were also updated and supplemented with new data. New cost-benefit analyses generated updated or entirely new threshold values for deer, elk, moose, and grizzly bear. If collisions with these large wild mammal species reach or surpass the threshold values, it is economically defensible to install the associated type and combination of mitigation measures, both based on direct use and passive use parameters and their associated values. The trend in increasing costs associated with vehicle repair costs, costs associated with human injuries and fatalities, and through including passive use values for wildlife is that we learn that the implementation of effective mitigation measures can be considered earlier and more readily than based on the cost-benefit model published in 2009.
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