Journal articles on the topic 'Feminism Australia History 20th century'
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Mina, Hao. "Feminism Is Still Relevant in Australia." Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n3p26.
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Feminist movements had been pervasive in the 20th century. It helped women to earn civil rights globally, welcomed by most civilized citizens. Then in the 21st century, it seems to have no reason to exist since there are no apparently observable and unpleasant unequal treatments towards women. Feminism, hence, is regarded as a word of the past by some people. Nevertheless, it is not the fact. By studying the situation in Australia, women in this nation have become the study object. Working opportunities in politics and business have been counted, combined with the study of relevant government policies towards different gender. The male’s changing attitude towards female in gender role has also exposed the socialization process in Australia. Through close scrutiny, it is found that feminism is still very much relevant in Australia.
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Safarian, Alexander. "On the History of Turkish Feminism." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 1 (2007): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x224978.
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AbstractThe paper deals with the several aspects of the history of Feminism in the Ottoman Empire. It elucidates the early stages of the formation of the Feministic ideas and tendencies in the Turkish society at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the social-political activities and the role of the Turkish women writers Halide Edib, Arife Hanım, and others. The author discusses inter alia the impact of the Armenian intellectual milieu and, especially, that of the Turkish Armenian women's literature on the inception and development of the Feministic literature in Turkey.
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Kanevskaya, Galina I. "Russian Libraries in Australia in the 20th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 3 (May 25, 2009): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-3-80-85.
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The article deals with review of the history of Russian librarianship in Australia. The role of libraries in preservation of Russian language in the Russian diaspora and national identity in the being in the strange cultural space is defined.
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Fitch, Kate. "Rethinking Australian public relations history in the mid-20th century." Media International Australia 160, no. 1 (August 2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16651135.
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This article investigates the development of public relations in Australia and addresses calls to reconceptualise Australian public relations history. It presents the findings from an analysis of newspaper articles and industry newsletters in the 1940s and 1950s. These findings confirm the term public relations was in common use in Australia earlier than is widely accepted and not confined to either military information campaigns during the war or the corporate sector in the post-war period, but was used by government and public institutions and had increasing prominence through industry associations in the manufacturing sector and in social justice and advocacy campaigns. The study highlights four themes – war and post-war work, non-profit public relations, gender, and media and related industries – that enable new perspectives on Australian public relations history and historiography to be developed.
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Lin, Ziye. "The comparative analysis of Gibson girls of 20th century and contemporary females." Highlights in Art and Design 1, no. 3 (November 22, 2022): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hiaad.v1i3.2962.
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There is a complex relationship between fashion and dress to identity. It's worth noting that given twining, cloths can be a portrayal of one's identity because they tell people something about class, gender, status, and so on. Also, the author asserts that cloths can lead to misinterpretation because they are not able to speak (Entwistle, 2000: 112). It is because of this argument that copious theories have emerged in an attempt to explain the relations. Entwistle, in her book, highlights the centrality of dressing to people's identities, gender, and sexuality (2000, p.40). These sentiments are also held by Stroope, Walker, and Franzen (2017, 85), who posit that the portrayal of identity has led to theories such as feminism. Therefore, feminism has existed in all aspects of life since it came into being in early 1910. These concepts are also used in various ways in the fashion industry making it significant in contemporary times. Feminist theory mainly accentuates the analysis of gender inequality. Therefore, it aims to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of gender. In her book, Butler believes that gender is used sometimes as a way to secure heterosexuality (2006, 5). Therefore, according to Griffin (2015, p.196), feminism wanted to transform the entire realms of the lives of women: social, political, cultural, personal, and economical. Consequently, Zinn and Dill (2016, 76) assert that feminists meant to remove all psychological and structural obstacles to the financial independence of women. The reason is that most of them believed that gender was produced and considered though sexual hierarchy as outline by (Butler, 2006, 5). Some of the themes explored in these theories entail objectification, contemporary discrimination, and art history. Indeed, feminists combined lots of reasons that became related to a New Woman. Some crusaded for woman voice, others fought for labor and socialism, whereas others still called for birth control and ‘free love.’ As a result, Butler (2006, 7), in her book, she continues to point out that feminist views attempt to eliminate and overthrow gender, because it is a typical signal of women. The feminism resurgence in the recent past has been integral in the evolution of the modern fashion industry. It is a relief that females are no longer anticipated to fit into a particular mold for them to be perceived as beautiful. The stereotypical thinking, as well as the labeling of females as sexual objects, often have negatively impacted how several women dress Entwistle (2000, p.40). As denoted by Fraser (2017, 167), this is something that most women seem to be reluctant to dress because of the fear that they might be perceived as sexually provocative. Seabrook, Ward, and Giaccardi (2019, 556) also echoed this sentiment but went further to posit that fortunately for feminists, especially those in the fashion industry, feminism has led to the promotion of females as sexual beings rather than sexual objects. Many people are happy that the industry is catching up, though centuries later.
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EBACH, MALTE C. "A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia." Zootaxa 3392, no. 1 (July 18, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3392.1.1.
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The development of Australian biogeographical regionalisation since 1858 has been driven by colonial 19th-centuryexploration and by the late 20th-century biodiversity crisis. The intervening years reduced existing large scaleregionalisation into smaller taxon specific areas of vegetation or endemism. However, large scale biotic biogeographicalregionalisation was rediscovered during multi-disciplinary meetings and conferences, sparking short-term revivals whichhave ended in constant revisions at smaller and smaller taxonomic scales. In 1995 and 1998, the Interim BiogeographicRegionalisation for Australia and the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, AustralianCommonwealth funded initiatives in order to “identify appropriate regionalisations to assess and plan for the protectionof biological diversity”, have respectively replaced 140 years of Australian biogeographical regionalisation schemes. Thispaper looks at the rise and slow demise of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia in light of a fractured taxonomic biogeographical community.
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Mert, Ahmet. "The History of Human Beauty in Feminist Thought." Inter 11, no. 17 (2019): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/inter.2019.17.2.
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The article reviews the historical dynamics of the conceptualization of human beauty in feminist thought throughout the 20th century. The article proposes a comparative and critical analysis of the texts, which represent certain stages and the characteristic modes of feminist theory in the most concentrated form. The author selected from the first wave of feminism Alexandra Kollontai, who also represents the Marxist theory; from the second wave, Simone dе Beauvoir, who plays a key role in the development of feminism; and from the third wave, Naomi Wolf, who draws attention to the human beauty for both research and revolutionary “ideological” perspective. It is argued that the trend of such research attention of the feminist approach shows that it is becoming more and more concentrated on the moment of the concept, which is reduced only to the function of human beauty in social life. Therefore, the sensuous experience of human beauty is limited exclusively to the subjective and false perception, which, in fact, brings about the losing its own truth.
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Garton, Stephen, and Margaret E. McCallum. "Workers' Welfare: Labour and the Welfare State in 20th-Century Australia and Canada." Labour / Le Travail 38 (1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144094.
