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1
Yakubu, Yakubu A. "Determinants of female labour force participation in South Africa in 2008." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6919_1298358241.
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This study employs the Human Capital Theory (HCT), which postulates that the education of women is positively related to the likelihood of their labour force participation, in order to investigate quarterly dynamics in the labour force. This approach is an advancement of knowledge gained from previous studies such as Serumanga-Zake and Kotze (2004) and Ntuli (2004) who investigated the annual dynamics in FLFP. Investigating quarterly dynamics in FLFP is prudent as the market economy is very dynamic particularly at a point when the world economy is experiencing recession. Data for the study are extracted from the 2008 Quarterly Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. Logistic regression analysis modeling was employed with the dependent variable, FLFP, as a binary outcome. Other variables controlled in the analysis are gender, population group, age, marital status, education status, sector, main industry, main occupation and province. The results show that there is association between education status and FLFP status. Findings from this research are expected to contribute to the knowledge about trends in FLFP in South Africa and aid in planning of interventions aimed at improving the status of women as one of the critical steps in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
2
GUETTO, RAFFAELE. "Structural and Cultural Determinants of Fertility and Female Labour Market Participation in Italy and Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/116458.
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The thesis contributes to the explanation of two well-documented phenomena: the strong decline in fertility rates and the parallel increase in female labour market participation which occurred in the last decades in most OECD countries. The argument is studied by means of a European comparison and an in-depth analysis of the Italian case. An innovative aspect of the work is the combination of cultural and structural explanations. In fact, the main argument of the thesis is that cross-national differences and the puzzling Italian and Southern European pattern of low fertility and low female labour market participation should be understood as stemming from the interplay between different factors, related to a structural – Welfare Regimes and the Economic Theory of the Family – and a cultural theoretical framework – the Second Demographic Transition and the distinction between “strong” and “weak” family systems.
In detail, the thesis shows empirically how both women’s opportunity-costs and households’ economic resources as well as family values and preferences are useful to understand fertility and female labour market participation behaviours. ILFI (Indagine Longitudinale sulle Famiglie Italiane, 1997-2005) data have been used to demonstrate how individual- and household-level mechanisms, connected with social stratification, underlying the transition to parenthood and female labour market participation around childbirths are coherent with the Italian familialistic institutional setting. Italy is an interesting case not least because of its strong regional heterogeneity, which concerns also the family formation process. Adopting an epidemiological approach, ILFI and IARD data on the condition of youth (2004) are exploited to show how the regional heterogeneity in family behaviours within Italy, such as the lower age at parenthood and the higher fertility rates in Southern regions in the selected cohorts, may be largely explained by differences in family values. This first hint suggesting the role of culture on demographic behaviours is developed further in a comparative setting using EVS (European Values Study, 1990-2008) data. The latter allowed to assess directly the importance of values and attitudes for women’s labour market participation and fertility decisions in 15 European countries. Finally, the comparison between the different paths followed by Italy and the Netherlands in the last thirty years is discussed as an example of how changes in the institutional settings in order to foster work-family reconciliation are deeply embedded within wider processes of social change.
Based on the developed theoretical framework and the results of the mentioned empirical analyses, the author attempts to integrate different streams of the literature and presents an argumentation about the complex interplay between interests, ideas and institutions underlying fertility and female labour market participation trends and patterns.
3
Guetto, Raffaele. "Structural and Cultural Determinants of Fertility and Female Labour Market Participation in Italy and Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1129717.
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The thesis contributes to the explanation of two well-documented phenomena: the strong decline in fertility rates and the parallel increase in female labour market participation which occurred in the last decades in most OECD countries. The argument is studied by means of a European comparison and an in-depth analysis of the Italian case. An innovative aspect of the work is the combination of cultural and structural explanations. In fact, the main argument of the thesis is that cross-national differences and the puzzling Italian and Southern European pattern of low fertility and low female labour market participation should be understood as stemming from the interplay between different factors, related to a structural – Welfare Regimes and the Economic Theory of the Family – and a cultural theoretical framework – the Second Demographic Transition and the distinction between “strong” and “weak” family systems.
In detail, the thesis shows empirically how both women’s opportunity-costs and households’ economic resources as well as family values and preferences are useful to understand fertility and female labour market participation behaviours. ILFI (Indagine Longitudinale sulle Famiglie Italiane, 1997-2005) data have been used to demonstrate how individual- and household-level mechanisms, connected with social stratification, underlying the transition to parenthood and female labour market participation around childbirths are coherent with the Italian familialistic institutional setting. Italy is an interesting case not least because of its strong regional heterogeneity, which concerns also the family formation process. Adopting an epidemiological approach, ILFI and IARD data on the condition of youth (2004) are exploited to show how the regional heterogeneity in family behaviours within Italy, such as the lower age at parenthood and the higher fertility rates in Southern regions in the selected cohorts, may be largely explained by differences in family values. This first hint suggesting the role of culture on demographic behaviours is developed further in a comparative setting using EVS (European Values Study, 1990-2008) data. The latter allowed to assess directly the importance of values and attitudes for women’s labour market participation and fertility decisions in 15 European countries. Finally, the comparison between the different paths followed by Italy and the Netherlands in the last thirty years is discussed as an example of how changes in the institutional settings in order to foster work-family reconciliation are deeply embedded within wider processes of social change.
