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Journal articles on the topic 'Female triathletes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Youngman, Jason, and Duncan Simpson. "Risk for Exercise Addiction: A Comparison of Triathletes Training for Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and Ironman-Distance Triathlons." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 2014): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0010.

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Researchers have noted that when taken to an excessive level, exercise may become addictive. This study investigated the risk of exercise addiction for triathletes using the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI; Terry, Szabo, & Griffths, 2004). The sample consisted of 1,285 male and female triathletes, ranging in age from 18–70 years old. Results indicated that approximately 20% of triathletes are at risk for exercise addiction, and that training for longer distance races (i.e., Olympic, Half-Ironman, and Ironman) puts triathletes at greater risk for exercise addiction than training for shorter races (i.e., Sprint). No significant association was found between the risk for exercise addiction and the number of years of participating. However, as the number of weekly training hours increased, so did a triathlete’s risk for exercise addiction. At-risk triathletes need greater clinical attention, and further research should be conducted to help clinicians develop awareness and appropriate interventions.

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2

Mujika, Iñigo. "Olympic Preparation of a World-Class Female Triathlete." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 4 (July 2014): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0245.

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Detailed accounts of the training programs followed by today’s elite triathletes are lacking in the sport-science literature. This study reports on the training program of a world-class female triathlete preparing to compete in the London 2012 Olympic Games. Over 50 wk, she performed 796 sessions (303 swim, 194 bike, 254 run, 45 strength training), ie, 16 ± 4 sessions/wk (mean ± SD). Swim, bike, and run training volumes were, respectively, 1230 km (25 ± 8 km/wk), 427 h (9 ± 3 h/wk), and 250 h (5 ± 2 h/wk). Training tasks were categorized and prescribed based on heart-rate values and/or speeds and power outputs associated with different blood lactate concentrations. Training performed at intensities below her individual lactate threshold (ILT), between the ILT and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), and above the OBLA for swim were 74% ± 6%, 16% ± 2%, 10% ± 2%; bike 88% ± 3%, 10% ± 1%, 2.1% ± 0.2%; and run 85% ± 2%, 8.0% ± 0.3%, 6.7% ± 0.3%. Training organization was adapted to the busy competition calendar (18 events, of which 8 were Olympic-distance triathlons) and continuously responded to emerging information. Training volumes were 35–80% higher than those previously reported for elite male and female triathletes, but training intensity and tapering strategies successfully followed recommended best practice for endurance athletes. This triathlete placed 7th in London 2012, and her world ranking improved from 14th to 8th at the end of 2012.

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3

Knechtle, Beat, Barbara Baumann, Patrizia Knechtle, Andrea Wirth, and Thomas Rosemann. "A Comparison of Anthropometry between Ironman Triathletes and Ultra-swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0020-7.

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A Comparison of Anthropometry between Ironman Triathletes and Ultra-swimmersWe intended to compare the anthropometry of male and female Ironman triathletes with the anthropometry of male and female ultra-swimmers. Body mass, body mass index and body fat were lower in both male and female triathletes compared to swimmers. Body height and length of limbs were no different between the two groups. In the multi-variate analysis, in male triathletes, body mass (p=0.015) and percent body fat (p=0.0003) were related to race time; percent body fat was also related to the swim split (p=0.0036). In male swimmers, length of the arm was related to race time (p=0.0089). In female triathletes and swimmers, none of the investigated anthropometric variables showed an association with race time. We concluded that Ironman triathletes and ultra-swimmers were different regarding anthropometry and that different anthropometric variables were related to race time. We assume that other factors, such as training and equipment, as opposed to anthropometry, may better predict race time in male and female Ironman triathletes.

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4

Carter, Eric A., and Michael S. Koehle. "Immersion Pulmonary Edema in Female Triathletes." Pulmonary Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/261404.

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Pulmonary edema has been reported in SCUBA divers, apnea divers, and long-distance swimmers however, no instances of pulmonary edema in triathletes exist in the scientific literature. Pulmonary edema may cause seizures and loss of consciousness which in a water environment may become life threatening. This paper describes pulmonary edema in three female triathletes. Signs and symptoms including cough, fatigue, dyspnea, haemoptysis, and rales may occur within minutes of immersion. Contributing factors include hemodynamic changes due to water immersion, cold exposure, and exertion which elevate cardiac output, causing pulmonary capillary stress failure, resulting in extravasation of fluid into the airspace of the lung. Previous history is a major risk factor. Treatment involves immediate removal from immersion and in more serious cases, hospitalization, and oxygen administration. Immersion pulmonary edema is a critical environmental illness of which triathletes, race organizers, and medical staff, should be made aware.