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Villaverde Solar, Dolores. "La presencia del arte feminista en el CGAC. Selección de exposiciones y artistas = The Presence of Feminist Art in the CGAC. Selection of Exhibitions and Artists." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia del Arte, no. 8 (November 17, 2020): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfvii.8.2020.27341.
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Este artículo se acercará al Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea (Santiago de Compostela) desde su construcción en los años noventa del siglo XX para comprobar, a través de su historia, si es posible a día de hoy hablar de feminismo o no en su trayectoria. Se intentará llegar a unas conclusiones repasando la labor de sus gestores/as y algunas de las muestras más interesantes de las artistas que tienen un papel relevante en el ámbito del feminismo.AbstractThis article will approach the Galician Center for Contemporary Art (Santiago de Compostela) since its construction in the nineties of the 20th century, to check, through its history, if it is possible today, to speak of feminism or not in its history. We will try to reach some conclusions by reviewing the work of their directors and some of the most interesting exhibitions of the artists who have a relevant role in the feminism.
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Garton, Stephen, and Margaret E. McCallum. "Workers' Welfare: Labour and the Welfare State in 20th-Century Australia and Canada." Labour History, no. 71 (1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516451.
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LIRĂ, Corina-Andreea. "FEMINISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-10.
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From a theoretical point of view, for many decades the discipline of International Relations was dominated by the triad of realism, which remained the overwhelmingly dominant theoretical approach. It was not until 1980 that other political approaches began to gain some momentum. International relations is one of the last areas to accept feminism. This has contributed greatly to its use in almost all areas of research. Compared to other disciplines, the feminist aspect in international relations appeared much later. Feminism is a series of movements aimed at defending equal opportunities for women in the different areas of politics, social rights and other aspects of society. Feminist approaches to international relations became widespread in the late 20th century, and these approaches called for women’s experiences to be ignored from studies of international relations theory. Feminists who study international relations have argued that gender issues apply to international relations. Women succeed through their ambition, diplomacy and oratory to excel in the leadership area, which is the main premise for women to lead fully, dynamically but also in an original way. Throughout history, women have gone through several stages that have finally brought her to the position where the male elite give respect, love and attention to women throughout society. This paper fully demonstrates the vitality and continued viability of feminist projects in a variety of forms and contexts, assesses the challenges facing feminism and strongly advocates its continued relevance to contemporary global politics. The main objective of this paper is to present the importance of feminism today and its role as a paradigm in international relations.
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Vershinina, D. B. "NATIONALISM, CATOLICISM, FEMINISM? GENDER DIMENSION OF THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE IN IRELAND OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2(53) (2021): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-186-197.
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The author analyzes the evolution of the national movement in Ireland in the first half of the 20th century through the prism of women's participation and gender equality issues. It is argued that the Irish nationalists' choice of patriarchal Catholic ideology has not been predetermined since the revival of Irish nationalism, and although the Catholic faith played a significant role in the anti-British activities of the Irish national movement, there were many Protestants among its activists, as well as women who shared feminist values and played an important role in organizing the political and military struggle of the Irish for independence. The article focuses on the various methods of women's participation in the Irish national movement, including the creation of separate women's organizations, and membership in key societies and groups, as well as participation in constructing barricades and in fighting during the Easter Rising. It was more difficult to take part in the specifically women's struggle to grant Irish women the right to vote, which was associated with the activities of London organizations, the Women's Socio-Political Union specifically. It is argued that it was the anti-British orientation of the Irish political struggle that made it impossible (or difficult) to associate Irish feminists with the goals of the women's movement in the United Kingdom, which led to the victory of the social doctrine of Catholics and the “enslavement” of Irish women after the Irish Free State was created. The article analyzes not only sources of personal origin, telling about the participation of Irish women in the national movement, but also official documents of the young Irish state, demonstrating the evolution of its ideology in social and gender issues towards a patriarchal approach to the role of women in society, the fight against which has become the task of feminists of the second wave starting in the 1970s.
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Dylewski, Daniel. "Feminism and the right to life." Studia Iuridica, no. 90 (June 27, 2022): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-90.6.
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Feminism as a movement is strongly connected with a political and philosophical reality which came after the French Revolution. The feminist movement in the 19th and early 20th century was focused on obtaining for women the right to vote and equal salary for work of equal value. The activists of this movement were called suffragettes. After their victory, the majority of feminists started to present abortion as a human right, thereby in fact refusing unborn children the right to life. The modern term „reproductive rights”, in contemporary feminist understanding of these words, means a right to decide about procreation both in morally acceptable and unacceptable way (e.g. allowing abortion). However, some feminist initiatives are worth to analyse as a way to protect human dignity, e.g. the prohibition of prostitution in France, which was supported by the French feminists. Finally, it should be said that feminism is a very differentiated movement and some feminists do not accept abortion. Also, not all women, or probably even not the majority of women, feel represented by the feminists.
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BLOCH, RUTH H. "THE ORIGINS OF FEMINISM AND THE LIMITS OF ENLIGHTENMENT." Modern Intellectual History 3, no. 3 (September 22, 2006): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244306000886.
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The publication of the collection of essays Women, Gender and Enlightenment (ed. Sarah Knott and Barbara Taylor, Houndsmills: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005) affords an unusual opportunity to confront a myriad of interrelated issues, at once definitional and ideological, that face intellectual historians of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and America. The 768-page work came out of a highly unusual collaborative research project conducted from 1998 to 2001, “Feminism and Enlightenment, 1650–1850: A Comparative History,” a series of colloquia, conferences, and Internet exchanges enlisting the participation of over a hundred historians in Europe, North America, and Australia. The product of this extensive interaction showcases the contributions of thirty-eight authors, not only covering a broad array of topics but, still more remarkable, displaying a large degree of consensus about issues of interpretative concern. While dozens of books and articles have anticipated pieces of the arguments made in this volume, never has so extensive an attempt been made to pull them together into a cohesive whole.
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Weideman, Julian. "TAHAR HADDAD AFTER BOURGUIBA AND BIN ʿALI: A REFORMIST BETWEEN SECULARISTS AND ISLAMISTS." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815001464.
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AbstractUnder the Bourguiba and Bin ʿAli regimes, the early 20th-century women's rights advocate Tahar Haddad (1899–1935) was a symbol of “state feminism.” Nationalist intellectuals traced the 1956 Personal Status Code to Haddad's work, and Bourguiba and Bin ʿAli claimed to “uphold” his ideals and “avenge” the persecution he suffered at the hands of the ʿulamaʾ at the Zaytuna mosque-university. Breaking with “old regime” narratives, this article studies Haddad as a reformist within Tunisia's religious establishment. Haddad's example challenges the idea that Islamic reformists “opened the door to” secularists in the Arab world. After independence, Haddad's ideas were not a starting point for Tunisia's presidents, but a reference point available to every actor in the political landscape.
