Journal articles: 'Female offenders'

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Williams, Rebecca, Steven M. Gillespie, Ian A. Elliott, and Hilary J. Eldridge. "Characteristics of Female Solo and Female Co-Offenders and Male Solo Sexual Offenders Against Children." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 2 (September 9, 2017): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217724767.

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Studies have highlighted differences in the victim choice, offender, and offense characteristics of female and male sexual offenders. However, little is known about how solo and co-offending females differ from solo male sexual offenders. We compared the characteristics of 20 solo and 20 co-offending females (co-offended with a male and/or female accomplice), and 40 male sexual offenders against children. We found that solo female offenders showed the most evidence of personal problems, including depression and sexual dissatisfaction. Compared with male offenders, female co-offenders showed poorer self-management, but better sexual self-regulation. Male offenders had a greater history of offending and showed more evidence of sexual abuse supportive cognitions relative to both solo and co-offending females. These results are consistent with the need for a gender-specific approach to working with sexual offenders and may have implications for understanding the often complex treatment needs of these clients.

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ten Bensel, Tusty, Benjamin Gibbs, and Chris Rush Burkey. "Female Sex Offenders: Is There a Difference Between Solo and Co-Offenders?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 19 (October 18, 2016): 4061–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516674202.

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Studies on female sex offending have been limited for a number of reasons, such as societal perceptions that females are incapable of engaging in such behaviors because of their role as caretakers and nurturers in society. However, over the past few decades, studies examining female sex offenders have increased, revealing that females do commit sexual offenses and differ from their male counterparts. We examined offender, victim, and offense characteristics of female sex offenders who were convicted from 1995 to 2013 ( N = 223) in Arkansas and were sentenced to serve time in prison or placed on probation. We focused on the similarities and differences of solo and co-female sex offenders because we know from previous studies that the pathway of offending can differ between solo and co-female offenders, yet few studies have exclusively compared the similarities and differences among female sex offenders. Our data were collected from offender files that included basic personal offender information, offender survey and social history, criminal history, incident reports while incarcerated, court records, police investigation reports, initial offender and victim statements (prior to offender incarceration), and probation/parole reports. We believe the results of this study will provide further insight into the types of female sex offenders as well as the possible differences between co- and solo-offenders in relation to their victim preferences, risk levels, rehabilitation amenability, and recidivism propensities.

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Vandiver, Donna M. "Female Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Solo Offenders and Co-Offenders." Violence and Victims 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.21.3.339.

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Even though much of the prior sex offender literature focuses on males, recent research has included females as offenders. Such research, however, has been limited by small sample sizes. Several researchers have proposed typologies of female sex offenders that include both females who act alone (i.e., solo offenders) and females who act with another person (i.e., co-offenders), often a male. The current research includes a cross-national sample of 123 females who were solo offenders and 104 who were co-offenders. It was found that the two groups of females were not significantly different in regard to their age, race, time of offense, and the location of the offense. Co-offenders were more likely than solo offenders to have more than one victim, to have both male and female victims, to be related to the victim, and to have a nonsexual offense in addition to the sexual offense listed.

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Mackelprang, Emily, and Judith V. Becker. "Beauty and the Eye of the Beholder: Gender and Attractiveness Affect Judgments in Teacher Sex Offense Cases." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 4 (August 3, 2015): 375–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215597646.

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The present study investigated the effects of gender and attractiveness on judgments of bail requirements, incarceration, and sex offender registration lengths, and attitudes toward offenders and victims in a teacher–student sexual perpetration scenario. Researchers presented 432 undergraduate students at a large southwestern university with one of four vignettes detailing a sexual relationship between a 35-year-old teacher and a 14-year-old student. Vignettes varied by both attractiveness and gender of the offender (using heterosexual offender–victim dyads). Results indicate that both gender and attractiveness affect judgments of sex offenders; specifically, female sexual offenders were viewed more leniently and judged less punitively than male sexual offenders. Although attractive female sexual offenders were given particularly lenient treatment, attractiveness did not affect judgments toward male sex offenders. In addition, although male and female participants tended to rate male offenders similarly, male participants were more lenient toward female offenders than were female participants. Finally, post hoc analyses revealed that, for many variables, unattractive female sexual offenders may not be viewed differently from male sexual offenders. These results have serious implications for the legal system, sex offender management, and societal views regarding male and female sexual offenders and their victims.

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Miller, Holly A., and Ethan A. Marshall. "Comparing Solo- and Co-Offending Female Sex Offenders on Variables of Pathology, Offense Characteristics, and Recidivism." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 972–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218791179.