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5

Wethington, Holly, Claudia Flowers, Michael Turner, and Rita DiGioacchino DeBate. "Eating Attitudes, Body Image, and Nutrient Intake in Female Triathletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 11, no. 2 (October 2002): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.11.2.115.

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Focusing on female triathletes, this study was an exploration of behaviors and attitudes that may lead to disordered eating among female triathletes. One hundred and eighty-eight female triathletes residing in the U.S. completed an Internet-based questionnaire comprised of measures for disordered eating, body size distortion and dissatisfaction, and food consumption. Statistically significant relationships were identified regarding Preoccupation with Weight and Food Consumption (r= 0.52, p=0.005), Oral Control and Food Consumption (r= 0.32, p=0.04), and Food Restriction and Food Consumption (r= −0.30, p=0.04). Body Size Distortion was also significantly correlated to Food Consumption (r= −0.19, p=0.01), especially among the Sprint distance competitors (r= −0.21, p=0.02). Based upon the findings we suggest food restriction, body size distortion, and disordered eating attitudes are apparent among female triathletes, especially those who are club level athletes and short distance competitors.

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6

Galán-Rioja, Miguel Ángel, Fernando González-Mohíno, Dajo Sanders, Jesús Mellado, and José María González-Ravé. "Effects of Body Weight vs. Lean Body Mass on Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance in Endurance Athletes." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 08 (April 14, 2020): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1114-6206.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of body weight or lean body mass-based load on Wingate Anaerobic Test performance in male and female endurance trained individuals. Thirty-one participants (22 male cyclists and triathletes and 9 female triathletes) completed two randomized Wingate Anaerobic Test (body weight and lean body mass loads) in stationary start. There were no significant differences in power outputs variables between loads in any group. However, when comparing specific groups within the sample (e. g. cyclists vs cyclists) medium to large effect sizes were observed for Relative Mean Power Output (ES=0.53), Relative Lowest Power (ES=0.99) and Relative Power Muscle Mass (ES=0.54). Regarding gender differences, male cyclists and triathletes displayed higher relative and absolute power outputs (p<0.001) compared to female triathletes regardless of the protocol used. FI was lower in female triathletes compared to male triathletes and cyclists in body weight (p<0.001) and lean body mass (p<0.01) protocols. Body composition and anthropometric characteristics were similar in male cyclists and triathletes, but there were differences between genders. These results suggest that using either body weight-based or lean body mass-based load can be used interchangeably. However, there may be some practically relevant differences when evaluating this on an individual level.

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7

Cox, Gregory R., Rodney J. Snow, and Louise M. Burke. "Race-Day Carbohydrate Intakes of Elite Triathletes Contesting Olympic-Distance Triathlon Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 20, no. 4 (August 2010): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.4.299.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the prerace and during-race carbohydrate intakes of elite-level triathletes contesting draft-legal Olympic-distance triathlon (ODT) events. Self-reported prerace and during-race nutrition data were collected at 3 separate ODT events from 51 elite senior and under-23 triathletes. One hundred twenty-nine observations of food and fluid intake representing actual prerace (n = 62) and during-race (n = 67) nutrition practices from 36 male and 15 female triathletes were used in the final analysis of this study. Female triathletes consumed significantly more carbohydrate on the morning before race start when corrected for body mass and race start time than their male counterparts (p < .05). Male and female triathletes consumed 26% more energy (kJ/kg) and 24% more carbohydrate (g/kg) when commencing a race after midday (1:00–1:30 p.m.) than for a late morning (11:00–11:15 a.m.) race start. During the race, triathletes consumed less than 60 g of carbohydrate on 66% of occasions, with average total race intakes of 48 ± 25 and 49 ± 25 g carbohydrate for men and women, respectively. Given average race times of 1:57:07 hr and 2:08:12 hr, hourly carbohydrate intakes were ~25 g and ~23 g for men and women, respectively. Although most elite ODT triathletes consume sufficient carbohydrate to meet recommended prerace carbohydrate intake guidelines, during-race carbohydrate intakes varied considerably, with many failing to meet recommended levels.

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8

Garrido, G., M. Chamorro, E. Quintas, E. Diaz, and R. Ortega. "Nutritional status of junior female Spanish triathletes." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 24, no. 1 (1999): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1999.2127.

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9

Warburton, Darren E. R., Jonathon McGavock, Robert C. Welsh, Mark J. Haykowsky, H. Arthur Quinney, Dylan Taylor, and Vladimir Dzavik. "Late Potentials in Female Triathletes Before and After Prolonged Strenuous Exercise." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-012.