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Dehm, Sara. "Legal Exclusions: Émigré Lawyers, Admissions to Legal Practice and the Cultural Transformation of the Australian Legal Profession." Federal Law Review 49, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x211016574.
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Legal histories of Australia have largely overlooked the exclusion of European émigré lawyers from legal practice in Australia. This article recovers part of this forgotten history by tracing the drawn-out legal admission bids of two Jewish émigré lawyers in the mid-20th century: German-born Rudolf Kahn and Austrian-born Edward Korten. In examining their legal lives and doctrinal legacies, this article demonstrates the changing role and requirement of British subjecthood in the historical constitution and slow cultural transformation of the Australian legal profession. This article suggests that contemporary efforts to promoting cultural diversity in the Australian legal profession are enriched by paying attention to this long and difficult history of legal exclusions.
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Ivanov, Andrey A. "Women’s Issue in the Worldview of the Russian Right-wingers in the Late Imperial Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 3 (2021): 742–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.304.
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The paper addresses and analyzes the attitude towards women and the question of women’s rights of the Russian right-wing politicians in the early 20th century. The paper demonstrates the views of the right-wingers on the place of women in the Russian society; their attitude toward feminism and fight for women’ rights; place and role of women in the right monarchical movement. The paper introduces some new sources into the scholarship which enable to reconsider conventional viewpoints on the attitude of rightists toward the question of women’s rights and to enhance the perception of the place of this question in ideology and practice of the pre-revolutionary Russian conservatism. Based on church and patriarchal convictions, the right-wingers largely limited women’s activities by family life, but their views on the issue of women’s rights did not rule out progress in this area. Right-wingers were not opposed to extension of women’s participation in labor activity, albeit with significant reservations. Being foes of feminism and emancipation of women, they tried to shapre a negative image of women’s rights activists, connecting this fight with the revolutionary attacks on traditional social foundations and statehood. At the same time, the right-wingers were utterly alien to misogyny; they celebrated an ideal of womanhood corresponding to their conservative worldview. The right-wingers willingly admitted women into their unions, but tended to perceive them not as party activists and leaders but as a force that would quell political tension inside the monarchical movement and would primarily deal with issues of culture, philanthropy, education, and other “womanish” matters.
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Lobacheva, Yulia V. "The Contemporary Serbian Historiography on Women in the Independent Serbian State (1878–1918): An Overview." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 13, no. 3-4 (2018): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2018.3-4.1.05.
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This article aims to consider how Serbian scholars/historians approach to the study of Serbian women in the history of the independent Serbian state and the Serbian society in 1878–1918 at the current stage of the research (from the beginning of 1990th until 2017). This paper will give an overview of some of the main areas of historical studies considering Serbian women’s “being and life”. For example the historiography on history of “women’s question” including women’s movement and/or feminism will be considered as well as biographical research, the study of women’s position through the lens of the modernization process in Serbia in the 19th and 20th Century, Serbian women’s issues in gender studies and through the history of everyday and private life and family, the analysis of the perception of Serbian woman by outside observers including the study of the image of Serbian woman created/constructed by “others”.
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Choo, Christine. "The Impact of Asian - Aboriginal Australian Contacts in Northern Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300218.
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The long history of Asian contact with Australian Aborigines began with the early links with seafarers, Makassan trepang gatherers and even Chinese contact, which occurred in northern Australia. Later contact through the pearling industry in the Northern Territory and Kimberley, Western Australia, involved Filipinos (Manilamen), Malays, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese. Europeans on the coastal areas of northern Australia depended on the work of indentured Asians and local Aborigines for the development and success of these industries. The birth of the Australian Federation also marked the beginning of the “White Australia Policy” designed to keep non-Europeans from settling in Australia. The presence of Asians in the north had a significant impact on state legislation controlling Aborigines in Western Australia in the first half of the 20th century, with implications to the present. Oral and archival evidence bears testimony to the brutality with which this legislation was pursued and its impact on the lives of Aboriginal people.
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Neuberger, Pavel, and Pavel Kic. "A Century of Use of SOLOMIT Thermal Insulation Panels." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217197.
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This article traces the century-old history of using a thermal and acoustic insulation panel called SOLOMIT. It presents some of Sergei Nicolajewitsch Tchayeff’s patents, on the basis of which production and installation took place. The survey section provides examples of the use of this building component in Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union and Spain. It pays attention to applications in the 1950s and 1960s in collectivized agriculture in Czechoslovakia. It also presents the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of a panel sample, which was obtained during the reconstruction of a cottage built in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th century. Even today, SOLOMIT finds its application all over the world, mainly due to its thermal insulation and acoustic properties and other features, such as low maintenance requirements, attractive appearance and structure and cost-effectiveness.
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Makarova, Elena. "Life and Destiny of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797): over the Barriers." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021308-7.
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The author of the article examines the life and work of the English writer and thinker Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797), who in the treatise “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” (1792) argued that women deserve equal rights and education with men. The biographical facts and psychological origins of her views, as well as the stages of their formation reflected in her writings, were studied. Dramatic collisions are highlighted, during which Wollstonecraft's views came into conflict with reality. These collisions are traced in the context of political events in England and France at the end of the 18th century and in the context of Mary's personal life. The correlation of Wollstonecraft's views which were formed within the framework of Enlightenment ideas, with feminism of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is studied. The author focuses on the unique personality traits of Mary Wollstonecraft, without which her views and creativity cannot be fully understood.
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Roberts, Priscilla. "British Commonwealth Archives from Far North to Distant South: Neglected Resources for Cold War International History." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29020003.
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Abstract British Commonwealth archives constitite a rich and often under-utilized source of material for understanding the international history of the 20th and 21st centuries. From the late 19th Century onward, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand each enjoyed close and confidential relations with not just Britain, but with each other and increasingly, too, with the United States. They also participated in major international organizations at both an official and non-governmental level. Although or perhaps because each was a “middle” rather than “great” power, as each country developed its own diplomatic bureaucracy, their representatives often had informal and even intimate insights into the policies of a wide range of countries. This article introduces the highlights of each nation’s major archival repositories for materials relating to international affairs. While the holdings of the Library and Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia in Canberra, and the National Archives of New Zealand in Wellington all feature prominently, the author casts a wider net and draw researchers’ attention to additional important and often under-utilized collections scattered across the different countries.
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Cooke, Julia, R. H. Groves, and Julian Ash. "The distribution of Carrichtera annua in Australia: introduction, spread and probable limits." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 1 (2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10001.
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Carrichtera annua (L.) DC. (Brassicaceae) or Ward’s Weed, a major weed of semi-arid rangelands of southern Australia, has been collected widely since its introduction early in the 20th century. Collated records were used to suggest a single site of accidental introduction in South Australia, evidence of a lag phase of ~30 years (probably due to edaphic restrictions) before rapid spread, involving infrequent long-distance human-aided dispersal across southern Australia and a relatively stable range since the 1960s. Climate and soil analyses suggest that abiotic factors limit the distribution of C. annua, with the species being restricted to areas with winter-dominated rainfall and calcareous soils. Documentation of the history of a successful invasion, including the spread and probable limits of the current distribution of a species, is important for managing invasions. This study also highlights that a single, accidental introduction can result in a long-lasting, widespread problematic weed.
