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Journal articles on the topic 'Females'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Möller, Luciana M., and Robert G. Harcourt. "Shared Reproductive State Enhances Female Associations in Dolphins." Research Letters in Ecology 2008 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/498390.

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Female bottlenose dolphins (genusTursiops) usually associate at moderate level with other females within social clusters called bands or cliques. It has been suggested that reproductive state may play the predominant role in determining associations within femaleT. truncatusbands. Here, we test the hypothesis that reproductive state correlates with associations of female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus). We found that females in similar reproductive state, which included females from late pregnancy to the first year of their calves' life or females from early pregnancy to their calves' newborn period, had higher-association coefficients with each other than they did with females in different reproductive states (females with older calves or without calves). This was observed both within and across social clusters suggesting that reproductive state, at least for pregnant females and those with young calves, plays an important role in determining who to associate with. However, a female's most frequent associate was not always with another in similar reproductive state. We suggest that several factors, including reproductive state, may be of importance in determining associations of female bottlenose dolphins.

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2

Hassan, Hanan Elzeblawy. "Study Females' Intention to Practice Female Genital Mutilation for their Daughters at Beni-Suef." Public Health Open Access 6, no. 2 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/phoa-16000224.

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Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting practice became documented within the 28 countries of the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland as a result of migrations of females. The WHO originally prohibited the medicalization of FGM/C in 1979, at the first international conference on the subject. Aim: The present study was carried out to assess Females' Intention to practice Female Genital Mutilation for their Daughters at Beni-Suef. Subject & Methods: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study carried out in family health centers (FHCs) in different sitting at BeniSuef Governorate. А Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet which includes knowledge regarding complications Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, Intention to practice FGM/C, and Causes for intention or not to practicing FGM/C. Results: About 64% and 59.6% of females knew that FGM/C causes psychological and social problems, respectively, 56% had a misconception that FGM/C does not affect the woman's sexual satisfaction. About 29.7% are suffering from complications after FGM. About 47.9% of females had the intention to mutilate their daughters and support the continuation of FGM for young generations, 39.8% had already mutilated their daughters or sisters. The procedures were performed by physicians (61.1%), and 6.9% had complications. Conclusion: Most of females knew that FGM/C causes psychological problems and social problems; however most of them had misconception that FGM/C does not affect the woman's sexual satisfaction. Most the study sample had the intention to mutilate their daughters and support the continuation of FGM for young generations. The highest percent of procedures were performed by physicians. Recommendations: Motivations and behavior change of females and health care workers to perform FGM/C.

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3

LK, Nahar. "Evaluation of Laparoscopy in Diagnosis of Female Infertility in Females- A Retrospective Study." Open Access Journal of Gynecology 7, no. 4 (October 10, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajg-16000245.

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Introduction: Infertility, one of the most common conditions confronting gynecologists, is defined as inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility is a problem of global proportion. In recent years, laparoscopy has been considered as important tool in diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Objective: To detect the diagnostic efficacy of laparoscopy in uterine, tubal and ovarian pathologies. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July to December 2022 in collaboration with Department of Radiodiagnosis & Department of Pathology. Study included sixty one cases of both primary and secondary infertility in women. We included only those infertile ladies whose husbands showed normal semen analysis. A detailed clinical history especially marital and obstetric history of the patients was taken. Through gynaecological examination was done and all necessary investigations (baseline endocrinal investigations, post coital study, cervical mucus study, ovulation study, post menstrual HSG) were done before laparoscopic examination. Written consent form was taken from all the patients. Results: Among 61 patients, 39 (63.9%) belonged to primary infertility and 22 (36.1%) were of secondary infertility. In primary (58.9%) and secondary infertility (59.1%) maximum number of patient belonged to age group of 21-25 years followed by 21-25 years age group in primary infertility and 31-36 years age group in secondary infertility. Peritubal or peri-ovarian adhesions were present in 15 cases of primary infertility and 5 cases of secondary infertility. Thirty four patients (56.67%) had normal ovaries. Conclusion: Due to safety and cost effectiveness, laparoscopy is considered as important diagnostic tool for evaluation of cause of infertility in women and for effective treatment decisions.