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Due to the smaller proportion of female sex offenders (2%-12% of all sexual offenses) compared with male sex offenders, we know much less about these women to aid in the assessment, treatment, and prevention of their offending behavior compared with men. One promising distinction in female sex offender typology is solo-offending females versus females who offend with a male co-offender. The current study uses a sample of 225 incarcerated female sex offenders to compare solo and co-offending women on variables of psychopathology, criminal history, victim and offender information, and recidivism rates. Results indicate that solo offenders are more likely to have male, unrelated victims, score higher on dominance and aggression, and are more likely to generally recidivate. Solo versus co-offending status was not a significant predictor for sexual recidivism. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.

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Kim, Bitna, Jurg Gerber, and Yeonghee Kim. "Does the Victim–Offender Relationship Matter? Exploring the Sentencing of Female Homicide Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 4 (September 16, 2016): 898–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16667573.

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Empirical research pertaining to sentencing of homicide offenders has been restricted almost exclusively to samples of male offenders in the United States. To fill this void in international research and to explore questions regarding the treatment of female homicide offenders further, we examined the extent to which victim–offender relationships and motives independently affect the length of sentences imposed by analyzing a nationally representative sample of female offenders adjudicated guilty of homicide in South Korea, over the period 1986-2013. In contrast to previous studies conducted in Canada, the Netherlands, and the United States, the current study found that the victim–offender relationship has no affect on sentence lengths. Rather, the most significant predictor for the sentence lengths of the female homicide offenders was the motive for killing. We discuss future directions for international comparative research on the roles of victim–offender relationships and motives in sentencing outcomes of female offenders.

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Edwards, Bethany G., Elsa Ermer, Peter Salovey, and Kent A. Kiehl. "Emotional Intelligence in Incarcerated Female Offenders With Psychopathic Traits." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 3 (June 2019): 370–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_349.

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Emotional impairment is a core feature of psychopathy, and the disorder has been linked to an inability to recognize and regulate emotion, leading to deficiencies in empathy and difficulties in social functioning. This study investigated associations among psychopathic traits and ability-based emotional intelligence (EI) in female offenders and integrated data with previously published male offender data (Ermer, Kahn, Salovey, & Kiehl, 2012) to examine gender differences in relationships. Results showed that female offenders were impaired in the understanding and management of emotion relative to the general population, and that female offenders scored higher than male offenders in EI. Affective psychopathic traits (e.g., callousness) yielded a small relationship with difficulties in managing emotion in female offenders, and few gender differences in relationships between psychopathy and EI were found. Findings contribute to literature on emotional functioning in females with psychopathic traits and further understanding of gender differences in emotional abilities among offenders.

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BONTA, JAMES, BESSIE PANG, and SUZANNE WALLACE-CAPRETTA. "Predictors of Recidivism among Incarcerated Female Offenders." Prison Journal 75, no. 3 (September 1995): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032855595075003002.

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Compared to male offenders, female offenders have received little empirical attention. This is particularly true in the area of offender risk assessment. Numerous objective risk scales have been developed and used for males, but very few for women. Two studies were conducted to investigate the predictors of female recidivism. The first study attempted to validate a risk scale developed on a male offender population and found poor generalizability. The second study explored additional possible predictors including victimization experiences. Once again, little progress was made. The implications for future research on female offender risk prediction and prison programming are discussed.

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9

Murrey, G. J., D. Briggs, and C. Davis. "Psychopathic Disordered, Mentally Ill, and Mentally Handicapped Sex Offenders: A Comparative Study." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 4 (October 1992): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249203200408.

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Although there currently exists a large amount of research on the characteristics and treatment of psychopathic disordered (PD) sex offenders, little if any empirical studies have addressed the mentally ill (MI) and mentally handicapped (MH) offender populations. A total of 106 PD, MI, and MH sex offender records from Rampton (Special) Hospital were reviewed for the study. Offender categories were compared by age of first documented sex offence, IQ at the time of admission, sex offence type, frequency of each offence type, history of violence during sex offences, age and gender of sex offence victims and number of victims for age and gender. Results revealed that 88 per cent of PD, 98 per cent of MI, and only 56 per cent of MH offenders' victims were female. Further analysis revealed that PD and MI offenders' victims were primarily female, with the largest proportion being pubescent and adult females. MH offender victims were primarily males and females under the age of 16. IQ correlated positively with history of violence during sexual assault and mean IQs were higher for ‘violent’ than ‘non-violent’ offenders in each offender category. A discussion of these and other significant findings, as well as implications for clinical treatment, is presented.

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10

Lawson, Louanne. "Female Sex Offenders’ Relationship Experiences." Violence and Victims 23, no. 3 (June 2008): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.331.

