Journal articles: 'Female reproductive function'

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Bidne, K. L., M. J. Dickson, J. W. Ross, L. H. Baumgard, and A. F. Keating. "Disruption of female reproductive function by endotoxins." Reproduction 155, no. 4 (April 2018): R169—R181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0406.

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Endotoxemia can be caused by obesity, environmental chemical exposure, abiotic stressors and bacterial infection. Circumstances that deleteriously impact intestinal barrier integrity can induce endotoxemia, and controlled experiments have identified negative impacts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; an endotoxin mimetic) on folliculogenesis, puberty onset, estrus behavior, ovulation, meiotic competence, luteal function and ovarian steroidogenesis. In addition, neonatal LPS exposures have transgenerational female reproductive impacts, raising concern about early life contacts to this endogenous reproductive toxicant. Aims of this review are to identify physiological stressors causing endotoxemia, to highlight potential mechanism(s) by which LPS compromises female reproduction and identify knowledge gaps regarding how acute and/or metabolic endotoxemia influence(s) female reproduction.

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Nothnick, Warren B. "The role of micro-RNAs in the female reproductive tract." REPRODUCTION 143, no. 5 (May 2012): 559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0240.

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Proper development and function of the female reproductive tract are essential for successful reproduction. Regulation of the differentiated functions of the organs that make up the female reproductive tract is well established to occur at multiple levels including transcription, translation, and posttranslational modifications. Micro-RNA (miRNA)-mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation has emerged as a fundamental mechanism controlling normal tissue development and function. Emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs are expressed within the organs of the female reproductive tract where they function to regulate cellular pathways necessary for proper function of these organs. In this review, the functional significance of miRNAs in the development and function of the organs of the female reproductive tract is discussed. Initial discussion focuses on the role of miRNAs in the development of the organs of the female reproductive tract highlighting recent studies that clearly demonstrate that mice with disrupted Dicer1 expression are sterile, fail to develop uterine glands, and have muted estrogen responsiveness. Next, emphasis moves to discussion on our current knowledge on the characterization of miRNA expression in each of the organs of the female reproductive tract. When possible, information is presented and discussed with respect to regulation, function, and/or functional targets of these miRNA within each specific organ of the female reproductive tract.

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Pettigrew, R., and D. Hamilton-Fairley. "Obsesity and female reproductive function." British Medical Bulletin 53, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011617.

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M, Hitit. "Putative Role of Micro - RNA s i n Female Reproductive Tract." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 2, no. 2 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000131.

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Female reproductive tract is composed of ovarium, oviduct, cervix and uterus. Development and function of reproductive tract is dispens a ble for maintenance and achievement of reproduction. Reproductive tract responses to cyclic changes and ovarium hormones which provide optimum conditions for gam e t e movement and development. While the potential influence of pitu i tary and gonadal hormones on reproductive function is clearly understood, the molecular mechanism regulating reproductive tract remains elusive. Although, post - transcriptional gene regulation has critical role in cell differ e ntiation and proliferation, little information is ava i lable in post - transcriptional gene regulation in reproductive tract. Post - transcriptional g ene regulation includes splicing, processing, transport and translation of mRNA. In addition, role of RNA binding proteins and recently discovered miRNAs were also implicated in reproductive tract.

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Li, Biao, Zhihui Yang, Jingwen Hou, April McCracken, M. Anita Jennings, and Mark Y. J. Ma. "Compromised Reproductive Function in Adult Female Mice Selectively Expressing Mutant ErbB-1 Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Astroglia." Molecular Endocrinology 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 2365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2003-0023.

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Abstract The ErbB-1 tyrosine kinase receptor plays critical roles in regulating physiological functions. This receptor-mediated signaling in astroglia has been implicated in controlling female sexual development via activating neurons that release LH-releasing hormone (LHRH), the neuropeptide required for the secretion of LH. It remains unknown whether astroglial ErbB-1 receptors are necessary for maintaining normal adult reproductive function. Here we provide genetic evidence that astroglia-specific and time-controlled disruption of ErbB-1 receptor signaling by expressing mutant ErbB-1 receptors leads to compromised reproduction due to alteration in LHRH neuron-controlled secretion of LH in adult female mice. Therefore, astroglial ErbB-1 receptors are required for controlling LHRH neuronal function and thus maintaining adult reproduction, suggesting that compromised astroglial ErbB-1 signaling may also contribute to reproductive abnormalities in aging females.

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Tsai, Chia-Kuang, Yuan-Yuei Chen, Chung-Hsing Chou, Tung-Wei Kao, Chih-Sung Liang, Fu-Chi Yang, Chung-Ching Wang, Jiunn-Tay Lee, and Wei-Liang Chen. "Female reproductive health and cognitive function." Menopause 27, no. 12 (August 24, 2020): 1357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000001630.

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Reverchon, Maxime, Christelle Ramé, Michael Bertoldo, and Joëlle Dupont. "Adipokines and the Female Reproductive Tract." International Journal of Endocrinology 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/232454.

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It is well known that adipose tissue can influence puberty, sexual maturation, and fertility in different species. Adipose tissue secretes molecules called adipokines which most likely have an endocrine effect on reproductive function. It has been revealed over the last few years that adipokines are functionally implicated at all levels of the reproductive axis including the gonad and hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Many studies have shown the presence and the role of the adipokines and their receptors in the female reproductive tract of different species. These adipokines regulate ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. They are also present in the uterus and placenta where they could create a favorable environment for embryonic implantation and play a key role in maternal-fetal metabolism communication and gestation. Reproductive functions are strongly dependent on energy balance, and thereby metabolic abnormalities can lead to the development of some pathophysiologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipokines could be a link between reproduction and energy metabolism and could partly explain some infertility related to obesity or PCOS.

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Forkun, V. I., and O. M. Bobrytska. "New approaches to improving the reproductive function of females dogs." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 25, no. 112 (December 3, 2023): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet11222.