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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of late potentials (LP) in female triathletes before and after prolonged strenuous exercise (PSE), and to determine whether LP are related to greater left ventricular (LV) dimensions and/or mass. Thirteen female triathletes were examined immediately before (Pre), one hour after (Post), and 24 to 48 hours after PSE (Recovery) using signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG). Late potentials were evaluated by two or more standard SAECG anomalies. Left ventricular dimensions and mass were measured Pre using two-dimensional echocardiography. Results revealed that no significant differences existed between Pre, Post, and Recovery in the SAECG parameters. Four athletes displayed LP during Pre. The incidence of LP during did not increase Post. There were no significant relationships between LV dimensions or mass and SAECG parameters. In conclusion, a small portion of female triathletes display LP before and after PSE, which are not worsened by PSE nor related to increased LV dimensions and/or mass. Keywords: signal-averaged electrocardiogram, triathlon, left ventricular dimensions, women

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10

Beals, K. A. "Disordered eating in competitive male and female triathletes." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104 (August 2004): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.05.054.

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11

DiGioacchino DeBate, R., H. Wethington, and R. Sargent. "Body size dissatisfaction among male and female triathletes." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 7, no. 4 (December 2002): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03324979.

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12

Doering, Thomas M., Peter R. Reaburn, Gregory Cox, and David G. Jenkins. "Comparison of Postexercise Nutrition Knowledge and Postexercise Carbohydrate and Protein Intake between Australian Masters and Younger Triathletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 4 (August 2016): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0289.

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Postexercise nutrition is a critical component of an athlete’s recovery from training and competition. However, little is known about athletes’ postexercise dietary practices or knowledge of dietary recommendations, particularly among masters athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the knowledge of postexercise nutritional recommendations, and typical postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein, between masters and younger triathletes. 182 triathletes (Male = 101, Female = 81) completed an online survey distributed by Triathlon Australia. Knowledge of postexercise nutrition recommendations for protein and carbohydrate intake were assessed as a group, and contrasted between subgroups of masters (≥50 years) and younger triathletes (≤30 years). Using dietary recall, postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein were examined and contrasted between masters and younger triathletes. As a group, 43.1% and 43.9% of all triathletes answered, “I don’t know” when asked to identify the recommended postexercise carbohydrate and protein intakes, respectively. Dietary analysis revealed masters triathletes consumed significantly less carbohydrate (0.7 ± 0.4 g.kg-1) postexercise than recommended (1.0 g.kg-1; p = .001), and in comparison with younger triathletes (1.1 ± 0.6 g.kg-1; p = .01). Postexercise protein intakes were similar between masters (19.6 ± 13.5 g) and younger (26.4 ± 15.8 g) triathletes. However, relative to body mass, masters triathletes consumed significantly less protein (0.3 ± 0.2 g.kg-1) than younger triathletes (0.4 ± 0.2 g.kg-1; p = .03), and consumed significantly less energy postexercise (22.7 ± 11.7 kJ.kg-1) than younger triathletes (37.8 ± 19.2 kJ.kg-1; p = .01). The present data suggests triathletes have poor knowledge of recommendations for postexercise carbohydrate and protein intakes. Furthermore, low postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein by masters athletes may impair acute recovery.

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13

Danner, Tracy, and Sharon Ann Plowman. "Running Economy Following an Intense Cycling Bout in Female Duathletes and Triathletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 4, no. 1 (April 1995): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.4.1.29.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a preceding intense cycling bout on subsequent running economy in female duathletes and triathletes. Thirteen female duathletes and triathletes (age = 27.5 ± 3.36 yrs.) took part in three testing sessions: (a) measurement of running economy at 169, 177, 196, and 215 m·min−1 and running VO2 max; (b) remeasurement of running economy and measurement of cycling VO2 max; and (c) a 45 minute cycling bout at 70% of cycling VO2 max, immediately followed by measurement of running economy. Intraclass correlation coefficients between Day 1 and Day 2 running economy values ranged from 0.31 to 0.78. A systematic difference occurred at 169 m·min−1 only, with mean VO2 being higher on Day 1 than Day 2 (p<0.02). Based upon dependent t-tests, significantly higher running economy values (p<0.02) but not blood lactate concentrations (p>0.02) following the submaximal cycling bout compared to the control condition (mean of Day 1 and Day 2), at each of the four test velocities were found. Therefore we conclude that running economy was significantly impaired following a 45 minute intense cycling bout in female duathletes and triathletes, but lactate values remained constant.

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14

Leischik, Roman. "Physiological Performance and Cardiac Function in Female Ironman- Triathletes." American Journal of Sports Science 2, no. 2 (2014): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140202.16.

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15

Kimber, Nicholas E., Jenny J. Ross, Sue L. Mason, and Dale B. Speedy. "Energy Balance during an Ironman Triathlon in Male and Female Triathletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 1 (March 2002): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.1.47.

