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1
Holt, Cimminnee. "Blood, Sweat, and Urine." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 4, no. 2 (January 7, 2014): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v4i2.177.
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Anton Szandor LaVey wrote The Satanic Witch in 1970 as a response to the contemporary discourses of his time: feminism and the occult revival. This essay focuses on LaVey’s treatment of the scent of feminine fluids blood, sweat, and urine—in The Satanic Witch and selected texts in order to demonstrate that LaVey’s emphasis on the importance of bodily secretions is an extension of his carnal-magical worldview; he employs the arcane language and aesthetics of the occult to methods of physiological and psychological manipulation in order to influence others and achieve desired ends. Throughout this article I apply Mary Douglas’ theories in Purity and Danger (2002 [1966]), which address our notions of contagion, dirt, and taboo; feminist rhetoric on 1960s and 1970s feminine hygiene products and their putative cleansing of natural feminine scent; and finally, the use of sexual fluids in esoteric magical practices such as described by Aleister Crowley. This article illustrates that LaVey’s use of feminine fluids for magical efficacy reflects his notion that magic is firmly rooted within one’s own body, and the capacity of one’s own will, while also incorporating and responding to the surrounding discourses of his time.
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Friedrich, Marcus C. G., and Elke Heise. "Does the Use of Gender-Fair Language Influence the Comprehensibility of Texts?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 78, no. 1-2 (April 2019): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000223.
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Abstract. In many languages masculine nouns and pronouns can be interpreted to refer to both male and female referents. However, even when the authors expressly point out that masculine forms are being used to refer to both women and men, readers and listeners predominantly form mental images of men. A gender-fair language that uses either masculine and feminine forms or gender-neutral forms to refer to women and men more equally elicits mental images of women and men. Critics often argue, however, that gender-fair language makes texts less comprehensible (readable). The present study tests this assumption for the German language: 355 students read a randomly assigned text that either used masculine-only forms or consistently used both masculine and feminine forms. After that, they answered the comprehensibility questionnaire by Friedrich (2017) . Participants who had read a text in gender-fair language did not give statistically significant lower ratings of comprehensibility than participants who had read a text that used masculine-only forms (partial η2 < .01; p > .05). The results indicate that the use of gender-fair language does not impair the comprehensibility of texts.
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Buric, Milena. "LINGUISTICALLY JUSTIFIED USE OF GENDERED FEMININE NOUNS OF THE CATEGORY NOMINA AGENTIS ET PROFESSIONIS CREATED BY SUFFIX -KINJA." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 35 (2021): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.35.2021.10.
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This paper is considering scientific well-foundedness of arguments in favour of the use of generic forms and against the use of gendered feminine nouns from the word-formation semantic category of professions and ranks, using examples of the nouns derived by suffix -kinja (psiholog/psihološkinja, vodič/vodičkinja i dr.). Following the introductory part displaying her motives for choosing this topic, the author reminds us that the investigations so far have shown that the main reasons against the feminine gender nouns quote their more restricted range in comparison to their generic forms, thier complex sound structure and problematic word-formation model as well. Linguists supporting these attitudes find certain feminine forms impermissible because of their forms being derived according to unaccredited wordformation pattern. The possibility of having homonymy and double meaning happen, considering semantic heritage of certain feminine gender nouns (nouns like ministarka, trenerka), sometimes makes them unsuitable and inefficient. The arguments listed here are particularly related to the abstract communication, i.e. competitions, printed forms and so on, whereas it is more suitable to use generic forms due to their more extensive semantic range and eligibility to refer to persons of both gender, being considered gender-neutral. The author is also reminiding us of completely opposite views according to which, in the mass media, by the predominanted use of generic names for professions and ranks for feminine persons, it is clear the tendency to make women invisible in the social and political field. Supporters of such approach find it necessary, when it comes to the question of gender sensitive language, to implement codification aiming to provide humane and tolerant communication, and visibility of women in the society as well, i.e. her gender equality The author gives advantage to the pragmatic and balanced approach in resolving this problem, according to which in concrete situations the feminine forms are found necessary, i.e. situations when with a feminine personal name ought to be used a feminine gender noun indicating her profession. On the other side, in situations when neutral or common use is necesseray, generic forms can be a tool for language efficiency (for example in competitions, printed forms and so on). The author in a latent manner debates with the opinion that the generic, i.e. common forms are gender-neutral, reminding us of the morphological features of the masculine gender nouns of the first category being their charateristic, supporting it with the example: Vodič nam je davala uputstva. The author emphasises that the necessity of the existence of the feminine gender forms for professions and ranks is unquestionable for both – from the point of view of ensuring equality of genders in the society, and respecting principle of congruency point of view as well, focusing on the central part of her research afterwards. On the basis of all aforementioned in the paper it can be finally concluded that the profession nouns of the feminine gender appeared when the need for them came up and also that the tendency of their expansion is evident and proportional with the enhancement of the position of the woman in the society. The use of the feminine gender nouns denoting professions and ranks, as well as those with the suffix mentioned earlier, is necessary and practical in concrete situations. If we bear in mind that there are no liguistically justified arguments against the use of gendered feminine nouns with the suffix -kinja the categories nomina agentis et professions, it is to be expected the continuation of their expansion.
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Horbowicz, Paulina. "Hvor konservative er polske norskstudenter i sin språkbruk? Hunkjønnsmarkering i norskinnlæreres tekstproduksjon." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 18, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsp-2015-0016.
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Abstract The paper examines the phenomenon of the feminine gender, which in Bokmål is optional. The choice between the masculine and feminine forms is nevertheless not without meaning. It has been proved that if some nouns appear in feminine form earlier in a text, it implies the use of feminine gender on other nouns (Dyvik, 2012). Hence, the appearance of feminine marking on different words is mutually related, and may be shown to be consistent or not. The paper analyses texts written by Polish students of Norwegian on three different levels of language command (A2, B2/C1 and C2+) and investigates their use of feminine marking. The results show that the feminine gender is most often used by beginner learners, which confirms the initial hypothesis. Contrary to expectations, the most advanced students show inconsistency in their choice of feminine marking at least as often as beginner learners. The general conclusion is that the majority of Norwegian learners are not fully aware of the implications which come with the use of the feminine gender.
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Ulianitckaia, L. A. "Language Feminisation in Sociopolitical Space of Russia and France." Discourse 6, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-3-140-159.
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Introduction. The paper reviews dynamics of language feminisation and inclusive writing emergence in the context of social change in Russia and France, identification of common patterns for the languages of the countries, adaptation difficulties of new elaborated spelling and punctuation rules, as well as indentification of sources of resistance to gender reforms in languages considered. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the growing interest of sociolinguists to the issues under consideration and by the importance of scientific record of changes in Russian and French against the backdrop of gender processes of recent years (the analysed material covers the period from 2017 to 2020). The features of direct correlation between social and language changes are reviewed not only within the context of language feminisation and feminism relationship, but also regarding historical aspects.Methodology and data sources. The study was conducted using the materials of French and Russian Internet articles, legal acts gouverning gender linguistic issues in France, statistical research data, explanatory and etymological dictionaries, Russian National Corpus, inclusive writing Instructional materials, video footages, official statements, interviews. During the selection of language material continuous sampling technique was applied; the analysis of the instances was carried out using both synchronic and diachronic approaches, allowing to look at the historical development of the languages in terms of containing feminitives. The study of language processes is carried out within the framework of sociolinguistic approach. The main methodology of language feminisation and inclusive writing study included comparative, descriptive, stylistic, and semantic- syntactic analysis.Results and discussion. The main result of the study is a review of the gender linguistic features of French and Russian. The collected and analysed language material allowed to draw the conclusion about an ongoing predominance of masculine grammatical gender over feminine in cases where using feminine grammatical gender would be reasonable and logically sound. Legal acts gouverning the use of feminitives and inclusive writing were also looked at. An inconsistency between language norm and current society needs, as well as the existence of misconception of feminist movement within society and misinterpretation of its objectives, including those related to language feminisation, are identified.Conclusion. Language is a social phenomenon that provides members of society with successful communication. Over the years people have been observing language changes that may have at first be prejudiced or may have faced rejections, but relented over time and became imperceptible and natural for native speakers. The feminisation of language is a logical process that meets civil, political and personal needs of 21st century people.