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Interventions for child sexual abusers should take into account their perspectives on the context of their offenses, but no descriptions of everyday life from the offender’s point of view have been published. This study therefore explored female offenders’ views of their strengths and challenges. Documented risk assessments of 20 female offenders were analyzed using inductive content analysis (Cavanagh, 1997; Priest, Roberts, & Woods, 2002; Woods, Priest, & Roberts, 2002). The Good Lives Model provided the initial coding framework and ATLAS.ti software (Muhr, 1997) was used for simultaneous data collection and analysis. The content analysis yielded 999 coding decisions organized in three themes. The global theme was relationship experiences. Offenders described the quality of their relationship experiences, including their personal perspectives, intimate relationships, and social lives. These descriptions have implications for treatment planning and future research with women who have molested children.

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Battaglia, Anthony Michael, and Mini Mamak. "Female sexual offenders and judicial decision-making." International Journal of Risk and Recovery 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v3i2.4123.

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Background: Research examining female sexual offending is limited, and the profile of this unique offender group is not well understood. Female sexual offending has largely been identified as a rare occurrence, typically perpetrated in the context of an unhealthy relationship with a paraphilic male counterpart. Given recent changes in law and minimum sentences for sexual offences—particularly in relation to child pornography and child luring offences—it remains unknown how this has impacted sentencing of female offenders charged with sexual offences. Objectives: The goal of this study is to better understand female offenders convicted of sexual offences and their offence characteristics. Additionally, it seeks to identify patterns in judges’ decision-making with respect to aggravating and mitigating factors that impact sentencing decisions.Methods: A sample of 26 judges’ sentencing decisions between 2000 and 2017 were obtained to investigate the Canadian female sexual offender (FSO) as she enters the justice system. Results: In the study sample, high rates of psychopathology and childhood trauma were important features of this offender group. Offences tended to occur over extended periods, with a male co-offender, and with a young victim that was well known to the offender. Aggravating factors related to the vulnerability of the victim, abuse of power, and lack of insight. Mitigating factors related to accepting responsibility and a desire for self-change. Offenders were generally sentenced for two to five years, with ancillary orders intended to track and restrict further offending, rather than foster rehabilitation. Discussion: Gaining a better understanding of Canadian FSO population is the first step toward improving rehabilitation and prevention.

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12

Bartlett, Annie. "Female offenders." Women's Health Medicine 3, no. 2 (March 2006): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/wohm.2006.3.2.91.

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13

THORNTON, Jessica Leigh. "A LINK TO RECIDIVISM: EXCLUDING FEMALE OFFENDERS SERVING SHORT SENTENCES FROM REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES." ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCHES AND STUDIES 13, no. 1 (2023): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26758/13.1.5.

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Objective. This study discusses the issue of rehabilitation and the lived reality of female offenders serving short-term sentences who are excluded from rehabilitation programmes. This exclusion ill-equips the women from reforming their criminal behaviours leading to a life of recidivism. It also examines Bourdieu’s theory of habitus to identify a suitably unifying theoretical framework to analyse female criminality and the link between short-term sentences and recidivism. Material and methods. The explorative and ethnographic lens gives voice to social realities of the offender’s punishment, rehabilitation (or lack thereof), reintegration, and recidivism. As female offenders only constitute 3% of the correctional population in South Africa, the sample was limited to ten female offenders. Results. While research on female criminality has just starting to receive attention in South Africa, rehabilitation programmes are still mostly geared toward the reform of criminal behaviour amongst male offenders and a gender-sensitive correctional programme has been overlooked. Ironically by default, female offenders serving short-term sentences are further overlooked as they are excluded from rehabilitation programmes. Conclusion. The study makes a case that a gender-sensitive rehabilitation programme (with a focus on empowering women as decision makers capable of acquiring competence in areas such as motherhood, education, and skills development) needs to be available to all females entering the penal and corrective system. Without being equipped to deal with a variety of challenges which may affect adjustment to life outside the correctional facility and maintain their reformative behaviours, a great risk of recidivism for female offenders arises. Keywords: rehabilitation, recidivism, female offenders, short-term sentences, exclusion.

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14

Sea, Jonghan, Donna Youngs, and Sophia Tkazky. "Sex Difference in Homicide: Comparing Male and Female Violent Crimes in Korea." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 11 (November 9, 2017): 3408–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17740555.

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The comparison of the South Korean male and female homicide offenders’ characteristics and crime scene behaviours is presented in this study. A total of 537 cases of homicide offenders prosecuted in Korea between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed in terms of offenders’ characteristics, victim–offender interaction, places of crime, and crime scene actions. Significant differences between male and female offenders were revealed in prior criminal history, offenders’ personal characteristics, choice of victim, crime scene behaviours during and after the homicide, and choice of weapon. The parallel with the gender differences in homicides found in Western countries is discussed as well as the possible explanations for the gender-related characteristics found in this study.

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de Oliveira, Judite Danielle, Jacques Jordaan, and Matthew Cronjé. "Morality, self-control, age, type of offence and sentence length as predictors of psychopathy amongst female incarcerated offenders in South Africa." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 28, 2024): e0299847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299847.

