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Journal articles on the topic 'Female'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Morales, J., O. Gordo, E. Lobato, S. Ippi, J. Martínez-de la Puente, G. Tomás, S. Merino, and J. Moreno. "Female-female competition is influenced by forehead patch expression in pied flycatcher females." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68, no. 7 (April 30, 2014): 1195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1730-y.

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2

LK, Nahar. "Evaluation of Laparoscopy in Diagnosis of Female Infertility in Females- A Retrospective Study." Open Access Journal of Gynecology 7, no. 4 (October 10, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajg-16000245.

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Introduction: Infertility, one of the most common conditions confronting gynecologists, is defined as inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility is a problem of global proportion. In recent years, laparoscopy has been considered as important tool in diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Objective: To detect the diagnostic efficacy of laparoscopy in uterine, tubal and ovarian pathologies. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July to December 2022 in collaboration with Department of Radiodiagnosis & Department of Pathology. Study included sixty one cases of both primary and secondary infertility in women. We included only those infertile ladies whose husbands showed normal semen analysis. A detailed clinical history especially marital and obstetric history of the patients was taken. Through gynaecological examination was done and all necessary investigations (baseline endocrinal investigations, post coital study, cervical mucus study, ovulation study, post menstrual HSG) were done before laparoscopic examination. Written consent form was taken from all the patients. Results: Among 61 patients, 39 (63.9%) belonged to primary infertility and 22 (36.1%) were of secondary infertility. In primary (58.9%) and secondary infertility (59.1%) maximum number of patient belonged to age group of 21-25 years followed by 21-25 years age group in primary infertility and 31-36 years age group in secondary infertility. Peritubal or peri-ovarian adhesions were present in 15 cases of primary infertility and 5 cases of secondary infertility. Thirty four patients (56.67%) had normal ovaries. Conclusion: Due to safety and cost effectiveness, laparoscopy is considered as important diagnostic tool for evaluation of cause of infertility in women and for effective treatment decisions.

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3

Agarwal, Ritu. "Female Sexual Dysfunction among Indian Infertile Females." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 9, no. 2 (2017): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1482.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is very common among infertile patients. Whether FSD leads to infertility or infertility leads to FSD is still less understood. Objectives To study the prevalence of FSD and various factors that can lead to sexual dysfunction. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a tertiary care center in Ahmedabad from June 2015 to March 2016. A total of 240 infertile patients in reproductive age group (20—47 years) were studied, for which informed consent was obtained. Female sexual dysfunction was assessed with a detailed 19-item female sexual function index questionnaire. All six domains of sexual dysfunction, i.e., desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain, were studied. Various associated factors like gynecological and psychological disorders were also studied. Fertile patients were excluded. Results The prevalence of FSD among infertile patients was 48.75%. The most common sexual dysfunction was arousal (94.01%) followed by lubrication (89.74%) and orgasm dysfunction (85.47%). Psychological status of patients had significant impact on sexual life. Conclusion Sexuality is an important part of an individual's personality. With time, stress in life and sexual dysfunction are also increasing. Therefore, sexual function assessment should be included in the routine workup for infertility. How to cite this article Mishra VV, Nanda S, Agarwal R, Choudhary S, Aggarwal R, Goyal P. Female Sexual Dysfunction among Indian Infertile Females. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(2):155-158.

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4

Möller, Luciana M., and Robert G. Harcourt. "Shared Reproductive State Enhances Female Associations in Dolphins." Research Letters in Ecology 2008 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/498390.

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Female bottlenose dolphins (genusTursiops) usually associate at moderate level with other females within social clusters called bands or cliques. It has been suggested that reproductive state may play the predominant role in determining associations within femaleT. truncatusbands. Here, we test the hypothesis that reproductive state correlates with associations of female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus). We found that females in similar reproductive state, which included females from late pregnancy to the first year of their calves' life or females from early pregnancy to their calves' newborn period, had higher-association coefficients with each other than they did with females in different reproductive states (females with older calves or without calves). This was observed both within and across social clusters suggesting that reproductive state, at least for pregnant females and those with young calves, plays an important role in determining who to associate with. However, a female's most frequent associate was not always with another in similar reproductive state. We suggest that several factors, including reproductive state, may be of importance in determining associations of female bottlenose dolphins.