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The aim of the work was to establish the effectiveness of the application of a complex reproductive protocol to improve the reproductive capacity of females. The essence of the protocol consists in a combination of monitoring and treatment and preventive measures, which are carried out from the moment of planning the pregnancy of the females dogs until birth and the first weeks after birth, which are combined into a complex reproductive protocol. The protocol includes three stages (preparation for pregnancy; management of the reproductive females dogs during pregnancy; postpartum period). The experiment was conducted on 25 bull terrier female (Canis familiaris) of different ages. The effectiveness of the application of a complex reproductive protocol in the breeding of bull terrier female was experimentally established which is characterized by an increase in the efficiency of insemination, the weight of the nest and the viability of the puppies. In particular, the efficiency of fertilization of female was 92 % (against 72 % in the control group). Using a complex reproductive protocol, the viability of the resulting puppies was slightly higher than that of the female of the research group. In particular, 84.7 % of puppies obtained in the group following the Protocol had high indicators of viability (APGAR – 7–10 points), which is 6.9 % more than the indicators in the control group of animals. Also, in the experimental group, 9.3 % of animals had average APGAR scores (4–6 points), and only 5.9 % of puppies had a low degree of viability (APGAR – 0–3 points). Regarding multifertility, in the control group of female, most female (33.3 %) had 5 pups each, while 22.1 % had 6–7 pups in the nest, 27.8 % of animals had 2–3 pups each. In addition, one females had one puppy. The conducted tests of the Protocol established an increase in the fertility of females. Thus, 62.5 % of the female of the experimental group had from 5 to 7 puppies, which is 6.9 % more than the indicators of the female of the control group. In addition, only one female from the experimental group had 2 and 3 puppies, respectively, and there was no female with one born puppy. Therefore, the effectiveness of the application of a complex reproductive protocol in the breeding of bull terrier female, which is characterized by an increase in the efficiency of insemination, litter mass and viability of puppies, has been established.

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Holumbiovska, T. V., and V. Y. Stefanyk. "Disorders of reproductive function in female dogs and methods of diagnostic." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 83 (March 2, 2018): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8376.

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In recent years, small animals veterinary medicine in Ukraine has undergone significant development and change. The increase of issue of breeding, obtain healthy offspring leads to magnificatition disorders of reproduction function in dogs. Therefore, the development of modern methods for diagnosis of reproductive system diseases and correction of reproductive function in dogs is important. Infertility is a temporary or prolonged loss of reproductive capacity by the female dogs as a result of various factors inborn or acquired in the process of life. Disorders of reproduction function caused by different etiologic factors. The main reasons can be conventionally divided into problems associated with dogs, infertility in females (disorders of estrous cycle) and infertility with physiological estrous cycle. The infertility includes disorders that are characterized by absence of estrous and prolonged proestrous / estrus and decreasing period between estrous. Other causes disorders of reproduction function are: incorrect insemination, stress, disease of uterus, disease of ovaries, infectional disease (Brucella canis, Herpes virus canis, other infectional disease), idiopathic infertility. Gynecological examination in female dogs aimed to identifying the causes of infertility should be carried out according to the established scheme, which includes the collection of anamnesis, examination, and laboratory studies. The main methods of research to determine the causes of infertility are: vaginal secretions, vaginoscopy, vaginal cytology, microbiological studies, radiography, hysteroscopy, hysterography, ultrasound examination of the uterus determination of the concentration of sex hormones in the blood.

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Qazi, Izhar, Christiana Angel, Haoxuan Yang, Bo Pan, Evangelos Zoidis, Chang-Jun Zeng, Hongbing Han, and Guang-Bin Zhou. "Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Female Reproduction: A Review." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 3053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123053.

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Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that has several important functions in animal and human health. The biological functions of Se are carried out by selenoproteins (encoded by twenty-five genes in human and twenty-four in mice), which are reportedly present in all three domains of life. As a component of selenoproteins, Se has structural and enzymatic functions; in the latter context it is best recognized for its catalytic and antioxidant activities. In this review, we highlight the biological functions of Se and selenoproteins followed by an elaborated review of the relationship between Se and female reproductive function. Data pertaining to Se status and female fertility and reproduction are sparse, with most such studies focusing on the role of Se in pregnancy. Only recently has some light been shed on its potential role in ovarian physiology. The exact underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms through which Se or selenoproteins modulate female reproduction are largely unknown; their role in human pregnancy and related complications is not yet sufficiently understood. Properly powered, randomized, controlled trials (intervention vs. control) in populations of relatively low Se status will be essential to clarify their role. In the meantime, studies elucidating the potential effect of Se supplementation and selenoproteins (i.e., GPX1, SELENOP, and SELENOS) in ovarian function and overall female reproductive efficiency would be of great value.

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Harrath, Abdel Halim, Md Ataur Rahman, Sujay Kumar Bhajan, Anup Kumar Bishwas, MD Hasanur Rahman, Saleh Alwasel, Maroua Jalouli, Sojin Kang, Moon Nyeo Park, and Bonglee Kim. "Autophagy and Female Fertility: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapies." Cells 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2024): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13161354.

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Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism essential for maintaining internal stability, plays a crucial function in female reproductive ability. In this review, we discuss the complex interplay between autophagy and several facets of female reproductive health, encompassing pregnancy, ovarian functions, gynecologic malignancies, endometriosis, and infertility. Existing research emphasizes the crucial significance of autophagy in embryo implantation, specifically in the endometrium, highlighting its necessity in ensuring proper fetal development. Although some knowledge has been gained, there is still a lack of research on the specific molecular impacts of autophagy on the quality of oocytes, the growth of follicles, and general reproductive health. Autophagy plays a role in the maturation, quality, and development of oocytes. It is also involved in reproductive aging, contributing to reductions in reproductive function that occur with age. This review explores the physiological functions of autophagy in the female reproductive system, its participation in reproductive toxicity, and its important connections with the endometrium and embryo. In addition, this study investigates the possibility of emerging treatment approaches that aim to modify autophagy, using both natural substances and synthetic molecules, to improve female fertility and reproductive outcomes. Additionally, this review intends to inspire future exploration into the intricate role of autophagy in female reproductive health by reviewing recent studies and pinpointing areas where current knowledge is lacking. Subsequent investigations should prioritize the conversion of these discoveries into practical uses in the medical field, which could potentially result in groundbreaking therapies for infertility and other difficulties related to reproduction. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the many effects of autophagy on female fertility would not only further the field of reproductive biology but also open new possibilities for diagnostic and treatment methods.

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Fletcher, Endia J., Ramsés Santacruz-Márquez, Vasiliki E. Mourikes, Alison M. Neff, Mary J. Laws, and Jodi A. Flaws. "Effects of Phthalate Mixtures on Ovarian Folliculogenesis and Steroidogenesis." Toxics 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050251.