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Zvīdriņa, Natālija. "FEMININE WRITING: EXAMPLES FROM INGA GAILE AND INGRĪDA TĀRAUDA." Via Latgalica, no. 6 (December 31, 2014): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2014.6.1669.
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Female writing is a new theoretical concept, that originated within the framework of the current wave of feminism criticism in the middle of the 20th century. In 70s the terms “sex” and “gender” had a distinguishing meaning. Within the framework of Gender there have been studied female (feminine) and male (masculine) texts, that prove that, regardless of gender or experience of the author, there can be the presence of male and female writing in literary works. The author of the feminine text may also be a man. The theoretical basis of the work is formed by the research carried out by various feminist theorists: Cixous, Clеment “The Newly Born Woman”, Luce Irigaray “An Ethics of Sexual Difference” (1993), Julia Kristeva “Signifiyng Practice and Mode of Production” (1976), Valentina Maslova (B. Macловa) “Лингвокультурология” (2001), Elena Trofimova (E. Tpoфимова) “Терминологические вопросы в гендерных исследованиях” (2002), Sandra Meškova “Feminisms” (2013), Jurijs Lotmans (Ю. М. Лотман) „Статьи по семиотике и тирологии культуры” (1992). The most important female (feminine) characteristics in the literary text, that has appeared of certain feminist theorists views, are as follows: maternal element; bodily communication with the world (vision, touch, hearing, smell, taste), expressive, sensual, emotionally expressive language, diversity of forms, subjectivity in the description of everyday life, disclosure of the prohibited, which is rooted in the unconscious mind of the oppressed women. Within the framework of the article there has been put an emphasis on the presence of initial motherhood, revelation of bodily communication, as well as the lyrics of I expression variations in Inga Gaile’s poetry collection “Kūku Marija” (2007) and Ingrīda Tārauda’s poetry collection “Boltais šokolads” (2012). The goal of the article is to identify and analyze I. Gaile’s and I. Tārauda’s poetry, revealing the presence of female writing on the basis of the definite key features of feminine writing: the maternal element, bodily perception of the world through senses and variations of “I” lyrics. There has been used a method of structural semiotics to reveal the importance of individual components of poetry, as well as to update the variations of poetic images, as well as there has been applied a comparative method, that allows to see I. Gaile’s and I. Tārauda’s poetry in parallel and to identify common and different tendencies of feminine writing in their works. In order to discover the best and in depth the presence of bodily world’s perception in both authors’ poems, it was necessary to excerpt visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and taste examples, which provide a fuller picture of the language means used in poetry (see a summary table at the end of the article). In the research process it was found that I. Gaile and I. Tārauda only partially represent a feminine writing style, that is reflected through the prism of their perception of the world – the ability to see the surrounding individually, but still in a feminine way. Although both authors use feminine writing, the poetic mood and emotionality is different. I. Tārauda’s poems create imperceptibility and airy feeling, that are permeated by sensuality and emotional experience. On the other hand I. Gaile’s poems are down to earth, urbanized, they merge into the daily routine of the inevitability and sensuality, that sometimes borders on brutality. Despite this, the author reveals some aspects of feminine writing in her works. Both authors reveal feminine writing principles in their ideas, but it is not revealed in their language.
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Gyogi, Eiko. "Critical Literacy in Beginner-Level Japanese Language Classrooms." JALT2018—Diversity and Inclusion 2018, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltpcp2018-31.
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This paper describes a critical literacy session held with 19 beginner-level learners of Japanese at a Japanese university. The students observed and analyzed the use (or nonuse) of gendered speech styles (especially feminine language [onna kotoba]) in different media. They also translated a short passage from a video interview with Emma Watson from English to Japanese and discussed whether they would use feminine language in their translations. The learning journals that students submitted after class demonstrate students’ reflection on this topic, including students’ evaluation and questions on feminine language and whether and how they would use feminine language in their own translation. The findings suggest possibly introducing critical literacy, even to beginner-level students with limited knowledge of the target language, especially through use of the L1. 本稿は、日本の大学で19名の初級日本語学習者に行ったクリティカル・リテラシーの実践の報告である。本実践では、様々な日本語メディアにおけるジェンダー表現（特に女ことば）の使用を観察・分析した後、エマ・ワトソンのビデオインタビューの一部を翻訳し、自らの翻訳で女ことばを使用するかなど話し合った。学習者の提出した学習日記では、女ことばについての評価や疑問、自身の翻訳での女ことばの使用の有無など、ジェンダー表現についての様々な省察が見られた。本実践では学習者の母語を使用することにより、目標言語の知識が限られている初級学習者にもクリティカル・リテラシーの実践ができるとの示唆が得られた。
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PARAFITA COUTO, M. CARMEN, AMAIA MUNARRIZ, IRANTZU EPELDE, MARGARET DEUCHAR, and BEÑAT OYHARÇABAL. "Gender conflict resolution in Spanish–Basque mixed DPs." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 2 (June 4, 2014): 304–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891400011x.
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This study analyzes gender assignment in Spanish–Basque mixed nominal constructions with nouns in Basque (a language that lacks gender) and determiners in Spanish (a language that marks gender) by using a multi-task approach: (i) naturalistic data, (ii) an elicitation task, and (iii) an auditory judgment task. Naturalistic data suggest cross-language effects under which a morphological marker of Basque (-a determiner) is interpreted as a morphophonological expression of gender marking in Spanish. A preference for feminine determiners was observed in the judgment task, which differs from the masculine default trend observed in Spanish–English bilinguals (Jake, Myers-Scotton & Gross, 2002). Our results point to feminine gender as default in Spanish–Basque mixed DPs, indicating that the resources that bilinguals use for gender assignment can be different from those of monolinguals. We argue that this is an outcome of interacting processes which take place at the interfaces (lexicon, phonology, morphosyntax) of both languages, resulting in cross-language effects.
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PARAFITA COUTO, M. CARMEN, AMAIA MUNARRIZ, IRANTZU EPELDE, MARGARET DEUCHAR, and BEÑAT OYHARÇABAL. "Gender conflict resolution in Spanish–Basque mixed DPs." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 834–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000572.
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This study analyzes gender assignment in Spanish–Basque mixed nominal constructions with nouns in Basque (a language that lacks gender) and determiners in Spanish (a language that marks gender) by using a multi-task approach: (i) naturalistic data, (ii) an elicitation task, and (iii) an auditory judgment task. Naturalistic data suggest cross-language effects under which a morphological marker of Basque (-a determiner) is interpreted as a morphophonological expression of gender marking in Spanish. A preference for feminine determiners was observed in the judgment task, which differs from the masculine default trend observed in Spanish–English bilinguals (Jake, Myers-Scotton & Gross, 2002). Our results point to feminine gender as default in Spanish–Basque mixed DPs, indicating that the resources that bilinguals use for gender assignment can be different from those of monolinguals. We argue that this is an outcome of interacting processes which take place at the interfaces (lexicon, phonology, morphosyntax) of both languages, resulting in cross-language effects.
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Piper, Predrag. "On social femininatives in Serbian and other Slavic languages." Juznoslovenski filolog 72, no. 3-4 (2016): 35–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1604035p.
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Social femininatives, such as Serbian pevacica, uciteljica, upravnica, available in all Slavic languages, have in recent decades become a subject of language policy based on political correctness in the field of gender relations. As part of this language policy, the requirement is put forward of creating feminine neologisms in respect of each masculine noun, designating a profession or social status. The use of the ideological and political criteria in order to change the grammatical structure of the language is typical of more or less all modern Slavic literary languages. A common feature of such language policy is their communicative and grammatical groundlessness.
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Hubel, Teresa. "Tracking obscenities: Dalit women, devadasis, and the linguistically sexual." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 54, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989417717578.