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D'Souza, Nigel. "Aboriginal Children: The Challenge for the end of the Millennium." Children Australia 15, no. 2 (1990): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002686.
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No other group of children in Australian society stands in greater judgement of the ability and willingness of this society to deal with their problems than aboriginal children.The challenge that faces all of us in the nineties, including aboriginal community-controlled organisations like SNAICC, is whether we are going to be able to break the cycle of disadvantage, poverty and racism that keeps our children and our community at the very bottom of this society.The 20th century history of Australia will be seen as the millennium of a great expansion of wealth in Australia. It will be regarded as a period of gigantic advances in science and productive technology. It will also - if historians record accurately - show the plight of aboriginal people as the single glaring blight on the record of this country.
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HAMILTON, REBECCA, and DAN PENNY. "Ecological history of Lachlan Nature Reserve, Centennial Park, Sydney, Australia: a palaeoecological approach to conservation." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 1 (April 8, 2014): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000083.
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SUMMARYReconstructing the environmental history of protected areas permits an empirically-based assessment of the conservation values ascribed to these sites. Ideally, this long-term view can contribute to evidence-based management policy that is both ecologically ‘realistic’ and pragmatically feasible. Lachlan Nature Reserve, a protected wetland in Centennial Park, Sydney, is claimed to be the final remnant of early and pre-European swamplands that were once extensive in the area, and the site is thus considered to have indigenous cultural and natural conservation significance. This study uses palynological techniques to reconstruct vegetation communities at the Reserve from the late Holocene to the present in order to assess whether these values adequately reflect the history, character and development of the site. The findings indicate that the modern site flora is a modified Melaleuca quinquenervia low forest assemblage formed in response to aggregated anthropogenic disturbance since colonial settlement. This assemblage replaces an Epacris-dominated heath-swampland community that was extirpated in the mid-20th century. These results emphasize the value of long-term studies in contributing to a realistic management policy that explicitly reflects the normative basis of conservation, and values the influence of past land-uses on contemporary protected ecosystems.
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Bennett, Elaine, Selma Alliex, and Caroline Bulsara. "The nursing history of Ngala since 1890: an early parenting organisation in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Child and Family Health Nursing 16, no. 1 (July 2019): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33235/ajcfhn.16.1.24-32.
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Background: This study was the first phase of a larger study which explored the past, present and future of nursing in early parenting services in Australia. Aim: The aim of this paper is to describe the history of nursing within an early parenting service in Western Australia (WA). Methods: Triangulation of multiple data sources was used to summarise the nursing role over 120 years. The history was discovered through a document analysis of archives, including oral histories, organisational documents, focus groups, nurses’ diaries and interviews with nurses. Findings: The nursing role and context is described over three time periods: 1890–1960; 1960–1990 and 1990–2010. Nursing during the 20th century was influenced by societal and policy changes, but the essence of nursing remained the same with a focus on providing support and education to parents during pregnancy and caring for their babies and young children. Nursing within early parenting up to the 1980s was reasonably static until the move from hospital-based training to the university sector, which was the turning point of change to a new era of professionalisation and ultimately working within an interdisciplinary team. Conclusion: This description of nursing history within one early parenting service has provided insight into this specialist area of nursing.
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Cook, Garry D., and Lesley Dias. "It was no accident: deliberate plant introductions by Australian government agencies during the 20th century." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 7 (2006): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05157.
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The weedy potential of deliberately introduced plants has been a growing concern in Australia since the late 1980s. Although introduced plants are critical to Australia’s agricultural and livestock production, many species that were praised in the past are now declared agricultural and environmental weeds. Nevertheless, weeds researchers appear largely ignorant of the magnitude and intent of plant introductions for agricultural purposes as well as the legacy of unwanted plants. Across more than 70 years, Commonwealth Plant Introductions comprised 145 000 accessions of more than 8200 species. These species include more than 2200 grass (Poaceae) and 2200 legume species (Fabaceae sensu stricto), representing about twice the indigenous flora in those families and about 22 and 18%, respectively, of the global flora of grasses and legumes. For most of the 20th century, these and other introductions supported research into continental-scale transformation of Australian landscapes to support greatly increased pastoral productivity in order to achieve policy goals of maximum density of human population. This paper documents some of the scientific developments and debates that affected the plant-introduction program. We argue that recent developments in weed science and policy need to be informed by a better understanding of plant-introduction history.
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Hajko, Dalimír, and Ľuboš Török. "The ethical context of social philosophy in contemporary India." Ethics & Bioethics 8, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2018): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebce-2018-0009.
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Abstract Public and academic philosophical thinking in contemporary India provides evidence that philosophy and religion have never been truly separated, although there have been attempts to bring philosophy closer to science and, thus, create two autonomous systems. In light of these changes, P. V. Athavale, C. T. K. Chari, N. S. Prasad and some other authors have formed and are developing modern ethical and social theories. Moreover, feminism and gender studies have appeared in the panorama of changing philosophical and sociological thinking in India, embracing gender equality in contemporary Indian society. There has been increasing interest in sociological research and a critical interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi’s spiritual message in the cause of India’s independence, whose thoughts authors engaged in contemporary ethical problems believe to be impractical and useless today. Existentialism as a philosophical stream earned broad public acceptance and played a significant role in the history of modern philosophical thinking in India in the second half of the 20th century.
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Muller, Vivienne. "‘I Have My Own History’: Queensland Women Writers from 1939 to the Present." Queensland Review 8, no. 2 (November 2001): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s132181660000684x.
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It has become a commonplace to note that women writers in Australia have historically produced their work in a literary and social context that has largely been regarded as a male domain. Second wave feminism in the wake of the counter-cultural movements of the sixties and seventies, together with the developments in poststructuralist theories have contested this privileged intellectual space and triggered new ways of looking at literary history, the relations between production and consumption, and the significance of gender, race and class in literary analysis (Ferrier 1992:1). This chapter deals with a number of texts written by Queensland women in the latter part of the twentieth century, and thus is concerned principally with the many ‘configurations of female subjectivity’ (Ferrier 1998:210) and self-definition that Elaine Showalter saw as belonging to the third phase of women's writing. However as this is a chapter about women writers writing in and about Queensland, it will also be interested in narrative representations of women's experiences of the local place and culture, in which gendered relationships are always implicated.
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Day, Cheryl. "Does my bum look big in this? Reconsidering anorexia nervosa within the culture context of 20th century Australia." Surveillance & Society 6, no. 2 (February 27, 2009): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v6i2.3254.