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Energy balance of 10 male and 8 female triathletes participating in an Ironman event (3.8-km swim, 180-km cycle, 42.2-km run) was investigated. Energy intake (EI) was monitored at 7 designated points by dietary recall of food and fluid consumption. Energy expenditure (EE) during cycling and running was calculated using heart rate-V̇O2 regression equations and during swimming by the multiple regression equation: Y = 3.65v + 0.02 W − 2.545 where Y is V̇O2 in L · min−1, v is the velocity in m · s−1, Wis the body weight in kilograms. Total EE (10.036 ± 931 and 8570 ± 1014 kcal) was significantly greater than total El (3940 ± 868 and 3115 ± 914kcal, p < .001) formales and females, respectively, although energy balance was not different between genders. Finishing time was inversely related to carbohydrate (CHO) intake (g · kg−1 · h−1) during the marathonrun formales (r=−.75, p < .05), and not females, suggesting that increasing CHO ingestion during the run may have been a useful strategy for improving Ironman performance in male triathletes.

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16

Robins, Anna, and Marion M. Hetherington. "A Comparison of Pre-Competition Eating Patterns in a Group of Non-Elite Triathletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 15, no. 4 (August 2005): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.15.4.442.

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A qualitative research study investigated food choice by triathletes prior to training and competition, and gauged attitudes towards nutritional management. Five focus groups were conducted with 7 male and 6 female non-elite triath-letes. Sessions were semi-structured, tape recorded, and transcribed verbatim for coding and analysis. Transcripts were coded using grounded theory and higher order themes emerged including: “somatic complaints,” “performance,” “trust,” “preferences,” and “routine.” Food choices, especially those of the more competitive triathletes, were made to maximize performance. Choices were based on past experience and “trial and error” rather than specialist advice. Subjects varied in nutritional knowledge, which appeared to relate to the level of competitiveness. More competitive triathletes were interested in improving performance but distrusted others making their nutritional choices. Less competitive triathletes embraced nutritional manipulation for gains in cognitive and athletic performance. “Trust” became a focus of the study and warrants further investigation, as this is a crucial component of providing nutritional advice to competitive athletes and to the general population.

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17

Leake, Christopher N., and J. E. L. Carter. "Comparison of body composition and somatotype of trained female triathletes." Journal of Sports Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 1991): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419108729874.

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18

Helge, E. W., M. Waaddegaard, A. Ottsen, and I. L. Kanstrup. "LOW OR NORMAL BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FEMALE ELITE TRIATHLETES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01281.

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19

DeBate, R. DiGioacchino, H. Wethington, and R. Sargent. "Sub-clinical eating disorder characteristics among male and female triathletes." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 7, no. 3 (September 2002): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03327459.

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20

Knez, Wade L., and Jonathan M. Peake. "The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 20, no. 6 (December 2010): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.507.

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Ultraendurance exercise training places large energy demands on athletes and causes a high turnover of vitamins through sweat losses, metabolism, and the musculoskeletal repair process. Ultraendurance athletes may not consume sufficient quantities or quality of food in their diet to meet these needs. Consequently, they may use oral vitamin and mineral supplements to maintain their health and performance. We assessed the vitamin and mineral intake of ultraendurance athletes in their regular diet, in addition to oral vitamin and mineral supplements. Thirty-seven ultraendurance triathletes (24 men and 13 women) completed a 7-day nutrition diary including a questionnaire to determine nutrition adequacy and supplement intake. Compared with dietary reference intakes for the general population, both male and female triathletes met or exceeded all except for vitamin D. In addition, female athletes consumed slightly less than the recommended daily intake for folate and potassium; however, the difference was trivial. Over 60% of the athletes reported using vitamin supplements, of which vitamin C (97.5%), vitamin E (78.3%), and multivitamins (52.2%) were the most commonly used supplements. Almost half (47.8%) the athletes who used supplements did so to prevent or reduce cold symptoms. Only 1 athlete used supplements on formal medical advice. Vitamin C and E supplementation was common in ultraendurance triathletes, despite no evidence of dietary deficiency in these 2 vitamins.

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21

Laurenson, N., K. Fulcher, and P. Korkia. "Physiological Characteristics of Elite and Club Level Female Triathletes During Running." International Journal of Sports Medicine 14, no. 08 (November 1993): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021210.

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22

McClanahan, Barbara S., Christopher M. Vukadinovich, Deborah L. Slawson, Kenneth D. Ward, and Michelle B. Stockton. "Dietary Status of Male and Female Triathletes During A Competitive Season." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486036.99804.17.

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23

McCowan, Kristin A., and Sari Edelstein. "Are Female Ultra-endurance Triathletes Getting a Sufficient Daily Carbohydrate Intake?" Topics in Clinical Nutrition 21, no. 2 (April 2006): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008486-200604000-00009.