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In his 1993 Dalit Panpaadu, Raj Gauthaman declares that Dalit writing should “outrage and even repel the guardians of caste and class” (qtd. in Holmström, 2008: xii). Writing by Dalit women has been exceptionally successful in achieving this goal, particularly in its representation of the sexuality and sexually-charged language of Dalit women. For instance, in Sangati, Tamil author Bama describes the difficult and deeply moving lives of Dalit women in south India. Although multiply subversive, Sangati is the most outrageous in its exposure of the sexual violence that often underpins the language of her female characters. Similarly, in her oral autobiography Viramma: Life of an Untouchable, Viramma repeatedly speaks in ways that suggest her embrace of that which, from an upper-caste and middle-class perspective, might seem vulgar, especially since it issues from the mouth of a woman. The present article theorizes this use of sexual language, arguing that it can be read as a powerful disruption of the feminine in that it refuses to play to patriarchal expectations about feminine decorum, and, as such, it models a defiance that mainstream feminism, rooted as it has been in predominantly middle-class values, might very well copy. To understand the contours of this defiance, I compare Dalit women’s bodily language, including that found in Sukirtharani’s poetry, to other expressions of Indian feminine sexuality: in Kamala Das’s biography and poems, and in the lyrics to devadasi songs.
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Azizah, Dinda Noor. "Hedges Function in Masculine and Feminine Feature’s Language: A Pragmatics Analysis." Journal of Pragmatics Research 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i1.59-69.
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The purpose of this study is to criticize the gender language features proposed by Coates (2013) proposed in Lakoff's theory (1975) by investigating speeches expressed by two different genders in interviews. The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method. Data were analyzed based on the theory of Coates (2013) to find language features based on gender and use the taxonomy of the hedging strategy proposed by Martin-Martin (2008). The results of the research show that male-female language features can be used by the opposite gender by looking at the perspective of the use of hedges and strategies in the concept of speech expressed by gender (male, female).Keywords: feature language; gender; hedges; hedging
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Martin, Sara. "Hatt or si? Neuter and feminine gender assignment in reference to female persons in Luxembourgish." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 72, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 573–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0022.
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Abstract In Luxembourgish, feminine as well as neuter gender can be assigned to female persons. Here, female first names are morphologically treated as neuter and therefore trigger neuter gender on their targets (e.g. definite article, personal pronoun). Last names referring to women, however, are feminine and take feminine targets respectively. While the use of neuter and feminine in prototypical and invariable reference contexts are well-known, morphological conflicts often arise regarding more complex name types (e.g. female first name + last name) leading to different degrees of variation between both genders. Building especially upon previous findings by Döhmer (2016), the present contribution offers a first extensive empirical analysis on the use of neuter and feminine personal pronouns considering different female referents as well as familiarity, the referent’s and the speaker’s, as decisive (socio-pragmatical) factors for gender assignment. The results are based on elicited data retrieved from an online survey and audio recordings collected by means of the Luxembourgish language app Schnëssen and allow a quantification of the phenomenon going beyond previous contributions and descriptions in reference grammars. The apparent-time analysis, carried out in order to identify potential tendencies in language change, suggests a preference for neuter pronominalization for younger speakers of Luxembourgish in variable reference contexts.
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Nagornyak, Maya. "Feminatives in the News of the First Channel of Public Radio." Scientific notes of the Institute of Journalism, no. 1 (76) (2020): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-1272.2020.76.10.
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The objective of the study is to examine the situation caused by the use of feminine gender-specific job titles forms in the news reports of the First channel of Public Radio. The method of empirical analysis was used, which made it possible to monitor a considerable audio array of radio news; due to the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis, we managed to structure the identified feminine gender-specific job titles according to the certain features; the method of generalization contributed to identification of the reasons caused by non-use of feminine gen-der-specific job titles in the public service broadcasting of Public Radio. There is a widespread use of feminine gender-specific job titles to designate positions and titles of womanhood, most of all for government and military departments. At the same time, the frequency of use of feminine gender-specific job titles to denote women in politics, public life, and their professional affiliation is low. The news monitoring during a month showed a positive trend in use of feminine gender-specific job titles, which made it possible to speak of the radio journalists’ efforts to comply with language standards. The high frequency of use of certain words and the low frequency of use of others convince us that the Ukrainian media are not yet ready to use absolutely the feminine gender-specific job titles in their programs. This phenomenon cannot be considered as negative, since the norms of the new version of the Ukrainian spelling are still slowing the way in the Ukrainian society, but the intensiver the Public Radio will use feminine gender-specific job titles in different types of broadcasting, the sooner they will be incorporated into the daily life of Ukrainians.
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Paterson, Laura L. "Non-sexist Language Policy and the Rise (and Fall?) of Combined Pronouns in British and American Written English." Journal of English Linguistics 48, no. 3 (July 18, 2020): 258–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424220938949.
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This paper focuses on the use of combined pronouns ( s/he, his or her, him/her, etc.) as an example of late twentieth-century non-sexist language reform which had an overt democratizing aim. Within the scope of second-wave feminism, the use of combined pronouns increased the visibility of women in discourse by encouraging the use of feminine pronouns ( she, her, hers) alongside masculine pronouns ( he, him, his). Despite their promotion, however, the use of combined pronouns is relatively rare. This paper uses the LOB and Brown families of corpora to diachronically and synchronically study patterns in the use of combined pronouns in written American (AmE) and British English (BrE) from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The analysis not only determines what forms these patterns take, but questions whether combined pronouns are influenced by (a combination of) syntax and/or semantics, and questions whether combined pronouns are really democratic at all.
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Windisch, Rudolf. "Gendern im Deutschen." Germanistische Beiträge 46, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2020-0012.
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Abstract The terms gendern (< engl. gender) or gendering in German stand for the attempt to establish equality between men and women in everyday life or in political controversy, in academic life by means of linguistic methods. The representatives (plural feminine) of the feminist language criticism/ Feministische Linguistik call for the dissolution of the “generic masculine” for ex. jeder Lehrer (masculine/feminine) means a gender-mixed group whose gender/sex is neither relevant, nor known. It is criticized that the female teacher is not explicitly mentioned. The question here is whether the desired gender-appropriate treatment of all women germ. das Gendern – the gender-conscious use of language – is guaranteed by diacritical-orthographic procedures such as internal I: LehrerInnen (fem. pl.), slash (/): Leser/innen (masc.sg./pl.;/f.pl.), asterisk shape: Lehrer*innen or gender-gap: ein_e Beamt_er_in (an official, m./f. sg.) or by replacement of pair shapes like die Arbeitnehmenden (employees; instead of the ‘classic form’ Arbeitnehmer/Arbeitnehmerinnen) or the participial construction die Fahrzeugführenden/ the vehicle-carrying/ drivers.
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Witkowska, Sylwia. "POLISH FEMINISM – PARADIGMS." DYSKURS. PISMO NAUKOWO-ARTYSTYCZNE ASP WE WROCŁAWIU 25, no. 25 (February 25, 2019): 192–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9836.
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Sylwia Witkowska Polish Feminism – Paradigms The issue of feminist art struggles with a great problem. In my study I focus solely on Polish artists, and thus on the genealogy of feminist art in Poland. Although all the presented activities brought up the feminist thread, in many cases a dissonance occurs on the level of the artists’ own reflections. There is a genuine reluctance of many Polish artists to use the term “feminist” about their art. They dissent from such categorization as if afraid that the very name will bring about a negative reception of their art. And here, in my opinion, a paradox appears, because despite such statements, their creativity itself is in fact undoubtedly feminist. I think that Polish artists express themselves through their art in an unambiguous way – they show their feminine „I”. The woman is displayed in their statement about themselves, about the experiences, their body, their sexuality. Feminism defined the concept of art in a new way. The state- ment that art has no gender is a myth. The activities of women-artists are broader and broader, also in Poland women become more and more noticed and appreciated. Feminist art does not feature a separate artistic language, it rather features a tendency towards realism, lent by photogra- phy or video, which reflects the autonomy of the female reception of the world. It should be stated that feminism is a socially needed phenomenon, and its critique drives successive generations of women-artists.
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Nitti, Paolo. "Feminine-specific job titles: a research on sexism in the Italian language." Modern Italy 26, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2020.31.