Based on the developed theoretical framework and the results of the mentioned empirical analyses, the author attempts to integrate different streams of the literature and presents an argumentation about the complex interplay between interests, ideas and institutions underlying fertility and female labour market participation trends and patterns.
4
Guetto, Raffaele. "Structural and Cultural Determinants of Fertility and Female Labour Market Participation in Italy and Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368834.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis contributes to the explanation of two well-documented phenomena: the strong decline in fertility rates and the parallel increase in female labour market participation which occurred in the last decades in most OECD countries. The argument is studied by means of a European comparison and an in-depth analysis of the Italian case. An innovative aspect of the work is the combination of cultural and structural explanations. In fact, the main argument of the thesis is that cross-national differences and the puzzling Italian and Southern European pattern of low fertility and low female labour market participation should be understood as stemming from the interplay between different factors, related to a structural – Welfare Regimes and the Economic Theory of the Family – and a cultural theoretical framework – the Second Demographic Transition and the distinction between “strong†and “weak†family systems.
In detail, the thesis shows empirically how both women’s opportunity-costs and households’ economic resources as well as family values and preferences are useful to understand fertility and female labour market participation behaviours. ILFI (Indagine Longitudinale sulle Famiglie Italiane, 1997-2005) data have been used to demonstrate how individual- and household-level mechanisms, connected with social stratification, underlying the transition to parenthood and female labour market participation around childbirths are coherent with the Italian familialistic institutional setting. Italy is an interesting case not least because of its strong regional heterogeneity, which concerns also the family formation process. Adopting an epidemiological approach, ILFI and IARD data on the condition of youth (2004) are exploited to show how the regional heterogeneity in family behaviours within Italy, such as the lower age at parenthood and the higher fertility rates in Southern regions in the selected cohorts, may be largely explained by differences in family values. This first hint suggesting the role of culture on demographic behaviours is developed further in a comparative setting using EVS (European Values Study, 1990-2008) data. The latter allowed to assess directly the importance of values and attitudes for women’s labour market participation and fertility decisions in 15 European countries. Finally, the comparison between the different paths followed by Italy and the Netherlands in the last thirty years is discussed as an example of how changes in the institutional settings in order to foster work-family reconciliation are deeply embedded within wider processes of social change.
Based on the developed theoretical framework and the results of the mentioned empirical analyses, the author attempts to integrate different streams of the literature and presents an argumentation about the complex interplay between interests, ideas and institutions underlying fertility and female labour market participation trends and patterns.
5
Bayanpourtehrani, Ghazal. "Women, Fertility and Labor Market." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/366.
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In this dissertation research, the empirical analyses are developed to investigate the role of different factors on female's fertility decisions as well as female labor force participation. This research contains two major parts related to women: first, the impact of State Children Health Insurance (SCHIP) on female's fertility decision is examined. In 1997, Congress enacted the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide matching funds to states to provide health insurance for children who do not qualify for Medicaid. The implementation of SCHIP, however, differs across states. For example, some states provide SCHIP benefits to parents while others do not. Controlling for state and female characteristics, are women in states with more generous SCHIP benefits more likely to have children than are women in states with less generous benefits? After classifying state benefits as "generous" or "not generous" under different criteria, I do not find support that the type of SCHIP matters for future pregnancy decisions. Moreover, the association between pregnancy decisions and SCHIP do not change across ethnic groups, income levels, marital status, etc. Second, using a cross-sectional empirical specification, I examine whether female labor force participation (FLFP) in a cross-section of countries between 1985 and 2005 varies depending upon the religion practiced in these countries. I initially find that FLFP is lower in Muslim countries. However, the association between Islam and FLFP greatly diminishes once other controls are included in the regression, suggesting that Islam might not diminish FLFP as some have argued. Moreover, once these additional controls are included, the association between Islam and FLFP is similar to that between Catholicism and FLFP. Countries where Protestantism is prevalent or where no religion is practiced have higher FLFP. Besides, focusing on FLFP and using a panel data from 1980 to 2005, this study examines whether democratization is associated with subsequent labor force participation rates for women. I consider a panel to exploit the within country variation in political regimes and to employ country fixed effects that can control for cultural factors that influence both women's rights and political outcomes. We find a negative association between democratization (as measured by the Freedom House indices) and FLFP. Democratization appears to lower FLFP. Part of this finding stems from the decline in FLFP in former Communist countries. But the fall of Communism is not a complete explanation. Perhaps authoritarian regimes more generally pushed more people into the labor force to maintain higher output levels even when this was not optimal for individual households.
6
Gerwel, Heinrich John. "The effects of labour policies in the Piedmont Region of Italy on equity in the labour market: reflections on women in Labour." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2122.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe study concentrates on a particular type of state intervention in social policy. It considers whether policy reforms and subsequent provision of information with regards to the issue of parental leave and part-time work arrangements, makes an impact on gender equity in the labour market (Del Boca, 2002; Naldini & Saraceno, 2008). Giddens' theory of structuration is the conceptual framework from which this study approaches these questions. It is thus held that agents (in this instance, women) are constrained by structures (labour policy framework and institutionalised labour practices) to achieve specific social goals. And further: that the apparent lack of power on the part of agents requires intervention on the part of the state apparatus to correct the failure (or inability) of the labour market to deliver the social justice as aspired to in the cited European Employment Strategy, as well as fostering economic efficiency (Barr, 1992). I further contend that not only are agents constrained by structural properties, but that institutional reform (in the form of labour policy reform) is constrained by the human action1 of the management of firms and enterprises as economic agents within the policy framework.
