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Journal articles on the topic 'Female Labour Market Participation'
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Luci, Angela. "Female labour market participation and economic growth." International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 4, no. 2/3 (2009): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijisd.2009.028065.
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James, Simon. "Taxation and female participation in the labour market." Journal of Economic Psychology 13, no. 4 (December 1992): 715–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(92)90020-8.
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Roy, Namrata Singha, and Ishita Mukhopadhyay. "Emerging Challenges of Rural Labour Market: Insights from Indian Villages." Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 18, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747918795227.
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This article has examined the labour market behaviour of rural India, with the objective to assess the changes taking place in the structure of the workforce and attempts to identify the factors affecting the changes in rural labour supply. In particular, this article tries to address the inconsistency between absolute declines in labour force, particularly rural females at national level, with the micro-level evidences of feminisation in farm work through the estimation of labour supply function. Empirical findings indicate an increasing trend in female participation, particularly aged in rural India. The significant positive association of occupation dummy with male labour supply and negative association with female labour supply, in one way, explains the greater participation of male workers in non-farm work and higher concentration of females in farm activities. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to promote initiatives such as youth entrepreneurship in agriculture to retain youth in farming, encourage innovations in designing appropriate location-specific machineries and tools which are female-friendly, and also organise capacity-building programmes for skill augmentation focusing rural female workers. JEL: J21, J43, J42, J16
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Castellano, Rosalia, and Antonella Rocca. "Gender gap and labour market participation." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2012-0107.
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Purpose – The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite indicator methodology. It satisfies the need to benchmark national gender gaps, grouping together economic, political and educational dimensions. Findings – The results show that female conditions in labour market are the best in Scandinavian countries and Ireland while many Eastern and Southern European countries result at the bottom of classification. Research limitations/implications – In order to take into account the subjectivity of some choices in composite indicator construction and to test robustness of results, different aggregation techniques were applied. Practical implications – The authors hope that this new index will stimulate the release of a sort of best practices useful to close labour market gaps, starting from best countries’ scenarios, and the launching of pilot gender parity task forces, as it happened with the Global Gender Gap Index in some countries. Finally, relating gender gap indexes with country policies frameworks for gender inequalities and the connected policy outcomes, it is possible to evaluate their effectiveness and to identify the most adequate initiatives to undertake because policies reducing gender gaps can significantly improve economic growth and standard of living. Social implications – The analysis gives a contribution in the evaluation of the policies and regulations effectiveness at national level considering the existing welfare regimes and the associated gaps in labour market. It can help policy makers to understand the ramifications of gaps between women and men. The Gender Gap Labour Market Index is constrained by the need for international comparability, but limiting its analysis to European countries; it has been based on ad hoc indicators concerning developed economies and could be readily adapted for use at the national and local levels. Originality/value – In this paper the authors propose a new composite indicator index specifically focused on gender gap in labour market. Several papers analysed gender differences in wages, employment or segregation, but few of them consider them together, allowing to get a satisfactory informative picture on gender inequalities in labour market and studying in deep its multiple aspects, including discrimination indicators ad hoc calculated, giving to policy makers an useful tool to evaluate female employees conditions and put them in relation with the different input factors existing within each country.
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Li, Jing-Ping, Zheng-Zheng Li, Ran Tao, and Chi Wei Su. "How does trade openness affect female labours?" International Journal of Manpower 41, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2018-0342.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the non-linear threshold effects between trade openness and female labours to participate in the labour markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors consider data for nine Asian countries from 1990 to 2016 period and perform the panel threshold regression method. Findings Empirical results indicate that the threshold value is occurred. With the increase of trade openess, the female labour force participation rate shows a trend of rising first and then declining. Furthermore, exports also have an asymmetric threshold effect on female labour force participation, which is partly in accordance with the discrimination model (Becker, 1957). On the other hand, imports dependency will hinder female labour force participation regardless of a threshold effect. The authors obtain similar results when the authors consider the female employment rate as substitution. Practical implications Specifically, increased trade openness may contribute positively or negatively towards overall female labour force participation rate (FLFPR), attributed to the relative importance of these opposing effects. Thus, when the cost reduction effect, resulting from intensified competitive pressure and comparative advantages would enhance the participation rate, the technology channel operates in the opposite direction. Therefore, from the perspective of female employment, trade openness is not the more the better. Originality/value This study innovatively discusses the non-linear correlation between trade openness and FLFPR and distinguishes the different contributions from exports and imports. The advanced threshold regression model assumes the existence of threshold value from trade to female employment. Thereby, targeted policies for the government should be applied to promote active female in the labour market.
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Schieckoff, Bentley, and Claudia Diehl. "The labor market participation of recently-arrived immigrant women in Germany." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 322–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-462.
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Objective: This article investigates the role of motivation in female immigrants' labour force participation. Focusing on recently-arrived immigrants (who have resided in the host country for 18 months or less), we compare the outcomes of two different ethnic groups in Germany: Poles and Turks.
Background: The immigrant integration literature tends to focus on the role of resources in immigrant labour market integration. However, when examining particularly the labour force participation of female immigrants, their motivation for joining the labour force is also important. Previous studies of female immigrants in Germany have often neglected this consideration, which includes aspects like culturally-specific gender values and perceived ethnic discrimination.
Method: We use data from the SCIP project (Diehl et al., 2015) to conduct logistic regressions on female immigrants’ labour force participation. Our sample includes 829 female immigrants from Poland and Turkey between the ages of 18-60, who were either active in the labour force or were 'at risk' of entering.
Results: In line with previous studies, our analysis shows that female immigrants' labour market resources, mainly their prior work experience and German proficiency, greatly reduce the ethnic gap in labour force participation rates. Moreover, motivational factors have a large impact on this outcome for both groups, and greatly enhance the picture that our empirical models present. However, we find no evidence that perceived ethnic discrimination plays an important role.
Conclusion: Our analysis indicates that when seeking to understand the labour market participation of female immigrants, their resources and motivation should be seen as key components of a gender-sensitive analysis.