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This article analyses the instruction on non-sexist use of the Italian language given by Italian language teachers at different levels of education (Nitti 2018). The objective of the research is to evaluate, via language models presented in class, the preparation of materials, and attitudes to correction, the level of engagement in the use of non-sexist language by teachers who transfer their personal orientation into their teaching practice. The survey was conceived as a follow-up to the Conference on Italian Language and Sexism, held at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia on 30 March 2017. Questions were formulated following Raccomandazioni per gli usi non sessisti della lingua by Alma Sabatini (1986) and proposals by academic institutions and territorial and legislative bodies. The research falls within the study of educational linguistics, and its aim is to approach contemporary linguistic phenomena through specific theoretical-applicative tools and paradigms of sociolinguistics (Fusco 2012).
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Manolescu, Amelia, and Gonia Jarema. "Grammatical gender in Romanian-French bilinguals." Mental Lexicon 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 390–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.3.04man.
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We explored the way grammatical gender is represented in the bilingual mental lexicon in order to determine whether the grammatical gender of the first language (L1) affects the production of nouns in the second language (L2). Furthermore, we explored the representation of the Romanian “neuter” gender to see if it is distinct from the masculine and feminine. Romanian-French bilinguals were tested using a picture-naming task in L2 (Experiments 1 and 2) and a translation task from L1 to L2 (Experiment 3). Participants had to use either a bare noun (Condition 1) or a noun phrase (Condition 2). Responses were faster on gender congruent than on gender incongruent stimuli in both conditions, and neuter was found to be distinct from masculine and feminine. These results suggest that grammatical gender information is available at the level of lexical representation and that the bilingual lexicon is structured in a manner that allows information from the lexical level of both languages to interact. They also point to a tripartite gender system in Romanian.
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Fløgstad, Guro Nore, and Eli Anne Eiesland. "Gender shift in a Norwegian diminutive construction." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 01 (May 2019): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586519000040.
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AbstractIn this article, we discuss the ei litta construction in Norwegian, a construction that involves the use of feminine morphology combined with non-feminine nouns, and expresses evaluation. Through corpus analyses and an online survey, we investigate the form and function of the construction, synchronically and diachronically. We discuss the emergence of the ei litta construction in the light of a larger restructuring of the Norwegian gender system, possibly allowing for greater flexibility in the assignment of gender. We also describe the ei litta construction as an example of gender shift, a previously unattested morphological strategy in Norwegian to express evaluative meaning.
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Formato, Federica. "Linguistic markers of sexism in the Italian media: a case study of ministra and ministro." Corpora 11, no. 3 (November 2016): 371–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2016.0100.
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This paper examines the way that the Italian media use language to refer to female ministers in the last three governments. While Italian is a gender-specific language (e.g., a root of the job titles can be followed by either feminine or masculine morphemes, singular and plural), it is common to use masculine forms to refer to and address women. Ministro is one of those cases where masculine forms replace feminine ones – a practice which could be construed as sexist, is only rarely challenged in institutions, and to which attention has only recently been paid in academia ( Fusco, 2012 ; and Robustelli, 2012a , 2012b ). The investigation presented here focusses on how grammar is translated in a way that reproduces women's invisibility in a sexist society. A corpus-based quantitative analysis of feminine and masculine forms of ministr– used in three widely read printed Italian newspapers (Corriere della Sera, Il Resto del Carlino and La Stampa) is undertaken. Newspaper articles were collected in the period 2012–14 to cover the Monti technocratic government (three female ministers), and left-winged Letta (seven female ministers) and part of the Renzi (seven female ministers) political governments. This paper contributes to the literature on language reform and sexist language in traditionally male-inhabited physical and metaphysical (stereotypes, prototypes) spaces such as the institutional public sphere.
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Burnett, Heather, and Olivier Bonami. "Linguistic prescription, ideological structure, and the actuation of linguistic changes: Grammatical gender in French parliamentary debates." Language in Society 48, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404518001161.
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ABSTRACTWe present a quantitative study of the linguistic and social factors conditioning the use of grammatical gender with reference to women, focusing on variation in the debates of the French parliament. Two prime ministers of similar political leanings regulated the use of feminine g-gender through identical policies in 1986 and 1998, with no effect on parliamentary speech in the first instance, and dramatic success in the second. We claim that the latter outcome resulted from changes in gender ideologies between these two dates. The 1990s saw the emergence of a new social type for female politicians, which only feminine g-gender can construct. We hypothesize that the 1998 policy was effective because it strengthened existing associations between feminine g-gender and a persona, while the original policy tried to build on ideological structure that was not widespread. We conclude that linguistic prescriptions are only successful if they build on existing ideologies. (Linguistic prescription, gender ideology, grammatical gender, ideological structure)*
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Piepers, Joske, Ad Backus, and Jos Swanenberg. "Ziej is a woman and het is a girl." Taal en Tongval 73, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tet2021.1.piep.
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Abstract In this paper, we report on a study of gender reference in Limburgian, specifically the use of the neuter subject pronoun het ‘she’ (lit. ‘it’) to refer to a female referent. This pronoun is used in addition to the feminine pronoun ze ‘she’. We investigate the role of the referent’s social and grammatical characteristics in the variation between grammatically feminine and ‘non-feminine’ (nf; i.e., neuter and masculine) pronouns in two experiments. First, we test the effect of a referent’s age in a language production study, in which 41 native speakers participated. The results of this study indicate that speakers use het more often to refer to younger than to older women. Second, we use an acceptability judgment task (N = 72) to assess whether the preference for non-feminine pronouns for younger women might be explained by grammatical agreement with non-feminine antecedent nouns (e.g., grammatically neuter maedje ‘girl’). The results indicate that this is not the case: het is preferred as a pronoun for younger but not older women, regardless of an antecedent noun’s grammatical gender. We conclude that the variation in pronoun gender in Limburgian is a socio-pragmatic phenomenon, and we offer suggestions for future research in this area.
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Roberts, Damon C., and Stephen M. Utych. "Linking Gender, Language, and Partisanship: Developing a Database of Masculine and Feminine Words." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919874883.
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Seemingly, gender, language, and partisanship are intertwined concepts. We believe that the use of gendered language in political settings may be used strategically by political elites. The purpose of this paper is to craft a tool for scholars to test the interconnection between politics, gender, and language—what we refer to as being the gendered language and partisanship nexus. We test our prediction using original word rating data. From our test, we find significant variation across seven hundred words in ratings as masculine and feminine and discover that words rated as masculine are more likely to be rated as dominant and negatively valenced. We additionally find that Republican men are most likely to rate words as more masculine. Using this dictionary, we find that Republican presidents are more likely to use masculine language than Democratic presidents in their State of the Union addresses and that the Republican Party uses more masculine language than the Democratic Party in their official party platform.
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Witkowska, Sylwia. "Polski feminizm - paradygmaty." DYSKURS. PISMO NAUKOWO-ARTYSTYCZNE ASP WE WROCŁAWIU 25, no. 25 (February 25, 2019): 194–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9855.
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The issue of feminist art struggles with a great problem. In my study I focus solely on Polish artists, and thus on the genealogy of feminist art in Poland. Although all the presented activities brought up the feminist thread, in many cases a dissonance occurs on the level of the artists’ own reflections. There is a genuine reluctance of many Polish artists to use the term “feminist” about their art. They dissent from such categorization as if afraid that the very name will bring about a negative reception of their art. And here, in my opinion, a paradox appears, because despite such statements, their creativity itself is in fact undoubtedly feminist. I think that Polish artists express themselves through their art in an unambiguous way – they show their feminine „I”. The woman is displayed in their statement about themselves, about the experiences, their body, their sexuality. Feminism defined the concept of art in a new way. The statement that art has no gender is a myth. The activities of women-artists are broader and broader, also in Poland women become more and more noticed and appreciated. Feminist art does not feature a separate artistic language, it rather features a tendency towards realism, lent by photography or video, which reflects the autonomy of the female reception of the world. It should be stated that feminism is a socially needed phenomenon, and its critique drives successive generations of women-artists.
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Zoubir-Shaw, Sadia. "Gender." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 111-112 (January 1, 1996): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.111-112.03zou.