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There has been an increase in female incarcerated offenders nationally and internationally. Despite this trend, literature and research on female offenders remain limited compared to their male counterparts. Evidence of the relationship between certain personality disorders and offending behaviour has led numerous countries to prioritise identifying and assessing personality disorders among the offender population. Psychopathic personality traits may contribute to women’s risk factors for expressing antisocial behaviours, resulting in their potential future incarceration. Thus, a need exists to understand possible factors that may predict the expression of psychopathic traits in females, which may have notable utility among female offenders. This study aimed to investigate possible predictor variables of psychopathy amongst incarcerated female offenders in South Africa. A quantitative research approach, non-experimental research type, and correlational research design were employed. A convenience sampling technique was used. The sample consisted of 139 (N = 139) female offenders housed in two correctional centres in South Africa who voluntarily participated in this study. Correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analysis procedures were conducted to analyse the results. Results indicated (i) a certain combination of predictor variables that statistically and practically significantly explained both primary and secondary psychopathy and (ii) individual predictor variables (e.g., Impulsivity, Simple Tasks, Risk-Seeking, and Self-Centredness) that explained both primary and secondary psychopathy statistically and practically significantly. This study provides valuable information about the possible predictor variables of psychopathy amongst female offenders within the context of South Africa. However, further research must be conducted to validate these findings and advance our knowledge on this topic.

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Dowden, Craig, and D. A. Andrews. "What Works for Female Offenders: A Meta-Analytic Review." Crime & Delinquency 45, no. 4 (October 1999): 438–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128799045004002.

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Although the question of what works for general offender populations has received considerable attention within the rehabilitation literature, very little research has examined female offenders. The present investigation examined the principles of effective correctional treatment for female offenders through a meta-analytic review. The results indicated that the clinically relevant and psychologically informed principles of human service, risk, need, and responsivity identified in past meta-analytic reviews were associated with enhanced reductions in reoffending.

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Cortoni, Franca, Kelly M. Babchishin, and Clémence Rat. "The Proportion of Sexual Offenders Who Are Female Is Higher Than Thought." Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816658923.

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Women commit sexual offenses, but the proportion of sexual offenders who are female is subject to debates. Based on 17 samples from 12 countries, the current meta-analysis found that a small proportion of sexual offenses reported to police are committed by females (fixed-effect meta-analytical average = 2.2%). In contrast, victimization surveys indicated prevalence rates of female sexual offenders that were six times higher than official data (fixed-effect meta-analytical average = 11.6%). Female sexual offenders are more common among juvenile offenders than adult offenders, with approximately 2 percentage points more female juvenile sex offenders than female adult sex offenders. We also found that males were much more likely to self-report being victimized by female sex offenders compared with females (40% vs. 4%). The current study provides a robust estimate of the prevalence of female sexual offending, using a large sample of sexual offenses across diverse countries.

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Ilacqua, Giorgio E., Grant E. Coulson, Diana Lombardo, and Verna Nutbrown. "Predictive Validity of the Young Offender Level of Service Inventory for Criminal Recidivism of Male and Female Young Offenders." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1999): 1214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1214.

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164 male and female young offenders were given the Young Offender Level of Service Inventory. Scores from this 76-item risk assessment were used to produce a matched sample of 82 female and 82 male young offenders. Sex did not influence the 1-yr. criminal recidivism rate, a result consistent with other findings.

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Wijkman, Miriam, Catrien Bijleveld, and Jan Hendriks. "Juvenile female sex offenders: Offender and offence characteristics." European Journal of Criminology 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370813479077.

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20

Harper, Craig A., and Ross M. Bartels. "Implicit Theories and Offender Representativeness in Judgments About Sexual Crime." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063216658019.

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Implicit theories structure the way people understand and respond to various human actions. Typically, people believe attributes are either fixed (entitists) or malleable (incrementalists). The present study aimed to examine (a) whether attitudes toward sexual offenders differ depending upon one’s implicit theory about human nature and sexual offenders, and (b) whether implicit theories are associated with judgments made about different types of child abusers. A sample of 252 community participants was recruited. Their attitudes, implicit theories, and political orientation were assessed via self-report. One of three vignettes describing an incidence of child sexual abuse was then presented. The cases were identical except the perpetrator was either an adult male, an adult female, or a male juvenile. Participants then made judgments about the offender’s deserved sentence and moral character. Entitists (across both domains) held more negative attitudes than incrementalists, although the magnitude of the difference was greatest when examining implicit theories about sexual offenders. Compared with those with an incremental theory of sexual offenders, entity theorists judged sexual offending to be more (a) indicative of the perpetrator’s moral character and (b) deserving of punishment. However, scores were greater toward the adult male relative to the adult female and juvenile. The findings suggest that implicit theories about sexual offenders are domain specific. They also indicate that judgments made by those with an entity theory (about sexual offenders) are affected by whether a case is representative of a stereotypical sexual offender. Implications of the findings are discussed, along with limitations and future research.