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The female reproductive system is dependent upon the health of the ovaries. The ovaries are responsible for regulating reproduction and endocrine function. Throughout a female’s reproductive lifespan, the ovaries undergo continual structural changes that are crucial for the maturation of ovarian follicles and the production of sex steroid hormones. Phthalates are known to target the ovaries at critical time points and to disrupt normal reproductive function. The US population is constantly exposed to measurable levels of phthalates. Phthalates can also pass placental barriers and affect the developing offspring. Phthalates are frequently prevalent as mixtures; however, most previous studies have focused on the effects of single phthalates on the ovary and female reproduction. Thus, the effects of exposure to phthalate mixtures on ovarian function and the female reproductive system remain unclear. Following a brief introduction to the ovary and its major roles, this review covers what is currently known about the effects of phthalate mixtures on the ovary, focusing primarily on their effects on folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Furthermore, this review focuses on the effects of phthalate mixtures on female reproductive outcomes. Finally, this review emphasizes the need for future research on the effects of environmentally relevant phthalate mixtures on the ovary and female reproduction.

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Vetharaniam, I., A. J. Peterson, K. P. McNatty, and T. K. Soboleva. "Modelling female reproductive function in farmed animals." Animal Reproduction Science 122, no. 3-4 (December 2010): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.015.

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Brown, Kimberly A., and Michael R. Lucey. "Liver transplantation restores female reproductive endocrine function." Hepatology 13, no. 6 (June 1991): 1255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840130636.

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Conti, Marco. "Phosphodiesterases and regulation of female reproductive function." Current Opinion in Pharmacology 11, no. 6 (December 2011): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2011.10.004.

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Murali Punniakotti, Sundarapandian Subramanian, and Pratheepa sivasankari. "Effect of thymectomy on the female reproductive cycle in prepubertal and pubertal female guinea pigs." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 1155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4257.

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The proper function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is essential for maintaining proper female reproductive function. In female mammals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis regulates reproductive changes that take place in the estrus cycle and are necessary for successful reproduction. This study aimed to investigate the influence of thymus gland on the female reproductive function in different stages of life. This present study was conducted to investigate the effect of thymectomy on the estrus cycle in prepubertal (5th week) and pubertal (7th week) thymectomized guinea pigs. In this study, 24 female guinea pigs, six thymectomized and six sham-operated in each group were studied. Gonadotropin and 17β-estradiol levels were assessed at regular intervals (days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15) of the estrus cycle, and the length of the oestrous cycle in the thymectomized and sham-operated guinea pigs was determined. The results showed no significant difference in gonadotropin and 17β-estradiol were detected in thymectomized versus sham-operated guinea pigs at any intervals of the oestrous cycle. Thymectomy did not affect the length of the oestrous cycle of females. In conclusion, the present study results suggested that the presence of thymus during prepubertal and pubertal life was not necessary to regulate the oestrous cycle of female guinea pigs.

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Peterson, Rhett L., Kate C. Parkinson, and Jeffrey B. Mason. "Restoration of immune and renal function in aged females by re-establishment of active ovarian function." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 10 (2017): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd16333.

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Proper immune functioning is necessary to maximize reproductive success. In addition, age-associated uremia in women is often associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal dysfunction. In the present experiments, we tested immune and renal function to determine if exposure of postreproductive mice to young, reproductively cycling ovaries would influence non-reproductive physiological functions. Control female CBA/J mice were evaluated at 6, 13 and 16 months of age. Additional mice received new (60-day-old) ovaries at 12 months of age and were evaluated at 16 months of age. Consequently, 6-month-old control mice and 16-month-old recipient mice both possessed 6-month-old ovaries and were reproductively cycling. A significant age-related decline in immune function (T-cell subset analysis) was found in 16-month-old mice, but was improved 64% by ovarian transplantation. Renal function (blood urea nitrogen : creatinine ratio) was also decreased with aging, but ovarian transplantation restored function to levels found in 6-month-old mice. In summary, we have shown that immune and renal function, which are negatively influenced by aging, can be positively influenced or restored by re-establishment of active ovarian function in aged female mice. These findings provide a strong incentive for further investigation of the positive influence of young ovaries on restoration of health in postreproductive females.

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Reese, Jeff, Xuemei Zhao, Wen-Ge Ma, Naoko Brown, Timothy J. Maziasz, and S. K. Dey. "Comparative Analysis of Pharmacologic and/or Genetic Disruption of Cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase-2 Function in Female Reproduction in Mice*." Endocrinology 142, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 3198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.7.8307.

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Abstract Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandins are critical in female reproduction. Gene targeting studies show that ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and decidualization are defective in COX-2 deficient mice. We used genetic and pharmacologic approaches to perturb COX function and examine the differential and synergistic effects of inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, or of both isoforms on reproductive outcomes during early pregnancy in mice. The results demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 produces more severe effects on early pregnancy events than inhibition of either isoform alone. The effects of pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 on female reproductive functions were less severe than the null mutation of the COX-2 gene. A combined approach showed that COX-2 inhibition in COX-1−/− mice induced complete reproductive failure, suggesting a lack of alternative sources of prostaglandin synthesis. This investigation raises caution regarding the indiscriminate use of COX inhibitors and shows for the first time the distinct and overlapping pathways of the cyclooxygenase systems in female reproduction.

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Yang, Haoxuan, Izhar Hyder Qazi, Bo Pan, Christiana Angel, Shichao Guo, Jingyu Yang, Yan Zhang, et al. "Dietary Selenium Supplementation Ameliorates Female Reproductive Efficiency in Aging Mice." Antioxidants 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120634.

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Female reproductive (ovarian) aging is distinctively characterized by a markedly reduced reproductive function due to a remarkable decline in quality and quantity of follicles and oocytes. Selenium (Se) has been implicated in playing many important biological roles in male fertility and reproduction; however, its potential roles in female reproduction, particularly in aging subjects, remain poorly elucidated. Therefore, in the current study we used a murine model of female reproductive aging and elucidated how different Se-levels might affect the reproductive efficiency in aging females. Our results showed that at the end of an 8-week dietary trial, whole-blood Se concentration and blood total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were significantly reduced in Se-deficient (0.08 mg Se/kg; Se-D) mice, whereas both of these biomarkers were significantly higher in inorganic (0.33 mg/kg; ISe-S) and organic (0.33 mg/kg; OSe-S) Se-supplemented groups. Similarly, compared to the Se-D group, Se supplementation significantly ameliorated the maintenance of follicles and reduced the rate of apoptosis in ovaries. Meanwhile, the rate of in vitro-produced embryos resulting from germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes was also significantly improved in Se-supplemented (ISe-S and OSe-S) groups compared to the Se-D mice, in which none of the embryos developed to the hatched blastocyst stage. RT-qPCR results revealed that mRNA expression of Gpx1, Gpx3, Gpx4, Selenof, p21, and Bcl-2 genes in ovaries of aging mice was differentially modulated by dietary Se levels. A considerably higher mRNA expression of Gpx1, Gpx3, Gpx4, and Selenof was observed in Se-supplemented groups compared to the Se-D group. Similarly, mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and p21 was significantly lower in Se-supplemented groups. Immunohistochemical assay also revealed a significantly higher expression of GPX4 in Se-supplemented mice. Our results reasonably indicate that Se deficiency (or marginal levels) can negatively impact the fertility and reproduction in females, particularly those of an advancing age, and that the Se supplementation (inorganic and organic) can substantiate ovarian function and overall reproductive efficiency in aging females.