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Abstract In English,inanimate referents that are not clearly defined in terms of sex-related attributes do not seem readily classifiable into feminine or masculine categories. The present study of gender use by American speakers tested the gender connotations of English inanimate referents commonly considered or perceived as "neuter". The results suggest that, when a noun is strongly connoted the natural gender rule applies, showing more salience for women than for men. However, contrary to the findings of current research, when the inanimate noun is conceived as neuter it is not necessarily labeled as masculine. Women are more likely than men to classify inanimate referents into feminine and masculine categories, and a confidence level test revealed that answers were more often random for male respondents while females tended to favor the feminine category. In light of this feminization tendency, this study suggests that in addition to its major function as a reference-tracking device, gender could be used as a "status marker".
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Vachhani, Sheena J. "Rethinking the politics of writing differently through écriture féminine." Management Learning 50, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507618800718.
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This article examines the writing practices most often associated with French feminist thought called écriture féminine and subjects it to debates concerning embodied writing in management and organisation studies. Écriture féminine explores the intersections between language, sexual difference and writing from the body. Often considered a distinct and alluring strand of feminist writing and philosophy, I draw together possibilities for its use and explore implications that emerge for teaching and researching management and organisations. With focus on two modes of writing the feminine, through Luce Irigaray and Hélène Cixous, the intersections between sex/text are examined and form ways of decentring conventional modes of writing. The article concludes with discussing the politics of writing differently for researching, teaching and writing about organisations, the need to expose the effects of a masculine singularity in writing and how it may suppress and conceal possibilities but also offer opportunities for claiming space for an affective feminist politics inscribed in language.
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Fuchs, Robert. "Do women (still) use more intensifiers than men?" International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22, no. 3 (November 23, 2017): 345–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.22.3.03fuc.
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Abstract This study investigates how age, gender, social class and dialect influence how frequently speakers of British English use intensifiers (e.g. very) in private conversations and whether this has changed over the last two decades. With data drawn from over 600 speakers and 4M words included in the Spoken British National Corpus (1994 and 2014 Sample), it is the most comprehensive study of intensifier usage to date, taking into account 111 intensifier variants. Results show that, in most age groups and social classes, men use intensifiers less frequently than women, and gender differences have diminished to a very limited extent, notably for the middle class. Moreover, intensification rate has increased across the board over time. This could be due to a shift towards a stereotypically more feminine communicative style as the perception of gender roles has changed, a process by which the middle class might have been particularly affected.
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Hodel, Lea, Magdalena Formanowicz, Sabine Sczesny, Jana Valdrová, and Lisa von Stockhausen. "Gender-Fair Language in Job Advertisements." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 3 (February 2, 2017): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022116688085.
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The present study investigates whether and how the use of gender-fair language is related to linguistic, cultural, and socioeconomic differences between countries with grammatical gender languages. To answer this question, we analyzed job titles in online job advertisements from four European countries differing in achieved gender equality and egalitarian versus hierarchical cultural values (Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Czech Republic). Results show that gender-fair job titles were more frequent in more egalitarian countries with higher levels of socioeconomic gender equality (Switzerland, Austria) than in countries with a higher acceptance of hierarchies and inequalities (Poland, Czech Republic). In the latter countries, gender-specific (masculine or feminine) job titles predominated. Moreover, gender-fair job titles were more prevalent in a female-dominated branch (health care) and a gender-balanced economic branch (food services) than in a male-dominated branch (constructional steel and metal work). Thus, our findings suggest that the language use in job advertisements indeed corresponds with linguistic, cultural, and socioeconomic aspects and may contribute to the transmission of gender (in)equalities and gender stereotypes.
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László, Erzsébet. "Interview with Erzsébet Barát, Organizer of the Annual Conference, Language, Ideology, Media: Gender/Sexuality Relations in Hungary." Hungarian Cultural Studies 4 (January 1, 2011): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2011.33.
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Language, Ideology, Media: Gender/Sexuality Relations in Hungary is an annual interdisciplinary conference first launched in September 2005 that has grown into “the only regular research forum for feminist scholarship concerned with Hungarian cultural practices of gender and sexuality” (http://primus.arts.u-szeged.hu/ieas/gender/index.html). Since the first contextualizing/grounding event in 2005, whose theme was ‘A nő helye a magyar nyelvhasználatban’ (Woman’s Place in Hungarian Language Use), the conference has touched upon such important issues as stereotypes of “woman” and “femininity” (2006), feminine/masculine identity and experience (2007), the relation of “woman” and body/sensuality (2008), the spaces of sexuality (2009) institutionalizations of gender relations with a specific focus on the intersection of gender and nation(alism) in Hungary (2010). (See the Archive section of the webpage for detailed information.) The theme of the upcoming 2011 conference will concern issues of gender relations and feminism in post-socialist Hungary. To date the conference is the only academic forum in Hungary that provides an opportunity to explore contemporary issues of the relations of Hungarian language and power, cultural representations and ideology, and Hungarian women and feminist thought from an interdisciplinary perspective attracting scholars from Hungarian as well as non-Hungarian universities. Speakers of the conference include well-established feminist scholars with international visibility, such as Louise O. Vasvári (New York University, Stony Brook University), Andrea Virginas, Sapientia, Transylvanian Hungarian University, Cluj, Bolemant Lilla Comenius University, Bratislava, Mária Joó ELTE, Budapest, Judit Friedrich, ELTE Budapest, Nóra Sélley, University of Debrecen, or Erzsébet Barát (University of Szeged, Central European University, Budapest), and Anna Kérchy (University of Szeged). The conference also attracts young Hungarian scholars entering academia, for whom the conference provides an invaluable platform for professional experience and networking.
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Lionnet, Florian. "The gender system of Laal." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1031.
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Abstract This paper describes the gender system of Laal, a language isolate of Chad. Laal has a strictly semantic, partly sex-based gender system making use of three semantic features: [±human], [masculine/feminine], and [±abstract], defining four genders: human masculine, human feminine, neuter, and abstract. Gender is covert on nouns; it is marked only on agreeing pronouns and functional words. The morphological marking and structure of the gender system is different in pronouns and functional words. Seven agreement classes are defined by various conflations of gender and number categories in both pronominal forms and functional words.
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Assa, Sonia. "« Dans un pleur assidu »: champs lexicaux de l'émotion dans la poésie de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore." Nottingham French Studies 59, no. 1 (March 2020): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0269.
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Wishing to express emotion, Desbordes-Valmore created one of the most sensual lexicons of French romantic poetry. In her poems the world of feelings opens on to the world of physical sensations. Certain words trigger each other, forming semantic chains which convey the unique inflection of her personality. I will show how the feminine poetic subject she creates expresses and communicates emotion through the use of three semantic motifs: quivering or throbbing, loosening of bonds, and taking flight, each provided with an eminently personal and sensual lexicon. These lexical combinations allow Desbordes-Valmore to express her passionate nature, giving voice to feminine desire and feminine pleasure. In spite of her imprecise, vague or even poor vocabulary, in spite of the ubiquity of such words as ‘soul’, ‘flowers’, ‘angel’ and ‘heart’, she succeeds in referencing the body without actually naming it.
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Noorsanti, Parwati Hadi. "Masculinity and Femininity in Yuriko Koike's Speech Style." Register Journal 14, no. 1 (May 9, 2021): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v14i1.139-156.
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This study aims at describing Yuriko Koike’s speech style in conducting verbal interaction in public in relation to her profession as a politician and the Governor of Tokyo. In relation to gender stereotypes, women have a feminine speech style while men have a masculine speech style. The activities as a woman politician and leader will indeed affect Yuriko Koike’s language use in public communication, whether she fully incorporates a feminine style or also employs a masculine style. The data of this study is Yuriko Koike’s utterances in verbal interaction taken from YouTube, comprising informal talk shows, formal talk shows, and press conferences. The data are analyzed with the theories of gender and language, as well as speech style, proposed by Holmes and Stubbe (2003) and Talbot (2003). From the data obtained, it can be deduced that Yuriko Koike’s speech style is androgynous, which combines masculine and feminine speech styles. Her speech style, therefore, does not reflect the stereotypical style of the traditional Japanese women, which is polite, soft, unassertive, and indirect. Instead, Yuriko Koike is the depiction of the deconstruction of Japanese women’s communication today, by which she shows herself as a respected leader to her political opponents. Koike generally has a communication style of a leader, that is public, report, lecturing, referentially oriented, problem-solving, dominating, and task/outcome-oriented. Specifically, her masculine speech style includes direct, competitive, independent-autonomy, and dominant, while her feminine styles were effectively oriented-sympathy, rapport, intimacy-connection, collaborative, and supportive feedback.Keywords: speech style; feminine; masculine; Yuriko Koike
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Goebel-Mahrle, Thomas, and Naomi L. Shin. "A corpus study of child heritage speakers’ Spanish gender agreement." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 5-6 (June 25, 2020): 1088–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920935510.