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Anorexia Nervosa is a mental health issue that has a history over many centuries, but has relatively recently been identified as a ‘real’ mental illness. A condition that predominantly afflicts young, middle class women it had long been subsumed among the ‘natural weaknesses’ of women, not unlike the manner in which ‘Hysteria’ was diagnosed within the Freudian understanding of women’s health. However, since the 1970s, and especially with the deaths of some high profile young women it has undergone a reassessment. While clinical understandings of Anorexia Nervosa remain contentious, there is an increasing recognition that the condition is also grounded within specific cultural understandings. The article presents a brief historical overview of the construction of ‘self-starvation’ as applied to ‘fasting saints’ and to modern anorexic women. However, the major focus of the paper is an examination of the cultural situation as exemplified in contemporary Australia. Drawing on the Foucaudian notions of self surveillance the article suggests that TV programs can be used as a vehicle for modern day ‘self surveillance ’and as guidelines for the construction of self. Briefly, TV programs, especially so called ‘reality TV,’ portray a mirror image of how we as consumers should behave. The programs I have chosen to highlight are the phenomenally popular cooking shows that are aired daily on Australian TV screens. Through an examination of the social meanings constructed around food with the TV programs as a primary carrier of these cultural references, the article seeks to address some of the contradictions with other images presented in different but contemporaneous media. While this can never be a definitive explanation of all anorectic behavior, the paper examines the images of womanhood as presented by these programs. These ‘competent and enthusiastic cooks’ are contrasted with the slim, athletic ideal as portrayed in the fashion magazines and many other ‘lifestyle’ TV programs such as holiday shows.
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Jurgutienė, Aušra. "Some Comments on the Changes, Contradictions and Connections of Literary Theories in Lithuania." Interlitteraria 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.1.5.
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The paper presents a brief history of literary theories that have been used in Lithuania for the last century (1918–2018). Certain general patterns of development are visible in Lithuanian literary studies: movements from positivist (M. Biržiška) to anti-positivist (V. Mykolaitis-Putinas) history and from Marxist history (K. Korsakas) to postmodern New Historicism. The mid-20th century marked the first applications of modern literary theories (first in exile, later among those who stayed in occupied Lithuania). A. J. Greimas became an eminent theoretician in exile, having established a world-famous school of semiotics in Paris. A large number of Lithuanian scholars worked in this field in Lithuania and abroad (J. Ambrazevičius-Brazaitis, Rimvydas Šilbajoris, Vytautas Kavolis, Bronius Vaškelis, Violeta Kelertienė, Ilona Gražytė-Maziliauskienė, Viktorija Skrupskelytė, Tomas Venclova, Vanda Zaborskaitė, Kęstutis Nastopka, Albertas Zalatorius, Vytautas Kubilius, Viktorija Daujotytė, Irena Kostkevičiūtė), but except for the Greimas Paris School of Semiotics, which created its own field, literary theories had mostly a practical and educational impact on interpretations of Lithuanian disciplines.
After the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990, the renewal of literary theory reached its peak that lasted for about two decades. The J. Greimas Semiotics Studies and Research Centre (now the A. J. Greimas Centre for Semiotics and Literary Theory) was established at Vilnius University in 1992, books written by A. J. Greimas were translated into Lithuanian and the publishing of academic journals “Semiotika” and “Baltos lankos” started. The so-called second wave of postmodern theories (intertextuality, narratology, feminism, postcolonialism, sociology, anthropology, new historicism deconstruc tion, reader response) has attracted the attention of literary scholars, bringing discussions about literature back to the fields of history, culture and politics (Nijolė Keršytė, Paulius Subačius, Irina Melnikova, Marijus Šidlauskas, Birutė Meržvinskaitė, Eugenijus Ališanka). Theories have updated the concepts and vocabulary of literary studies and reading strategies and helped literary scholars integrate themselves into international research more successfully. Along with the hermeneutics of trust, the hermeneutics of suspicion – questioning and complicating interpretations and identities of all texts, was taking an increasingly important place in Lithuanian literary research. Nevertheless, at this time the strengthened position of post-theoretical criticism cannot be anti-theoretical, ignoring the entire heritage of the 20th century.
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Strecke, Volker. "60 years of the Antarctic Treaty – history and celebration in radio waves." Polarforschung 90, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-13-2022.
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Abstract. The Antarctic Treaty, successfully negotiated and signed in 1959, entered into force after ratification by the 12 original signatory countries in 1961. Under the Antarctic Treaty, research activities are now carried out in Antarctica by 54 countries. These are 29 consultative and 25 non-consultative parties. Radio communications have always been an important part of all scientific activities in research stations, ships and aircraft in Antarctica. Historic expeditions in the 19th century and early 20th century had to use wired telegraph stations after returning from expeditions. Between 1911 and 1913, Wilhelm Filchner and Douglas Mawson were the first Antarctic expedition leaders to explore the possibilities of wireless telegraphy. Mawson succeeded in establishing radio communications from Antarctica to Australia for the first time in 1912. Today, the use of communication technologies is almost taken for granted. Direct amateur radio communications via shortwave are a flexible backup and an effective addition to communications about the Antarctic. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, a major international radio activity was launched in the second half of 2021 with which an important contribution to communication to the public was made. Amateur radio is now an important part of research activities in Antarctica.
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Karp, Sławomir. "Karp Familly from Rekijow in Samogitia in 20th century. A contribution to the history of Polish landowners in Lithuania." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 303, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134970.
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The article concerns the fate of Felicjan Karp’s family, one of the richest landowners of Samogitia (Lithuania) in the first two decades of the 20th century. After his father, he inherited approximately 40,163 hectares. The history of this family perfectly illustrates the changes that this social class has undergone in the past century. The end of their existence was the end of the landowner’s existence. The twilight of the Samogitian Karps took place quite quickly, for only a quarter of a century from July 28, 1914, the date of the outbreak of World War I to the Soviet invasion of the Republic of Lithuania on June 15, 1940. Over the course of these years - on a large scale two-fold - military operations, changes in the political and economic system, including agricultural reform initiated in the reborn Lithuanian state in 1922 and deportations to Siberia in 1940 brutally closed the last stable chapter in the life of Rekijów’s owners, definitively exterminating them after more than 348 years from the land of their ancestors. Relations between the Karp family and the Rekijów estate should be dated at least from September 21, 1592. In addition to the description of the family, it is also necessary to emphasize their significant economic and political importance in the inhabited region. These last two aspects gained momentum especially from the first years of the 19th century and were reflected until 1922. At that time, representatives of the Karp family jointly owned approximately 70,050 ha and provided the country with two provincial marshals (Vilnius, Kaunas) and two county marshals (Upita, Ponevezys). The author also presents their fate during World War II in the Siberian Gulag, during the amnesty under the Sikorski–Majski Agreement of July 30, 1941, joining the formed Polish Army in the USSR (August 14, 1941), the soldier’s journey through Kermine in Uzbekistan, Krasnovodsk, Caspian Sea, Khanaqin in Iraq, Palestine to the military camp near Tel-Aviv and then Egypt and the entire Italian campaign, that is the battles of Monte Cassino, Loreto and Ancona. After the war, leaving Italy to England (1946), followed by a short stay in Argentina and finally settling in Perth, Australia.