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Becker, Ju dith V., Su san R. Hall, and Jill D. Stinson. "Female Sexual Offenders." Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 1, no. 3 (November 2001): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j158v01n03_02.

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22

O'Connor, Art A. "Female Sex Offenders." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 5 (May 1987): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.5.615.

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Information on 19 women convicted of indecency and 62 women convicted of other sex offences was examined. Those convicted of indecency offences often had poor social skills and had a high incidence of mental illness, mental handicap and alcoholism. Two were convicted of indecent exposure, a rare offence in women. In 39 (63%) of the sex offences with individual victims, the victims were children and in 9 cases the offender was the mother or step-mother. In 25 cases the women were convicted of aiding and abetting a male offender. Of those convicted of indecent assault on persons under 16 and of gross indecency with children, 48% had a previous history of psychiatric disorder.

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Christiansen, Alyson R., and Bruce A. Thyer. "Female Sexual Offenders." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 6, no. 3 (October 2002): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j137v06n03_01.

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Wolff, Sula, and Art O'Connor. "Female Sex Offenders." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 3 (September 1987): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000216851.

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Strickland, Susan M. "Female Sex Offenders." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 23, no. 4 (February 5, 2008): 474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260507312944.

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Budd, Kristen M., David M. Bierie, and Katria Williams. "Deconstructing Incidents of Female Perpetrated Sex Crimes." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 3 (August 2, 2016): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215594376.

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Very little is known about co-offending by female sexual offenders (FSOs), especially in terms of diverse forms of offender groupings. To address this gap in the literature, this study uses 21 years (1992-2012) of National Incident-Based Reporting System data to analyze incidents of sexual offending committed by four female groupings: solo FSOs ( n = 29,238), coed pairs consisting of one male and one FSO ( n = 11,112), all-female groups ( n = 2,669), and multiple perpetrator groups that consist of a combination of three or more FSOs and male sexual offenders (MSOs; n = 4,268). Using a multinomial logistic regression model, the data show significant differences in offender, victim, and crime context incident characteristics. The data also indicate that incidents with solo FSOs and all-female groups have similar characteristics, coed pairs and multiple perpetrator incidents have similar characteristics, and these two categorizations are fairly distinct from one another. Implications of this research are discussed in addition to directions for future research on female sexual offending.

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Vandiver, Donna M., and Glen Kercher. "Offender and Victim Characteristics of Registered Female Sexual Offenders in Texas: A Proposed Typology of Female Sexual Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 16, no. 2 (April 2004): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107906320401600203.

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Cain, Calli M., and Amy L. Anderson. "Female Sex Offenders: Public Awareness and Attributions." Violence and Victims 31, no. 6 (2016): 1044–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00197.

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Traditional gender roles, sex scripts, and the way female sex offenders are portrayed in the media may lead to misconceptions about who can commit sexual offenses. Sexual crimes by women may go unnoticed or unreported if there is a general lack of awareness that females commit these crimes. Data from the 2012 Nebraska Annual Social Indicators Survey were used to determine whether the public perceives women as capable sex offenders and the perceived causes of female sex offending. The traditional focus on male sex offenders by researchers, media, and politicians, in addition to gender stereotypes, introduces the possibility of group differences (e.g., between men and women) in perceptions of female sex offenders. Consequently, two secondary analyses were conducted that tested for group differences in both the public’s perception of whether females can commit sex offenses and the explanations selected for why females sexually offend. The findings suggest that the public does perceive women as capable sex offenders, although there were group differences in the causal attributions for female sex offending.

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Trice, Ashton D., and Michel Lamb. "Sex-Role Orientation among Incarcerated Women." Psychological Reports 79, no. 1 (August 1996): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.1.92.

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This study of 120 women inmates of a state prison showed that sex-role orientation was related to the type of offence committed by women but, contrary to the hypothesis about the “new” female offender, violent offenders were more traditionally feminine than financial and drug-related offenders. Drug offenders had high rates of undifferentiated ratings. Women became more traditionally masculine or feminine with length of incarceration. Women who had children were more likely to score as traditionally feminine.

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30

Chan, Heng Choon (Oliver), and Autumn Frei. "Female Sexual Homicide Offenders." Homicide Studies 17, no. 1 (June 13, 2012): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767912449625.

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31

Jackson, Rebecca L., Richard Rogers, Craig S. Neumann, and Paul L. Lambert. "Psychopathy in Female Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 29, no. 6 (December 2002): 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009385402237922.