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Onya, S. C., E. P. Amah-Jerry, and O. R. Iheke. "Gender participation in non-farm employment in Ebonyi State, Nigeria." Agro-Science 19, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v19i3.1.
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This study examined gender participation in non-farm employment in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study used primary data collected from 149 respondents selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and double hurdle model. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that female household heads were younger (38.3 years) than the male (44.4 years), the male had more years ofeducation, spent more time in work than the female; and also the male farm income were more than that of the female, while the female non-labour income were higher than that of the male. Also, the females were more involved in tree cropping and livestock-keeping than their male counterparts, while on the non-farm activities, the female were more into these practices than the male. The result of the double hurdle estimation showed that age, marital status, years spent in school, household size, number of dependent, farm size, non-labour income, and distance to the market significantly influenced the participation decision of both male and female headed households in non-farm employment; while age, marital status, years spent in school, household size, number of dependent, farm size, non-labour income, distance to the market, and distance to the urban centre significantly influenced the hours of work decision of male and female headed households in non-farm employment in the study area. The study recommends policy measures that will improve the skills and educational level of the farmers especially the female as it will go a long way in reducing the number of unskilled labours while increasing the number of skilled labour of the people in the study area.
Key words: gender, participation decision, hours of work decision, non-farm employment
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Mahapatro, Sandhya. "Female employment in India: determinants of choice of sector of activity." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2017-0108.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the choice of employment sector for women is driven by the structure of the labour market or determined by the household socioeconomic condition. Design/methodology/approach Data for the study were drawn from the National Sample Survey 68th round (2011–2012). The sector of employment was assessed through females’ participation as an unpaid labour, employer/own account worker, informal wage worker, formal wage worker and unemployed. A multinomial logit model was used to examine the factors that determine the sector of employment. Findings Although education increases formal employment among women, most of them are unemployed or entering into informal employment. It indicates that the labour market has not been able to integrate educated women into formal employment. Research limitations/implications Increase in female education accompanied by a slow growth of employment creates the challenge to accommodate the educated and skilled women in formal employment. Originality/value This study examines the factors determining the sectoral participation of employment to assess the responses of the current labour market for the females, especially educated females who have not been adequately addressed. The findings of the study have significant implications for formulating appropriate labour market policies for the educated female labour force.
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Kanellopoulos, C. N., and K. G. Mavromaras. "Male-Female Labour Market Participation and Wage Differentials in Greece." Labour 16, no. 4 (December 2002): 771–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00216.
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Liu, An, and Inge Noback. "Determinants of regional female labour market participation in the Netherlands." Annals of Regional Science 47, no. 3 (June 24, 2010): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-010-0390-8.
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Sangha, Harpal, and Robert Riegler. "Can globalisation promote female labour force participation?" International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-07-2019-0135.
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Purpose This study aims to analyse whether globalisation, i.e. informational and economic globalisation, promoted or impeded female labour force participation (FLFP) in South Asia. Design/methodology/approach The KOF Globalisation Index is used alongside a fixed effect panel data Discroll–Kraay estimator to control for unobserved factors and achieve robust standard errors. The sample covers all South Asian countries for the period 1999–2015. Findings Globalisation does not advocate the “feminisation of employment”; in fact, the impact is negative. This is driven by the economic dimension of globalisation, particularly for younger women. However, this impact is mitigated by informational globalisation that affects FLFP positively, especially for women aged 35 years and older. Practical implications Without support of the right governmental policies, there is a danger of globalisation creating new obstacles for women to enter the labour market. Originality/value This paper adds to the existing literature by using the more comprehensive KOF globalisation measure to identify the overall effect of globalisation on FLFP in South Asia, being the first study to analyse the impact of informational alongside economic globalisation, and investigating whether globalisation affects the labour force participation rate of various female age cohorts differently.
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Oyelade, Aduralere, Onome Oghenetega, and Favour Eforuoku. "Labour Force Participation Rate and it Implications on Food Security, Fertility Rate and Economic Growth in West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) Countries." Izvestiya Journal of the University of Economics – Varna 64, no. 4 (November 10, 2020): 444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ijuev2020.64.4.444.
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The study investigated the impact of labour force participation rate and its implications on food security, fertility rate and economic growth in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ). Using data from 6 countries over the period of 1990 tо 2016 and pool autoregressive dіstrіbutеd lаg (PАRDL) bоunds tеstіng рrосеdurе was employed. The result from the study showed that female labour force participation and health expenditure per capita determine food security and male labour force participation, female labour force participation, gross capita formation, health education per capita and enrolment in secondary education are the variables that determine fertility rate, while male labour force participation, female labour force participation, health expenditure per capita and enrolment in secondary education affect GDP per capita. The study recommended that policies should be directed toward increasing female labour force participation which will compliment male labour force participation as well as increase decent and productive work opportunities for female workers which will promote GDP per capita, leading to reduction in fertility rate and promote food security among member countries. Furthermore, family-friendly policies will further encourage females to participate in the labour market. Therefore, more efforts should be made to promote female labour force participation as the entire WAMZ countries will benefit from the growth and welfare improvement that it will generate. WAMZ countries governments need build their capacity through investment in health and education in order to enhance productivity of the labour force which will lead to economic growth, reduction in fertility rate as well as promote food security. This study has contributed empirically and theoretically to the body of knowledge. The scope covered also makes the study uniquely robust and different from previous ones.
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Singh, Dr Ajad, and Dr Malti Kapoor. "Trends of Labour Force Participation Rate in Rajasthan and its Major Determinant Factors." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 03, no. 12 (2022): 2679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.31289.