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5

Hassan, Hanan Elzeblawy. "Study Females' Intention to Practice Female Genital Mutilation for their Daughters at Beni-Suef." Public Health Open Access 6, no. 2 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/phoa-16000224.

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Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting practice became documented within the 28 countries of the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland as a result of migrations of females. The WHO originally prohibited the medicalization of FGM/C in 1979, at the first international conference on the subject. Aim: The present study was carried out to assess Females' Intention to practice Female Genital Mutilation for their Daughters at Beni-Suef. Subject & Methods: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study carried out in family health centers (FHCs) in different sitting at BeniSuef Governorate. А Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet which includes knowledge regarding complications Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, Intention to practice FGM/C, and Causes for intention or not to practicing FGM/C. Results: About 64% and 59.6% of females knew that FGM/C causes psychological and social problems, respectively, 56% had a misconception that FGM/C does not affect the woman's sexual satisfaction. About 29.7% are suffering from complications after FGM. About 47.9% of females had the intention to mutilate their daughters and support the continuation of FGM for young generations, 39.8% had already mutilated their daughters or sisters. The procedures were performed by physicians (61.1%), and 6.9% had complications. Conclusion: Most of females knew that FGM/C causes psychological problems and social problems; however most of them had misconception that FGM/C does not affect the woman's sexual satisfaction. Most the study sample had the intention to mutilate their daughters and support the continuation of FGM for young generations. The highest percent of procedures were performed by physicians. Recommendations: Motivations and behavior change of females and health care workers to perform FGM/C.

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6

Bernet, Patricia, Anders Berglund, and Gunilla Rosenqvist. "Female-Female Competition Affects Female Ornamentation in the Sex-Role Reversed Pipefish Syngnathus Typhle." Behaviour 135, no. 5 (1998): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792897923.

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Abstract1. In the sex role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle females compete for males, and males are more choosy than females. Before mating, females display a temporary sexual ornament in the form of a lateral zigzag pattern, which is an amplification of their permanent colour pattern. 2. In experiments males showed no significant preferences for permanently contrast-rich females, nor for females matching closely with the background. 3. Females in physical contact with a male could potentially develop the ornament, but under female-female competition females were more likely to display it than otherwise. 4. The ornament accurately predicted female mating success. More ornamented females displayed more actively towards males and were found closer to males than were non-ornamented females. 5. Females under predation threat were less ornamented than un-threatened females, suggesting a reduced potential for male choosiness under threat. 6. We conclude that the female ornament serves both to attract partners (males) and repel competitors (females).

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7

Bernstein, Irwin S. "Female Primates; Female Primatologists." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 30, no. 4 (April 1985): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/023717.

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8

Elseesy, W. R. "Female circumcision in non-Muslim females in Africa." African Journal of Urology 20, no. 2 (June 2014): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.afju.2013.07.001.

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9

Meniru, Godwin I. "Female genital mutilation (female circumcision)." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 9 (September 1994): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11967.x.

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10

Jordan, J. A. "Female genital mutilation (female circumcision)." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 2 (February 1994): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13070.x.

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11

Cheng, D. "Female Chairs and Female Faculty." Academic Emergency Medicine 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 459—a—459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/aemj.10.5.459-a.

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12

Yanca, Catherine, and Bobbi S. Low. "Female allies and female power." Evolution and Human Behavior 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(03)00065-5.

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13

Strickland, Julie Lubker. "Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 14, no. 3 (August 2001): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1083-3188(01)00086-9.

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14

Lagos, Nicolás, Camila Dünner, Jeff Hogan, and L. Mark Elbroch. "Female–female mounting in pumas." Journal of Ethology 38, no. 3 (June 23, 2020): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-020-00658-y.