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Objectives: This study investigates (a) whether child heritage speakers produce more gender mismatches in Spanish ( un piedra “a-masc. stone-fem.”) than monolingual children, (b) whether older child heritage speakers mismatch more than younger ones, and (c) linguistic contexts in which mismatches occur. Methodology: 3893 agreement forms were extracted from corpora of Spanish spoken by six monolingual children, ages 5–6 years, and three groups of US child heritage speakers: ten 5–6-year-olds, fifteen 7–8-year-olds, and twenty-one 9–11-year-olds. Data and analysis: Logistic regressions measured the impact of agreement form type, noun gender, noncanonical noun ending, and noun frequency on gender matching. One regression included 5–6-year-olds only (monolingual and heritage); the second included child heritage speakers only (5–11-year-olds). Findings: There were no significant differences between monolingual and heritage 5–6-year-olds; for these children, adjectives, direct object clitics, noncanonical nouns, and feminine nouns increased the likelihood of mismatches. Among the 5–11-year-old heritage speakers, direct object clitics referring to feminine nouns and noncanonical nouns increased the likelihood of mismatches. The 9–11-year-olds produced more gender mismatches referring to feminine nouns than the younger child heritage speakers, especially with direct object clitics. Originality: This corpus study provides evidence for high rates of gender matching and clarifies the contexts that increase the likelihood that children will mismatch. Implications: Gender matching remains an intact part of child heritage speakers’ Spanish grammars. The distribution of mismatches found provides evidence of a strong article–noun association and a weaker noun–direct object clitic association. The oldest child heritage speakers’ use of masculine clitic lo to refer to feminine nouns may reflect an association between English “it” and Spanish lo. More generally, the finding that mismatches tend to involve masculine forms referring to feminine nouns supports the idea that masculine is the default, unmarked form in Spanish.
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GERKEN, LOUANN, RACHEL WILSON, and WILLIAM LEWIS. "Infants can use distributional cues to form syntactic categories." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006786.
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Nearly all theories of language development emphasize the importance of distributional cues for segregating words and phrases into syntactic categories like noun, feminine or verb phrase. However, questions concerning whether such cues can be used to the exclusion of referential cues have been debated. Using the headturn preference procedure, American children aged 1;5 were briefly familiarized with a partial Russian gender paradigm, with a subset of the paradigm members withheld. During test, infants listened on alternate trials to previously withheld grammatical items and ungrammatical items with incorrect gender markings on previously heard stems. Across three experiments, infants discriminated new grammatical from ungrammatical items, but like adults in previous studies, were only able to do so when a subset of familiarization items was double marked for gender category. The results suggest that learners can use distributional cues to category structure, to the exclusion of referential cues, from relatively early in the language learning process.
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Starr, Rebecca L. "Sweet voice: The role of voice quality in a Japanese feminine style." Language in Society 44, no. 1 (January 26, 2015): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404514000724.
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Abstract‘Sweet voice’, a distinctive Japanese vocal style, illustrates the role played by voice quality as a marker of authenticity in the construction of linguistic styles. The acoustic properties and sociopragmatic functions of sweet voice, as performed by professional voice actresses, are analyzed using data from anime programs, paraphernalia, and fan discourse. Sweet voice is shown to be connected to a traditional notion of Japanese femininity, and licenses the positive use of grammatical features of Japanese Women's Language. The mature, traditional image conveyed by sweet voice contrasts with the youthful cuteness of burikko and related vocal styles, illustrating that multiple notions of femininity operate within Japanese popular culture. The interplay of voice quality and grammatical features suggests that perceptions of conscious control at different levels of language play a crucial role in social meaning. (Voice quality, Japanese, language and gender, style, authenticity)*
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Valdés Kroff, Jorge R., Paola E. Dussias, Chip Gerfen, Lauren Perrotti, and M. Teresa Bajo. "Experience with code-switching modulates the use of grammatical gender during sentence processing." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.15010.val.
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Abstract Using code-switching as a tool to illustrate how language experience modulates comprehension, the visual world paradigm was employed to examine the extent to which gender-marked Spanish determiners facilitate upcoming target nouns in a group of Spanish-English bilingual code-switchers. The first experiment tested target Spanish nouns embedded in a carrier phrase (Experiment 1b) and included a control Spanish monolingual group (Experiment 1a). The second set of experiments included critical trials in which participants heard code-switches from Spanish determiners into English nouns (e.g., la house) either in a fixed carrier phrase (Experiment 2a) or in variable and complex sentences (Experiment 2b). Across the experiments, bilinguals revealed an asymmetric gender effect in processing, showing facilitation only for feminine target items. These results reflect the asymmetric use of gender in the production of code-switched speech. The extension of the asymmetric effect into Spanish (Experiment 1b) underscores the permeability between language modes in bilingual code-switchers.
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Tavits, Margit, and Efrén O. Pérez. "Language influences mass opinion toward gender and LGBT equality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 34 (August 5, 2019): 16781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908156116.
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To improve gender equality and tolerance toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities, several nations have promoted the use of gender-neutral pronouns and words. Do these linguistic devices actually reduce biases that favor men over women, gays, lesbians, and transgender individuals? The current article explores this question with 3 large-scale experiments in Sweden, which formally incorporated a gender-neutral pronoun into its language alongside established gendered pronouns equivalent to he and she. The evidence shows that compared with masculine pronouns, use of gender-neutral pronouns decreases the mental salience of males. This shift is associated with individuals expressing less bias in favor of traditional gender roles and categories, as reflected in more favorable attitudes toward women and LGBT individuals in public life. Additional analyses reveal similar patterns for feminine pronouns. The influence of both pronouns is more automatic than controlled.
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Steriopolo, Olga. "Grammatical gender reversals: A morphosyntactic and sociopragmatic analysis." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 136–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0008.
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Abstract This work analyzes grammatical gender reversals (feminine to masculine and masculine to feminine) in various languages by examining them both morphosyntactically and sociopragmatically, and is, to the best of my knowledge, the first such twofold analysis of grammatical gender reversals. The morphosyntactic analysis is based on my previous works on expressive morphology. The sociopragmatic analysis is based on the sociopragmatic framework developed in Acton (Acton, Eric K. 2014. Pragmatics and the social meaning of determiners. Doctoral Dissertation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University) and presents a continuation and development of my earlier work on sociopragmatics of gender reversals (Steriopolo, Olga. 2019a. “A sociopragmatic analysis of grammatical gender reversals.” In: Con temporary means and methods in ELT and applied linguistics, eds. C. Can, P. Patsala, and Z. Tatsioka, ch. 26: 535–55. Tallinn: LIF – Language in Focus). Grammatical gender reversals result in an evaluative meaning of the noun. I argue that they crosslinguistically use the same syntactic structure, in which an evaluative head [eval] is projected above a categorized noun, n. The evaluative head [eval] changes the grammatical gender of the base to which it attaches, resulting in a gender reversal with an evaluative meaning. This meaning varies across languages and directly depends on the sociocultural context, such as how masculinity and femininity are perceived and valued within a given society. The data presented in this research are, in order of appearance, from the following languages: Russian, Israeli Hebrew, Lak, Polish, Lokono, Teop, Palestinian Arabic, Manambu, Tigre, Maasai, Oromo, Benchnon, Halkomelen, and Alamblak.
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Stratulat, Natalia. "Activation of creation of women’s nominations as a new stage of development of the Ukrainian language." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 51 (2021): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/51(2021).46-60.