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4

Agarwal, Ritu. "Female Sexual Dysfunction among Indian Infertile Females." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 9, no. 2 (2017): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1482.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is very common among infertile patients. Whether FSD leads to infertility or infertility leads to FSD is still less understood. Objectives To study the prevalence of FSD and various factors that can lead to sexual dysfunction. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a tertiary care center in Ahmedabad from June 2015 to March 2016. A total of 240 infertile patients in reproductive age group (20—47 years) were studied, for which informed consent was obtained. Female sexual dysfunction was assessed with a detailed 19-item female sexual function index questionnaire. All six domains of sexual dysfunction, i.e., desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain, were studied. Various associated factors like gynecological and psychological disorders were also studied. Fertile patients were excluded. Results The prevalence of FSD among infertile patients was 48.75%. The most common sexual dysfunction was arousal (94.01%) followed by lubrication (89.74%) and orgasm dysfunction (85.47%). Psychological status of patients had significant impact on sexual life. Conclusion Sexuality is an important part of an individual's personality. With time, stress in life and sexual dysfunction are also increasing. Therefore, sexual function assessment should be included in the routine workup for infertility. How to cite this article Mishra VV, Nanda S, Agarwal R, Choudhary S, Aggarwal R, Goyal P. Female Sexual Dysfunction among Indian Infertile Females. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(2):155-158.

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5

Elseesy, W. R. "Female circumcision in non-Muslim females in Africa." African Journal of Urology 20, no. 2 (June 2014): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.afju.2013.07.001.

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6

Biaggio, M. Daniela, Iara Sandomirsky, Yael Lubin, Ally R. Harari, and Maydianne C. B. Andrade. "Copulation with immature females increases male fitness in cannibalistic widow spiders." Biology Letters 12, no. 9 (September 2016): 20160516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0516.

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Copulatory cannibalism of male ‘widow’ spiders (genus Latrodectus ) is a model example of the extreme effects of sexual selection, particularly in L. hasselti and L. geometricus where males typically facilitate cannibalism by females and mate only once. We show that these males can increase their reproductive success by copulating with final-instar, immature females after piercing the female's exoskeleton to access her newly developed sperm storage organs. Females retain sperm through their final moult and have similar fecundity to adult-mated females. This is an adaptive male tactic because immature mating increases insemination success relative to adult mating (which predicts higher paternity) and moreover, rarely ends in cannibalism, so males can mate again. Although successful only during a brief period before the female's final moult, males may employ this tactic when they associate with final-instar females in nature. Consistent with this, one-third of L. hasselti females collected as immatures in nature were already mated. Immature mating alters sexual selection on these otherwise monogynous males, and may explain male traits allowing facultative polygyny in Latrodectus . Since male cohabitation with immature females is common among invertebrates, immature mating may be a widespread, previously unrecognized mating tactic, particularly when unmated females are of high reproductive value.

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7

Darden, Safi K., and Lauren Watts. "Male sexual harassment alters female social behaviour towards other females." Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (October 5, 2011): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0807.

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Male harassment of females to gain mating opportunities is a consequence of an evolutionary conflict of interest between the sexes over reproduction and is common among sexually reproducing species. Male Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata spend a large proportion of their time harassing females for copulations and their presence in female social groups has been shown to disrupt female–female social networks and the propensity for females to develop social recognition based on familiarity. In this study, we investigate the behavioural mechanisms that may lead to this disruption of female sociality. Using two experiments, we test the hypothesis that male presence will directly affect social behaviours expressed by females towards other females in the population. In experiment one, we tested for an effect of male presence on female shoaling behaviour and found that, in the presence of a free-swimming male guppy, females spent shorter amounts of time with other females than when in the presence of a free-swimming female guppy. In experiment two, we tested for an effect of male presence on the incidence of aggressive behaviour among female guppies. When males were present in a shoal, females exhibited increased levels of overall aggression towards other females compared with female only shoals. Our work provides direct evidence that the presence of sexually harassing males alters female–female social behaviour, an effect that we expect will be recurrent across taxonomic groups.

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8

Elzeblawy Hassan, Hanan. "Female Genital Mutilation: Females' Intention in Northern Upper Egypt." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/144.