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Xu, Tong, Xi Li, Lin Yang, Yongqiang Zhang, Li Zhang, Zhan Guo, Xiaodan Cheng, et al. "Impact of Cold Exposure on the Reproductive Function in Female Rats." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 22, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3674906.

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Female reproductive system diseases caused by exposure to a cold environment are widely considered as important human health challenges. Although the projection of female reproduction in cold temperature has been studied, a holistic view on the probable effects of cold exposure on the functions of the female reproductive system has not been achieved. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of cold exposure to the functions of the ovary and uterus in female rats. For this purpose, female rats were randomly grouped as follows: (1) the cold group was exposed to -10°C, 4 h per day for 2 weeks, and (2) the normal temperature (23 ± 1°C) group was used as control. Alterations were observed in different parameters, including body weight gain, organ coefficients, estrus cycle, and pathology of the cold-exposed female rats. Similarly, the serum reproductive hormones and mRNA expression were evaluated. Cold exposure induced estrus cycle irregularity and some alterations in the morphology of the ovary. Cold exposure impairs the function of the ovary probably by changing the level of serum LH and increasing LHR expression. Cold exposure induced a significant reduction of uterine epithelium height. Cold exposure causes alterations in the morphology of the uterus probably because of the effect of progesterone, the increase in the PR level, and the decrease in the ER level.

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Murali, P., J. Radhika, and D. Alwin. "Effect of thymectomy on the female reproductive cycle in neonatal guinea pigs." Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine 47, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2019.02999.

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Objective: The appropriate function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is essential for maintaining proper reproductive function. In female mammals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulates reproductive changes that take place in the estrus cycle and are necessary for successful reproduction. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of thymectomy on the estrus cycle in neonatally thymectomized guinea pigs.Methods: In this study, 12 female guinea pigs, six thymectomized and six sham-operated, were studied. The effects of neonatal thymectomy at 5–7 days of age on parameters of the reproductive axis were examined in female guinea pigs. Gonadotropin and 17β-estradiol levels were assessed at regular intervals (days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15) of the estrus cycle, and the time of vaginal opening in the thymectomized and shamoperated guinea pigs was determined.Results: Significant reductions in gonadotropins and 17β-estradiol levels during estrus cycle were found in neonatally thymectomized female guinea pigs compared to sham-operated guinea pigs.Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the importance of the thymus in the neonatal period for normal female reproductive function.

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Gomes, C. M., C. Raineki, P. Ramos de Paula, G. S. Severino, C. V. V. Helena, J. A. Anselmo-Franci, C. R. Franci, G. L. Sanvitto, and A. B. Lucion. "Neonatal handling and reproductive function in female rats." Journal of Endocrinology 184, no. 2 (February 2005): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.05907.

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Neonatal handling induces anovulatory estrous cycles and decreases sexual receptivity in female rats. The synchronous secretion of hormones from the gonads (estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P)), pituitary (luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormones) and hypothalamus (LH-releasing hormone (LHRH)) are essential for the reproductive functions in female rats. The present study aimed to describe the plasma levels of E2 and P throughout the estrous cycle and LH, FSH and prolactin (PRL) in the afternoon of the proestrus, and the LHRH content in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), median eminence (ME) and medial septal area (MSA) in the proestrus, in the neonatal handled rats. Wistar pup rats were handled for 1 min during the first 10 days after delivery (neonatal handled group) or left undisturbed (nonhandled group). When they reached adulthood, blood samples were collected through a jugular cannula and the MPOA, ME and MSA were microdissected. Plasma levels of the hormones and the content of LHRH were determined by RIA. The number of oocytes counted in the morning of the estrus day in the handled rats was significantly lower than in the nonhandled ones. Neonatal handling reduces E2 levels only on the proestrus day while P levels decreased in metestrus and estrus. Handled females also showed reduced plasma levels of LH, FSH and PRL in the afternoon of the proestrus. The LHRH content in the MPOA was significantly higher than in the nonhandled group. The reduced secretion of E2, LH, FSH and LHRH on the proestrus day may explain the anovulatory estrous cycle in neonatal handled rats. The reduced secretion of PRL in the proestrus may be related to the decreased sexual receptiveness in handled females. In conclusion, early-life environmental stimulation can induce long-lasting effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis.

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Hanada, Takumi, Anji Kobayash, Hajime Yaguchi, and Kiyoto Maekawa. "Protein localization and potential function of lipocalin in Reticulitermes speratus queens." PLOS ONE 19, no. 10 (October 7, 2024): e0311836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311836.

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To understand the mechanisms underlying social evolution and caste development in social insects, caste-specific organs and genes should be investigated. In the rhinotermitid termite, Reticulitermes speratus, the lipocalin gene RS008881, which encodes a protein transporter, is expressed in the ovarian accessory glands of primary queens. To obtain additional data on its expression and product localization, we conducted real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein assays using a peptide antibody. Gene expression analysis of the castes revealed that RS008881 was highly expressed in female primary and secondary reproductives. Further analysis of its expression during reproductive caste differentiation showed that its expression levels increased prior to molting into reproductive individuals, even during the winged imago (alates) stage. Western blotting and fluorescent immunohistochemical staining revealed that the RS008881 product was localized in the ovary as well as the eggshells produced by female reproductives. RS008881 may play a significant role in the reproductive biology of R. speratus; protein localization in both the ovary and eggshell suggests multiple functions related to embryo protection and potential pheromone interactions.

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Dontsova, Dontsova T. V., Kalinina E. A. Kalinina, Nikolaeva M. A. Nikolaeva, Babayan A A. Babayan A, and Alieva K. U. Alieva. "Influence of seminal plasma on female reproductive function." Akusherstvo i ginekologiia 10_2017 (November 2, 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2017.10.20-25.

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Metwally, M., T. C. Li, and W. L. Ledger. "The impact of obesity on female reproductive function." Obesity Reviews 8, no. 6 (November 2007): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00406.x.

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Devlieger, R., I. Guelinckx, and G. Vansant. "The impact of obesity on female reproductive function." Obesity Reviews 9, no. 2 (March 2008): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00460.x.