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15

Leung Ng, Yu, and Kara Chan. "Do females in advertisements reflect adolescents’ ideal female images?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 31, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2013-0748.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigate how Chinese adolescent girls and boys construct their own ideal female images in response to gendered advertisements based on Arnett’s (1995) theory of self-socialization and Hirschman and Thompson’s (1997) three interpretive strategies. A qualitative interview study was conducted for this purpose. Design/methodology/approach – Altogether, 32 adolescents aged 15-19 living in 16 different provinces in China were recruited for a face-to-face interview. Three advertisements were shown depicting an elegant woman, an urban sophisticated female and a strong woman, and interviewees were asked to describe the appearance, the personality and the work and family life of the female character in each advertisement. They were asked to choose one of them as most closely representing their ideal female image. Findings – The interviewees constructed their ideal female images from the advertisement that best suited their ideal appearance, personality and work and family life. Female interviewees aspired to be like the elegant woman, identified with the urban sophisticated female and rejected the strong woman in the ads. Male interviewees appreciated the urban sophisticated female but rejected the strong woman. Research limitations/implications – With just 32 interviewees, the generalizability of the findings is limited. Practical implications – Female central characters in advertisements should be pilot-tested among the target audience to maximize levels of aspiration and identification. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine ideal female images from gendered advertisements among adolescent boys and girls in China.

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16

Edelman, A. J., and J. L. Koprowski. "Influence of female-biased sexual size dimorphism on dominance of female Townsend’s chipmunks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 12 (December 2006): 1859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-181.

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Female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD), a condition common in North American chipmunks, occurs when females are larger than males in a species. We examined the influence of body size on dominance of captive female Townsend’s chipmunks ( Tamias townsendii Bachman, 1839), a species that exhibits female-biased SSD, in all-female and mixed-sex dyadic encounters. In all-female dyads, large female chipmunks were more frequently dominant over small female opponents. In mixed-sex dyads, large females were always dominant over small males. Female-biased SSD in Townsend’s chipmunks appears to indirectly allow large females to more frequently dominate small female and male conspecifics. Greater dominance could increase reproductive success of large female chipmunks by increasing access to resources.

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17

T. T., ALADE,. "FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: A THREAT TO FEMALE SPORTS PARTICIPATION IN EKITI STATE." American Journal of Applied Sciences 06, no. 04 (April 23, 2024): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume06issue04-05.

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Female Genital Mutilation is widespread among the various ethnic groups and socio-economic groups and classes and it is usually practice for cultural, religious, and ritual purposes, often as part of initiation rite into womanhood. Noting that the health of a girl-child is paramount to effective sport participation among elites. Without an optimal healthy living among female or girl-child, sports participation will be male gender focused, leading to gender inequality in sports. Hence, the researcher seek to examine female genital mutilation as impediment to sports participation amongst girl-child in Ekiti State. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study and two hundred (200) respondents were selected using multi-staged sampling techniques. A self-constructed questionnaire was developed by the researcher to collect data for the study. The instrument was validated by experts and a reliability coefficient of 0.86 was obtained using split half method of reliability. All data collected was analysed using inferential statistics of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Regression to test the hypotheses set for the study at 0.05 level of significance. From the results of the study, that female Genital Mutilation had significant impact on health of a girl-child/women in the society and thereby affecting female sport participation in Ekiti State. Majorly, psychological trauma and health implications of FGM tends to have significant impact on sport participation of females in sport. The researcher therefore recommended that planned health education campaigns are mandatory to elude the drawbacks of female genital mutilation and hazards of continuation of the practice so as to promote the healthy living of female in order to facilitate their participation in sport as well as maintain a balance of gender equality in sport.

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18

Kuester, Jutta, and Andreas Paul. "Female-Female Competition and Male Mate Choice in Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)." Behaviour 133, no. 9-10 (1996): 763–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00468.