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This study is analysing trends in the Labour force participation rate (LFPR) in Rajasthan from 1991 to 2020-21 finds out major factors determining labour force participation for a person residing in Rajasthan. For this NSSO data of different rounds is used to understand the LFPR trends in rural and urban Rajasthan. This paper uses a parametric logistic regression to identify the main factors associated with the probability of participating in the labour force. The regression has been applied to extracted unit-level household data of PLFS 2020-21 of Rajasthan. The results indicate that belonging to a large family size, being a female, and belonging to a middle level of income earning family are all factors that negatively impact the probability of being in the labour market. However, years in education, being married and belonging to a family with more jobs positively impact the probability of being in the labour market. Based on these empirical results, the paper suggests policy options to overcome the labour market's main challenges. These policies focus on developing a sustainable strategy for increasing the labour force participation rate in rural and urban Rajasthan, empowering females in rural and urban Rajasthan, improving working conditions particularly for females and improving education quality and encouraging enrolment in higher education.
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Bibi, Tamanna, Amjad Amin, and Jabbar ul Haq. "Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global Economics Review VI, no. III (September 30, 2021): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-iii).02.
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This study analyses the woman's status labour market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four working states: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helpers were investigated. Data were collected about individuals and household characteristics of women aged between (15-60) years from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impact of women's age on all working categories in the labour market. The woman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiple children or having a combined family system, or the residents of the countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works. Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in the number of children, whereas participation in self-employment increases with the increase in the number of children. The probability of female participation in all four working states increases with the increase in the number of working individuals in the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in the labor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning, marriage, or higher household income.
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THÉVENON, OLIVIER. "Do ‘institutional complementarities’ foster female labour force participation?" Journal of Institutional Economics 12, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 471–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137415000399.
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AbstractWe analyse how female labour force participation responds to policies supporting the work-life balance, and do so using country-level data for 18 OECD countries from 1980 to 2007. Included is an original analysis of ‘complementarities’ between different policy measures, as well as of potential variations in their influence across different family policy regimes. The results highlight that expanded childcare service coverage affects women's labour market participation, which is greater in countries where support for working mothers is higher overall. But the influence of each single policy measure varies across regimes. Interactions between policy measures and the context in which they are implemented are important factors to consider since they can, for instance, either foster the positive impact of one measure or lessen the adverse effect of another.
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Fendel, Tanja. "How Elastic is the Labour Supply of Female Migrants Relative to the Labour Supply of Female Natives?" De Economist 168, no. 4 (July 8, 2020): 475–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10645-020-09368-9.
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Abstract This study estimates the wage elasticities of migrants and natives by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 to 2015 and a grouping instrumental variable estimator. Female migrants who live with a partner have lower own- and cross-wage elasticities than respective female natives, and the elasticities of non-Western female migrants are insignificant. The relationship between participation and elasticity is not in all cases positive, but parallel to labour market integration, the time since migration increases the elasticities of women. Elasticities indicate the potential to increase participation; therefore, it is especially important for non-Western female migrants to remove barriers to flexible wage responses.
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Jover-Avellà, Gabriel, and Joana Maria Pujades-Mora. "Mercado de trabajo, género y especialización oleícola: Mallorca a mediados del siglo XVII." Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 80 (December 17, 2019): 37–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.080e04j.
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Recently, an intense historiographical debate has developed concerning female participation in rural labour markets and its impact on the gender wage gap before 1800. The underlying hypothesis is that increased participation of women in the labour market should lead to a reduction in the wage gap and a parallel improvement in their life conditions. However, research results to date are inconclusive. This article aims to address some of these issues, using the island of Mallorca during the seventeenth century as a case study. Female par ticipation in the labour market was more intense there than in other Mediterranean and Atlantic regions. In addition, the seasonality of labour demand on the island provoked more instances of collusion than complementarity with regard to agrarian tasks, in contrast with what happened in Atlantic regions. Finally, we also explain why higher rates of female occupation did not necessarily imply a significant reduction of the gender wage gap.
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Siddiqui, Rehana, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "A Decomposition of Male-Female Earnings Differentials." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 885–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.885-898.
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The participation of women in paid economic activities has increased in almost all the countries and Pakistan is no exception.1 However, the quantitative increase in female participation in market production has neither led to qualitative improvements in their lives nor to equality of opportunity and treatment between males and females at home and in the labour market. In emerging global economic scenario, the role of females in a country’s economic development is becoming critical. This will be a major issue in the next century, as welfare of a society can not be improved unless specific measures are undertaken to improve the socio-economic status of women. In this study we intend to examine the role of females in labour market, particularly their earnings relative to the earnings of males. The household data show that in 1993-94 the earning gap between males and females was 43 percent. This was lower than the 63 percent gap reported in 1979 and higher than 33.1 gap reported in 1985-86.2 These changes in male-female earnings gap raise a number of questions, including the following:
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Tsolak, Dorian, Marvin Bürmann, and Martin Kroh. "Migration and intergenerational stability in female employment: The impact of differences between sending and receiving countries." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 351–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-490.
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Objective: This article studies the intergenerational stability of employment in families of immigrants cross-nationally by investigating to what extent contextual differences between sending and receiving countries affect the transmission of labour force participation from mothers to daughters.
Background: It is often argued that a low level of labour force participation among female immigrants reflects gender norms inherited from the sending country, or, alternatively, that it is indicative of obstacles to social mobility in the receiving country. We seek to add to the existing research on this topic by providing evidence of differences between sending and receiving countries that systematically affect the labour market behaviour of female immigrants.
Method: We use individual-level data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 35 receiving countries for a 14-year period (2004-2018) in combination with contextual data for 172 sending countries from 1960 to 2018. First, we provide an overview of employment rates and intergenerational employment stability for different combinations of sending and receiving contexts with respect to the labour force participation rates of female immigrants. Second, we corroborate our descriptive findings with multilevel models.
Results: Our paper shows that there are changes in the levels of intergenerational employment stability among immigrants depending on the differences in the female labour force participation rates between the sending and the receiving countries. We find that when women migrate from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates, their probability of participating in the labour force increases. However, we also find that the levels of intergenerational employment stability in this group are high.
Conclusion: Intergenerational employment stability seems to be responsive to contextual differences between sending and receiving countries. We observe the highest levels of intergenerational stability in employment between mothers and daughters in families who migrated from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates.
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Sultana, Nargis, Hina Nazli, and Sohail J. Malik. "Determinants of Female Time Allocation in Selected Districts of Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 1141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1141-1153.