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Psychopathy is an important clinical construct in explaining criminal behavior, determining the likelihood of treatment response, and evaluating risk assessment. The majority of past research has focused on male offenders or male forensic patients. Psychopathy in females is relatively unexplored. The current study was designed to further investigate the underlying dimensions of psychopathy in females. Utilizing a sample of 119 female inmates from a large metropolitan area jail, a series of confirmatory factor analyses was undertaken. Previous research and clinical tradition suggest the use of a two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy. More recent research suggests that a three-factor model may better capture the underlying dimensions of psychopathy. Two-factor models of psychopathy were not confirmed. However, the three-factor model reproduced the data extremely well. Clinical and research implications of this finding are addressed.

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Almond, Louise, Michelle A. McManus, Susan Giles, and Elisabeth Houston. "Female Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Crime Scene Behaviors." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 24 (September 9, 2015): 3839–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515603976.

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The concept of the female sex offender (FSO) is a relatively new phenomenon within the social research literature. Studies of female rape, male rape, pedophilia, and juvenile sex offenders have suggested that different styles of offending are reflected in the different types of behaviors committed by offenders at the crime scene. These studies suggest that there are three distinct themes of behavior: Hostility, Impersonal, and Involvement. Multidimensional analysis is carried out on 35 crime scene behaviors of 73 FSOs from U.K. and U.S. law reports. The proposed framework was found to be a useful way of classifying FSOs with 84% displaying a dominant theme. These resulted in 52% classified as displaying Involvement, 17% as Control, and 15% as Hostility. Finally, the implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Jeandarme, Inge, Laura Vandenbosch, Marc Groenhuijsen, T. I. Oei, and Stefan Bogaerts. "Who Are the Victims of NGRI Acquittees? A Study of Belgian Internees." Violence and Victims 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 434–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00197.

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BackgroundThe limited literature on victim characteristics of offenders found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) shows that most victims are adults who are known to the offender. It is currently unclear whether victims are mainly male or female or whether there are differences in the type of victims according to the offenders' psychiatric disorder.MethodVictim characteristics were retrospectively collected from 362 NGRI acquittees, and the influence of psychiatric diagnoses on victim profiles was examined.ResultsVictims were mainly adult acquaintances and were equally likely to be male or female. Family members and caregivers were the most frequent type of acquaintance victims. Further analyses suggest that these victim characteristics are similar for perpetrators with different psychiatric diagnoses.ConclusionVictimization of strangers and minors was unlikely in NGRI offenders.

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Zimmermann, Milan, and Michael Tsokos. "Typology of murder-suicides in Berlin according to a longitudinal study based on autopsy files." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-021-00360-6.

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Abstract Murder-suicides are defined as the murder of at least one person and the suicide of the offender following the murder. The intention to commit suicide must be primary. In most cases, a male offender kills a female victim after a separation. The current analysis was the first analysis of the typology of murder-suicides in Berlin. We analyzed the autopsy files of the Institute for Forensic Medicine of the Charité University Medicine Berlin and of the City Institute for Forensic Medicine Berlin. We performed descriptive and statistical analyses of cases between 2005 and 2013. We identified 17 murder-suicides. All 17 offenders were male, and 20 of the victims (90%) were female. The offenders used firearms in the majority of the cases. In seven cases, the victims and offenders were at least 80 years old. The average age of the offenders was 63 years. Disease was the motive in 6 cases involving older offenders. Our study might support the development of prevention strategies. In this regard, it is important to build a database for murder-suicides in Germany and other countries, to formulate a uniform definition of murder-suicide, to carry out nationwide interdisciplinary studies on this topic and to improve the existing health care structures, especially for older adults and people with depression.

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Staunton, Ciara, Sean Hammond, Derek Perkins, and Sharon Lambert. "Biosignal measures of female sexual interest: their feasibility in a forensic context." Journal of Criminal Psychology 4, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-11-2012-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the status of biosignal measures of female sexual arousal with a view to examining the feasibility of such procedures in a forensic context. Although adult women represent the minority of sexual offenders, female perpetrated sexual abuse has been gaining increasing attention in the forensic psychological literature as criminal justice is confronted with female offending populations to a greater extent than previously recognised. Design/methodology/approach – Psychological assessments of sex offenders have tended to be over-dependent on the use of self-report measures (i.e. an individual's appraisal and report of their emotional state of sexual arousal). There is a dearth of empirical knowledge concerning the psychophysiological assessment of female sexual interest in general and especially so for female sex offenders. Physiological measures are those that rely on directly observable physiological responses of the individual in order to identify patterns of sexual interest or arousal. Findings – Because deviant sexual interest (in children or the use of violence) as assessed by penile plethysmography, has been established as one of the strongest predictors of recidivism in male sex offenders (and as a viable alternative to self-report methodologies), an analogue measurement approach for female sex offenders is desirable. This paper considers: first, theoretical problems (e.g. what does female physiological arousal mean in terms of sexual arousal/desire?; second, technical measurement problems (e.g. reactivity of the measure in within subject designs); and third, procedural/ethical problems (e.g. invasiveness of the application). Originality/value – While a number of physiological assessment devices are considered in this paper, the paper discusses the labial photoplethysmograph as a promising method for female sexual offender populations.