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AbstractDue to a strong breeding synchronization, the Barbary macaque is a likely candidate for female competition for access to mates, female reproductive suppression, and male mate choice. The present study evaluated the significance of these factors for the mating system of this species. Female competition was analysed from focal observations of 19 out of 59 potentially reproductive females in their conception period. Ad libitum recorded sexual interactions of all animals were used for an analysis of male mate choice. The focal females were aggressive towards females once per 6.1 h and received aggression from females once per 3.8 h. However, they were three times more frequently the target of male aggression (once per 1.2 h), whereby the aggressor was often the momentary sexual partner. Rate of aggression received from males and females was not related with female rank. Females of all cycle stages disturbed sexual contacts, whereby the intruder was dominant to the target in most episodes (86 out of 100). Intruders more attractive than their targets were most successful in terminating the sexual association of their target, but success of intrusions was low and not related with female rank. The intruder copulated with the former partner of her target in only 5 intrusion episodes. Rate and date of conception and infant survival was not related with female rank, indicating that aggression against females during the conception period and intrusions into sexual contacts did not impair reproduction. Therefore, female

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19

Vasey, Paul. "Female Choice and Inter-Sexual Competition for Female Sexual Partners in Japanese Macaques." Behaviour 135, no. 5 (1998): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792897897.

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AbstractObservations of a captive colony of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were carried out with the goal of documenting (1) competition between males and females for female sexual partners and (2) choice of same-sex sexual partners by females, despite the presence of motivated, opposite-sex alternatives. Data were collected during 21 homosexual consorts hips involving 14 females living in a mixed-sex group of 37 individuals. Intersexual competition for female sexual partners was manifested when a sexually motivated male and female (competitors) simultaneously sought exclusive access to the same infertile or post-conception female (focus of competition). This occurred during male intrusions on female homosexual consortships and counter-challenges by female competitors against intruding males. Inter-sexual competition for female sexual partners took the form of approaches and solicitations directed at the focus of competition, as well as displacements and aggression directed at one's competitor. Females did not acquire alloparental care for their immature offspring from their same-sex consort partners. Thus, female competitors appeared to engaged in potentially risky competition for same-sex sexual partners in the absence of any obvious reproductive benefit (e.g. insemination or alloparental care). Following these interactions, females which were foci of competition chose to mount with the female competitors significantly more often than not.

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Stelinski, L. L., and L. J. Gut. "Delayed mating in tortricid leafroller species: simultaneously aging both sexes prior to mating is more detrimental to female reproductive potential than aging either sex alone." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 3 (October 24, 2008): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006263.

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AbstractThe effect of delayed mating on reproductive potential, longevity and oviposition period of female redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana(Walker) and Pandemis leafroller,Pandemis pyrusanaKearfott, was investigated in the laboratory. Virgin female or male moths of each species were held for 1, 2, 4, 6 or 10 days prior to pairing with one-day-old virgin conspecifics of the opposite sex. In addition, reproductive potential was assessed when both sexes of each species were aged for those periods prior to pairing. The expected reproduction of femaleA. velutinanawas reduced by 34, 53, 71 and 81% for 2, 4, 6 and 10-day delays in female mating, respectively. ForP. pyrusana, expected reproduction was reduced by 47, 74, 85 and 93% for 2, 4, 6 and 10-day delays in female mating, respectively. Increasing male age at mating in both species had a lesser effect on female reproductive output compared with increasing female age at mating. As maleA. velutinanaage at mating increased, the expected reproduction of femaleA. velutinanawas reduced by 15, 45, 54 and 70% for 2, 4, 6 and 10-day delays, respectively. Comparing maleP. pyrusanaof various ages at mating, expected reproduction was reduced by 14, 42, 64 and 79% for 2, 4, 6 and 10-day delays in mating, respectively. The decrease in female reproduction when both sexes were aged prior to mating was higher than when either sex alone was aged prior to pairing with a one-day-old virgin of the opposite sex. The expected reproduction of femaleA. velutinanawas reduced by 60, 83, 96 and 98% for 2, 4, 6 and 10-day delays in mating of both sexes, respectively. Only 7.5% of female eggs hatched when both sexes ofA. velutinanawere aged ten days prior to mating. When simultaneously aging both sexes ofP. pyrusanaprior to mating, expected reproduction was reduced by 71, 93, 96 and 99% for 2, 4, 6 and 10-day delays in mating, respectively. NoP. pyrusanaeggs hatched after a ten-day delay of mating for both sexes. For both species, female longevity increased and duration of oviposition period decreased with increasing female age at mating. Our results demonstrate that delayed mating in both females and males negatively affects female reproductive output in both species and that simultaneous aging of both sexes prior to mating has a greater effect than aging either sex alone. Our results suggest that laboratory studies that have paired aged females or aged males with conspecifics of optimal reproductive maturity have likely underestimated the effects of delayed mating on reproductive output.