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This paper attempts to explain female time allocation for rural women in selected districts of Pakistan. This topic is of considerable importance for several reasons. At an academic leveL the fact that the female labour force participation decision and the hours worked are jointly determined raises interesting problems of modelling and econometric estimation in taking account of the selectivity bias thus introduced into OLS estimation. At the policy level, an insight into the factors influencing female labour force participation is extremely important in a developing country such as Pakistan where the majority of females do not participate in mainstream economic activities. The objective of this study is to determine the factors affecting the optimum time allocation between market and housework of females in rural Pakistan. In a male dominated society like Pakistan with strong cultural taboos, a woman's labour force participation can be expected to depend significantly on non-market factors. In this study we examine, in particular, whether women's decisions not to work outside the home are influenced more by social norms, for example purdah and patriarchy, or by economic constraints such as lack of relevant education and training, non-availability of job opportunities and low wages etc.
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Sabir, Muhammad. "Gender Inequality in Labour Force Participation: An Empirical Investigation." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.551-565.
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Economic growth and development of the nations largely depend on the quantity and quality of their labour force. In Pakistan, a sizeable segment of population is considered as out of labour force. For instance, the overall labour force participation rate for the age 15 years and above remained roughly in the range of 49 percent to 53 percent during 1974-75 to 2012-13. This means that of the total population in 2012-13, aged 15 years and above, 53 percent is economically active or part of labour force whereas 47 percent is economically inactive or out of labour force. And more than 75 percent of the women population is considered as economically in-active. In addition, the labour market statistics show that a smaller proportion of women than men, age 15 years and above, are employed. The unemployment rate among women is higher than men. One of the possible explanations of this gender gap is gender discrimination in the labour market. In this context, this paper aims to analyse the behaviour of female and male in labour force participation by empirically investigating the determinants of labour force participation, and access to paid job for both female and male. It also shed light on occupational gender inequalities. It is believed that these types of analyses help designing better policies to increase employment opportunities for both females and males. They also facilitate suggesting various practical measures that can be incorporated in gender sensitised employment policies that in turn could lead towards greater labour force participation.
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Sackmann, R., and H. Häussermann. "Do Regions Matter? Regional Differences in Female Labour-Market Participation in Germany." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 9 (September 1994): 1377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261377.
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Over the last twenty years, fundamental changes have taken place in the structure of employment in the highly developed countries. In particular, the number of jobs in manufacturing has decreased, but service employment has increased considerably. This has been associated with an increase in the number of women in paid work, as well as with regional shifts in growth and decline. However, despite these fundamental changes, in Germany the pattern of female labour-market participation has, in contrast, been stable over the last 100 years. The authors aim to develop an explanation for this contrast. Labour-market analysis does not provide an adequate explanation, for there is no simple relation between female participation in employment and the presence or absence of typical ‘female’ jobs. Rather, explanations lie outside the remit of current labour-market explanations. To this end the authors examine regional differences in the ‘modernisation’ of life-styles since industrialisation in the nineteenth century. Industrialisation progressively removed paid employment from the home, which became more purely a site for housework undertaken by women. However, this process varied regionally, and resulted in regionally specific female roles of dual orientation to paid work and unpaid housework. Female participation in the labour force, therefore, took different forms—and means different things—in different regions.
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SĂNDULEASA, Andra-Bertha. "Romanians’ attitudes towards mobility for work from a gendered perspective." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 14, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1443.
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Employment strategies in the European Union laid stress on the importance and on the need to increase the participation of women on labour market. On the other hand, evidence shows that international migration has been feminised in Europe and that, in the past decades, geopolitical conflicts and economic restructuring in Eastern Europe and the Third World generated new patterns of female migration. This article explores Romanians’ attitudes towards mobility for work from a gendered perspective. Based on the Special Euro-barometer 337 – Geographical and labour market mobility – conducted in 2009 on behalf of the European Commission, the main findings of the article are that gender is an important aspect in analysing people’s economic behaviour. The research argues that in order to increase women’s participation on labour market, a deeper understanding of the situation of females on labour market is required.
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Miyata, Sachiko, and Hiroyuki Yamada. "Do Female Gender Role Attitudes Affect Labour Market Participation in Egypt?" Journal of Development Studies 52, no. 6 (May 2, 2016): 876–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1113262.
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Mujahid, Nooreen, and Naeem Uz Zafar Naeem Uz Zafar. "Economic Growth-Female Labour Force Participation Nexus: An Empirical Evidence for Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.565-586.
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Economic literature shows significant attention towards the role played by female labour force in the economic development of nations. The structural changes of economies from agriculture to industrial and services sector reduce the female labour force participation in case of developing nations. The activities of female labour force increases in the later stage of economic development due to increase in education and dynamics of economic activity. As the size of the economy expands females have easier and better access of jobs thus are encouraged to become economically active, it leads to increase female participation in the productive activities. The participation of female labour force is desirable for both equity and efficiency reasons. The equity aspect shows that the women’s participation in the labour market ultimately improves their relative economic position, increase the overall economic efficiency by enhancing the development potential of the country. Moreover, the increasing integration of women in the economy helps in reducing gender disparities in education, improving maternal health, increasing sectoral share of female employment in different sectors of the economy, demonstrating the hidden contribution of women as unpaid family worker especially in agriculture sector. According to the modernisation theorists, economic development is positively associated with female labour force participation through change in the occupational structure and increase in educational opportunities along with the household responsibilities. The modernisation process is linked with increased demand for labour, a general social acceptance of women’s education and employment as well as lower fertility [Heckman (1980); Standing (1981); Bauer and Shin (1987)]. A body of theoretical and empirical literature provides evidence that female labour force participation has a positive and strong relationship with economic growth [Tansel (2002) and Fatima and Sultana (2009)].
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Chatterjee, Deepaboli, and Neelanjan Sircar. "Why Is Female Labour Force Participation So Low in India?" Urbanisation 6, no. 1_suppl (September 2021): S40—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24557471211039734.