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Yashchuk, A. G., A. V. Maslennikov, L. A. Dautova, Sh N. Galimov, Z. G. Gurova, L. K. Valieva, and E. A. Berg. "The role of platelets in female reproductive function." Rossiiskii vestnik akushera-ginekologa 17, no. 4 (2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/rosakush201717420-24.

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Botwood, Nicholas, Diana Hamilton-Fairley, Deborah Kiddy, Stephen Robinson, and Stephen Franks. "Sex hormone-binding globulin and female reproductive function." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 53, no. 1-6 (June 1995): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(95)00108-c.

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Rose, Evangeline M., Derek A. Coss, Casey D. Haines, Sheridan A. Danquah, Colin E. Studds, and Kevin E. Omland. "Why do females sing?—pair communication and other song functions in eastern bluebirds." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 3, 2019): 1653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz130.

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Abstract Female bird song has been underappreciated and understudied, especially in temperate species. Birdsong was originally thought to be a trait used primarily by male songbirds for mate attraction and male/male contest. However, ornithologists have long known that females sing in many tropical songbirds, often for similar functions to male song. Yet, studies of female song in temperate regions remain scarce. Increasing our understanding of the function of female song in temperate species is a powerful step towards discerning the selective pressures that maintain elaborate female signals. In the last few decades, studies of temperate species have highlighted five major functional categories of female song. Using a modeling framework, based on all known functions of song in other species, we tested the function of female song in eastern bluebirds. The modeling framework allowed us to test the effect of multiple complex behaviors simultaneously to predict female song function. Additionally, modeling mitigated issues of multiple testing across the five different functional categories. We found that female song in eastern bluebirds is primarily used in pair communication. Specifically, females sing to strengthen and maintain long-term pair bonds. Strengthening pair-bonds may be advantageous for eastern bluebirds as pairs that remain together between nesting attempts and between years have higher reproductive success. We demonstrate a clear link between the function of female song in pair communication and the likely selective force of long-term pair bonds acting on eastern bluebird reproductive success. Additionally, our study highlights a major function of female song in a temperate species.

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Rubenstein, Dustin R., Carlos A. Botero, and Eileen A. Lacey. "Discrete but variable structure of animal societies leads to the false perception of a social continuum." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 5 (May 2016): 160147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160147.

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Animal societies are typically divided into those in which reproduction within a group is monopolized by a single female versus those in which it is shared among multiple females. It remains controversial, however, whether these two forms of social structure represent distinct evolutionary outcomes or endpoints along a continuum of reproductive options. To address this issue and to determine whether vertebrates and insects exhibit the same patterns of variation in social structure, we examined the demographic and reproductive structures of 293 species of wasps, ants, birds and mammals. Using phylogenetically informed comparative analyses, we found strong evidence indicating that not all reproductive arrangements within social groups are viable in nature and that in societies with multiple reproductives, selection favours instead taxon-specific patterns of decrease in the proportion of breeders as a function of group size. These outcomes suggest that the selective routes to sociality differ depending upon whether monopolization of reproduction by one individual is possible and that variation within and among taxonomic groups may lead to the false perception of a continuum of social structures. Thus, the occurrence of very large societies may require either complete reproductive monopolization (monogyny/singular breeding) or the maintenance of a taxon-specific range of values for the proportional decrease in the number of breeders within a group (polygyny/plural breeding), both of which may reduce reproductive conflict among females.

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Nicholas, Cari, Joseph Davis, Thomas Fisher, Thalia Segal, Marilena Petti, Yan Sun, Andrew Wolfe, and Genevieve Neal-Perry. "Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Programs Reproductive Dysfunction in Female Mice Offspring Through Adverse Effects on the Neuroendocrine Axis." Endocrinology 157, no. 4 (January 7, 2016): 1535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1638.

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Abstract Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency affects more than 1 billion people worldwide with a higher prevalence in reproductive-aged women and children. The physiological effects of maternal VitD deficiency on the reproductive health of the offspring has not been studied. To determine whether maternal VitD deficiency affects reproductive physiology in female offspring, we monitored the reproductive physiology of C57BL/6J female offspring exposed to diet-induced maternal VitD deficiency at three specific developmental stages: 1) in utero, 2) preweaning, or 3) in utero and preweaning. We hypothesized that exposure to maternal VitD deficiency disrupts reproductive function in exposed female offspring. To test this hypothesis, we assessed vaginal opening and cytology and ovary and pituitary function as well as gonadotropin and gonadal steroid levels in female offspring. The in utero, preweaning, and in utero and preweaning VitD deficiency did not affect puberty. However, all female mice exposed to maternal VitD deficiency developed prolonged and irregular estrous cycles characterized by oligoovulation and extended periods of diestrus. Despite similar gonadal steroid levels and GnRH neuron density, females exposed to maternal VitD deficiency released less LH on the evening of proestrus. When compared with control female offspring, there was no significant difference in the ability of females exposed to maternal VitD deficiency to respond robustly to exogenous GnRH peptide or controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. These findings suggest that maternal VitD deficiency programs reproductive dysfunction in adult female offspring through adverse effects on hypothalamic function.

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Nagao, T., Y. Saito, K. Usumi, M. Nakagomi, S. Yoshimura, and H. Ono. "Disruption of the reproductive system and reproductive performance by administration of nonyiphenol to newborn rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 5 (May 2000): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815909.

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A number of alkylphenolic compounds are used in a variety of commercial products and have been shown in in vitro studies to be weakly estrogenic, but few in vivo data are available addressing this issue in mammals. Human ex-posure to alkylphenols may occur not only from these environmental contaminants but also through contact with manufactured and metabolic breakdown products. The reproductive function of rats treated subcutaneously with nonylphenol (NP, 500 mg/kg/day) or 17Q3-estradiol (E2, 2 mg/kg/day) as a positive control, from postnatal days 1 to 5 was examined after puberty. In addition, masculine sexual behavior, sperm motion, plasma testosterone concentration and histopathological changes in the reproductive organs of the rats were examined. Furthermore, male rats were subjected to an open field test and wheel cage test to evaluate locomotor activity, and the estrous cycle was examined in female rats. All male and female rats exposed neonatally to NP or E2 showed macroscopic and/or microscopic altera-tions of the gonads. Females treated with NP or E2 showed an altered estrous cycle and abnormal reproductive function, while males treated with NP or E2 showed normal reproduc-tion. In males exposed neonatally to NP or E2, no abnorm-alities were observed in locomotor activity, sperm motion or plasma testosterone concentration. The results of this study indicate that early neonatal exposure to NP causes dysfunc-tion of postpubertal reproductive function in female rats, as well as disrupted development of gonads in male and female rats. More detailed studies are warranted to assess the possible risks to human and wildlife reproduction from exposure to NP and other environmental chemicals with estrogenic activity.