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24

Scott, Jessica M., Ben T. A. Esch, Mark J. Haykowsky, Saul Isserow, Michael S. Koehle, Bevan G. Hughes, Dominik Zbogar, Shannon S. D. Bredin, Don C. McKenzie, and Darren E. R. Warburton. "Sex differences in left ventricular function and β-receptor responsiveness following prolonged strenuous exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 2 (February 2007): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00641.2006.

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Sex differences in neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to prolonged strenuous exercise (PSE) have been well documented. The aim of this investigation was to examine sex differences in left ventricular function and cardiac β-receptor responsiveness following a single bout of PSE. Nine male and eight female triathletes were examined during three separate sessions: before, immediately after, and 24 h following a half-ironman triathlon using dobutamine stress echocardiography. Steady-state graded infusions of dobutamine were used to assess β-receptor responsiveness. Slopes calculated from linear regressions between dobutamine doses and changes in heart rate and contractility for each participant were used as an index of β-receptor responsiveness. Despite no change in preload, fractional area change decreased from baseline after the race in both men and women, with a greater decrease in men [men: 54.1% (SD 2.1) to 50.7% (SD 3.4) vs. women: 55.4% (SD 2.7) to 53.3% (SD 2.5); P < 0.05]. The amount of dobutamine necessary to increase heart rate by 25 beats/min [men: 29.6 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 6.6) to 42.7 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 12.9) vs. women: 23.5 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 4.0) to 30.0 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 7.8); P < 0.05] and contractility by 10 mmHg/cm2 [men: 20.9 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 5.1) to 37.0 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 11.5) vs. women: 22.6 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 6.4) to 30.7 μg·kg−1·min−1 (SD 7.2); P < 0.05] was greater in both men and women postrace. However, the amount of dobutamine required to induce these changes was greater in men, reflecting larger β-receptor alterations in male triathletes following PSE relative to women. These data suggest that following an acute bout of PSE, male triathletes demonstrate an attenuated chronotropic and inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation compared with female triathletes.

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25

Rüst, Christoph Alexander. "A Comparison of Anthropometric and Training Characteristics between Recreational Female Marathoners and Recreational Female Ironman Triathletes." Chinese Journal of Physiology 56, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4077/cjp.2013.baa089.

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Kimber, N. E., J. J. Ross, S. L. Mason, and D. B. Speedy. "PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES AND ENERGY BALANCE IN MATCHED MALE AND FEMALE IRONMAN TRIATHLETES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00790.

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27

Millet, Grégoire. "Analysis of the female triathletes' performance: Consequences for the French Olympic strategy." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 24, no. 1 (1999): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1999.2106.

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28

Schneider, D., and J. Pollack. "Ventilatory Threshold and Maximal Oxygen Uptake during Cycling and Running in Female Triathletes." International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, no. 04 (August 1991): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024698.

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29

Couture, Jesse. "Triathlon Magazine Canada and the (Re-)Construction of Female Sporting Bodies." Sociology of Sport Journal 33, no. 2 (June 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2015-0010.

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This paper provides a critical look at the ways in which the female sporting body is discursively constructed within Triathlon Magazine Canada (TMC), Canada’s only triathlon-exclusive magazine. By exploring both visual and narrative representations of the athletic female sporting body, this paper exposes some of the discursive tensions that seem to persist in this popular triathlon-specific text. Both the sport of triathlon and the bodies of triathletes may each be understood as sites where essentialist ideas about the body can be effectively disrupted or challenged but TMC represents a façade of gender progressivism insofar as it (re)produces many of the same heteronormative representations of gender found in other popular sport magazines.

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30

Knechtle, Beat, Andrea Wirth, and Thomas Rosemann. "Is Body Fat a Predictor Variable for Race Performance in Recreational Female Ironman Triathletes?" Medicina Sportiva 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10036-011-0001-5.

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31

Gordon, Jennifer, Mark D. Blegen, Tracey Fogarty, Kathryn M. Murray, and Vincent J. Paolone. "The Effect Of Wet Suits On Heat Storage And Peak Vo2 Of Female Triathletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S169—S170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00894.

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Gordon, Jennifer, Mark D. Blegen, Tracey Fogarty, Kathryn M. Murray, and Vincent J. Paolone. "The Effect Of Wet Suits On Heat Storage And Peak Vo2 Of Female Triathletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S169???S170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00894.

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33

johnson, jay, Ted Butryn, and Matthew A. Masucci. "A focus group analysis of the US and Canadian female triathletes’ knowledge of doping." Sport in Society 16, no. 5 (January 18, 2013): 654–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2012.753522.