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In this article, we analyse the reasons for low female labour force participation (FLFP) across approximately 14,000 households in the Indian urban clusters of Dhanbad, Indore, Patna and Varanasi. We argue that expectations placed upon women to carry out household duties generate incentives for them to largely seek part-time work near their homes, due to what we term as flexibility and proximity of work. While this characterises most agricultural employment, this is not true of urban employment. Using this framework, we argue that requirements to travel large distances for most jobs put prohibitive costs on women entering the labour market. To empirically test our claims, we conduct a survey experiment on the female respondents who are currently unemployed in our sample to elicit labour market preferences. Our results are striking—women are 12 to 23 percentage points less likely to express a preference for a suitable job if they have to travel one hour to work. The magnitude of these effects is far greater than the impact of the primary wage earner of the household losing their job or other family members assisting the woman in household duties. We conclude the article by discussing the implications for policy.
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OMRAN, Emad Attia Mohamed, and Yuriy BILAN. "Female Labour Force Participation and the Economic Development in Egypt." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.01.
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Economic literature highlights the vital role that women can play in enhancing the economic development of nations. However, there is still gender inequality in developing countries, especially in education and labour market participation. Although women represent nearly half of the population in Egypt, their labour force participation rate is still very low compared to men. This paper's primary goal is to investigate the short and long-run associations between female labour force participation and Egypt's GDP growth rate. The study used annual time series data from 1990-2019, where the vector error correction model (VECM) was employed. The study found that female labour force participation and the gross fixed capital formation growth rate can enhance the GDP growth rate in the long run. Nevertheless, there is no statistically significant relationship in the short run. This paper's main recommendations are that the Egyptian government needs to implement policies that encourage women's labour force participation and decrease gender inequality. These policies could be changes in legislation, modernization of social norms, Job flexibility, and increasing access to childcare. Moreover, they need to focus on both the demand and supply sides of the quality of female labour force participation by matching the women’s education with the creation of suitable jobs.
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Salikutluk, Zerrin, and Katrin Menke. "Gendered integration? How recently arrived male and female refugees fare on the German labour market." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 284–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-474.
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Objective: This paper examines gender differences in the labour market integration of newly arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the heterogeneity in employment rates among female refugees.
Background: Previous research has demonstrated that refugee women are disadvantaged on the labour market not only compared to their male counterparts, but also compared to other immigrant women. So far, however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the specific disadvantages of refugee women.
Method: Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we analyse the labour market participation of refugees who migrated to Germany between 2013 and 2017. To test our theoretical assumptions, we apply logistic regressions.
Results: Our results show that compositional differences in qualifications, family structure, institutional support, and networks can partly explain the gender gap in labour force participation that disadvantage refugee women. We find substantial variation in the importance of different determinants for the labour market outcomes of men and women.
Conclusion: As the gender gaps in labour supply could be fully attributed to the theoretical mechanisms offered in the literature, further research is needed to disentangle female refugees' employment behaviour.
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Kuhn, Ursina, and Laura Ravazzini. "The Impact of Female Labour Force Participation on Household Income Inequality in Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjs-2017-0006.
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Abstract This contribution investigates the link between female labour force participation and household income inequality using data from the Swiss Household Panel (2000-2014). Through index decomposition analyses, we find that female labour force participation has slightly attenuated household income inequality over time. Women’s entry into the labour market, higher work percentages within part-time work - but not the shift from part-time to full-time work - and the weak correlation in partner’s earnings have contributed to this effect.
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Andlib, Zubaria, Mudassira Sarfaz, and Muhammad Kamran. "Does the gender of the head of the household affect the labour market outcomes for females? An empirical analysis for Pakistan based on Labour Force Survey (LFS 2017-2018)." Argumenta Oeconomica 2022, no. 2 (2022): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2022.2.04.
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Higher women’s labour force participation (LFP), is a significant contributing factor in achieving economic growth, poverty reduction, and female empowerment. Although women’s LFP increased from 14% in 2001-02, to 20% in 2017-18, Pakistan is still lagging behind in women’s labour market participation compared to countries on a similar development ladder. The presented study explored the contributing factors of low female LFP in Pakistan for male and female-headed households separately, using the micro data set from Pakistan Labour Force Survey 2017-18. The empirical evidence for the contributing factors of female LFP suggests that urban women are less likely to be engaged in work activities. Women with higher education, from extended families and those who received vocational training, will engage more in labour market activities. Regarding the heads of households, the results reveal that women from female-headed households supply their labour services more than those from male-headed households. The authors infer from their analysis that due to gender norms and patriarchy at the household level, most women from male-headed households are not part of the labour force.
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Ajide, Folorunsho M. "Financial Inclusion and Labour Market Participation of Women in Selected Countries in Africa." Economics and Culture 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0002.
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Abstract Research purpose: This study investigates the impact of financial inclusion on female labour force participation in Africa. It also complements the existing studies by evaluating how advancement in information and communication technology (ICT) and Trade openness (TO) modulate the relationship between financial inclusion and female economic participation in selected African countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study focuses on twelve African countries while the empirical evidence is based on Fixed Effects, Random Effects and Generalised Least Square estimators (GLS). Data over the period of 2005-2016 are sourced from the World Bank Development database and IMF international Financial Statistics. Findings: The results show that financial inclusion has a non-monotonic relationship with female labour force participation. The study establishes that if the level of financial inclusion can be increased to the range of 33-57 per cent, it would improve the level of women participation in economic activities. The results further show that ICT moderates the nexus between financial inclusion and female economic participation at a threshold level of 38.17 per cent. These findings persist when the TO is used as the moderating factor at a threshold value of 80.90 per cent. The results are robust enough to suggest an alternative proxy for female labour force participation and alternative estimation techniques. Originality/value/practical implications: Ending gender inequality has become one of the priorities in the global development policies in which most African nations domesticate the same for their national planning. There are voices at every corner in Africa demanding the possibility of achieving gender equality in employment, among others. This article is one of the few articles that evaluate whether financial inclusion can be used to accelerate female economic participation in Africa.