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Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is an ancient cultural practice, predating the Bible and therefore the Koran, and has no basis in any religion. It is related to deep social and cultural ideas impeded in several societies regarding femininity and modesty because it is viewed as girls clean and delightful only after being genitally cut. FGM/C is additionally viewed as a protection of virginity, and it prevents premarital sex. Aim: The present study was carried find out to assess Females' Intention in Northern Upper Egypt regarding Female Genital Mutilation. Subject & Methods: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study was used. The study was conducted in family health centers (FHCs) in different sitting at Beni-Suef Governorate. A Convenient sample was used. А Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet which includes three sections: Socio-demographic data, Intention to practice FGM/C, and Causes for intention or not to practicing FGM/C. Results: The mean age of the studied participants was 22.6±5. Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation is 71.4percentage, 29.7percentage of participants are suffering from complications after FGM. About 28.6percentage of females who had mutilated their daughters were planning to mutilate their other daughters in the future. More than one-third of females (35.5percentage) had an unfavorable attitude and 40.5percentage had poor levels of knowledge regarding FGM/C. 71.3percentage of females mentioned that the source of their information about FGM/C was their personal experience. Conclusion: Northern Upper Egyptian Females' Intention regarding intention of mutilating their daughters was significantly affected by demographic characteristics, level of knowledge, and level of attitude, source information, exposure to complications or pressure from family and neighbors. Recommendations: Alleviate females' intention toward Female Genital Mutilation should be improving their awareness regarding complications and Egyptian law against FGM, established by improve females' resistance toward family or neighbor regarding bad and harmful traditions.

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9

Ishihara, M. "Persistence of abnormal females that produce only female progeny with occasional recovery to normal females in Lepidoptera." Researches on Population Ecology 36, no. 2 (December 1994): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02514943.

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10

Cobb, Matthew, and Jean-Francois Ferveur. "Female Mate Discrimination or Male Responses to Females Stimulation?" Evolution 50, no. 4 (August 1996): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410908.

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11

Karp, Karen, Candy Allen, Linda G. Allen, and Elizabeth Todd Brown. "Feisty Females: Using Children's Literature with Strong Female Characters." Teaching Children Mathematics 5, no. 2 (October 1998): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.5.2.0088.

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Girls enter school more mathematics ready than boys. By the time they graduate from high school, however, females have been outdistanced by males in the number of higher-level mathematics courses taken and in the results of crucial tests, such as the mathematics portion of the Scholastic Achievement Test (American Association of University Women 1991). They are also much less likely to pursue majors and careers that relate to mathematics.

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12

Shugart, Gary W., Mary A. Fitch, and Glen A. Fox. "Female Floaters and Nonbreeding Secondary Females in Herring Gulls." Condor 89, no. 4 (November 1987): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368540.

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13

Watts, David P. "Harassment of Immigrant Female Mountain Gorillas by Resident Females." Ethology 89, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb00300.x.

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14

Cox, Nicole B. "Banking on Females: Bravo's Commodification of the Female Audience." Communication, Culture & Critique 8, no. 3 (January 23, 2015): 466–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12091.

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15

Mishra, VineetV, Sakshi Nanda, Bhumika Vyas, Rohina Aggarwal, Sumesh Choudhary, and SuwaRam Saini. "Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among Indian fertile females." Journal of Mid-life Health 7, no. 4 (2016): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.195692.

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16

Leung Ng, Yu, and Kara Chan. "Do females in advertisements reflect adolescents’ ideal female images?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 31, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2013-0748.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigate how Chinese adolescent girls and boys construct their own ideal female images in response to gendered advertisements based on Arnett’s (1995) theory of self-socialization and Hirschman and Thompson’s (1997) three interpretive strategies. A qualitative interview study was conducted for this purpose. Design/methodology/approach – Altogether, 32 adolescents aged 15-19 living in 16 different provinces in China were recruited for a face-to-face interview. Three advertisements were shown depicting an elegant woman, an urban sophisticated female and a strong woman, and interviewees were asked to describe the appearance, the personality and the work and family life of the female character in each advertisement. They were asked to choose one of them as most closely representing their ideal female image. Findings – The interviewees constructed their ideal female images from the advertisement that best suited their ideal appearance, personality and work and family life. Female interviewees aspired to be like the elegant woman, identified with the urban sophisticated female and rejected the strong woman in the ads. Male interviewees appreciated the urban sophisticated female but rejected the strong woman. Research limitations/implications – With just 32 interviewees, the generalizability of the findings is limited. Practical implications – Female central characters in advertisements should be pilot-tested among the target audience to maximize levels of aspiration and identification. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine ideal female images from gendered advertisements among adolescent boys and girls in China.