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Sorichter, S., M. Huonker, J. Mair, D. Rama, C. Calzolari, R. H??ulein, S. Grosse, B. Puschendorf, J. Keul, and H. Matthys. "MUSCLE PROTEIN RELEASE IN YOUNG MALE AND FEMALE TRIATHLETES DURING INTENSIVE ENDURANCE TRAINING 365." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (May 1997): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00364.

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Knechtle, Beat, Andrea Wirth, Barbara Baumann, Patrizia Knechtle, Thomas Rosemann, and Senn Oliver. "Differential Correlations Between Anthropometry, Training Volume, and Performance in Male and Female Ironman Triathletes." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, no. 10 (October 2010): 2785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c643b6.

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Nichols, Quentin, Rohit Ramadoss, and Stella Volpe. "Total Energy and Macronutrient Intakes in Masters Athletes." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab058_009.

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Abstract Objectives Athletes subscribe to different energy and macronutrient intakes based on the needs of the sport. The aim of our study was to evaluate total energy and macronutrient intakes between different types of Masters athletes. Methods Female and male Masters athletes participated in this cross-sectional study. Dietary consumption data were measured using Block's 2005 Food Frequency Questionnaire. A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare total energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat (in grams [g]) intakes among the athletes. When significant differences were found, a Fisher's LSD post hoc test was performed to identify specific group differences. The significance level was set a priori at P < 0.05. Results A total of 330 athletes (182 women and 148 men) were included in the study. Participants were 36.55 ± 11.2 years of age. The athlete population consisted of general athletes (n = 81), runners (n = 116), triathletes (n = 53), rowers (n = 46), and CrossFit athletes (n = 34). Runners (1941.35 ± 697.25 kilocolaries [kcal]), triathletes (2031.65 ± 912.02 kcal), and rowers (2004.15 ± 978.42 kcal) all had significantly greater total energy intakes compared to CrossFit athletes (1538.80 ± 491.74 kcal) (P < 0.05). Runners (226.21 ± 89.67 g) and triathletes (235.43 ± 134.29 g) had significantly greater carbohydrate intakes compared to CrossFit athletes (162.93 ± 66.99 g) (P < 0.05). Rowers (83.31 ± 44.74 g) had a significantly greater protein intake compared to CrossFit athletes (64.77 ± 21.32 g) (P = 0.027). Rowers (87.35 ± 45.91 g) had a significantly greater fat intake compared to CrossFit athletes (68.86 ± 25.10 g) (P = 0.041). Conclusions Based on our data, runners, triathletes, and rowers all had greater total energy intake compared to CrossFit athletes. Rowers also consumed significantly more protein and fat than CrossFit athletes. Rowers may consume more protein and fat due to the combination of endurance and strength needed to meet the demands of the sport. Further research is needed to continue evaluating total energy and macronutrient intakes between different types of Masters athletes. Funding Sources This project was unfunded.

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Neidel, Wolfram, Hotfiel, Engelhardt, Koch, Lee, and Zwingenberger. "Cross-Sectional Investigation of Stress Fractures in German Elite Triathletes." Sports 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7040088.

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Triathlon is a popular sport for both recreational and competitive athletes. This study investigated the rates and patterns of stress fractures in the German national triathlon squad. We developed a web-based retrospective questionnaire containing questions about the frequency of stress fractures, anatomic localisation and associated risk factors. The survey was conducted as an explorative cross-sectional study. Eighty-six athletes completed the questionnaire. Twenty athletes (23%) sustained at least one stress fracture. All documented stress fractures were located in the lower extremities. Factors associated with a higher risk for stress fractures were female gender, competitive sport prior to triathlon career, Vitamin D or iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances and a high number of annual training hours. Disseminating knowledge among athletes and their professional community in order to raise awareness about early symptoms and relevant risk factors could help to improve prevention and reduce the incidence of stress fractures.

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Morrissey, Margaret C., Jacob N. Kisiolek, Tristan J. Ragland, Brandon D. Willingham, Rachael L. Hunt, Robert C. Hickner, and Michael J. Ormsbee. "The effect of cold ambient temperature and preceding active warm-up on lactate kinetics in female cyclists and triathletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44, no. 10 (October 2019): 1043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0698.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold ambient temperature on lactate kinetics with and without a preceding warm-up in female cyclists/triathletes. Seven female cyclists/triathletes participated in this study. The randomized, crossover study included 3 experimental visits that comprised the following conditions: (i) thermoneutral temperature (20 °C; NEU); (ii) cold temperature (0 °C) with no active warm-up (CNWU); and (iii) cold temperature (0 °C) with 25-min active warm-up (CWU). During each condition, participants performed a lactate threshold (LT) test followed by a time to exhaustion trial at 120% of the participant’s peak power output (PPO) as determined during prior peak oxygen consumption testing. Power output at LT with CNWU was 10.2% ± 2.6% greater than with NEU, and the effect was considered very likely small (effect size (ES) = 0.59, 95%–99% likelihood). Power output at LT with CNWU was 4.2% ± 5.4% greater than with CWU; however, the effect was likely trivial (ES = 0.25, 75%–95% likelihood). At LT, there were no significant differences between interventions groups in oxygen consumption, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion. Time to exhaustion at 120% at PPO was 11% longer with CNWU than with CWU (ES = 0.62, respectively), and this effect was likely small. These findings suggest that power output at LT was higher in CNWU compared with NEU. Additionally, time to exhaustion at 120% of PPO was higher in CNWU compared with CWU and no different than NEU; these differences likely result in a small improvement in performance with CNWU versus CWU and NEU.