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Lagomarsino, Elena, and Alessandro Spiganti. "No gain in pain: psychological well-being, participation, and wages in the BHPS." European Journal of Health Economics 21, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01234-4.
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Abstract Accounting for endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and sample selection in an unified framework, we investigate the effect of psychological well-being on wages and labour market participation using a panel from the British Household Panel Survey. We find the effect of psychological well-being on labour market outcomes to differ across gender. In particular, psychological distress significantly reduces participation across genders, but, conditional on participation, has a significant negative effect on hourly wages only in the female sample.
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Haq, Mirajul, Asghar Ali, Iftikhar Ahmad, and Wajeeha Sajjad. "Religiosity, gender attitudes and women's labor market participation." Nurture 17, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v17i1.147.
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Purpose: This study examines the impact of religion on female labor market participation and tests the hypothesis that under a specific belief pattern, female time allocation to labor market participation should vary systematically with the change in religiosity level.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study uses a primary data set of 320 female respondents. The binominal logit model is used to estimate a categorical dependent variable.
Findings: The results suggest that religious women are less willing to participate in the labor market.
Conclusion: There are three different outcomes from the analysis scheme. First, the composite index of female religiosity signifies its negative impact on their labor market participation. Second, the findings of the study reveal that females with relatively higher religious education are less willing to participate in the labor market. Third, females are less willing to participate in the labor market when the head of the household is more religious.
Research limitations: A larger sample is believed to help in better generalization.
Practical implications: Religion shapes human behavior which subsequently influences their economic decisions. Our findings reveal a positive association between females’ formal education level and their labor market participation. This entails a government policy to facilitate women in enhancing their education level. Moreover, mainstreaming the religious educational institutes and their curriculum will resolve the misconceptions.
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Elcacho, Lisard Palau. "A Short Note on Women's Work in the Textile Industrial Colonies of Inland Catalonia in the Early Twentieth Century." Local Population Studies 107 (2021): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps107.2021.68.
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Industrial colonies were one of the most characteristic phenomena of the industrial revolution in Catalonia. They first appeared in the 1870s, developing their own labour and social model, and eventually totalled more than 70 in number. Taking 11 cotton textile colonies as its point of reference, the aim of this paper is to analyse, based on local sources such as municipal enumerators' books and worker censuses, the labour force participation of the women who lived and worked in the Catalan textile company towns in the early twentieth century. Once the rate of female activity is calculated, the article analyses the determining factors of female participation in these labour markets and the family strategies adopted to combine productive and reproductive work. Furthermore, it also examines workforce composition and employment structure, observing the behaviours of female workers in the labour market, the occupations that women performed, and the job stability that they enjoyed.
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Celestin, Mbonigaba. "Factors Leading Female Labour Force Involvement in Rwanda." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v1i2.33.
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The study evaluates the determinants of female labour force participation in Rwanda. The specific objectives were to establish the determinants of female labour choice to working in different sectors in Rwanda, and investigate the factors which affect female labour force participation in Rwanda. To be able to respond to the research questions and objectives, the Rwanda labor force survey data of year 2018 data collected by National institute of statistics of Rwanda (NISR) was used. As this study, use national coverage data with a representative sample of 8936 households in the second round of august 2018, while the sample size in the first round of February 2018 was 8924 households. The validity and representatively of the sample was done and tested by NISR (2018). The documentation on administrative data was done to compare and triangulation of results from the survey. The documents targets were available annual reports that talk about female labor force participation rate in 2018. The data analysis was done by descriptive statistical method to analyze data into quantitative by showing frequency, percentages and cumulative percent, the cross tabulation was used to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables, and finally logistic regression models was used to predict the odds ratios and probability of being employed and access the main determinant of female labor force market outcome in Rwanda. The study findings were summarized in accordance with the research objectives. The survey respondent’s female in employment ages includes 40.1% of female from urban and 59.9% female in employment age are from rural areas. Among which almost 40.8% of female surveyed were married with one husband. It is evidenced that many females are single not yet married (34.5%). The findings show that to analyse the socioeconomic and demographic factors determining the factors of female employment in public institutions and the choice of employment using labor force survey data collected by NISR in the year of 2018. The multinomial and binary models provided almost the same trends in explaining the determinants of female employment in Rwanda, explained by near similar coefficients and odd ratios either in magnitude and sings. This technique helped to examine probable determinants of female employment and the estimation of these probabilities of being employed or being government employee. Hence, the findings of this study help us to confirm that the problem of the study was solved, research objectives were achieved, and research questions were answered where we confirmed that there are different determinants of female labour force participation in Rwanda. Government should develop the Soft skills which are important for both men and women, women may benefit more from soft skills training to foster self-esteem, decision-making, negotiation skills, and perseverance, for example. Acknowledging women’s time constraints, provide flexible schedules and various time options for participation in services (e.g., mornings, evenings, and weekends).
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Birch, Elisa, and Alison Preston. "The Australian labour market in 2019." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185620909147.
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1 This article provides an overview of the key features of the labour market in 2019, with historical data providing insight into recent trends. In 2019, the female labour force participation rate reached an all-time high of 61.3%, 10 percentage points lower than the male rate. Disaggregated analysis shows this growth stems from rising participation amongst older women. This, in turn, is underpinned by a growth in feminised sectors of the labour market, notably the Health Care and Social Assistance sector. Since 2000 this sector has contributed 22.6% to total employment growth and at 2019 accounted for 13.5% of the Australian workforce. There has also been a growth in part-time and casual employment over recent years, with the latter now accounting for 25% of all employees. These are concerning developments, with estimates showing that 58.6% of casuals are not guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work in their job. The article notes that wages growth remains below that required to stimulate employment growth, and that a continued focus on conventional labour market indicators has the potential to lead to misguided policy formulation.
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Barman, Narayan, and Badsha Sarkar. "Women Beedi Workers of Cooch Behar, West Bengal: Accessibility of Welfare Programmes." Social Change 52, no. 4 (December 2022): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211068568.