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Fusco, Virginia. "Comizi d’amore. L’amore e il femminismo materialista = Love rallies: Love and materialist feminism." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 31 (September 23, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4877.
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Resumen: Durante il ventesimo secolo, un gruppo di autrici legate alla tradizione marxista e materialista promosse la creazione di un nuovo campo concettuale per interpretare l’amore come sentimento con una dimensione politica e così porre in discussione l’abituale tendenza a relegarlo alla sfera privata e all’intimità. Nell’articolo mi propongo di illuminare un momento fondamentale di questo processo di definizione del sistema interpretativo; nella prima parte esporrò le riflessioni di Aleksandra Kollontaj e, successivamente, presenterò alcune riflessioni sull’amore della radicale Shulamith Firestone come espressione di un’iniziale torsione concettuale che ha avuto ampie ripercussioni sui modi in cui le femministe materialiste di epoche successive teorizzarono una possibile ‘economia amorosa’ nel processo storico in cui le donne si definiscono come soggetti politici che lottano per la loro emancipazione.Attraverso l’analisi di Largo al Eros alato! di Kollontaj e di La Dialettica dei sessi di Firestone, opere legate alla tradizione materialista, voglio mostrare il ruolo che l’amore gioca, come sentimento vertebrato politicamente, nel processo di emancipazione delle donne. Queste prime intuizioni si rivelano particularmente fruttifere per comprendere alcuni degli sviluppi successivi della critica femminista all’’amore romantico’ (Illouz, Esteban, Herrera). Nei testi in questione l’amore è rappresentato come il fulcro emozionale sul quale si fonda e consolida il dominio patriarcale delle donne nell’economia capitalista e nella società di classe. Ciononostante Kollontaj riconosce l’amore come energia psico-sociale con un gran potenziale creativo. Queste due prospettive contribuiscono a far luce sul complesso ruolo che l’amore occupa nella riflessione femminista contemporánea e rivela una profonda trasformazione che si registra tra gli anni venti e gli anni sessanta nella forma in cui si concettualizzano le donne come gruppo specifico dentro la società divisa in classi (Kollontaj) e le donne come classe di per sé nel contesto della società patriarcale (Firestone).Parola chiave: Amore, Femminismo materialista, Kollontaj, Firestone, Classi.Abstract: In the 20th century, a number of authors engaged with the creation of a new conceptual framework to interpret love from a political perspective. They interpreted it as a political feeling and questioned the practice of relegating it to the private and intimate dimensions. In this article, light is shed on a foundational moment in the definition of this conceptual framework, looking first at Alexandra Kollontai’s reflections and then introducing Shulamith Firestone’s take on love, as the expression of a first theoretical turn. This initial subversión had a great impact on the forms in which the subsequent feminist generations theorised a political economy of love in the context of women’s struggles to become political subjects themselves and fight for their own emancipation.Through an analysis of Kollontai’s Largo all’Eros alato! and Shulamith Firestone’s The Dialectic of Sex, both linked to materialist traditions, we identify the role that, according to the authors, love – as a political feeling – plays in women’s struggle for freedom. These first intuitions have been particularly fruitful in framing feminist contemporary approaches to “romantic love” (Illouz, Esteban, Herrera). In Kollontai’s and Firestone’s texts, love is presented as an emotional and psychic pivot upon which patriarchal domination is founded and consolidated in bourgeois-capitalist societies. Nevertheless, Kollontai argues that love also has to be understood as a psycho-social feeling with a great potential to promote emancipatory relationships for women. These two perspectives also reveal the complex role that love plays in contemporary feminist reflection and the profound transformation that emerged, between the 1920s and the 1960s, in the forms in which women were represented as a specific group in a class society (Kollontai) or as a class per se under patriarchy (Firestone).Key words: Love, Materialist Feminism, Kollontai, Firestone, Class.
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Kuo, Mei-fen. "The Making of a Diasporic Identity: The Case of the Sydney Chinese Commercial Elite, 1890s-1900s." Journal of Chinese Overseas 5, no. 2 (2009): 336–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179303909x12489373183091.
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AbstractThis article is about a short moment in Chinese-Australian history at the turn of the 20th century when Chinese fruit and vegetable traders in Sydney were on the verge of major international success. The concerns of this new urban elite can be gleaned from their Chinese-language newspapers and civil societies which played an important role in the evolution of the diasporic identity of the Chinese in “White-Australia” — an experience involving more than merely a refinement of native kinship practices and inherited identities — in a process that invoked a distinctively modern sense of time, space, and the unfolding of history. This is an attempt to recount their experience chiefly by reference to the developments recorded in Chinese newspapers and the narratives related to the social institutions and networks associated with them in the Federation Era (1890s-1900s).
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Baturenko, S. A. "Intellectual prerequisites of a feminist discourse’s formation in the history of the Russian sociology." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-4-193-208.
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The article considers intellectual premises of forming of a feministic discourse in the Russian sociology are considered. The origin perspective in Russia of feminism as social phenomenon and theory of feminism in the history of the Russian social thought begins with them. The developed prerequisites promoted an indication of interest of the first Russian sociologists to this problem. The specifics of historical and cultural development exerted impact on judgment of a set of questions within social sciences including on need of a research of “women’s issue”. Many outstanding sociologists actively worked at a turn of the 19–20th centuries in the field of studying of this problem. The question of social position and role of women attracted a keen interest of representatives of the most different directions of sociological science of the classical period of development in Russia: positivistic, neopositivistic, subjective sociology, genetic, neokantian, Marxist, geographical direction. The author notes that judgment of a women’s issue in Russia began much earlier, namely in the first half of the 19th century to what a huge number of books and articles on this perspective testifies. The problem of position of women in society is considerably expressed in the context of the Russian culture, and widely reveals in the Russian literature in works of the famous writers, poets, publicists, philosophers. Statement of a problem of inequality, overcoming a dependency of the woman, providing her rights in Russia differs from western in original specifics. These specifics are caused by historical and social development of society, formation of legal system, religious consciousness. On the one hand, considerable impact was exerted by the European social thinkers. On the other hand, it is possible to speak about the Russian philosophers of this period who developed a problem of female equality in the works and in many respects defined the general direction of development of domestic sociology. In article the process of intellectual development of the Russian social thought which is directly preceding emergence of sociology in Russia and to forming of a feministic discourse within some leading schools of sciences is analyzed.
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Candela, Andrea. "Sorting out nuclear concerns: The Australian uranium debate from Jervis Bay to Ringwood's Synroc." Earth Sciences History 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 116–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-36.1.116.