South Africa
7
Mahali, Lesala. "An exploratory study of female labour force participation in South Africa: 1995 - 2010." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007050.
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The role that women play in the economy of any society is a desirable goal for equity and efficiency considerations. Just as with the rest of the world, the South African women lagged behind their male counterparts within the economic empowerment space and in the formal labour force. However, the role of women has undergone some transformations with issues relating to employment opportunities, such that their labour force participation has risen considerably since 1994. The female labour force participation rate is still seen to be persistently lower compared to the male participation rate even in the second decade of democracy. The rate of women labour force participation is even lower than the average. On the other hand, the increases have also been coupled with the rising rate of unemployment among women. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of female labour force participation in the South African labour market. The study uses a regression analysis on a cross sectional panel data covering a period of 1995 to 2010. Unlike most popular beliefs, the findings of this study reveal that fertility though not statistically significant, positively influences labour force participation of women. Other variables that are statistically significant in explaining female labour force are HIV/AIDS, marital status, age, household income and education. Race was found to be insignificant in explaining female labour force participation in the South African labour force.
8
Salazar, Leire. "Women's Educational Expansion. Effects of changes in Female Participation in the Labour Market and Household Formation on inter-household earnings inequality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508694.
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9
van, den Bosch Inge. "Beyond Education : Perspectives of rural graduate Filipinas on labor market participation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145064.
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The Republic of the Philippines is an example country when it comes to gender equality within education. However, this trend does not persist when it comes to female labor market participation. Current research shows that a mere 53,4% of all Filipinas are currently employed in the labor market against 81% of their male counterparts, indicating a wide engendered gap. This study investigates why so few of the highly educated female population find gainful employment by studying the perspectives of university graduate students in the rural province of Antique through the use of a wide range, quantitative survey across three universities, and 9 qualitative in-depth interviews. By using Nussbaum and Sen’s capability approach, an inventory of both known and new barriers is made, which are organized in the following categories: barriers on the supply side of the labor market, barriers on the demand side of the labor market, and other barriers. Revealing those barriers that have not been researched before contributes to the existing body of knowledge on impediments that hinder graduating Antiqueñas to enter the labor market. The hindrances as described and discussed in this thesis can be used to improve gender sensitive policies that have the ability to expand freedoms, capabilities, and functioning for Antiqueñas, but also for Filipinas in general, since the barriers; lack of good and productive vacancies, (early) motherhood, a wide gender wage gap, unpaid family work, patriarchic views on traditional female roles, and a divide in male and female jobs are all barriers that hinder Filipinas on a national level.
10
Dubihlela, Dorah. "Socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms for the female-headed households in the Bophelong Township / Dorah Dubihlela." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7175.
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This dissertation studies the socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms of female-headed households in Bophelong Township. The study focuses on three areas namely, female-headed households, their socio-economic challenges and survival strategies. The study followed a literature survey first, then an empirical study. The literature study was undertaken to provide a theoretical framework for the empirical work. The survey process was undertaken in two phases. In the first phase, a sample survey of the whole area of Bophelong was undertaken. This was the sample from which female-headed households were identified. In the second phase, a household survey on the female-headed households serving the purpose of this study was undertaken. The method used in the measure of poverty is the Household Subsistence Level (HSL). The HSL measures the minimum amount needed by a household to maintain subsistence. It takes account of the sex and ages of household members. According to the study outcome, poverty levels amongst female-headed households in Bophelong are high. About 77% of sampled female-headed households in Bophelong were poor. The poverty gap index in these households was 0.53; meaning that on average poor households needs 53% of their income to reach their poverty line. High unemployment rate has been found to be prevalent amongst female-headed households in Bophelong, where the rate of 65% was recorded. This high unemployment rate was possibly the cause of poverty in these households together with low educational qualifications among households members; only 2% were found to have a post graduate qualification. Female-headed households in Bophelong township are engaged in a daily struggling to survive. These households have devised various means for survival. These include the search for wild fruits in the nearby areas, immigration to another region and the benefit of school feeding schemes. When it comes to the sources of household income, government grants were found to play an important role in the sustenance of these households. The average household income was calculated at R1760 per month. The average dependency ratio, which measures the number of unemployed who depend on one income earner, was 5.5. Finally, the investigation recommends a more detailed and deeper study relating to the socio-economic challenges faced by the female-headed households. There is also a need to explore on their survival means so as to direct policy actions aimed at addressing socio-economic issues relating to female-headed households in general.Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
11
Watana, Paranee. "Female labour force participation in Thailand." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130346.
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In Thailand, female labour force participation rates are quite high
by international standards. Women work for various purposes without any
constraints. In this study, many socio-economic factors are investigated
in order to find their relationship with female labour force
participation. Data from the 1980 Population Census are used.