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21

Murtazaeva, Feruza Rashitovna. "PHILOSOPHY OF “FEMALE PROSE”." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 3, no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2019/3/3/12.

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The article considers “female prose” as a phenomenon. Of particular interest is the work of the bright Russian writer Victoria Tokareva. Tokareva is interested in such moral categories as mental uneasiness, the need for self-expression, the fear of loneliness. These categories are never addressed by low-quality, purely entertaining writers, where the reader becomes an “imaginer” or “dreamer,” a passive consumer and observer. Whose work can be attributed to the galaxy of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, Tatyana Tolstoy, Lyudmila Ulitskaya, etc.

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22

Dyanmote, Anuradha, Vinayak Kshirsagar, Sagar R. Ambre, Shahaji Chavan, Sree Ganesh B, Shrreya Akhil, and N. T. Nitin. "Adult Female Lump Abdomen." New Indian Journal of Surgery 8, no. 4 (2017): 598–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/nijs.0976.4747.8417.27.

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23

Salivkar, Dr Sanjay. "Female Foeticide : A Curse." Indian Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2012/57.

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24

Palanza, P., D. Della Seta, P. F. Ferrari, and S. Parmigiani. "Female competition in wild house mice depends upon timing of female/male settlement and kinship between females." Animal Behaviour 69, no. 6 (June 2005): 1259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.09.014.

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25

Cobb, Matthew, and Jean-Francois Ferveur. "Female Mate Discrimination or Male Responses to Females Stimulation?" Evolution 50, no. 4 (August 1996): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410908.

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26

Karp, Karen, Candy Allen, Linda G. Allen, and Elizabeth Todd Brown. "Feisty Females: Using Children's Literature with Strong Female Characters." Teaching Children Mathematics 5, no. 2 (October 1998): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.5.2.0088.

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Girls enter school more mathematics ready than boys. By the time they graduate from high school, however, females have been outdistanced by males in the number of higher-level mathematics courses taken and in the results of crucial tests, such as the mathematics portion of the Scholastic Achievement Test (American Association of University Women 1991). They are also much less likely to pursue majors and careers that relate to mathematics.

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27

Shugart, Gary W., Mary A. Fitch, and Glen A. Fox. "Female Floaters and Nonbreeding Secondary Females in Herring Gulls." Condor 89, no. 4 (November 1987): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368540.

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28

Watts, David P. "Harassment of Immigrant Female Mountain Gorillas by Resident Females." Ethology 89, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb00300.x.

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29

Cox, Nicole B. "Banking on Females: Bravo's Commodification of the Female Audience." Communication, Culture & Critique 8, no. 3 (January 23, 2015): 466–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12091.

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30

Mishra, VineetV, Sakshi Nanda, Bhumika Vyas, Rohina Aggarwal, Sumesh Choudhary, and SuwaRam Saini. "Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among Indian fertile females." Journal of Mid-life Health 7, no. 4 (2016): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.195692.

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31

Elzeblawy Hassan, Hanan. "Female Genital Mutilation: Females' Intention in Northern Upper Egypt." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/144.