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17

Bloch, Andrew N., Layla Al-Shaer, Kimberly Little, and Murray Itzkowitz. "Effect of territory intruders on the perceived quality of territorial males in an endangered pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus." Behaviour 155, no. 6 (2018): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003499.

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AbstractSocial eavesdropping can guide mate choice and the assessment of competitor quality. In the endangered Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus), males establish breeding territories that they defend from conspecifics and heterospecific egg predators. Females enter the breeding area to assess males and spawn in their territories. It was hypothesized that male and femaleC. bovinuseavesdrop on social interactions within male territories to evaluate each territorial male’s ability to exclude intruders and attract potential mates. Using a repeated design, a bottle containing either a femaleC. bovinus, a non-territorial maleC. bovinus, a swarm ofG. nobilis, or water was placed at the centre of a male’s territory. Territorial males received more spawns and females spawned more frequently per visit when a female stimulus was present. These results suggest that females eavesdrop to inform their mating decisions, but this may be limited to the assessment of extra-pair females within territories.

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18

King, B. H., and J. A. D'Souza. "Effects of constrained females on offspring sex ratios of Nasonia vitripennis in relation to local mate competition theory." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-006.

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Empirical studies of how constrained females affect sex ratio are few. Constrained females are those that can produce only sons (e.g., in haplodiploid species, females that have not mated or older females that have used up their sperm). In the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836), failure to mate soon after emergence increased the probability of a female being constrained and thus affected sex ratio directly. Local mate competition theory shows that whether a female is constrained can also affect sex ratio indirectly by affecting what sex ratio other females produce. However, this was not the case in N. vitripennis. A female's sex ratio was not significantly different when she was with another young mated female versus a virgin female or an old mated female depleted of sperm. These results suggest that N. vitripennis females may be unable to recognize whether another female is constrained. The increased proportion of sons in response to other females relative to when alone did not persist the day after exposure.

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Romero-Rodríguez, Jesús, Ramiro Román-Contreras, and José Luis Bortolini-Rosales. "Male influence on the ovarian development of the crustacean parasite Bopyrina abbreviata (Isopoda, Bopyridae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415002258.

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The presence of a male in a population of terrestrial isopods can accelerate the onset of female reproduction, a feature that has been suggested also to occur in bopyrid isopods. This paper aims to estimate the influence of the male presence on the ovarian maturation of Bopyrina abbreviata. Females of B. abbreviata of different sizes were collected at Términos lagoon, Campeche, Mexico. The organisms were morphometrically classified as immature or mature, the male presence or absence at female's marsupium was recorded, and the degree of ovarian development was determined histologically. The internal organization of B. abbreviata agrees with that described for bopyrids and isopods in general. The ovarian cells originate from a dorsal lamina germinal layer that extends horizontally. The ovarian development of lone and paired immature females was classified as incipient and medium, respectively. In mature females it was classified as advanced, in the paired females and in the one lone mature female studied. The lone mature female differed from paired mature females only in the presence of reabsorption process in some oocytes located closer to the ventral wall of the ovary. Morphology variations between lone and paired females suggests that the presence of a cryptoniscus larva or a male between the female's pleopods stimulates the onset of reproduction and accelerates the ovarian development of B. abbreviata.

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Cuervo, J. J. "Parental roles and mating system in the black-winged stilt." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-082.

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The breeding behaviour of black-winged stilts (Himantopus himantopus) was studied in southwestern Spain. In the prelaying period males devoted more time than females to agonistic encounters, locomotion, and nest building. During egg laying, males spent more time than females at the nest, mostly building the nest and covering the eggs, while females spent more time foraging than males. During late incubation, females spent significantly more time at the nest than males. These results suggest very similar parental investment by the sexes. During part of the female's fertile period, males stayed at the nest while females were foraging, which precluded efficient mate guarding. However, females were reluctant to engage in extra-pair copulations, being always very aggressive towards conspecifics except for their mates. Even in two cases of extra-pair copulation, the first described for this species, the female continuously attacked the intrusive male and did not cooperate in copulation. Male parental care seems to be essential for reproductive success and females are probably faithful in order to assure male parental investment. The need for parental care from both males and females would maintain social, and perhaps also genetic, monogamy in this species.