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The article is devoted to the topical issue of the development of the lexical and semantic system of the Ukrainian language at the present stage. Constant significant transformations in society require changes and improvements in language forms, as language must meet the needs of people who use it. Today, this issue has become very relevant, as rapid changes in society, especially economic, political, cultural, rapid development of science, the establishment of Ukraine as an independent democracy, led to innovative processes in the modern Ukrainian language. Therefore, the issues of the functioning of new words in modern discourse, as well as the reasons and methods of their appearance, are important at the current stage of the development of the Ukrainian language. It is noted that one of the manifestations of the reflection of the corresponding changes in the language system today is the functioning of parallel forms of nouns to denote a person: feminine forms are actively appearing along with the existing masculine forms. It is determined that the prerequisites for such shifts in the lexical system are the reasons of external (social) and internal (proper linguistic) nature. External factors include, first of all, democratization and liberalization of society. In fact, the “new idea” of establishing a “new woman” in society by rethinking the meaning of her role, defining her rights, and consolidating her functions contributed to the emergence of new lexical units with appropriate semantics. The internal factors of the constant development of language are primarily related to its systemic nature: all the elements in the language system are interconnected and interdependent. The system of the Ukrainian word formation is organized in such a way that under any social changes, the powerful derivational material of means (both own and borrowed) becomes the basis for the emergence of new lexemes. It is determined that the formation of nouns with the meaning of the feminine occurs with the suffixes –к-, –иц– (я), –ин– (я), –ес–, where the first two are most active. Within the framework of the considered word-formation type with the corresponding derivational components, innovative lexemes are described. At the same time, the productivity of feminine neoplasms was determined. Thematic groups of lexical units for designating feminine persons are characterized. New formations are distributed by occupation, the sphere of professional activity, the status that a woman occupies according to her profession.
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Muassomah, Muassomah, Laily Fitriani, and Penny Respati Yurisa. "Sexism of Gender in Arabic Vocabulary and Its Influence in Social Culture." Buletin Al-Turas 26, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v26i1.13823.
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This study aims to explain how the linguistic elements of Arabic language reflects the social life of its users or society. This qualitative research relies on Arabic words and sentences as the main data taken from literatures and other written documents. The collected data are analysed qualitatively using a sociolinguistic approach to explain how the society use the Arabic words or sentences in their social interaction. The research reveals that Arabic language is one of the international languageswhich has the highest content of gender sexism among other languages in the world. Each Arabic word and sentence contain a gender identity (masculine and feminine). The Arabic or sentences that have a masculine identity are strong, strong, primary needs, and independent; whereas, the Arabic words or sentences that have a feminine identity are more likely to have the characteristics of cleanliness, health, secondary needs, and dependent. It can be concluded that the mastery of Arabic language requires not only the understanding of its words and sentences, but also its users’ social life where the Arabic Language grows and develops. In other words, the use of Arabic language cannot be separated from the ideology, culture and social life of its users. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana unsur-unsur linguistik bahasa Arab menggambarkan kehidupan social masyarakat penggunanya. Penelitian kualitatif ini mengandalkan kata dan kalimat bahasa Arab sebagai data utama yang diambil dari literatur dan dokumen tulis lainnya. Data terkumpul dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiolingistik untuk menjelaskan setiap kata atau kalimat bahasa Arab yang digunakan oleh sebuah komunitas masyarakat dalam interaksi sosial. Dalam penelitian terungkap bahwa bahasa Arab merupakan salah satu Bahasa internasional yang mengandung muatan seksisme gender paling tinggi di antara Bahasa-bahasa lain di dunia. Setiap kata dan kalimat bahasa Arab memuat identitas gender (maskulin dan feminine). Kata atau kalimat yang beridentitas maskulin memiliki sifat kokoh, kuat, kebutuhan primer, dan independen; sedangkan, kata atau kalimat yang beridentitas feminin lebih cenderung pada sifat yang berkaitan dengan ketertiban, kebersihan, kesehatan, kebutuhan skunder dan dependen. Dapat disimupulkan bahwa memahami bahasa Arab tidak cukup dengan memahami kata dan kalimatnya, namun perlu juga memahami kehidupan sosial masyarakat penggunanya di mana Bahasa Arab tersebut tumbuh dan berkembang. Dengan kata lain, Bahasa Arab tidak akan lepas dari ideologi, budaya dan kehidupan sosial masyarakat penggunanya. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى وصف الرموز في اللغة التي تعرض المجتمع. اللغة العربية من اللغات الدولية التي تحتوي على أعلى المحتويات للتمييز الجنسي في العالم. و تحتوي اللغة العربية في كل كلمة على هوية جنس (ذكورية وأنثوية). تشرح هذه الدراسة أن الجمل ذات الهويات الذكورية لها احتياجات قوية، قوة، أولية، واستقلال. في حين أن الكلمات التي لها هوية أنثوية من المرجح أن تكون سمات تحتوي على أمور تتعلق بالنظام والنظافة والصحة والاحتياجات الثانوية و التبعية. و يستخدم منهج اللغة الاجتماعية، لشرح كل كلمة عربية، لأن اللغة هي طموح مجتمع في التفاعل الاجتماعي. و يشير هذا البحث إلى أن فهم اللغة لا يكفي لفهم كلمات ورموز اللغة فقط، ولكن من الضروري فهم المجتمع الاجتماعي حيث تنمو وتطور اللغة. بمعنى آخر، كانت اللغة العربية وفقا لإيديولوجية الناطقين و ثقافتهم و حياتهم الاجتماعي.
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Farinde, Raifu O., and Happy O. Omolaiye. "Structural Variations of Adjective in English and Okpameri." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1201.07.
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Adjectives indicate grammatical property of language. They give more information about nouns. The usage of adjective in utterances varies in languages. These variations often pose problem to ESL learners. Predicating on Contrastive Analysis, the study generated Okpameri data from oral sources and participatory observation. English data were got from the English grammar texts. From the findings, the two languages are grammatically marked for pre/post modifying adjective, predicative adjective, degree of adjective and order of adjective. However, the grammatical structure and usage of these adjectives differ. While English adjectives often pre-modify the headword, Okpameri adjectives usually post-modify the headword. Also, while English distinguishes between the use of “beautiful” and handsome for feminine and masculine genders respectively, Okpameri language resorts to using uni-gender “shemilushe” which its equivalent translation in English is either “beautiful or handsome”. As in the case of degree of adjective, suffixes are attached to the root-word to form comparative and superlative adjectives of the two languages. It has been observed that English adjectival pre-modification is consistent. However, Okpameri adjectives function as pre/post-modifiers. The study, therefore suggests that language teachers, particularly English language experts, should adopt systematic approach to the teaching of adjectives as this will broaden the knowledge of Okpameri ESL learners.
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Cárdenas Sánchez, Ninfa Stella. "El género, los hombres y las mujeres." Revista Grafía- Cuaderno de trabajo de los profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Autónoma de Colombia 12, no. 1 (January 10, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26564/16926250.533.
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ResumenEste artículo es un producto del proyecto de investigación Del análisis textual al análisis del discurso: un estudio de la lengua del fútbol, que pertenece al grupo de investigación Fray Antón de Montesinos: lenguajes y universos simbólicos de la Universidad Santo Tomás. El texto pretende hacer un acercamiento a un problema de reciente discusión: ¿es sexista la lengua? ¿es la lengua un instrumento de discriminación? Y, por lo tanto, ¿un instrumento para mantener la desigualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres? Aunque el texto no responde directa y ampliamente a estas preguntas, plantea el carácter no sexista de la lengua, a partir de los casos especiales de la flexión de género en español para sustentar así que, desde la gramática de nuestra lengua, el uso del masculino genérico es una forma de inclusión, y no de exclusión, del género femenino.Palabras Clave: Lengua, gramática, género, masculino, femenino, discriminación, discurso.******************************************************************Gender, men and womenAbstractThe current article is a product of the research project From text analysis to discourse analysis: a study of the language of football, belonging to the research group Fray Antón de Montesinos at Universidad Santo Tomás: Languages and symbolic universes. The text aims at approaching a problem under recent discussion: Is language sexist? Is language an instrument of discrimination? And if so, is language an instrument to maintain inequality between men and women? Even though the text does not answer these questions directly or broadly, it states there is a non-sexist nature of language departing from special cases of the gender flexion in Spanish to state that, from the grammar of our language, the use of the masculine generic form is a way of inclusion, not of exclusion of the feminine gender. Key words: language, grammar, gender, masculine, feminine, discrimination, discourse******************************************************************O gênero, os homens e as mulheresResumoEste artigo é um produto do projeto de investigação Da análise textual à análise do discurso: um estudo da língua do futebol, que pertence ao grupo de pesquisa Fray Antón de Montesinos: linguagens e universos simbólicos da Universidade Santo Tomás. O texto pretende fazer uma aproximação a um problema de recente discussão: é sexista a língua?, é a língua um instrumento de discriminação? E, em consequência, um instrumento para perpetuar a desigualdade entre homens e mulheres? Ainda que o texto não responda direta e amplamente a estas perguntas, propõe o caráter não sexista da língua, partindo dos casos de flexão de gênero em espanhol para sustentar assim que, partindo da gramática de nossa língua, o uso do masculino genérico é uma forma de inclusão e não de exclusão do gênero feminino.Palavras chave: Língua, gramática, gênero, masculino, feminino, discriminação, discurso.