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Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is an ancient cultural practice, predating the Bible and therefore the Koran, and has no basis in any religion. It is related to deep social and cultural ideas impeded in several societies regarding femininity and modesty because it is viewed as girls clean and delightful only after being genitally cut. FGM/C is additionally viewed as a protection of virginity, and it prevents premarital sex. Aim: The present study was carried find out to assess Females' Intention in Northern Upper Egypt regarding Female Genital Mutilation. Subject & Methods: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study was used. The study was conducted in family health centers (FHCs) in different sitting at Beni-Suef Governorate. A Convenient sample was used. А Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet which includes three sections: Socio-demographic data, Intention to practice FGM/C, and Causes for intention or not to practicing FGM/C. Results: The mean age of the studied participants was 22.6±5. Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation is 71.4percentage, 29.7percentage of participants are suffering from complications after FGM. About 28.6percentage of females who had mutilated their daughters were planning to mutilate their other daughters in the future. More than one-third of females (35.5percentage) had an unfavorable attitude and 40.5percentage had poor levels of knowledge regarding FGM/C. 71.3percentage of females mentioned that the source of their information about FGM/C was their personal experience. Conclusion: Northern Upper Egyptian Females' Intention regarding intention of mutilating their daughters was significantly affected by demographic characteristics, level of knowledge, and level of attitude, source information, exposure to complications or pressure from family and neighbors. Recommendations: Alleviate females' intention toward Female Genital Mutilation should be improving their awareness regarding complications and Egyptian law against FGM, established by improve females' resistance toward family or neighbor regarding bad and harmful traditions.

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32

Darden, Safi K., and Lauren Watts. "Male sexual harassment alters female social behaviour towards other females." Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (October 5, 2011): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0807.

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Male harassment of females to gain mating opportunities is a consequence of an evolutionary conflict of interest between the sexes over reproduction and is common among sexually reproducing species. Male Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata spend a large proportion of their time harassing females for copulations and their presence in female social groups has been shown to disrupt female–female social networks and the propensity for females to develop social recognition based on familiarity. In this study, we investigate the behavioural mechanisms that may lead to this disruption of female sociality. Using two experiments, we test the hypothesis that male presence will directly affect social behaviours expressed by females towards other females in the population. In experiment one, we tested for an effect of male presence on female shoaling behaviour and found that, in the presence of a free-swimming male guppy, females spent shorter amounts of time with other females than when in the presence of a free-swimming female guppy. In experiment two, we tested for an effect of male presence on the incidence of aggressive behaviour among female guppies. When males were present in a shoal, females exhibited increased levels of overall aggression towards other females compared with female only shoals. Our work provides direct evidence that the presence of sexually harassing males alters female–female social behaviour, an effect that we expect will be recurrent across taxonomic groups.

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33

Nguyen, Bach. "Female Entrepreneurship, Female Employment, and Productivity." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 12017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.12017abstract.

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34

Bednar, Steven, and Dora Gicheva. "Are Female Supervisors More Female-Friendly?" American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.370.

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We introduce the idea that easily inferable demographic characteristics such as gender may not be sufficient to define type in the supervisor-employee mentoring relationship. We use longitudinal data on athletic directors at NCAA Division I programs to identify through observed mobility the propensity of top-level administrators to hire and retain female head coaches, above and beyond an organization's culture. We show that supervisor gender appears to be unrelated to female friendliness in this setting. Overall, our findings indicate that more focus should be placed on the more complex manager type defined by attitudes in addition to attributes.

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35

Heg, Dik, and Rob van Treuren. "Female–female cooperation in polygynous oystercatchers." Nature 391, no. 6668 (February 1998): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35612.

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Allen, Michael. "Female mentors help retain female students." Physics World 30, no. 7 (July 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/30/7/20.

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CAMPOS-OUTCALT, DOUG, and STEVEN HURWITZ. "Female-to-Female Transmission of Syphilis." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29, no. 2 (February 2002): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200202000-00010.