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Knechtle, Beat, Andrea Wirth, Barbara Baumann, Patrizia Knechtle, Götz Kohler, Thomas Rosemann, and Oliver Senn. "An Ironman Triathlon Does Not Lead to a Change in Body Mass in Female Triathletes." Research in Sports Medicine 18, no. 2 (April 13, 2010): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438621003627059.

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Scott, Jessica M., Ben T. A. Esch, Dominik Zbogar, Michael S. Koehle, Shannon S. D. Bredin, Mark J. Haykowsky, Don C. McKenzie, Darren E. R. Warburton, and Karim Khan. "Effects of Prolonged Strenuous Exercise on Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling in Male and Female Triathletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-02269.

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Piacentini, Maria Francesca, Veronica Vleck, and Romuald Lepers. "Effect of age on the sex difference in Ironman triathlon performance." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 104 (2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019030.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age on the sex differences in (3.8 km) swim, (180 km) cycle, (42 km) run, and overall performance time at the 2018 Ironman triathlon World Championship. Sex differences in performance times were analysed for the top 10 male and female amateur triathletes of each 5 years age group between 18–24 years and 70–74 years. Independent of age, the averaged sex difference in swimming, cycling, running, and overall performance time was 14.0 ± 3.3%, 15.6 ± 3.1%, 15.3 ± 6.8% and 15.1 ± 3.6%, respectively. There was no significant change with age in the sex difference in performance for swimming. For both cycling and running, the sex difference in performance of the age groups whose athletes were older than 60 years were significantly greater than those of younger age groups. Such results suggest that, in Ironman triathletes, the increase in the sex difference in performance with advancing age is discipline dependent. Further examination of the (physiological and training load related) factors that are associated with the age-related decline in Ironman triathlon performance is required to understand why the sex difference in cycling and running performance increases with age.

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Masucci, Matthew A., Ted M. Butryn, and Jay A. Johnson. "Knowledge and perceptions of doping practices and anti-doping education among elite North American female triathletes." Performance Enhancement & Health 6, no. 3-4 (June 2019): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.02.001.

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Millet, Grégoire, Didier Chollet, Jean-Claude Chatard, and G. P. Millet. "Effects of drafting behind a two- or a six-beat kick swimmer in elite female triathletes." European Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 5-6 (August 15, 2000): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210000232.

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Johnson, Kasey B., Christopher P. Connolly, Stephanie P. Cho, Thomas K. Miller, Robert Laird, and W. Douglas B. Hiller. "Clinical Presentation Of Exercise-associated Hyponatremia In Male And Female Ironman-distance Triathletes Over Three Decades." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53, no. 8S (August 2021): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000763728.56621.a5.

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Temesi, John, Edward C. Rhodes, and Robert H. Langill. "The Effects Of Prior Swimming And Cycling On Cardiorespiratory Variables In Highly-trained Female Sprint-distance Triathletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00545.

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Temesi, John, Edward C. Rhodes, and Robert H. Langill. "The Effects Of Prior Swimming And Cycling On Cardiorespiratory Variables In Highly-trained Female Sprint-distance Triathletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00545.

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Titchenal, C. A., R. M. Graybill-Yuen, K. Q. Yuen, K. W. Ho, and R. K. Hetzler. "EFFECTS OF A FAT-RICH DIET ON MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE AND TIME-TO-EXHAUSTION IN FEMALE TRIATHLETES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01142.

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Galy, Olivier, Laurent Maimoun, Olivier Coste, Jérôme Manetta, Alain Boussana, Christian Préfaut, and Olivier Hue. "Aggravation of Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity in Highly Trained Athletes by 6 Weeks of Low-Volume, Low-Intensity Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 6 (November 2013): 648–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.6.648.