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Morales, J., O. Gordo, E. Lobato, S. Ippi, J. Martínez-de la Puente, G. Tomás, S. Merino, and J. Moreno. "Female-female competition is influenced by forehead patch expression in pied flycatcher females." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68, no. 7 (April 30, 2014): 1195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1730-y.

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22

Ramirez, Martin G., Angelik C. Achekian, Catherine R. Coverley, Rachel M. Pierce, Sarah S. Eiman, and Melissa M. Wetkowski. "Male Remating Success and the Frequency of Copulatory Plugs in the Green Lynx SpiderPeucetia viridans(Araneae, Oxyopidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/602897.

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Peucetia viridansmales were allowed to mate with three virgin females and most matings resulted in live spiderlings, even when males lacked palpal paracymbial processes. Among females, the presence of copulatory plugs was inconsistent, and when present, their condition was not uniform; broken-off male paracymbia were often found in epigynal orifices. There was no size effect in a male's ability to completely plug a female's genital orifices, as well as no significant change in the pattern of plug production over consecutive mating trials. Among mated, field-collected females, the presence of plugs and paracymbia was variable, with females from some sites possessing neither structure. Field-collected females with no plugs were in significantly better condition than those with two plugs and in nearly significantly better condition than those with two paracymbia. Females in the best condition may excel at resisting the emplacement of genital obstructions and/or voiding such structures, potentially enabling them to mate with multiple males. Enhanced prey access mediated by increased water availability may be why females at two sites were in relatively better condition. If plugs help prevent sperm desiccation in inseminated females, this may have contributed to the absence of plugs from females at these two moister sites.

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23

Ron, Tamar, S. Peter Henzi, and Uzi Motro. "Do Female Chacma Baboons Compete for a Safe Spatial Position in a Southern Woodland Habitat?" Behaviour 133, no. 5-6 (1996): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00549.

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AbstractIn this study troop of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) at Mkuzi Game Reserve, Zululand, South-Africa, it is suggested that risk of predation and competition over safe spatial position had more importance and effect on female behaviour than did competition for food. Only 6.4% of all agonistic events were over food patches and no significant correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and proportion of time spent feeding, feeding bout length or diet composition. Parameters of reproductive success, such as inter-birth intervals and infant mortality were not correlated with female dominance rank. Female mortality, however, was related to dominance rank and all of the five females who disappeared during the study were low-ranking. Four of the five females disappeared after troop fission. There is circumstantial evidence supporting the suggestion that predation by leopards is the main cause of mortality of females at Mkuzi. High levels of female aggression were recorded, with almost no occurrences of support coalitions. Most of the aggression took place among similar ranking females, or was directed by the top ranking toward the lowest ranking females. Most of the female-to-female agonistic encounters were in a social context, and more than half were over a spatial position next to other adult troop members. Aggression among females increased after troop fission. It is suggested that the higher-ranking females may be better protected from predation, through access to more central spatial positions in the troop. Indeed, a positive correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and the time spent next to other adult troop members. It may be that avoiding food competition by keeping larger distances from others, while foraging, was translated in lower ranking females to a cost of higher predation risk.

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24

Epstein, Julia, and Laurinda S. Dixon. "Hysterical Females." Women's Review of Books 12, no. 12 (September 1995): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4022239.

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BEN-ARI, ELIA T. "Choosy Females." BioScience 50, no. 1 (2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0008:cf]2.3.co;2.

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26

Margolis, Jane. "Confident Females?" Science 272, no. 5263 (May 10, 1996): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5263.796.c.

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Domingues, Vera. "Colourful females." Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11 (October 14, 2021): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01572-3.

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Domingues, Vera. "Colourful females." Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11 (October 14, 2021): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01572-3.

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Wells, Margaret R. "Gifted Females." G/C/T 8, no. 3 (May 1985): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621758500800317.

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Ingrasci, O. "Anomalous Females." History Workshop Journal 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbi065.

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31

Restuccia, Frances L., and Shoshana Felman. "Resisting Females." NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 27, no. 3 (1994): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1345655.

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Lewis, Sian. "Fighting females." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (November 2017): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.132.