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The labour market in India is largely unorganised in character, employing 93 per cent of the country’s labour force. India is a country where female work participation rate is very low, yet some specific sectors like beedi manufacturing have an overwhelming female work participation. Today, beedi manufacturing is a traditional and largely home-based industry in India in which 98 per cent of beedi workers are females. This article attempts to capture the accessibility of labour welfare programmes by female beedi workers in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. As a welfare state, the Government of India, along with the state government of West Bengal, has enacted several welfare schemes to protect the basic social needs of these women workers. But their backwardness, illiteracy combined with poverty, and a lack of administrative transparency appear to be major constraints in female beedi workers having any access to welfare programmes.
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Lane, Christel. "Gender and the Labour Market in Europe: Britain, Germany and France Compared." Sociological Review 41, no. 2 (May 1993): 274–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1993.tb00066.x.
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This paper has two objectives: to contrast patterns of female labour market participation in three West European societies and to develop a theoretical approach which can encompass both universal features of gender divisions in the labour market and nationally specific ones. Empirically, the focus is on the different levels and forms of labour force participation over the female life cycle, particularly on any resultant employment casualization. Consideration is also given to patterns of horizontal and vertical segregation and to pay. The differences between the three countries are explained by positing the existence of nationally specific gender profiles with a differential impact on labour market patterning along gender lines. These profiles are constructed by gender regimes at the level of the state which, in turn, are the result of political struggles and compromises of a variety of political actors. The paper utilizes European statistical data and secondary sources.
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Boskovic, Olgica, and Nikola Njegovan. "Gender inequality in the Serbian labour market." Ekonomski anali 57, no. 192 (2012): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1292113b.
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Many positive changes have been implemented in Serbia since the beginning of the transition period, and while these improve the position of women in the labour market the main indicators still show significant gender differences. Women are the majority of the unemployed and there are significant differences between regions and districts, in fields of work, experience, and the length of time taken to find work. An analysis of trends in the labour market over the past decade shows a worsening of the position of women, with a lower participation in economic activity and employment, rising unemployment rates, and an increase in the average time to find work and the proportion of women in traditionally female occupations. Problems of gender inequality demand more attention in order to improve existing legislation and the implementation of economic policies in the labour market which will ensure higher participation of women with lower education, with special emphasis on increasing the motivation of these women to undergo continuing education and training.
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Man, Lim Bao, Nuzlinda Abdul Rahman, and Zainudin Arsad. "Determinants of Labour Force Participation Rate in Malaysia from Gender Perspective." Journal of Statistical Modelling and Analytics 3, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/josma.vol3no2.7.
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Labour force participation rate (LFPR) is always a concern in economic view in Malaysia. This research study on how the labour force factors will affect the LFPR according to gender perspective for every state in Malaysia from the year 2011 to 2016. Static Panel Data analysis were used in this study. By using Fixed effect model (FEM), outside labour force, non-married, secondary, and tertiary education level have inverse relationship with male LFPR, while the marital status of labour force has positive relationship with male LFPR. Next, for the effect of determinants and characteristics of labour force on female LFPR, Random effect model (REM) was used. The model shows that unemployed, widowed status, outside labour force, and marital status have an inverse relationship with female LFPR. Meanwhile, non-formal education level, tertiary education level, and age group between 40-64 have positive relationship with female LFPR. In conclusion, it is important to understand the LFPR according to gender in Malaysia because it will shape the comparative advantage and describes the situation of Malaysia’s labour market. This study provides an overview of labour force in Malaysia using an appropriate statistical modelling known as panel data approach.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Trade liberalization and gender inequality: role of social norms." Indian Growth and Development Review 11, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-07-2017-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of trade liberalization on gender earning differentials and female labour force participation by considering the interaction between changes in relative wages, intra-household bargaining power and social norms. Design/methodology/approach A three-sector general equilibrium model is developed where female labour supply is determined as a collective household decision and depends on male and female wages and intra-household power distribution. On the other hand, the effect of power distribution on female labour supply depends on social norms. Findings Comparative static analysis shows that a tariff cut may reduce female labour force participation and widen gender earning inequality if (i) the agricultural sector is more male labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman from household work is higher than that of the man or (ii) the agricultural sector is more female labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman. Policies to raise the empowerment of women might lead to favourable labour market outcomes for women if the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman irrespective of the factor intensity condition. Research limitations/implications The results signify that the effect of trade liberalization hinges on both factor intensity conditions and the relative work preferences of women vis-à-vis men, which in turn is shaped by social norms. Originality/value The paper contributes to the scant theoretical literature on labour market consequences of trade liberalization by considering the gender equality implications of trade liberalization from a supply side perspective. The results of the model are used to explain the recent gendered labour market consequences in India in the aftermath of trade liberalization.
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Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar, and Zubeda Khan. "Female Labour Force Participation Rates in Rural Pakistan: Some Fundamental Explanations and Policy Implications." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.687-698.
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Labour supply is a key element in socio-economic development, and although the size, growth and composition of population have a strong bearing on its supply in an economy, the actual labour supply is a function of the labour force participation rate defined as the ratio of the population engaged in or seeking gainful employment to the working-age population. In Pakistan gainful employment means not only work for pay or profit but also unpaid help from family members, and the working-age population refers to the group of those aged 10 years or more. Although the use of labour force for computing participation rates has been criticised on the ground that it lays undue emphasis on market activities which have little relevance tb the less developed countries, particularly to the rural sector, (Standing 1978), it is nonetheless useful in studying household decisions regarding allocation of available time between productive and non-productive activities (Rees 1973). It is basically this division of labour between productive and non-productive activities that sheds light on the degree of development of an economy and, therefore, on the organization of factors of production (Yotopoulos 1986). The significance of rural participation rates, especially those of females, is noteworthy in this regard as there is a positive association between female productive work and the level of development achieved (Denti 1968). Female participation rates are also important for a proper understanding of the productive and reproductive roles of the population. As more than 70 percent of rural population depends on agriculture for its livelihood and rural females are nearly half of the total, their participation rates may be of critical importance in determining the rates of saving, investment and productivity in agriculture. It may also be noted that availability of labour in agriculture is also a function of the ready availability of female labour, especially for such operations as are performed exclusively by females, e.g. cotton picking.