The relationship between female labour force participation and
socio-economic factors is positive. Many factors show a close
association such as education and number of children living in the
household. As education increases , so does the proportion of women in
the labour force. The existence of children in the household has a
different effect on ever married women. A higher percentage of Widows
and divorcees with children work than currently married women with
children. As anticipated, ever married women with no children have the
highest participation rates.
The investigation of marital status, age at marriage and religion
shows little effect on female labour force participation, Whatever their
marital status, age at marriage or religion, a large proportion of Thai
women participate in the labour force.
When the fertility levels of working women and housewives are
examined, many variables including age, education age at marriage and
the practice of contraception are considered. Working women have a lower
fertility level than housewives. However, those working women who
practice contraception have a larger number of children ever born than
do housewives. This is because birth control has only recently become
widespread in Thailand. Among working women, agricultural workers have
the highest fertility level.
12
Lee, Chi-yung, and 李志勇. "Female labour force participation in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976578.
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Thompson, Adrian. "Labour-force participation and disability in the UK labour-market." Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339778.
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Robinson, Helen. "Intermittent participation, wages and the labour market." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9406962c-3dc0-49b3-8737-8d636c09e588.
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Meschi, Maria Meloria. "Female labour supply and wage discrimination in the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388640.
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Laurie, Heather. "Household financial resource distribution and women's labour market participation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296586.
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17
Sciacca, Federico. "Labour market participation and frictional unemployment in stochastic equilibria." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23611/.
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This thesis explores the role of inactivity in shaping unemployment fluctuations in frictional labour markets. In the First Chapter, I document several facts on the behaviour of inactive individuals in the United Kingdom using the Labour Force Survey, observing a high degree of heterogeneity within those that are not classified as being part of the labour force population. I analyse the behaviour of marginally attached individuals and those who do not desire to work and their role in explaining labour market fluctuations. Then, I use the results found in the First Chapter as a motivation for the rest of this thesis. In the Second Chapter, I consider a search and matching model where vacancies behave as a stock variable in the spirit of Coles and Moghaddasi (2017). Here, I include an exogenous partic- ipation margin and assume marginally attached search with a non-zero job finding probability. I calibrate and evaluate the performance of the model in generating the behaviour of unemployment and vacancies observed in the data for the UK. Finally, the Third Chapter introduces an endogenous participation decision: in every period non-employed individuals decide whether to look for a job or to be inactive according to the state of the economy. I numerically test how modelling the search choice affects the behaviour of individuals when the economy is hit by productivity and separation shocks.
18
Luci, Angela. "Women's labour market participation interacting with macroeconomic growth and family policies." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638278.
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Cette thèse de doctorat en économie recherche le lien entre l'emploi des femmes et la croissance macroéconomique en prenant en compte les effets des politiques familiales. Tandis que plusieurs modèles théoriques et analyses empiriques montrent un impact strictement positif de l'emploi des femmes sur la croissance macroéconomique, l'impact inverse de la croissance sur l'emploi des femmes n'est pas si clair. Quelques economistes suggèrent un impact strictement positif, mais des études empiriques recentes estiment que la croissance du PIB baisse d'abord l'emploi des femmes et l'augmente seulement à mi et long terme à partir d'un certain niveau de développement économique. Cet impact convexe (" feminisation U " hypothesis) n'est pas encore prouvé par des études empiriques, car les études existantes se basent seulement sur des donnés de séries temporelles ou de séries transversales et n'apportent pas des résultats explicites. Je propose donc une propre analyse empirique de l'impact de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes, basée sur des données de panel, qui contiennent des observations de plus de 180 pays et de plus de 40 ans. La structure de la base de données me permet de prendre en compte des problèmes d'endogeneité. Mon analyse confirme un impact convex de la croissance macroéconomique sur l'emploi des femmes. Ce résultat montre que pour promouvoir l'emploi des femmes, on ne peut pas toujous compter sur la croissance. Des institutions promouvant l'égalité hommes-femmes sont nécessaires pour encourager l'emploi des femmes, et surtout l'emploi des mères, non seulement dans les pays en developpement mais aussi dans les pays industrialisés. Pourtant, dans de nombreux pays européens, le caractère redistributif de plusieurs instruments de la politique familiale risque de decourager l'offre d'emploi des mères. Par conséquent, il apparait essentiel de créer un set coherent d'instruments de politique familiale pour en même temps prévenir les familles de la pauvreté et encourager l'emploi des mères et la fécondité.
19
Bottazzi, Renata. "Essays on household labour market participation, housing and wealth accumulation decisions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445326/.
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The chapters of this thesis analyse elements of households' consumption, labour supply and saving decisions within the life cycle framework. The focus is on three main issues arising in this context. The first considers modelling both a durable good (housing) and labour supply choices together with life cycle choices over consumption and sav ings. The importance of modelling these features together comes from the existence of explicit earnings-related borrowing constraints when taking out a mortgage. Empiri cal evidence is provided for the UK and the modelling exercise, although not aimed to reproduce the evidence of a single country, is calibrated to the UK. The second issue concerns incorporating expectations into the model. Two ap proaches axe followed in the different chapters. One approach infers expectations from past realisations. The alternative approach uses expectations elicited in survey inter views. The third issue relates to whether individuals save enough for their retirement. This question is addressed by using expectations on retirement outcomes, elicited directly in accordance with the approach mentioned above, and collected for a representative sample of the Italian working population. Data of interest to our exercise is for the years before and after a series of major pension reforms.