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Ruback, R. Barry, Gretchen R. Ruth, and Jennifer N. Shaffer. "Assessing the Impact of Statutory Change: A Statewide Multilevel Analysis of Restitution Orders in Pennsylvania." Crime & Delinquency 51, no. 3 (July 2005): 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128704269108.

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This research analyzed decisions in 170,260 restitution-eligible cases in Pennsylvania from 1990 to 1998 to infer the policies underlying the imposition of restitution when it was discretionary and to assess whether a 1995 statutory change making restitution mandatory changed those policies. Multilevel analyses of restitution decisions from the 1990-1994prestatutory change period suggested that judges considered restitution to be both a victim-focused sanction, in that restitution was ordered more for offenders who committed more serious crimes and for property offenders (whose crimes could be more easily quantified), and an offender-focused sanction, in that restitution was ordered more for offenders who pleaded guilty, offenders with no prior record, White offenders, and female offenders. The statutory change increased the proportion of restitution orders statewide from 1996 to 1998. Moreover, it appeared to meet the policy goal of greater focus on victims.

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Kyne, Karen, and Mei Wah M. Williams. "Attributional Bias of Offenders in Rehabilitation Therapy Workers." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrc.13.2.88.

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AbstractAttribution theory was used to provide a conceptual analysis of how personal responsibility and blame are ascribed to fictional male and female offenders. Thirty drug and alcohol counsellors participated in the study; half read a description of a crime committed by a female and the other half read the same description of the crime but committed by a male. Counsellors rated the offence in terms of the attributional domains of internality, control, and stability and then listed potential treatment targets. Offender sex influenced differentially attribution of blame with counsellors tending to attribute less blame to an offender of the same gender. This effect was particularly pronounced in the case of female counsellors.

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Goldenson, Julie, Robert Geffner, Sharon L. Foster, and Clark R. Clipson. "Female Domestic Violence Offenders: Their Attachment Security, Trauma Symptoms, and Personality Organization." Violence and Victims 22, no. 5 (October 2007): 532–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007782312186.

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Unlike male domestic violence offenders, female domestic violence offenders have traditionally been overlooked in research and theory, despite the fact that females also have high rates of domestic violence perpetration. Towards the aim of extending extant research on male and female pepetrators of domestic violence, we examined attachment style, trauma symptoms, and personality organization in 33 female offenders receiving mandated treatment for domestic violence. These offenders were compared to 32 nonoffending women receiving psychological treatment. The Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-Revised) was used to examine adult attachment, the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) was used to examine trauma symptomology, and finally, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III) was used to examine cluster B personality traits. Analyses indicated that female domestic violence offenders reported less attachment security, more trauma-related symptoms, and more personality psychopathology (Antisocial, Borderline, and Dependent Subscales) than did nonoffender clinical comparison women.

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Kruttschnitt, Candace, and Rosemary Gartner. "Female Violent Offenders: Moral Panics or More Serious Offenders?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 41, no. 1 (April 2008): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.41.1.9.

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Wijkman, Miriam, Catrien Bijleveld, and Jan Hendriks. "Female sex offenders: Specialists, generalists and once-only offenders." Journal of Sexual Aggression 17, no. 1 (March 2011): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.540679.

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Woolhouse, Rachel, Audrey McKinlay, and Randolph C. Grace. "Women in Prison With Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Mechanism, and Impact on Mental Health." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 10 (August 23, 2017): 3135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17726519.

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Relatively little is known about the characteristics of female offenders. Here, we studied the prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mental health issues in an exclusively female prison population in New Zealand. Participants ( N = 38) were recruited from all security levels at Christchurch Women’s Prison. Measures for depression, anxiety, and stress, sleep, and a history of TBI were administered; 94.7% (36/38) of participants presented with a history of TBI. Younger age at first injury was associated with an increased risk of mental health problems. The study concludes that TBI is highly prevalent among female offenders and may be linked to increased mental health problems. TBI should be considered as an important factor in offender pathways and treatment programs.

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Fridel, Emma E. "Leniency for Lethal Ladies: Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model to Examine Gender-Based Sentencing Disparities." Homicide Studies 23, no. 4 (August 9, 2019): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767919867420.