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Margolis, J. "Confident Females?" Science 272, no. 5263 (May 10, 1996): 793d—797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5263.793d.

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Margolis, J. "Confident Females?" Science 272, no. 5263 (May 10, 1996): 796c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5263.796c.

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Ryan, Michael J. "Fickle females?" Nature 428, no. 6984 (April 2004): 708–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/428708a.

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36

Ishihara, Michio. "Persistence of females that produce only female progeny in lepidoptera." Researches on Population Ecology 34, no. 2 (December 1992): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02514802.

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Van Borsel, John, and Dorothy De Maesschalck. "Speech rate in males, females, and male‐to‐female transsexuals." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 22, no. 9 (January 2008): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200801976695.

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Dutton, Donald. "Female Intimate Partner Violence and Developmental Trajectories of Abusive Females." International Journal of Men's Health 6, no. 1 (May 1, 2007): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0601.54.

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Gomendio, Montserrat. "Females look at females: Do we know better?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, no. 3 (March 1998): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)83356-3.

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Nelson, JE, and A. Goldstone. "Reproduction in Peradorcas-Concinna (Marsupialia, Macropodidae)." Wildlife Research 13, no. 4 (1986): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860501.

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The length of the oestrous cycle in captive Peradorcas concinna was 33.73 � 1.65 days (n = 52). Females which were dominant over other females or were alone with their young had a cycle length of about 32 days and subordinate females had a cycle length of about 35 days. Some observations on the growth of the young are presented. Weaning is very abrupt; final pouch exit occurs about 2 weeks after the first pouch exit, and is caused by the female's aggressiveness towards its young.

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Johnson, J., Tracie Ivy, Anne-Katrin Eggert, and Scott Sakaluk. "Post-Copulatory Female Choice in Sagebrush Crickets." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 20 (January 1, 1996): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1996.3283.

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Male sagebrush crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans) permit females to engage in an unusual form of sexual cannibalism during copulation: females feed on males' fleshy hind wings and ingest haemolymph oozing from the wounds they inflict. These wounds are not fatal, and normally only a portion of the hind wings are eaten at any one mating, so that mated males are not precluded from mating again. However, non-virgin males have fewer resources to offer females than do virgin males, such that females should be selected to preferentially mate with virgin males. Because previous work has indicated a lack of pre-copulatory female choice, we tested the hypothesis that females accept matings with non-virgin males, but discriminate against them afterwards by re-mating sooner than they otherwise would after matings with virgin males. If the last male to copulate with a female prior to egg laying does in fact sire the majority of her offspring, then such post-copulatory behavior would constitute a form of female choice. To test this, we experimentally manipulated both female diet (high protein vs. low protein), and the female's ability to feed on males' wings during mating. We predicted that females prevented from wing feeding and held on a low protein diet would remate sooner than females allowed to wing feed and held on a high protein diet. We measured the amount of time males spent calling in mating trials, and the time to first and second mountings and matings for each female. Our results reveal an effect of wing treatment on the time to first mating. Low protein females mated with winged males significantly more readily than they did with deÂwinged males. Female diet also had a significant effect on the time to first mounting. Females fed only lettuce (low protein) mounted males sooner than females provisioned with apple and a bee pollen supplement (high protein), indicating that a female's overall nutrient intake may determine her propensity to mate regardless of the mating status of the male she is paired with. No effect of diet or wing treatment was found for time to second mounting or mating.

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Shultz, Sandra J. "ACL Injury Risk in the Physically Active: Why are Females More Susceptible?" Kinesiology Review 4, no. 1 (February 2015): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2014-0076.

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Despite extensive research, we still do not fully understand the biological mechanisms that underlie a female's increased susceptibility for suffering a noncontact ACL injury. While sex differences in neuromuscular control are often implicated, prevention efforts addressing these differences have not resulted in a profound or sustainable reduction in injury rates. This paper will explore two likely scenarios that explain this greater susceptibility in females: (1) females have a structurally weaker ligament that is more prone or susceptible to failure at a given load (scenario #1), or (2) females develop less knee protection and experiences higher relative loads on the ACL (scenario #2). While we have learned much over the last two decades about ACL injury risk in females, much remains unknown. Continued research is of paramount importance if we are to effectively identify those females who are at greatest risk for injury and effectively reduce their susceptibility through appropriate interventions.