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Purpose:Postexercise alveolar-capillary membrane-diffusing capacity (DLco) often decreases in highly trained endurance athletes and seems linked to their training status. To test the hypothesis that training status influences postexercise DLco, 13 male and 2 female triathletes (20.2 ± 4.4 y old, 175.2 ± 6.7 cm tall; weight in a range of 66.6 ± 7.4 kg to 67.4 ± 7.8 kg during the 1-y study) were randomized into experimental (n = 7) and control (n = 8) groups and performed VO2max cycle tests and simulated cycle-run successions (CR) of 30 min + 20 min after 3 periods in the competitive season.Methods:Both groups were tested before (pre- HTP) and after a 30-wk high-training period (HTP) with high training volume, intensity, and frequency. The experimental group was then also tested after a 6-wk low-training period (LTP) with low training volume, intensity, and frequency, while the control group continued training according to the HTP schedule for these 6 wk. Ventilatory data were collected continuously. DLco testing was performed before and 30, 60, and 120 min after the CR trials.Results:Whatever the period or group, DLco was significantly decreased 30 min after CR, with a significantly greater decrease in the experimental group than the control group in LTP (−15.7% and –9.3% of DLco, respectively).Conclusions:Six weeks of low training volume and intensity were sufficient to reverse the effects of high training volume and intensity on the alveolar-capillary membrane after a CR succession in competitive triathletes.

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Montenegro, Cristhian F., David A. Kwong, Zev A. Minow, Brian A. Davis, Christina F. Lozada, and Gretchen A. Casazza. "Betalain-rich concentrate supplementation improves exercise performance and recovery in competitive triathletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 2 (February 2017): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0452.

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We aimed to determine the effects of a betalain-rich concentrate (BRC) of beetroots, containing no sugars or nitrates, on exercise performance and recovery. Twenty-two (9 men and 13 women) triathletes (age, 38 ± 11 years) completed 2 double-blind, crossover, randomized trials (BRC and placebo) starting 7 days apart. Each trial was preceded by 6 days of supplementation with 100 mg·day−1 of BRC or placebo. On the 7th day of supplementation, exercise trials commenced 120 min after ingestion of 50 mg BRC or placebo and consisted of 40 min of cycling (75 ± 5% maximal oxygen consumption) followed by a 10-km running time trial (TT). Subjects returned 24 h later to complete a 5-km running TT to assess recovery. Ten-kilometer TT duration (49.5 ± 8.9 vs. 50.8 ± 10.3 min, p = 0.03) was faster with the BRC treatment. Despite running faster, average heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were not different between treatments. Five-kilometer TT duration (23.2 ± 4.4 vs 23.9 ± 4.7 min, p = 0.003), 24 h after the 10-km TT, was faster in 17 of the 22 subjects with the BRC treatment. Creatine kinase, a muscle damage marker, increased less (40.5 ± 22.5 vs. 49.7 ± 21.5 U·L−1, p = 0.02) from baseline to after the 10-km TT and subjective fatigue increased less (–0.05 ± 6.1 vs. 3.23 ± 6.1, p = 0.05) from baseline to 24 h after the 10-km TT with BRC. In conclusion, BRC supplementation improved 10-km TT performance in competitive male and female triathletes. Improved 5-km TT performances 24 h after the 10-km TT and the attenuated increase of creatine kinase and fatigue suggest an increase in recovery while taking BRC.

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McGawley, Kerry, Oliver Shannon, and James Betts. "Ingesting a high-dose carbohydrate solution during the cycle section of a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon improves subsequent run performance." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 4 (August 2012): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-040.

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The well-established ergogenic benefit of ingesting carbohydrates during single-discipline endurance sports has only been tested once within an Olympic-distance (OD) triathlon. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of ingesting a 2:1 maltodextrin/fructose solution with a placebo on simulated OD triathlon performance. Six male and 4 female amateur triathletes (age, 25 ± 7 years; body mass, 66.8 ± 9.2 kg; peak oxygen uptake, 4.2 ± 0.6 L·min–1) completed a 1500-m swim time-trial and an incremental cycle test to determine peak oxygen uptake before performing 2 simulated OD triathlons. The swim and cycle sections of the main trials were of fixed intensities, while the run section was completed as a time-trial. Two minutes prior to completing every quarter of the cycle participants consumed 202 ± 20 mL of either a solution containing 1.2 g·min–1 of maltodextrin plus 0.6 g·min–1 of fructose at 14.4% concentration (CHO) or a sugar-free, fruit-flavored drink (PLA). The time-trial was 4.0% ± 1.3% faster during the CHO versus PLA trial, with run times of 38:43 ± 1:10 min:s and 40:22 ± 1:18 min:s, respectively (p = 0.010). Blood glucose concentrations were higher in the CHO versus PLA trial (p < 0.001), while perceived stomach upset did not differ between trials (p = 0.555). The current findings show that a 2:1 maltodextrin/fructose solution (1.8 g·min–1 at 14.4%) ingested throughout the cycle section of a simulated OD triathlon enhances subsequent 10-km run performance in triathletes.

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