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Research has shown that female offenders typically receive differential treatment in the criminal justice system in comparison to their male counterparts, even for extreme crimes like murder. This study compares the criminal sentences of 300 homicide offenders who killed at least two victims with a single co-offender (150 pairs) within their dyads using the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to determine if gender has an effect on leniency for even the most extreme crimes. Women were less likely to receive the harshest possible punishment, regardless of their partner’s gender. These findings provide support for the female leniency effect, suggesting that gender bias continues to influence sentencing decisions for homicide.

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Baum, Nehami, and Shomron Moyal. "Impact on Therapists Working With Sex Offenders: A Systematic Review of Gender Findings." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018756120.

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Although there is a great deal of literature about the distress of therapists who work with sex offenders, little is known about possible gender differences in their distress. The article presents a systematic review and small-scale meta-analysis that address two questions: whether one gender is more susceptible than the other to the adverse effects of treating sex offenders and whether their distress is manifested similarly or differently. Findings of 36 measures of association reported in 10 eligible studies with a total of 1,754 sex offender therapists (785 males) indicate that males are somewhat more vulnerable to the adverse effects of treating sex offenders ( d = .204, p = .002). Moderator analysis indicates that male therapists show similar levels of burnout and disruption of sexual life as their female counterparts, but a significantly higher level of vicarious traumatization ( d = .365, p < .001). These findings challenge Farrenkopf’s well-known claim that female therapists who work with sex offenders are more prone to experiencing adverse emotional reactions than their male counterparts.

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Calzada-Reyes, Ana, Alfredo Alvarez-Amador, Lídice Galán-García, and Mitchell Valdés-Sosa. "Sex Differences in QEEG in Psychopath Offenders." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 51, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059419872414.

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Introduction. Functional brain differences related to sex in psychopathic behavior represent an important field of neuroscience research; there are few studies on this area, mainly in offender samples. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of electrophysiological differences between male and female psychopath offenders; specifically, we wanted to assess whether the results in quantitative EEG, low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA), and changes in synchronous brain activity could be related to sex influence. Sample and Methods. The study included 31 male and 12 female psychopath offenders, according to the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised criteria from 2 prisons located in Havana City. The EEG visual inspection characteristics and the use of frequency domain quantitative analysis techniques are described. Results. The resting EEG visual analyses revealed a high percentage of EEG abnormalities in both studied groups. Significant statistical differences between the mean parameters of cross spectral measures between psychopathic offender groups were found in the beta band at bilateral frontal derivation and centroparietal areas. LORETA showed differences especially in the paralimbic and parieto-occipital areas Synchronization likelihood revealed a significant group effect in the 26 to 30 Hz band. These results indicate that combining quantitative EEG, LORETA analysis, and synchronization likelihood may improve the neurofunctional differentiation between psychopath offenders of both sexes.

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Cain, Calli M., Lisa L. Sample, and Amy L. Anderson. "Public Opinion of the Application of Sex Offender Notification Laws to Female Sex Offenders." Criminal Justice Policy Review 28, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403415572253.

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Sex offender notification laws depend not only on the public’s access of registration information but also on the belief that those on the registry present a danger to society and thus deserve informal monitoring. As registries have expanded to include more people, perhaps citizens feel some people on registry are incapable of committing sex crimes or do not pose a danger to society. A group whose inclusion the public may question is women, as many scholars have argued there is a societal-level denial that females commit sex crimes. Data from the 2012 Nebraska Annual Social Indicators Survey were used to determine whether the public agreed that citizens should be notified of convicted female sex offenders living in their communities, whether they would take preventive action if a female sex offender lived in their neighborhood, and whether they think that female sex crimes are less serious than sex crimes committed by men.

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Hamberger, L. Kevin. "Female Offenders in Domestic Violence." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 1, no. 1 (July 25, 1997): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j146v01n01_07.

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Brennan, Angela. "Female Partners of Sex Offenders." Probation Journal 47, no. 1 (March 2000): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455050004700135.

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Geiger, Brenda, and Michael Fischer. "Female Repeat Offenders Negotiating Identity." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 47, no. 5 (October 2003): 496–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x03253025.

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Fitzgerald-O’Reilly, Margaret, Susan Leahy, Catherine O’Sullivan, and Siobhan Weare. "Female Sexual Offenders and Offending." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986220945452.

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WARREN, MARGUERITE Q., and JILL LESLIE ROSENBAUM. "Criminal Careers of Female Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 13, no. 4 (December 1986): 393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854886013004003.

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This article examines the subsequent lives of a sample of females who were committed to the California Youth Authority during the 1960s. The criminal careers of these women were analyzed in terms of the persistence and duration of offense behavior, crime specialization, and escalation of seriousness over sequential career periods (prior to youth authority commitment, the commitment period including time on parole, and post-release). In addition, the article focuses on the adult period in somewhat more detail to identify the nature and extent of offense patterns and the Criminal Justice System's response to these patterns.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Female offenders'

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