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This paper critically considers the history of nuclear energy in Australia, placing particular emphasis on the strong debate about uranium mining and exporting which occurred between the late 1960s and early 1980s. Though this topic has been already analyzed by different historical studies and through numerous methodological approaches, some issues of the Australian as well as international ‘atomic debate’ which involved civil uses of nuclear power in the second half of the 20th century remain under-investigated. This article, for instance, focuses on the little-known and seldom popularized history of Synroc which, in the late 1970s, was presented as the ‘geological perspective’ to deal with radioactive waste disposal. The matters under discussion here are particularly important because of their links with some key issues still prevalent in the international nuclear debate, such as nuclear safety, atomic weapons proliferation and the safe disposal of nuclear wastes.
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Halberg, F., G. Cornélissen, K. H. Bernhardt, M. Sampson, O. Schwartzkopff, and D. Sonntag. "Egeson's (George's) transtridecadal weather cycling and sunspots." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-1-49-2010.
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Abstract. In the late 19th century, Charles Egeson, a map compiler at the Sydney Observatory, carried out some of the earliest research on climatic cycles, linking them to about 33-year cycles in solar activity, and predicted that a devastating drought would strike Australia at the turn of the 20th century. Eduard Brückner and William J. S. Lockyer, who, like Egeson, found similar cycles, with notable exceptions, are also, like the map compiler, mostly forgotten. But the transtridecadal cycles are important in human physiology, economics and other affairs and are particularly pertinent to ongoing discusions of climate change. Egeson's publication of daily weather reports preceded those officially recorded. Their publication led to clashes with his superiors and his personal life was marked by run-ins with the law and, possibly, an implied, but not proven, confinement in an insane asylum and premature death. We here track what little is known of Egeson's life and of his bucking of the conventional scientific wisdom of his time with tragic results.
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Walters, David, and Michael Quinlan. "Voice and resistance: Coalminers’ struggles to represent their health and safety interests in Australia and New Zealand 1871–1925." Economic and Labour Relations Review 30, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619877588.
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The activism of coalmining unions in Australia, the UK, the USA and elsewhere securing improvements in safety including better legislation in the 19th and 20th centuries, has been widely researched and acknowledged. However, a relatively neglected aspect of this history was a campaign to secure worker inspectors (check-inspectors). These began in coalmining a century before similar measures were introduced for workers more generally as part of overhauling occupational health and safety laws in the 1970s/1980s. We document this struggle for mine safety in Australia and New Zealand, and the activities of check-inspectors in the period to 1925. Notwithstanding strong opposition from coal-owners and conservative governments, check-inspectors played an important role in safeguarding coalminers and improving the regulatory oversight of coalmines. Check-inspectors not only gave coalminers a ‘voice’ in OHS, but they also provided an exemplar of the value and legitimacy of worker’s ‘knowledge activism’. This system remains. Furthermore, the struggle is relevant to understanding contemporary debates about collective worker involvement in occupational health and safety. JEL Codes: J28, J51, J81
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Spanier, Ehud, Kari L. Lavalli, Jason S. Goldstein, Johan C. Groeneveld, Gareth L. Jordaan, Clive M. Jones, Bruce F. Phillips, et al. "A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, suppl_1 (May 7, 2015): i7—i21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv066.
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Abstract Lobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as “food for the poor” in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.
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Sousa, C. "Inquiry learning for gender equity using History of Science in Life and Earth Sciences’ learning environments." Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/muse.2016.3762.
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<p>The main objective of the present work is the selection and integration of objectives and methods of education for gender equity within the Life and Earth Sciences’ learning environments in the current portuguese frameworks of middle and high school. My proposal combines inquiry learning-teaching methods with the aim of promoting gender equity, mainly focusing in relevant 20th century women-scientists with a huge contribute to the History of Science.</p><p>The hands-on and minds-on activities proposed for high scholl students of Life and Earth Sciences onstitute a learnig environment enriched in features of science by focusing on the work of two scientists: Lynn Margulis (1938-2011) and her endosymbiosis theory of the origin of life on Earth and Inge Leehman (1888-1993) responsible for a breakthrough regarding the internal structure of Earth, by caracterizing a discontinuity within the nucleus, contributing to the current geophysical model. For middle scholl students the learning environment includes Inge Leehman and Mary Tharp (1920-2006) and her first world map of the ocean floor. My strategy includes features of science, such as: theory-laden nature of scientific knowledge, models, values and socio-scientific issues, technology contributes to science and feminism. </p><p>In conclusion, I consider that this study may constitute an example to facilitate the implementation, by other teachers, of active inquiry strategies focused on features of science within a framework of social responsibility of science, as well as the basis for future research. </p>
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Peel, Margaret M. "Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053.
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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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Peel, Margaret M. "Corrigendum to: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20053_co.
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Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.
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Steklova, Irina A., and Olesya I. Raguzhina. "SCULPTURE PARKS OF THE XX CENTURY LAST THIRD – THE XXI CENTURY BEGINNING: TYPOLOGY EXPERIENCE." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 41 (2021): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/41/7.
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The purpose of this article is to present sculpture parks at the modern stage of development, from the last third of the 20th century to our day. The relevance of this purpose is due to the relevance of these parks, which meets, firstly, on the challenges of culture, reproducing itself in the synthesis of landscape and monumental-decorative arts; secondly, on the demands of the population in artistically interpreted natural spaces; thirdly, on the life-building claims of modern art, which is looking for optimal ways of self-presentation. The representation of the sculpture parks is implied their systematization, which, in the course of the factual and visual material analysis, exhibits the most typical trends of formal and informative diversity and takes the form of a typology. To start building a typology, it was necessary to draw up a rather broad and spacious representative sample of objects and to select reference criteria in the trends of the manifold. Thus, a representative sample was made up of 90 Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North and South America brightest objects, and following criteria were put forward: environmental involvement, authorship, the nature of specific forms and links between them. Typology showed that approximately two thirds of the sculpture parks are a product of the natural environment and one third of the architectural environment. In the natural environment, in authentic natural spaces, these are co-author full (independent and contextual) and special (by place, material, style, theme) formats, as well as mono-author formats. In an architectural environment, in integrated or interpreted natural spaces, these are, first of all, city formats that can be both co-authors and mono-authors: destinations, stops, transit zones. The implementation of the typology was facilitated by the attraction of a new material for the national art history. In the scientific circulation were introduced information about objects that were not mentioned before and unknown artists. Accounting for this information, along with known realities, allowed us to reach a higher understanding level of sculpture parks as a modern hypostasis of artistic synthesis.
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Iveson, John B., S. Donald Bradshaw, and David W. Smith. "The movement of humans and the spread of Salmonella into existing and pristine ecosystems." Microbiology Australia 38, no. 4 (2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma17070.
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The spread of infectious diseases by the international and national movement of people, animals, insects and products has a documented history dating back several centuries1. The role of human movements has been fundamental to this, and has increased as global travel has risen in amount and speed. This has been exemplified by international epidemics of influenza, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, SARS coronavirus, dengue, chikungunya virus, Zika viruses and many others. Foodborne pathogens have also regularly come to our attention for their ability to move internationally, and outbreaks of salmonellosis due to importation of contaminated foods are well described2,3. An extensive collection of non-typhoidal Salmonella and related species isolated from human, food, animal and environmental sources has been accumulated within Western Australia (WA) since the mid-20th century, and has proven an important historical source of information about the role of humans in the dissemination of microorganisms across and within diverse ecosystems4–6. It is clear that the movement of microorganisms into and out of Australia is by no means a new phenomenon, and that humans have been important contributors to that spread. These are important markers of our impact on established and pristine ecosystems.