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Blum, Thomas, Ana Moreno-Pérez, Martina Pyrski, Bernd Bufe, Anela Arifovic, Petra Weissgerber, Marc Freichel, Frank Zufall, and Trese Leinders-Zufall. "Trpc5 deficiency causes hypoprolactinemia and altered function of oscillatory dopamine neurons in the arcuate nucleus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 30 (July 8, 2019): 15236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905705116.

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Dopamine neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) tonically inhibit the release of the protein hormone prolactin from lactotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland and thus play a central role in prolactin homeostasis of the body. Prolactin, in turn, orchestrates numerous important biological functions such as maternal behavior, reproduction, and sexual arousal. Here, we identify the canonical transient receptor potential channel Trpc5 as an essential requirement for normal function of dopamine ARC neurons and prolactin homeostasis. By analyzing female mice carrying targeted mutations in the Trpc5 gene including a conditional Trpc5 deletion, we show that Trpc5 is required for maintaining highly stereotyped infraslow membrane potential oscillations of dopamine ARC neurons. Trpc5 is also required for eliciting prolactin-evoked tonic plateau potentials in these neurons that are part of a regulatory feedback circuit. Trpc5 mutant females show severe prolactin deficiency or hypoprolactinemia that is associated with irregular reproductive cyclicity, gonadotropin imbalance, and impaired reproductive capabilities. These results reveal a previously unknown role for the cation channel Trpc5 in prolactin homeostasis of female mice and provide strategies to explore the genetic basis of reproductive disorders and other malfunctions associated with defective prolactin regulation in humans.

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Cannarsa, Elio, Maria Cristina Lorenzi, and Gabriella Sella. "Early social conditions affect female fecundity in hermaphrodites." Current Zoology 61, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.6.983.

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Abstract Social conditions experienced prior to sexual maturity influence reproduction later in life in many animals. In simultaneous hermaphrodites, variation in mating group size influences reproductive investment. As the mating group size increases, reproductive resources devoted to the female function decrease in favor of the male function. Prior to sexual maturity, many hermaphrodites have a protandrous phase during which they produce sperm and can fertilize hermaphrodites’ eggs. In the simultaneously hermaphroditic polychaete worm Ophryotrocha diadema, the cost of male reproduction during adolescence is spread over the whole energy budget of worms as shown by a reduced growth rate, a delayed age at sexual maturity and the shortening of life span compared to protandrous males that do not reproduce. Little is known on whether social conditions experienced during development affect reproductive investment of immature individuals. We investigated whether social conditions affected the length of the protandrous phase, body size and also the subsequent female fecundity of same-age protandrous individuals of O. diadema, which did not had to face competition for egg fertilization. Results show that in large group sizes protandrous males lengthened their protandrous phase, slowed down body growth and decreased their individual investment at the first egg laying compared to protandrous males that were reared in isolation. In the successive egg layings worms adjusted their egg output to the current social conditions. We interpreted these results as an indication that early social conditions represent a social stress resulting in a reduction of the overall reproductive resources up to the first egg laying.

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Jabbour, H. N. "Vascular function in female reproduction." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 6 (December 2009): 867–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0441.

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Grzesiak, Malgorzata, Marcelina Tchurzyk, Magdalena Socha, Andrzej Sechman, and Anna Hrabia. "An Overview of the Current Known and Unknown Roles of Vitamin D3 in the Female Reproductive System: Lessons from Farm Animals, Birds, and Fish." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 14137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214137.

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Recent studies have clearly shown that vitamin D3 is a crucial regulator of the female reproductive process in humans and animals. Knowledge of the expression of vitamin D3 receptors and related molecules in the female reproductive organs such as ovaries, uterus, oviduct, or placenta under physiological and pathological conditions highlights its contribution to the proper function of the reproductive system in females. Furthermore, vitamin D3 deficiency leads to serious reproductive disturbances and pathologies including ovarian cysts. Although the influence of vitamin D3 on the reproductive processes of humans and rodents has been extensively described, the association between vitamin D3 and female reproductive function in farm animals, birds, and fish has rarely been summarized. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of vitamin D3 in the reproductive system of those animals, with special attention paid to the expression of vitamin D3 receptors and its metabolic molecules. This updated information could be essential for better understanding animal physiology and overcoming the incidence of infertility, which is crucial for optimizing reproductive outcomes in female livestock.

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Holtenius, K., S. Agenäs, H. Gustafsson, C. Delavaud, and Y. Chillard. "The effect of feeding intensity during the dry period on plasma leptin and time to return to cyclicity in dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200006578.

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Much evidence has accumulated showing that female reproductive functions are disrupted when changes in nutritional status take place in both over- and undernutrition. The peptide hormone leptin is considered a possible link between nutrition and reproduction. One objective with the present study was to investigate how different levels of feed intake during the dry period, thereby creating differences in body condition at parturition, affected the plasma leptin concentration and the reproductive function after parturition.

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Choi, Irene, Emily Rickert, Marina Fernandez, and Nicholas J. G. Webster. "SIRT1 in Astrocytes Regulates Glucose Metabolism and Reproductive Function." Endocrinology 160, no. 6 (April 25, 2019): 1547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2019-00223.

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Abstract Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is an NAD-dependent class III deacetylase that functions as a cellular energy sensor. In addition to its well-characterized effects in peripheral tissues, evidence suggests that SIRT1 in neurons plays a role in the central regulation of energy balance and reproduction, but no studies have addressed the contribution of astrocytes. We show here that overexpression of SIRT1 in astrocytes causes markedly increased food intake, body weight gain, and glucose intolerance, but expression of a deacetylase-deficient SIRT1 mutant decreases food intake and body weight and improves glucose tolerance, particularly in female mice. Paradoxically, the effect of these SIRT1 mutants on insulin tolerance was reversed, with overexpression showing greater insulin sensitivity. The mice overexpressing SIRT1 were more active, generated more heat, and had elevated oxygen consumption, possibly in compensation for the increased food intake. The female overexpressing mice were also more sensitive to diet-induced obesity. Reproductively, the mice expressing the deacetylase-deficient SIRT1 mutant had impaired estrous cycles, decreased LH surges, and fewer corpora lutea, indicating decreased ovulation. The GnRH neurons were responsive to kisspeptin stimulation, but hypothalamic expression of Kiss1 was reduced in the mutant mice. Our results showed that SIRT1 signaling in astrocytes can contribute to metabolic and reproductive regulation independent of SIRT1 effects in neurons.

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Brown, Ethan D. L., Barnabas Obeng-Gyasi, Janet E. Hall, and Skand Shekhar. "The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (June 6, 2023): 9815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129815.