20
Masinghe, Egodage Kusumawathie. "Female labour force participation in Sri Lanka with special reference to graduate women." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131159.
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This study is an analysis of the economic activity of
women focussing on secondary and university educational
development in Sri Lanka. In this study males are compared
to females to ascertain levels of labour force participation
of females; all women are compared to graduate women to show
the effects of education on labour force participation of
women.
Educational policies prevalent in Sri Lanka have
resulted in an expansion of secondary and university
education for females. However, currently available sources
of data are inadequate to study the quality of education or
the effects of education on socio-demographic and sociocultural
and economic factors that influence labour force
participation of females. Differences in definitions used
by different censuses and surveys to collect information on
the economic activity of the population of Sri Lanka create
serious problems of comparability of time series data.
Even though the male labour force in Sri Lanka is
larger than the female labour force, the female labour force
has grown much faster with increasing numbers of educated
females entering the labour force. Those with education up
to university level have tended to have the highest levels
of labour force participation, with more than 90 per cent of
graduate women being employed. Most graduate women are
employed in the government sector in professional, technical
and related occupations, with a majority in the teaching profession. A considerable number of female graduates are
in mismatched employment.
Unemployment is acute among economically active
females, particularly those who have junior and senior
secondary educational qualifications.
21
Soobedar, Zeenat. "Essays on women's labour market outcomes and welfare participation in the UK." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/425.
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The thesis examines the changes in the labour market behaviour and welfare participation of women in the UK. Over recent decades the UK has seen a dramatic rise in women's labour force participation. This growth led to remarkable shifts in the families employment structure. The UK has seen a rapid decline in the male breadwinner model of employment due to rising dual-earner and single-adult households over the years. In spite of this, the employment rate of single mothers is one of the lowest amongst other mothers and other OECD countries. While Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 evaluate two of the largest welfare transfers in the UK in search for potential explanations for it, Chapter 3 traces the factors behind the rise in dual-earner households. More precisely Chapter 1 investigates the impact of the automatic withdrawal of Income Support on labour supply decisions of single mothers with no qualifications. Consistent with a simple labour supply model, a substantial rise in mothers employment rate and an increase in job search effort are reported. Indeed 20% of single mothers who were initially on Income Support enter work following the benefit withdrawal. Chapter 2 studies the potential causal relationship between the benefit withdrawal and the availability of disability transfers. It is observed that 25% of single mothers with no qualifications who lose Income Support transit into disability benefits rather than work, in line with the predictions of a model of benefits choice. Finally, Chapter 3 uses a decomposition exercise à-la-DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux (1996) to pin down the rise in dual-earner households to changes in: (1) returns to female characteristics conditional on female labour force participation; (2) returns to male characteristics; (3) assortative mating; and (4) female characteristics. Female labour force participation appears to be the primary factor while assortative mating plays a modest role.
22
Undurraga, Rosario. "Between family and work : women's participation in the labour market in Chile." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35786/.
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Chile enjoys relative economic and political stability, but has enormous class, gender and labour market inequalities. Women’s employment participation is low – the lowest in Latin America. This research aims to explain this low female participation rate by looking at women’s experiences, the continuing barriers they face around paid employment, the tension between paid work and family life, and the factors that lead to the decisions they make. It examines normative gendered roles and gendered relations, highlighting diverse experiences between social groups. The study is qualitative, based on 60 semi-structured interviews with upper/middle- and working-class women in Santiago, Chile. The conceptual framework is based on the Total Social Organisation of Labour and is informed by the concepts of gender regime and gender order. I explore the way in which women conceptualise work and the implications of this for their self-esteem, the valuation of women’s work, and their place in society. The conceptualisation of work shapes (mis)recognition, (mis)representation and (mal)distribution of un/paid labour. I argue that structural and cultural factors put women off the labour market. The main obstacles women face when engaging with paid employment are structural (lack of childcare, education, transport time and costs, long working hours) and cultural (machismo, discrimination, traditional division of labour). Most women experience these barriers, which take different forms according to class. Women would like more support, a smaller gender pay gap, wider childcare provision and fewer working hours. The Chilean gender order is characterised by a ‘traditional’ gender division of labour in a ‘modern’ context. It displays a male-breadwinner/female-home-carer model with little State support, meaning women rely on individual (re)sources. The distribution of un/paid work is a private problem variously resolved by individual (gendered) strategies. This research contributes to knowledge by providing feminist analysis and understanding of the low female workforce participation rate.
23
Wincott, Daniel Edward. "The policy configurations of 'welfare states' and women's role in the workforce in advanced industrial societies." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1533/.