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PINE, JULIAN M., CAROLINE F. ROWLAND, ELENA V. M. LIEVEN, and ANNA L. THEAKSTON. "Testing the Agreement/Tense Omission Model: why the data on children's use of non-nominative 3psg subjects count against the ATOM." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905006860.
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One of the most influential recent accounts of pronoun case-marking errors in young children's speech is Schütze & Wexler's (1996) Agreement/Tense Omission Model (ATOM). The ATOM predicts that the rate of agreeing verbs with non-nominative subjects will be so low that such errors can be reasonably disregarded as noise in the data. The present study tests this prediction on data from 12 children between the ages of 1;8.22 and 3;0.10. This is done, first, by identifying children who produced a reasonably large number of non-nominative 3psg subjects; second, by estimating the expected rate of agreeing verbs with masculine and feminine non-nominative subjects in these children's speech; and, third, by examining the actual rate at which agreeing verb forms occurred with non-nominative subjects in those areas of the data in which the expected error rate was significantly greater than 10%. The results show, first, that only three of the children produced enough non-nominative subjects to allow a reasonable test of the ATOM to be made; second, that for all three of these children, the only area of the data in which the expected frequency of agreeing verbs with non-nominative subjects was significantly greater than 10% was their use of feminine case-marked subjects; and third, that for all three of these children, the rate of agreeing verbs with non-nominative feminine subjects was over 30%. These results raise serious doubts about the claim that children's use of non-nominative subjects can be explained in terms of AGR optionality, and suggest the need for a model of pronoun case-marking error that can explain why some children produce agreeing verb forms with non-nominative subjects as often as they do.
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Innes-Parker, Catherine. "Mi bodi henge with thi bodi neiled o rode: The gendering of the Pauline concept of crucifixion with Christ in medieval devotional prose for women." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 28, no. 1 (March 1999): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842989902800105.
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This article explores the implications of gendering biblical texts through an examination of the use of the Pauline concept of crucifixion with Christ in the group of 13th-century texts known as the Katherine Group. Written for an audience of female religious recluses or anchoresses, these texts tie the image of being crucified with Christ to the spousal metaphor of the soul as the bride of Christ, figuring the anchoress's re-enactment of the incarnation and the crucifixion in profoundly feminine terms. The results are ambiguous: female flesh is transformed and empowered, yet this empowerment is tied to images of suffering and penance. This equivocal outcome has significant ramifications for feminist scholarship as we explore the implications of gendered language in the analysis and translation of biblical texts.
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Itakura, Hiroko. "Attitudes towards the use of masculine and feminine Japanese among foreign professionals: what can learners learn from professionals?" Language, Culture and Curriculum 22, no. 1 (March 2009): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07908310802287681.
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Gonen, Einat, and Doron Rubinstein. "Gender Neutralization in Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 7, no. 1 (2015): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-00701002.
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Classical Hebrew, as well as Modern Hebrew, distinguishes between the genders of nouns, and every noun, whether or not it is animate, is characterized as masculine or feminine. However in colloquial Modern Hebrew we witness a process of neutralization. In this paper we address one aspect of gender neutralization in Hebrew: the case of the numerals in colloquial Hebrew. The use of numerals in spoken Modern Hebrew is varied, and many speakers do not regularly distinguish numerals according to the grammatical gender of the modified noun, but rather use the unmarked ‘neutral’ form of the numeral, which in Hebrew is typically the feminine form. The object of this paper is to study gender agreement between Modern Hebrew numerals and the nouns they modify in a corpus of casual spoken Hebrew discourse. Previous studies have argued, within a variety of methodologies and frameworks, for a gradual ongoing neutralization of the gender distinction of numerals in this environment. In our research, we will explore the conditions and the scope of this neutralization. This study is based on the collection of recordings in the CoSIH “Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew”, and it analyzes the various usages of the numerals in this corpus. It presents the scope and nature of the neutralization process in colloquial Hebrew and shows that although there is a bias towards neutralization, this bias is not absolute and depends on particular circumstances.
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Díaz Montesinos, Francisco, and Florentino Paredes García. "Convergence and divergence in the use of third-person atonic pronouns in Madrid and Malaga." Sociolinguistic patterns and processes of convergence and divergence in Spanish 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00058.dia.
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Abstract This paper describes the linguistic situation of pronominal clitics used as direct objects (DO) in two Spanish speech communities, Malaga and Madrid, which use, respectively, the etymological system and referential system, the two basic clitic systems that have been described for Spanish. The initial hypothesis is that both communities are undergoing a process of convergence with the educated pan-Hispanic model, which permits leísmo (use of le) with a masculine, singular person. Thus, the analyses successively restricted the corpus of clitics with the aim of determining how linguistic and social conditions affect each type of leísmo: apparent and real leísmo, leísmo with things, leísmo with a feminine person, leísmo with animals, leísmo with a masculine, plural person, and leísmo with a masculine, singular person.
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Scott, Alan K. "The Marking of Gender Agreement Using Derivational Affixes in German and Dutch." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 1 (March 2009): 37–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000014.
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The German derivational suffix-inprimarily marks female sex on nouns that denote people. This paper investigates the attachment of the suffix to masculine noun bases that refer back to feminine nouns denoting inanimate referents in the same construction, seemingly as a means of making the gender of the two nouns match. The same phenomenon is also observed in Dutch despite the absence of a masculine/feminine distinction in the standard language. It is argued that the gender matching observed is a form of agreement. Using the evidence of corpus data and other attestations, it is concluded here that, because the inanimate referents of the subject nouns in the constructions involved all appear close to animate referents on animacy hierarchies (that is, they fall just outside the suffix's usual sphere of use), the gender agreement performed by-in(and its Dutch counterparts) is an extension of the suffix's prototypical derivational role, but resembles inflection in some respects and may indicate that the suffix is undergoing grammaticalization.*
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Pinto, Clara. "Polarity, expression of degree and negation: the vernacular form caraças." Estudos de Lingüística Galega 12 (July 30, 2020): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/elg.12.6353.
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This paper presents the vernacular form caraças which, in European Portuguese (EP) is associated to multiple contexts, differents from its use as a feminine common noun. The data I will present shows that caraças behaves as a polarity item, without referential interpretation. On the one hand, caraçasbehaves as a minimizer, a subtype of Negative Polarity Item (NPI), being associated to the lowest point of a scale of value. On the other hand, it also behaves as a Positive Polarity Item (PPI), expressing maximal degrees, therefore being a maximizer. The fact that caraças occurs simultaneously as a NPI and a PPI could indicate we are in the presence of a bipolar element, as described by van der Wouden (1997). Nevertheless, data suggests that there are two distinct items caraças, one of them being a NPI and the other a PPI.The form caraças is also associated to other contexts of use, namely as a metalinguistic negation marker and in evaluative constructions such as N-of-an-N constructions. We also find it functioning as an interjection in exclamative sentences.Although the feminine common noun caraça (augmentative of cara ‘face’) remains in the lexicon as synonym of mask, the polarity item caraças does not result from a process of grammaticalization of the common noun, as documented for other polarity items. In this paper I will put forth the idea that caraças, in its masculine singular form, appeared as an euphemistic variant of caralho ‘dick’, a highly offensive taboo term, used to designate the masculine sexual organ.