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Spooner, Peter G., and Ian D. Lunt. "The influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in an Australian agricultural landscape." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 4 (2004): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04008.
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We investigated the influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in a typical agricultural landscape of southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Historical information on the development of rural road reserves was collated from recently digitised 19th and 20th century pastoral and parish maps, such as road-reserve age and original survey width, as well as data relating to locations of old fence lines, county or parish boundaries, previous reserves, stock routes and road re-alignments. Ordinal regression statistics showed that road-reserve age and road width were significant predictors of roadside conservation values. Importantly, analyses showed that the first roads surveyed during the pastoral era (1840–1860s) were often of lower conservation value than roads surveyed in the 1870s, when major clearing of these landscapes commenced. Most roads were surveyed at one-chain width (20.12 m); however, pre-1870s historic roads, traveling stock routes (TSRs) and county or parish boundaries were significantly wider, decisions that have indirectly led to higher present-day conservation values. In separate analyses, historical data also formed a useful model to predict the absence of short-lived shrub species. These results highlight the influence and prevailing imprint of historical land-use on current roadside conservation values.
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Bell, Alan W. "Animal science Down Under: a history of research, development and extension in support of Australia’s livestock industries." Animal Production Science 60, no. 2 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19161.
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This account of the development and achievements of the animal sciences in Australia is prefaced by a brief history of the livestock industries from 1788 to the present. During the 19th century, progress in industry development was due more to the experience and ingenuity of producers than to the application of scientific principles; the end of the century also saw the establishment of departments of agriculture and agricultural colleges in all Australian colonies (later states). Between the two world wars, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was established, including well supported Divisions of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, and there was significant growth in research and extension capability in the state departments. However, the research capacity of the recently established university Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Science was limited by lack of funding and opportunity to offer postgraduate research training. The three decades after 1945 were marked by strong political support for agricultural research, development and extension, visionary scientific leadership, and major growth in research institutions and achievements, partly driven by increased university funding and enrolment of postgraduate students. State-supported extension services for livestock producers peaked during the 1970s. The final decades of the 20th century featured uncertain commodity markets and changing public attitudes to livestock production. There were also important Federal Government initiatives to stabilise industry and government funding of agricultural research, development and extension via the Research and Development Corporations, and to promote efficient use of these resources through creation of the Cooperative Research Centres program. These initiatives led to some outstanding research outcomes for most of the livestock sectors, which continued during the early decades of the 21st century, including the advent of genomic selection for genetic improvement of production and health traits, and greatly increased attention to public interest issues, particularly animal welfare and environmental protection. The new century has also seen development and application of the ‘One Health’ concept to protect livestock, humans and the environment from exotic infectious diseases, and an accelerating trend towards privatisation of extension services. Finally, industry challenges and opportunities are briefly discussed, emphasising those amenable to research, development and extension solutions.
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Affeldt, Stefanie. "The Burden of ‘White’ Sugar: Producing and Consuming Whiteness in Australia." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2017-0020.
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Abstract This article investigates the history of the Queensland cane sugar industry and its cultural and political relations. It explores the way the sugar industry was transformed from an enterprise drawing on the traditional plantation crop cultivated by an unfree labour force and employing workers into an industry that was an important, symbolical element of ‘White Australia’ that was firmly grounded in the cultural, political, nationalist, and racist reasoning of the day. The demographic and social changes drew their incitement and legitimation from the ‘White Australia’ culture that was represented in all social strata. Australia was geographically remote but culturally close to the mother country and was assigned a special position as a lone outpost of Western culture. This was aggravated by scenarios of allegedly imminent invasions by the surrounding Asian powers, which further urged cane sugar’s transformation from a ‘black’ to a ‘white man’s industry’. As a result, during the sugar strikes of the early 20th century, the white Australian sugar workers were able to emphasize their ‘whiteness’ to press for improvements in wages and working conditions. Despite being a matter of constant discussion, the public acceptance of the ‘white sugar campaign’ was reflected by the high consumption of sugar. Moreover, the industry was lauded for its global uniqueness and its significance to the Australian nation. Eventually, the ‘burden’ of ‘white sugar’ was a monetary, but even more so moral support of an industry that was supposed to provide a solution to population politics, support the national defence, and symbolize the technological advancement and durability of the ‘white race’ in a time of crisis.
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Koroleva, Maria. "Migration through Gaelic and Russian Proverbs." Studia Celto-Slavica 6 (2012): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/ylzx4233.
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History reminds us that Scots have always been notorious for their migration to other countries of the world, frequently a forced one, for the lack of space or constant trouble at home. Many a good Gaelic name left trace in the history of Europe and Americas, as well as Australia; indeed even in Russia every single Scottish clan name happens to be somehow mentioned in her history. The Russians, on the contrary, at least until the early 20th century, were rather reluctant to leave their motherland, for in case of trouble there was plenty of room for them to move to, especially eastwards or northwards as the starovers did, or southwards and westwards. But how do these two peoples so different in their migration behaviour, the Gaels and the Russians, perceive the migration process? How are their attitude and behaviour patterns reflected in their proverbial lore? Do they share any patterns despite all the outward differences? How does it fit into the wider international proverbial context? And, more importantly, into demographic study? From a bulk of almost 6,000 of original Gaelic, 12,000 of Russian and more than 40,000 proverbs collected in different regions of Europe, Asia and Africa, about 500 proverbs were selected, then carefully analyzed and compared by the authors.
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Harper, Sam, Ian Waina, Ambrose Chalarimeri, Sven Ouzman, Martin Porr, Pauline Heaney, Peter Veth, and Kim Akerman. "Metal burial: Understanding caching behaviour and contact material culture in Australia's NE Kimberley." Journal of Social Archaeology 21, no. 1 (February 2021): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605321993277.
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This paper explores identity and the recursive impacts of cross-cultural colonial encounters on individuals, cultural materials, and cultural practices in 20th-century northern Australia. We focus on an assemblage of cached metal objects and associated cultural materials that embody both Aboriginal tradition and innovation. These cultural materials were wrapped in paperbark and placed within a ring of stones, a bundling practice also seen in human burials in this region. This ‘cache' is located in close proximity to rockshelters with rich, superimposed Aboriginal rock art compositions. However, the cache shelter has no visible art, despite available wall space. The site shows the utilisation of metal objects as new raw materials that use traditional techniques to manufacture a ground edge metal axe and to sharpen metal rods into spears. We contextualise these objects and their hypothesised owner(s) within narratives of invasion/contact and the ensuing pastoral history of this region. Assemblage theory affords us an appropriate theoretical lens through which to bring people, places, objects, and time into conversation.