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Brown, William D., and Ruth Stanford. "Male mating tactics in a blister beetle (Coleoptera: Meloidae) vary with female quality." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-230.

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Male blister beetles Nemognatha nitidula employ alternative postmating tactics. Females oviposit on the underside of closed thistle buds, and males actively search these sites for potential mates. Males at the oviposition site guard their mates for an extended period after mating, whereas males that secure copulations at open flowers (the foraging site) forgo mate guarding. On average, guarded females were larger than both females that mated at the foraging site and nonguarded females at the oviposition site. This suggests that a male's choice of mating tactic is contingent on female body size. However, larger females take longer to oviposit, and so a large-phenotype bias among guarded females may be a consequence of males remaining with mates until all eggs are laid. This was not the case; males often terminated guarding before oviposition ended, and there was no correlation between length of the guarding period and female body size. Thus, male mating tactics in this blister beetle vary with both the female's location (which is indicative of her readiness to oviposit) and her body size.

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Fleischman, Rebecca, and Scott Sakaluk. "Sexual Conflict Over Remating in House Crickets: No Evidence of an Anti-aphrodisiac in Males' Ejaculates." Behaviour 141, no. 6 (2004): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539042245141.

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AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that male house crickets (Acheta domesticus L.) transfer substances in their ejaculates that inhibit female receptivity by experimentally manipulating the amount of ejaculate that females received and recording their propensity to remate. In both virgin and non-virgin females, the length of time over which the spermatophore remained attached after an initial mating had no discernable effect on female latency to remating. This was true regardless of whether females were given the opportunity to remate immediately after an initial mating or prevented from remating until 24-h later. We conclude, therefore, that male A. domesticus do not transfer substances in their ejaculates that inhibit the sexual receptivity of females, at least over the short term. However, there was a marked difference in the remating propensity of once-mated and multiply-mated females, with multiply-mated females taking significantly longer to remate. These results suggest that female sexual receptivity changes in response to the gradual accumulation of sperm or ejaculatory products in the female's spermatheca over multiple matings.

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Baniel, Alice, Guy Cowlishaw, and Elise Huchard. "Jealous females? Female competition and reproductive suppression in a wild promiscuous primate." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (September 5, 2018): 20181332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1332.

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Female–female competition over paternal care has rarely been investigated in promiscuous mammals, where discreet forms of male care have recently been reported despite low paternity certainty. We investigated female competition over paternal care in a wild promiscuous primate, the chacma baboon ( Papio ursinus ), where pregnant and lactating females establish strong social bonds (friendships) with males that provide care to their offspring. We tested whether pregnant and lactating females interfere with the sexual activity of their male friend to prevent new conceptions that might lead to the subsequent dilution of his paternal care. We found that pregnant and lactating females were more aggressive towards oestrous females when they had recently conceived themselves, and when the oestrous female was mate-guarded by, and showed greater sexual activity with, their male friend. This aggression also reduced the likelihood of conception of the targeted female. These findings indicate that females can aggressively prevent further conceptions with their offspring's carer through reproductive suppression. Competition over access to paternal care may play an important and underestimated role in shaping female social relationships and reproductive strategies in promiscuous mammalian societies.

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Kehoe, F. Patrick. "The adaptive significance of crèching behaviour in the white-winged scoter (Melanitta fusca deglandi)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-060.

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I tested several hypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of crèching behaviour using white-winged scoters (Melanitta fusca delgnadi) at Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan. Scoter crèches consist of a single female tending the young of one or more conspecifics. There was no relationship between a female's weight at the end of incubation and whether she stayed with ducklings. Therefore, there is no evidence that females in poor condition abandon their young more frequently than other females. No relationship was found between a female's age and her association with ducklings. Therefore, crèching does not appear to be related to female age or experience. Observations of color-marked ducklings in 1985 showed that 7 out of 10 females tended crèches that were composed entirely of fostered young. The survival of ducklings from large groups was greater than that from small groups, so crèching does not appear to be a strategy that enhances individual fitness of crèche-tending females. However, because of the high degree of philopatry displayed by female scoters, crèching could enhance inclusive fitness if crèches contain the young of related individuals. This hypothesis could not be tested.

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Teather, Kevin L., and Raleigh J. Robertson. "Female spacing patterns in brown-headed cowbirds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-034.