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Greenhouse, Peter. "FEMALE-TO-FEMALE TRANSMISSION OF HIV." Lancet 330, no. 8555 (August 1987): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92425-1.

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Monzon, OfeliaT, and JoseM B. Capellan. "FEMALE-TO-FEMALE TRANSMISSION OF HIV." Lancet 330, no. 8549 (July 1987): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)93071-6.

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Shindel, Alan W., Michael Krychman, Rose Hartzell-Cushanick, Sophie Bergeron, and Lesley Marson. "Androgens/Female Clinical/Female Basic Science." Sexual Medicine 3, no. 2 (June 2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sm2.72.

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Knott, Cheryl, Lydia Beaudrot, Tamaini Snaith, Sarah White, Hartmut Tschauner, and George Planansky. "Female-Female Competition in Bornean Orangutans." International Journal of Primatology 29, no. 4 (August 2008): 975–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-008-9278-1.

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Midamegbe, Afiwa, Arnaud Grégoire, Philippe Perret, and Claire Doutrelant. "Female–female aggressiveness is influenced by female coloration in blue tits." Animal Behaviour 82, no. 2 (August 2011): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.04.020.

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Karvonen, Eevi, Pekka T. Rintamäki, and Rauno V. Alatalo. "Female–female aggression and female mate choice on black grouse leks." Animal Behaviour 59, no. 5 (May 2000): 981–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1379.

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Sasaki, Eri, Yuiri Tomita, and Kouta Kanno. "Sex differences in vocalizations to familiar or unfamiliar females in mice." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 12 (December 2020): 201529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201529.

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Mice, both wild and laboratory strains, emit ultrasound to communicate. The sex differences between male to female (male–female) and female to female (female–female) ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been discussed for decades. In the present study, we compared the number of USVs emitted to familiar and unfamiliar females by both males (male–female USVs) and females (female–female USVs). We found that females vocalized more to unfamiliar than to familiar females. By contrast, males exhibited more USVs to familiar partners. This sexually dimorphic behaviour suggests that mice change their vocal behaviour in response to the social context, and their perception of the context is based on social cognition and memory. In addition, because males vocalized more to familiar females, USVs appear to be not only a response to novel objects or individuals, but also a social response.

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Reyes-Ramírez, Alicia, Maya Rocha-Ortega, and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar. "Female preferences when female condition and male ornament expression vary." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz160.

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Abstract Variation in the condition of females can affect their mate preferences. This may explain variation in the expression of male ornaments. We tested these ideas in the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor), a species in which females choose males based on their pheromones. We modified female condition using diets that differed in proteins and carbohydrates. We then allowed females to choose among males in which we had previously modified pheromone expression (either by varying diets as in females, or by fungal infection). Females were offered a choice between two males, both of which had been fed the same diet as the female, but which differed in whether they were infected or not. We repeated the same diet and infection treatments to determine whether poor (lower carbohydrate) diets decrease survival in both sexes. There was no effect of female diet on mate choice, but the infection state of the male did have an effect, with infected males being preferred. It is possible that infected males invest their resources in producing pheromones rather than attacking the pathogen. Both sexes, independent of infection, had higher survival when fed carbohydrate-rich diets. The results showed no effect of female condition on their preferences, at least not prior to copulation.

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Rosenberger, Joanna, Artur Kowalczyk, Ewa Łukaszewicz, and Tomasz Strzała. "Female-Male and Female-Female Social Interactions of Captive Kept Capercaillie (Tetrao Urogallus) and Its Consequences in Planning Breeding Programs." Animals 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040583.