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Comparative political economy studies of welfare states have focused on either general processes of modernization or the evolution of different welfare state 'regimes' - such as the social democratic, liberal and conservative types identified by Esping-Andersen. Variations in women's role in the workforce tend to be seen as closely allied with 'welfare regime' types or associated with welfare state modernization. But there are relatively few empirical studies in the political economy field of how, within the overall policy configuration of the state, welfare policies influence women's labour force participation. First, using a quantitative analysis of country-level data for 17 OECD countries from 1960 to 1987, this study identifies clusters of countries consistent with the Esping-Andersen classification, which share distinct patterns of women's role in the workforce and have different paths of development over time. However, the analysis shows that important anomalies exist and key questions remain unresolved. Second, case studies are used to analyse policy configurations and developments in women's employment over time. 'Core' examples are drawn from each main welfare regime - the USA (liberal), Sweden (social democratic) and Germany (conservative). The Netherlands is examined as a key anomalous case. Third, the lessons from the empirical analyses are used to reconsider aspects of the 'social democratic' and 'modernization' models of welfare state development. Across the period as a whole female labour force participation has grown in most countries. The most rapid growth of women's involvement has taken place in core countries with either liberal or social democratic welfare configurations (the USA and Sweden). There has been less change in 'conservative' countries (such as Germany) and in the Netherlands despite its 'social democratic' classification. Yet apparent linkages between labour market trends and welfare policies do not necessarily stand up to close over-time or comparative analysis. In the USA there are only weak connections between welfare policies and women's changing role in the labour market, whereas the two factors are closely and directly linked in Sweden. Particular policies contributed to expanding women's employment in Germany, but the overall policy configuration has bolstered broader patterns of social stratification inimical to women playing a larger role. In the Netherlands, welfare policies have clearly restrictive effects on women's participation in job markets, although some growth has occurred since the 'welfare explosion' of the 1960s. These findings show that welfare states' impacts on women's employment do not fit neatly into the 'modernization' or 'social democratic' models. 'One path fits all' models perform particularly poorly, but even differentiated analyses of 'welfare state regimes' pay insufficient attention to the location of social welfare within the state's overall policy configuration. A clearer distinction between the 'welfare state' construed as form of state and as a particular sector of state activity can help comparative analysis eliminate the residual influence of 'one-path' models, and provide more compelling analyses of variations in women's employment trajectories.
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Soopramanien, Didier Gerard Rodney. "Gender effects in the labour market : modelling the participation decision and the occupational choice." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274205.
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Nyori-Nyoike, Laina. "Social Capital and Labour Market Integration : A study on young immigrants’ perceptions on the labour market and their participation in Ung i sommar." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-18615.
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Bulmer, Gordon Roy. "Evaluating the labour market experience of Canadian male and female 1986 University graduates." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10449.
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A major issue in labour economics concerns the differences in earnings between males and females. This thesis evaluates the male-female wage gap of the 1986 university graduates using The Follow-up of 1986 Graduates (NGS). The wage differential among graduates with bachelor degrees widens over the period 1986-1991. The increase in wage discrimination is the result of a change in the skill sets of males and females. However, wage discrimination decreases among graduates with masters degrees. The main reason for the decrease is the improved returns, relative to males, that females earn for their human capital characteristics. The results are obtained using Oaxaca's (1973), Cotton's (1988) and Wellington's (1993) decomposition methodologies. Wellington's (1993) two-period decomposition takes advantage of the panel nature of the data and has been employed only once previously on Canadian data. This thesis shows that the analysis of wage differentials is sensitive to the parameters of the model and the underlying populations.
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Bulmer, Gordon R. "Evaluating the labour market experience of Canadian male and female 1986 university graduates." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq20967.pdf.
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Doumenis, Ioannis G. "On married women's labour market participation considerations : empirical applications and some econometric issues." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416079.
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Trotz, D. Alissa. "Gender, ethnicity and familial ideology : household structure and female labour force participation in Georgetown, Guyana." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272996.
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STRUFFOLINO, EMANUELA. "Early career patterns and labour market participation in Italy. Between old and new inequalities." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/50467.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, labour market flexibilization has become a major issue within the European Union, but the impact of deregulation and flexibilization processes and structural changes of labour systems on careers are still unclear. Job (dis)continuity and career configuration are crucial for understanding inequalities within the labour market and their evolution over time. The debate focuses, on the one hand, on the role of temporary contracts in trapping workers in precarious situations rather than in being a stepping-stone toward a stable job, and, on the other hand on increasing instability of employment careers and of career heterogeneity across the population. However, in order to detect vulnerable profiles of workers, it would be conducive to consider not just isolated transition between states and their timing but rather the complete pathways of labour market participation, conceived as a series of different labour market states and events succeeding over time. Moreover, it is just by adopting this approach that processes hypothesized as being triggered by globalization – like differentiation and destandardization of the working life – can be tested.
Early careers represent a crucial step through labour market participation, since in this time-span the foundations for the following trajectories are laid and stronger or weaker within or between-groups differences with respect to a multitude of factors can influence different kinds of inequalities. The objects of this dissertation is precisely early careers patterns and their characteristics.