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Alias, Abdul Hadi, Abdul Hadi Alias, Zamira Hasanah Zamzuri, Nur Riza Mohd Suradi, and Nur Riza Mohd Suradi. "The Profile of Female Labor Force Participation in Malaysia Based on Recursive Partitioning Analyses." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n3.2041.
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In determining the level of the Malaysian economy, one of the factors contributing to the economic development of the country is the availability of labour. Studies on the availability of female labour force by identifying female profiles in labor force participation were made using data from Labour Force Survey (LFS), Malaysia for reference year 1990, 2000, 2010 and the latest 2018. Referring to the latest year 2018, the recursive partitioning (RP) technique showed that four subgroup profiles of working women have been created equal to 12%, 43%, 57% and 78%, respectively (percentage of working women at the four subgroups). Majority of the working women are identified in the group of aged 20-59 and the highest certificate obtain was tertiary education (Certificate, Diploma and Bachelor’s Degree) with 78%. Comparison between year 2018 with others reference year, there was a difference in the profile of working women whose working age had increased from 54 to 59 years. There is also a difference in the highest qualification obtained from obtaining only UPSR or SRP qualification in year 1990 to Diploma and Bachelor’s degree certificate in year 2018. Therefore, efforts need to be enhanced by providing initiatives for this group so that those who are in this group or will join this group later will be motivated to join labour market.
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Cipollone, Angela, Eleonora Patacchini, and Giovanna Vallanti. "Female labour market participation in Europe: novel evidence on trends and shaping factors." IZA Journal of European Labor Studies 3, no. 1 (2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-9012-3-18.
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Schmidt, Ariadne. "Women and Guilds: Corporations and Female Labour Market Participation in Early Modern Holland." Gender & History 21, no. 1 (April 2009): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01540.x.
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Bhuta, Aishwarya, and Mridula Muralidharan. "Not All Time Is Money: Women’s Burden of Unpaid Work." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 5, no. 2 (December 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24556327211012843.
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Since the 1990s, India has been witnessing a downward trend in female labour force participation (FLFP). Feminist economists have argued that the invisible labour of unpaid household work is quintessential for the social reproduction of the labour force. Time-use statistics can be useful for estimating the value of unpaid work and lead policy responses towards increasing FLFP. This study analyses the report on Time Use in India-2019 to draw insights from data on women’s disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving services. It is argued that this has implications for their participation in the labour market. The patriarchal structure of the family pushes the onus of domestic labour on women. This confines them to home-based, poorly remunerated and informal work, or excludes them from the labour market. Interventions in the form of generating non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas, establishing infrastructural support mechanisms in workplaces and encouraging female education and employment can not only stimulate FLFP but also help to address the crisis of jobless growth.
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Bhaduri, Sanghamitra Kanjilal. "EMERGENT GENDER RELATIONS IN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT WITHIN THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN RURAL INDIA." Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1727.
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The paper has presented an empirical picture of inequalities, both within and outside the labour market for women, from gender relations emerging within the framework of overlapping social stratification in rural India. Analysis is based on secondary data, where the emphasis is not only on measurement of quantitative variables, but also on the interactions between various qualitative, socio-economic and socio-cultural variables. Main finding of the present study is that the participation of women in labour force varies across economic classes, social groups, religions, regions and the rural urban divide. Factors determining labour supply decisions of women are different from those of men. Interconnectedness of female employment with other social parameters which are outside the realm of the standard labour market analysis gets highlighted in the study.
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Madan, Sonu, and Surender Mor. "Is Gender Earnings Gap a Reality? Signals from Indian Labour Market." Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal 102, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54694/stat.2021.19.
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We examined the persistence of the gender earnings gap across diverged occupational groups and the workers owning diverged work status in India using the relevant information on 94 446 workers from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (2017–18). The marginal mean earning of workers is estimated using GLM: ANCOVA. The findings report the persistence of significant gender earnings gap across the occupational structure and work status of workers. The elimination of demotivating factors leading to the gender earnings gap, removal of gender discrimination, enhancing the self-esteem of females, raising productivity potential by augmenting the professional/vocational education and policies for increased female work participation is the need of the hour.
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Jensen, Per H. "Kontekstuelle og tværnationale komparative analyser." Dansk Sociologi 11, no. 3 (August 22, 2006): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v11i3.625.
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Contextualisation of cross-national comparisons
Most social scientists agree that it is necessary to analyse social phenomenon in context. However, the notion of context is most often used loosely and arbitrary. Therefore, this article invites to reconsider the notion of contextualisation, and it is argued that a contextual approach entails that social relations must be given primacy in the analysis of social phenomenon.
A contextual model is developed in order to understand the marked differences in female labour force participation in Denmark and Italy. It is argued that we find low female participation rates in Italy due to a familial social system (traditional family, residuel welfare state, closed labour markets) which corresponds to a centripetal female orientation, while we find high female labour force partici-pation in Denmark due to a contractual social system (dual family, institutional welfare state, open labour markets) which corresponds to a centrifugal female orientation.
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Ballo, Jannike Gottschalk. "Labour Market Participation for Young People with Disabilities: The Impact of Gender and Higher Education." Work, Employment and Society 34, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 336–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019868139.
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To what extent does higher education promote labour market participation for disabled people in school-to-work transitions and early career trajectories? This article argues that the effect of higher education on labour market outcomes for disabled people must be studied in correlation to gender. Intersectional theory warns against the generalisability of the female and male experiences, and predicts that disability may influence sexism, and that gender may influence disableism. Norwegian full-population register data on recipients of disability benefits are used to explore the effect of higher education on three labour market outcomes for men and women with disabilities. Contrary to common intersectionality expectations, the results show that men experience more extreme employment disadvantages related to their disabilities than women. Higher education has a stronger effect on participation for disabled women than for disabled men. However, gender differences in participation are smaller for people with disabilities than for the general population.