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Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and gynecological conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, the complex molecular interplay between hormones involved in thyroid and reproductive functions is further compounded by the association of certain common autoimmune states with disorders of the thyroid and the HPG axes. Furthermore, in prepartum and intrapartum states, even relatively minor disruptions have been shown to adversely impact maternal and fetal outcomes, with some differences of opinion in the management of these conditions. In this review, we provide readers with a foundational understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone interactions with the female HPG axis. We also share clinical insights into the management of thyroid dysfunction in reproductive-aged women.

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Abdool, Zeelha, Ranee Thakar, and Abdul H. Sultan. "Postpartum female sexual function." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 145, no. 2 (August 2009): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.04.014.

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Schütz, Luis Fernando, and Isadora M. Batalha. "Granulosa Cells: Central Regulators of Female Fertility." Endocrines 5, no. 4 (November 27, 2024): 547–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/endocrines5040040.

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Background: Granulosa cells are somatic cells within the ovarian follicle. As the primary site of estradiol production, they are critical regulators of several aspects of female reproduction. This review aims to provide an overview of the physiology of mammalian granulosa cells and their importance for female fertility. Methods: the literature about the function and regulation of granulosa cells was reviewed. Results: a comprehensive summary and discussion of the role of granulosa cells on ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as factors that control granulosa cells function, are presented. Conclusion: The functions of granulosa cells are regulated by a plethora of intra- and extra-ovarian factors via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways, which creates a complex regulatory network. A comprehensive understanding of granulosa cells’ physiology is vital for the development of innovative strategies to enhance reproductive outcomes in several species.

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Schjenken, John E., and Sarah A. Robertson. "The Female Response to Seminal Fluid." Physiological Reviews 100, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 1077–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00013.2018.

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Seminal fluid is often assumed to have just one function in mammalian reproduction, delivering sperm to fertilize oocytes. But seminal fluid also transmits signaling agents that interact with female reproductive tissues to facilitate conception and .pregnancy. Upon seminal fluid contact, female tissues initiate a controlled inflammatory response that affects several aspects of reproductive function to ultimately maximize the chances of a male producing healthy offspring. This effect is best characterized in mice, where the female response involves several steps. Initially, seminal fluid factors cause leukocytes to infiltrate the female reproductive tract, and to selectively target and eliminate excess sperm. Other signals stimulate ovulation, induce an altered transcriptional program in female tract tissues that modulates embryo developmental programming, and initiate immune adaptations to promote receptivity to implantation and placental development. A key result is expansion of the pool of regulatory T cells that assist implantation by suppressing inflammation, mediating tolerance to male transplantation antigens, and promoting uterine vascular adaptation and placental development. Principal signaling agents in seminal fluid include prostaglandins and transforming growth factor-β. The balance of male signals affects the nature of the female response, providing a mechanism of ‟cryptic female choiceˮ that influences female reproductive investment. Male-female seminal fluid signaling is evident in all mammalian species investigated including human, and effects of seminal fluid in invertebrates indicate evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Understanding the female response to seminal fluid will shed new light on infertility and pregnancy disorders and is critical to defining how events at conception influence offspring health.

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Mirhosseini, M. A., J. P. Michaud, M. A. Jalali, and M. Ziaaddini. "Paternal effects correlate with female reproductive stimulation in the polyandrous ladybirdCheilomenes sexmaculata." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 4 (March 24, 2014): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000194.

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AbstractComponents of male seminal fluids are known to stimulate fecundity and fertility in females of numerous insect species and paternal effects on offspring phenotype are also known, but no studies have yet demonstrated links between male effects on female reproduction and those on progeny phenotype. In separate laboratory experiments employing 10-day-old virgin females ofCheilomenes sexmaculata(F.), we varied male age and mating history to manipulate levels of male allomones and found that the magnitude of paternal effects on progeny phenotype was correlated with stimulation of female reproduction. Older virgin males remained in copula longer than younger ones, induced higher levels of female fecundity, and sired progeny that developed faster to yield heavier adults. When male age was held constant (13 days), egg fertility declined as a function of previous male copulations, progeny developmental times increased, and the adult weight of daughters declined. These results suggest that male epigenetic effects on progeny phenotype act in concert with female reproductive stimulation; both categories of effects increased as a consequence of male celibacy (factor accumulation), and diminished as a function of previous matings (factor depletion). Male factors that influence female reproduction are implicated in sexual conflict and parental effects may extend this conflict to offspring phenotype. Whereas mothers control the timing of oviposition events and can use maternal effects to tailor progeny phenotypes to prevailing or anticipated conditions, fathers cannot. Since females remate and dilute paternity in polyandrous systems, paternal fitness will be increased by linking paternal effects to female fecundity stimulation, so that more benefits accrue to the male's own progeny.

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Ratner, Laura D., Betina Gonzalez, Petteri Ahtiainen, Noelia P. Di Giorgio, Matti Poutanen, Ricardo S. Calandra, Ilpo T. Huhtaniemi, and Susana B. Rulli. "Short-Term Pharmacological Suppression of the Hyperprolactinemia of Infertile hCG-Overproducing Female Mice Persistently Restores Their Fertility." Endocrinology 153, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 5980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1393.

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Abstract Female infertility is often associated with deregulation of hormonal networks, and hyperprolactinemia is one of the most common endocrine disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis affecting the reproductive functions. We have shown previously that transgenic female mice overexpressing human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit (hCGβ+ mice), and producing elevated levels of bioactive LH/hCG, exhibit increased production of testosterone and progesterone, are overweight and infertile, and develop hyperprolactinemia associated with pituitary lactotrope adenomas in adult age. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of the hyperprolactinemia of hCGβ+ females on their reproductive phenotype by treating them with the dopamine agonists, bromocriptine and cabergoline. Long-term bromocriptine treatment of adult mice was effective in the control of obesity, pituitary growth, and disturbances in the hormone profile, demonstrating that hyperprolactinemia was the main cause of the hCGβ+ female phenotype. Interestingly, short-term treatment (1 wk) with cabergoline applied on 5-wk-old mice corrected hyperprolactinemia, hyperandrogenism, and hyperprogesteronemia, prevented pituitary overgrowth, normalized gonadal function, and recovered fertility of adult hCGβ+ females after hormone-induced and natural ovulation. The same cabergoline treatment in the short term applied on 3-month-old hCGβ+ females failed to recover their reproductive function. Hence, we demonstrated that the short-term cabergoline treatment applied at a critical early stage of the phenotype progression effectively prevented the hyperprolactinemia-associated reproductive dysfunction of hCG-overproducing females.