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Capercaillie behavior, both in the wild and in captivity, is poorly known due to this species’ secretive way of life. Female-male and female–female social organization and interactions are especially poorly documented. The research was conducted in Capercaillie Breeding Center in Wisła Forestry District where a breeding flock is kept throughout the year. Thanks to video monitoring, we were able to observe mate choice, and then later, female–female interactions during laying and incubation period. Male individual variation in tooting latency and duration were recorded. Females’ interest in males was related to males’ tooting activity, but when males became too insistent and started to chase the females, the females avoided contact with them. There was a significant relationship between calendar date and when tooting starts, and between the tooting duration the female spent with a male. Two incidents of female-male aggression caused by competition for food were observed. Female intruder presence and competition for nesting place was observed in 66.67% nests. Most female–female interactions were limited to threat posturing, but fights and attempts to push out the intruder from the nest occurred as well. Such interactions may lead to nest abandonment and egg destruction, lowering the breeding success.

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Burke, Terry. "Extraordinary Sex Roles in the Eurasian Dotterel: Female Mating Arenas, Female-Female Competition, and Female Mate Choice." American Naturalist 144, no. 1 (July 1994): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285662.

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Liliani, Liliani, and Christian Budiman Urbanus. "The role of female leadership and female entrepreneurship in business in Surabaya." Journal of Economics, Business, & Accountancy Ventura 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v17i1.264.

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The issue of gender equality has still been a global topic. This implies that male and female should be treated equally. In Indonesia, the realization of gender equality should be pursued by providing wider opportunities for females in various aspects such as in social life with their role in the economy. Nowadays, females can freely open businesses or become entrepreneurs, and even they have opportunity to lead an organization. However, in reality, the number of business females is still very limitedcompared to the males. For that reason, it requires empowering the female for increasing the number of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia. This study provides a typical character of leadership and entrepreneurship of females in running the business. It explores the role of leadership and entrepreneurship of female in business in Surabaya. This is qualitative methods of case study, with in-depth interviews on the informants of female entrepreneurs who have business in Surabaya. It shows that females leadership in business applies transformational and transactional leadership style. Yet, they tend to act as a controller while the role as an enabler is done only for certain conditions. From the entrepreneurship point of view, it shows an important role of entrepreneurship that is to build a culture of innovation and create competitiveness.

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Grant, James W. A., and Patricia E. Foam. "Effect of operational sex ratio on femalefemale versus malemale competitive aggression." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-217.

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We compared the patterns of femalefemale and malemale competition in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in response to changes in the operational sex ratio (OSR), the ratio of sexually active members of one sex to sexually active members of the opposite sex. As expected, courtship behaviour and intrasexual aggression were more frequent in males than in females. However, the overall patterns of femalefemale and malemale aggression were similar: intrasexual aggression increased with the OSR (female/male OSR for females and male/female OSR for males), consistent with predictions of mating-systems theory. A comparative analysis of our data and those from three other studies indicated that the rate of intrasexual aggression was greater in males than in females, but the patterns of intrasexual aggression were similar: the rate increased linearly and with a common slope with increasing OSR over a range of 0.43.

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Stuart-Fox, Devi M., and Martin J. Whiting. "Male dwarf chameleons assess risk of courting large, aggressive females." Biology Letters 1, no. 2 (May 20, 2005): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0299.

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Conflict between the sexes has traditionally been studied in terms of costs of mating to females and female resistance. However, courting can also be costly to males, especially when females are larger and aggressively resist copulation attempts. We examined male display intensity towards females in the Cape dwarf chameleon, Bradypodion pumilum , in which females are larger than males and very aggressive. We assessed whether aggressive female rejection imposes potential costs on males and whether males vary their display behaviour with intensity of female rejection, female size or relative size differences. Males persisted in courtship after initial female rejection in 84% of trials, and were bitten in 28% of trials. Attempted mounts were positively associated with males being bitten. Males reduced courtship with increased intensity of female rejection. Male courtship behaviour also varied with female size: males were more likely to court and approach smaller females, consistent with the hypothesis that larger females can inflict more damage. These results suggest that, in addition to assessing female willingness to mate, male dwarf chameleons may use courtship displays to assess potential costs of persistence, including costs associated with aggressive female rejection, weighed against potential reproductive pay-offs associated with forced copulation.

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