The analyses are carried out using the new AD-Silc panel, that matches information from the National Institute for Social Security registers (INPS) and data from the 2005 wave of the Italian survey IT-Silc (part of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions – EU-Silc). Analyses concern four Italian cohorts of workers by considering if and to what extent gender and education are associated with different levels of differentiation and destandardization over time. Both synthetic indeces and ‘qualitative’ representative sequences will be used in order to study in depth individual pathways by highlighting different faces of the same processes in cross-cohort comparison. In fact, the first seven years of labour market participation of four different cohorts of entry (1974-1978, 1982-1986, 1990-1994, and 1998-2001) are defined as sequences and these will be my main object of study being analyzed as a whole in their temporal unfolding. I then analyze the cross-cohort evolution of the most frequent pathways leading to more or less positive/negative outcomes for labour market participation, such as being in full-time jobs and being jobless. Secondly, a focus on the younger cohort of entry (1998-2001) offers a broad description of the models of labour market participation that were at young workers disposal. The aim is to put in evidence to what extent gender and education and their interaction play a role in defining the likelihood of experiencing different models of labour market participation. The main results from the cross-cohort comparison confirm that an increase in dif- ferentiation and destandardization of early careers exists both for women and men, but to different extents, being more pronounced for women. Moreover, education strongly influences the degree to which each of these processes have evolved across cohorts, both for men and women. This also applies to the evolution over time of the representative sequences’ characteristics. This analytical step also shows that non-linear and disrupted early careers were already widely diffuse before the deregulation process started. Fur- thermore, the overall trend followed by the cross-cohort evolution of the most frequent pathways leading to full-time employment and joblessness show a general increase in the length of the pathways and a progressively stronger presence of more differentiated states. Differences according to education exist and they support the idea that the higher the educational level is, the less differentiated and complex the patterns.
Finally, the main results from the focus on the younger cohort concern, firstly, the fact that clusters are mainly defined by the contractual arrangements, even though the internal variability and the variety in terms of states throughout the individual sequences confirm the complexity of the early career for a great number of young workers. Secondly, gender and the interaction between gender and education – net of other relevant variables – define a differentiated probability of accessing certain clusters (or better, certain models of labour market participation). Being women and being low-skilled are negatively related to the probability of being in more steady and secure (in terms of employment protection and stability and social security) clusters.
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Al-Shanfari, Amal Said Ahmed. "Participation of women in higher education and labour market : a case study in Muscat, Oman." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429919.
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Hernando, Rodríguez Julio César 1988. "Sickness absence trajectories and its relationship with prior Labour Market Participation patterns : a life course approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670310.
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Background: Previous studies have focused on analysing specific labour market
situations and their relationship with sickness absence (SA). However, little is known
about the relationship between mobility between different employment status and the
course of future SA with a life course perspective.
Methods: A cohort study of Spanish affiliated workers, residents of Catalonia, who
accumulated SA days during 2012-2014 (objective 1) or more than 15 SA days in the
same period (objectives 2 and 3). We applied sequence and cluster analysis to identify
patterns of labour market participation (LMP) and latent class growth models to identify
SA trajectories. Finally, we applied multinomial logistic regression models to assess the
relationship between LMP patterns and SA trajectories.
Results: SA trajectories were not related to prior ten-year LMP patterns, except in men
from the early working life stage, where an increasing employment pattern was associated
with a lower risk for increased days on SA over time. Nevertheless, considering two-year
LMP patterns, we found associations with SA trajectories in women of the early and
middle stage of working life. The former had U-shaped employment patterns that were
negatively associated with increasing SA trajectories, while the latter had increasing
employment patterns and patterns without coverage that were positively associated with
increasing SA trajectories.
Conclusion: Knowing the evolution of transitions between employment status close to
SA could provide useful information to prevent specific SA courses in the future.Antecedentes: Estudios previos se han enfocado en analizar situaciones del mercado laboral específicas y su relación con la incapacidad temporal (IT). Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre la relación entre la movilidad entre diferentes situaciones de empleo y el curso futuro de la IT con una perspectiva de curso de vida. Métodos: Un estudio de cohorte de personas afiliadas españolas, residentes en Cataluña, que acumularon días en IT durante 2012-2014 (objetivo 1) o más de 15 días en IT en el mismo período (objetivos 2 y 3). Aplicamos análisis de secuencia y de agrupamiento para identificar patrones de participación en el mercado laboral (PML) y modelos de crecimiento de clases latentes para identificar trayectorias de IT. Finalmente, aplicamos modelos de regresión logística multinomial para evaluar la relación entre los patrones de PML y las trayectorias de IT. Resultados: Las trayectorias de IT no estaban relacionadas con diez años de PML previa, excepto en hombres de la etapa de vida laboral temprana, donde un patrón de empleo creciente se asocia con un menor riesgo de acumular más días en IT en el tiempo. Sin embargo, considerando dos años previos de PML se encontraron asociaciones con el curso futuro de la IT en mujeres de la etapa temprana y media de la vida laboral. Las primeras tenían patrones de empleo en forma de U que se asociaban negativamente con trayectorias de IT crecientes, mientras que las últimas tenían patrones de empleo creciente y sin cobertura que se asociaban positivamente con trayectorias de IT crecientes. Conclusión: Conocer la evolución de las transiciones entre situaciones de empleo cercanas a la IT podría proveer información útil para prevenir cursos específicos de IT en el futuro
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Manhica, Hélio. "Mental health, substance misuse and labour market participation in teenage refugees in Sweden – A longitudinal perspective." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för forskning om ojämlikhet i hälsa (CHESS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143219.