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Solon-Biet, Samantha M., Kirsty A. Walters, Ulla K. Simanainen, Aisling C. McMahon, Kari Ruohonen, John William O. Ballard, David Raubenheimer, David J. Handelsman, David G. Le Couteur, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Macronutrient balance, reproductive function, and lifespan in aging mice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 11 (March 2, 2015): 3481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422041112.

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In invertebrates, reproductive output and lifespan are profoundly impacted by dietary macronutrient balance, with these traits achieving their maxima on different diet compositions, giving the appearance of a resource-based tradeoff between reproduction and longevity. For the first time in a mammal, to our knowledge, we evaluate the effects of dietary protein (P), carbohydrate (C), fat (F), and energy (E) on lifespan and reproductive function in aging male and female mice. We show that, as in invertebrates, the balance of macronutrients has marked and largely opposing effects on reproductive and longevity outcomes. Mice were provided ad libitum access to one of 25 diets differing in P, C, F, and E content, with reproductive outcomes assessed at 15 months. An optimal balance of macronutrients exists for reproductive function, which, for most measures, differs from the diets that optimize lifespan, and this response differs with sex. Maximal longevity was achieved on diets containing a P:C ratio of 1:13 in males and 1:11 for females. Diets that optimized testes mass and epididymal sperm counts (indicators of gamete production) contained a higher P:C ratio (1:1) than those that maximized lifespan. In females, uterine mass (an indicator of estrogenic activity) was also greatest on high P:C diets (1:1) whereas ovarian follicle number was greatest on P:C 3:1 associated with high-F intakes. By contrast, estrous cycling was more likely in mice on lower P:C (1:8), and the number of corpora lutea, indicative of recent ovulations, was greatest on P:C similar to those supporting greatest longevity (1:11).

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Tang, Zi-Run, Rui Zhang, Zheng-Xing Lian, Shou-Long Deng, and Kun Yu. "Estrogen-Receptor Expression and Function in Female Reproductive Disease." Cells 8, no. 10 (September 21, 2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101123.

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Estrogen receptors (ER) include ER alpha, ER beta and new membrane receptor G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30). Estrogen receptors are key receptors to maintain ovarian granulosa cell differentiation, follicle and oocyte growth and development, and ovulation function. The abnormal functions of estrogen, its receptors, and estradiol synthesis-related enzymes are closely related to clinical reproductive endocrine diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis (EMS). At present, hormone therapy is the main treatment for ovarian-related diseases, and a stable hormone environment is established by regulating ovarian function. In recent years, some estrogen-related drugs have made great progress, such as clomiphene, which is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen drug in clinical application. This article elaborates on the regulatory role of estrogen and its nuclear receptors and membrane receptors in oocyte development, especially female reproductive diseases related to the abnormal expression of estrogen and its receptors. We also highlighted the latest advances of treatment strategy for these diseases and the application of related targeted small molecule drugs in clinical research and treatment, so as to provide reference for the treatment of female reproductive diseases.

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PAL, ARUNA, and SAMIDDHA BANERJEE. "Mitochondrial replacement therapy - a new remedy for defects in reproduction." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 6 (June 22, 2018): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i6.80860.

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Mitochondria is an important subcellular organelle with the prime function being energy metabolism and supply of energy to the body cells for carrying out the vital functions. Energy is the primary requisite for the reproductive organs of both male and female for carrying out the normal functions. In the present article, we have described how mutation in mitochondrial DNA lead to defects in male and female reproduction. Mitochondria is an integral part of the mid-piece of sperm and also has role in other parts of male reproductive system. Similarly, mitochondrial DNA has role in female reproductive system including ovulation, zygote activation, fertilization, oocyte maturation and embryo development. Mitochondrial defect are collectively named as "mystondria" (mysterious diseases of mitochondria) and may be corrected through mitochondrial replacement therapy, popularly known as three parent baby concept, since there are no other scope for cure or treatment. Two approaches for mitochondrial replacement therapy are pronuclear transfer and spindle transfer. The first three parent baby was developed in April 2016 through mitochondrial replacement therapy. The present review is aimed at functional relevance of three-parent baby concept in animal reproduction.

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Derese, Debela Bayu, Lizhi Lu, and Fangxiong Shi. "Major regulatory factors for reproductive performances of female chickens." Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 13, no. 5 (October 2024): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apjr.apjr_62_24.

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The reproductive performance of female chickens is critical for determining the efficiency of production and productivity and thus profitability. Studies have shown that the reproductive performance of female chickens is mainly regulated by the feed, hormones, genes, and light conditions. Herein, we review the major factors regulating female chicken reproductive performance and assess the reproductive organs and their functions. In the current review, we highlight how the interconnections of hormones, candidate genes, and photo-stimulation regulate female chicken reproductive hormones and thus regulate the reproductive organ performance. In this regard, the roles of main hormones [gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) and genes (GnRH-I)] in regulating sexual maturation and ovarian development and maintenance by influencing the survival and function of follicular granulosa cells were also reviewed. In addition, the current review also highlights how feeding female chickens with diets and artificial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) support the effective functioning of their reproductive capacity through the stimulation of sexual maturity at an appropriate age and regeneration of aged reproductive organs.

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Garibidi, E. V., E. P. Shatunova, T. A. Fedorina, and D. E. Garibidi. "An impact of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) on human reproductive function." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 16, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2022.277.

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The latest data on the impact of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) on female and male reproductive health are reviewed. Pathological changes in organs and tissues of human reproduction system after COVID-19 as well as recommendations for rehabilitation of couples planning pregnancy after COVID-19 are discussed. Moreover, issues of the reproductive health resulting from altered psychologic status in women after COVID-19 were highlighted as well.

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Hater, Friederike, Thomas Nakel, and Rita Groß-Hardt. "Reproductive Multitasking: The Female Gametophyte." Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 517–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035943.

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Fertilization of flowering plants requires the organization of complex tasks, many of which become integrated by the female gametophyte (FG). The FG is a few-celled haploid structure that orchestrates division of labor to coordinate successful interaction with the sperm cells and their transport vehicle, the pollen tube. As reproductive outcome is directly coupled to evolutionary success, the underlying mechanisms are under robust molecular control, including integrity check and repair mechanisms. Here, we review progress on understanding the development and function of the FG, starting with the functional megaspore, which represents the haploid founder cell of the FG. We highlight recent achievements that have greatly advanced our understanding of pollen tube attraction strategies and the mechanisms that regulate plant hybridization and gamete fusion. In addition, we discuss novel insights into plant polyploidization strategies that expand current concepts on the evolution of flowering plants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Female reproductive function'

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