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Breeding female cowbirds at the Queen's University Biological Station are often aggressive when encountering other females within their ranges, but they do not defend exclusive territories. The likelihood of aggression appears to be a function of two factors. First, females are more aggressive near the centres of their ranges than around its periphery, suggesting a gradient of aggression based on location within the female's range. Second, females are most aggressive in woodland and swampy areas and least aggressive in grassy areas and at artificial feeding stations. We suggest this is related to the availability of host nests.

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Borowsky, Betty. "Laboratory Observations On the Life History of the Isopod Sphaeroma Quadridentatum Say, 1818." Crustaceana 69, no. 1 (1996): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854096x00123.

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AbstractAdult Sphaeroma quadridentatum were maintained in the laboratory for up to tcn months. It was found that males exhibit terminal molts, but females continue to molt until they die. Mature females alternate reproductive and resting intermolt periods, and these periods are characterized by distinct oostegite morphologies. Immature females have small rounded oostegites; brooding females have large, overlapping oostegites, and females in the resting stage have small oostegites with arrow-shaped, angled tips. Amplexus only precedes a reproductive molt, but is not a prerequisite for fertilization. Copulation occurs in the interval between the female's shedding the posterior and anterior parts of the exoskeleton. Brood sizes ranged from 14 to 67, x = 33.7±11.3. Offspring were cultured to maturity in the laboratory, but this took as long as five months, and there was a mortality rate of 48%. Given the relatively lengthy time to maturity, and the relatively high rate of juvenile mortality, culturing this species for use in bioassays is not cost-effective.

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Kamio, Michiya, Shigeki Matsunaga, and Nobuhiro Fusetani. "Observation on the Mating Behaviour of the Helmet Crab Telmessus cheiragonus (Brachyura: Cheiragonidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 5 (September 19, 2003): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540300821xh.

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The mating behaviour of the helmet crab, Telmessus cheiragonus, was observed in the laboratory to obtain information of its fishery management and seed production. Females always moulted before copulation and all moulting females copulated with their mates, while males performed precopulatory guarding before their mates moulted. The average duration of precopulatory guarding was 11.8±5.0 SD days. Sex ratios in experimental tanks did not influence the first guarding duration of male but diminished the female's guarded duration under female-biased treatment. Competition among males for females was observed; larger males appeared to have a competitive advantage. Males started copulation in 41.2±10.9 SD min after females moulted and the copulation lasted for 110.6±6.6 SD min. Postcopulatory guarding duration was 4.0±6.6 SD h. Small males tended not to guard and to copulate with females larger than themselves. Common features and differences in mating behaviour between T. cheiragonus and Erimacrus isenbeckii is discussed.

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Silva, Paola, Tomás A. Luppi, and Eduardo D. Spivak. "Limb autotomy, epibiosis on embryos, and brooding care in the crabCyrtograpsus angulatus(Brachyura: Varunidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 5 (September 19, 2003): 1015–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008221h.

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The effects of the multiple autotomy on epibiosis infestation on embryos, on the survival of embryos, and on brooding care behaviour were examined in females ofCyrtograpsus angulatus, a south-western Atlantic intertidal and subtidal crab. The population ofC. angulatusin Mar Chiquita, a coastal lagoon, presents a high incidence of limb autotomy. Newly laid embryos of both healthy and autotomized females were immediately colonized by bacteria and filamentous fungi, peritrichid ciliates, and few small animal species, while detritus was accumulated. The periphery of the embryo mass was more infested by epibionts and accumulated more detritus than the central region. Multiple autotomy in femaleC. angulatusincreased the epibiosis and detritus accumulation in embryos and pleopods, decreased the chance of embryos to complete their development. The following behaviours related to brooding care were observed in both healthy and autotomized females: standing, chela and pereiopod probing, abdominal flapping, pleopod beating and maxilliped beating. However, the time devoted to standing and abdominal flapping was significantly higher in healthy and autotomized females, respectively. Brooding care behaviour in non-ovigerous females and in females with early and late embryos, suggests the presence of different signalling systems that trigger them. We propose that multiple autotomy modifies brood care, decreases the success of embryonic development and, consequently, reduces the contribution of autotomized females (approximately 30% of the potentially reproductive females ofC. angulatusin Mar Chiquita) to the following generation.

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