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Aim: To fill the knowledge gap about the importance of contextual factors after resettlement on mental health, substance misuse and labour market participation among young refugees who immigrate to Sweden as teenagers. Methods: Register studies in national registers of national cohorts of young refugees, unaccompanied and accompanied, who settled in Sweden as teenagers. Studies 1-4 used Cox regression models to study the risks of psychiatric care consumption and substance misuse, while Study 5 used multinomial regression to study position on the labour. These findings were compared with peers from the same birth cohorts in the general Swedish population and non-European intercountry adoptees (Studies 2 and 5). Results: The overall results suggest that young accompanied and unaccompanied refugees were more likely to be admitted to psychiatric inpatient and compulsory hospital care, but not outpatient care, with refugees born in the Horn of Africa and Iran having the highest risk (Study 1). Young accompanied and unaccompanied refugees also had higher risk of hospitalization and criminal conviction associated with substance misuse (Study 3). Longer duration of residence in Sweden was associated with increased risks of outpatient care (Study 1) and hospitalization related to substance misuse (studies 3 and 4). These increase risks of young refugees were associated with their socioeconomic living conditions (Studies 3 and 4), but risk factors associated with the country of origin of the refugee population and the intercountry adoptees were more important determinants of schizophrenia than socioeconomic conditions in Sweden (Study 2). Young accompanied and unaccompanied refugees and intercountry adoptees had a lower likelihood of being in full employment than native Swedes with comparable levels of education. Secondary education, however, increased employment chances and reduced the risk of being neither employed nor in education or training (Study 5). Conclusion: Evidence suggests that several groups of young refugees are at higher risk of mental health problems and substance misuse. They also face employment disadvantages and barriers to psychiatric care in the early stages of developing a psychiatric disorder.Syfte: Att undersöka betydelsen av kontextuella faktorer för psykisk hälsa, alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk samt sysselsättning bland unga flyktingar som invandrat till Sverige som tonåringar.Metod: Avhandlingen baseras i sin helhet på studier i nationella register av nationella kohorter av flyktingar som anlände till Sverige i åldern 13-19 år och var folkbokförda i Sverige 2005, jämförda med övrig svensk befolkning och utlandsadopterade (Studier 2 och 5) i samma åldrar. Studierna 1-4 använder sig av Cox regressionsmodeller för att undersöka psykiatrisk vårdkonsumtion inklusive vård relaterad till alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk. Studie 5 undersöker position på arbets-marknaden bland unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flyktingar med hjälp av multinominal regression. Resultat: Unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flykting-ungdomar vårdas i större utsträckning i psykiatrisk sluten- och tvångs-vård, men ej öppenvård, med störst risk för flyktingar födda på Afrikas Horn och i Iran (Studie 1). Unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flyktingungdomar hade också högre risk för sjukhusvård och att dömas för brott i samband med alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk (Studie 3). Denna ökade vårdkonsumtion förklaras till en del av de unga flyk-tingarnas socioekonomiska levnadsförhållanden (Studier 3 och 4). Konsumtionen av psykiatrisk öppenvård ökade med tiden efter ankomsten till Sverige (Studie 1), liksom sjukhusvård till följd av alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk (Studier 3 och 4). Sjukhusvård och kriminalitet i sam-band med missbruk av alkohol och narkotika är vanligare bland unga manliga flyktingar än för kvinnliga. Faktorer associerade med flyktingars och utlandsadopterades ursprungsland var mer betydande riskfaktorer för schizofreni än de socioekonomiska förhållandena i Sverige (Studie 2). Unga ensamkommande och icke-ensamkommande flyktingar hade en högre risk att varken arbeta eller delta i en utbildning och hade också sämre utsikter till anställning än inhemska svenskar med jämförbar utbildningsnivå. Gymnasiekompetens ökade chanserna för inträde på arbetsmarknaden (Studie 5). Slutsats: Resultaten tyder på att flera grupper av unga flyktingar har en högre risk för problem med psykisk ohälsa och substansmissbruk. De konfronteras även i högre grad med arbetslöshet och olika hinder för att få psykiatrisk vård i tidiga stadier av psykisk ohälsa.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.
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Lillrank, Erik, and Fredrik Nilsson. "Job Market Signalling in the European labour market : Exploring the relationship between tertiary education access and participation in secondary level schooling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435893.
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This study re-examines a theoretical scenario introduced by Kelly Bedard in which increased university access leads to an increase in high school dropouts due to the decreased wage premium of a high school diploma caused by talent departing to higher education. The goal for this empirical study is to expand upon the theoretical framework introduced by Bedard in order to determine whether job market signalling is present in the European labour market. In line with Bedard, we theorise that if signalling holds true, secondary education graduates will decrease when access to tertiary education increases. To test this we construct 3 linear regression models to analyse a panel data set constructed of data gathered by Eurostat. Our research question is: Does increased enrolment in tertiary education have a negative effect on participation in secondary education? Our results differ from earlier studies as they indicate that increased enrolment in European tertiary education correlates with increased participation in secondary education. Ergo, we do not prove the presence of signalling in the European labour market. Our results support continued policy efforts with the aim of increasing participation at all levels of education as we find no evidence of a trade-off between university access and secondary schooling graduate rates.
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Jansson, Sara. "Women in Power = Economic Growth? : A regression analysis of female representation in national parliaments and the connection to economic growth in African countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416776.
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The objective of the paper is to study the effect that female representation in national parliaments have on economic growth in African countries. The foundation for this research question is the assumption that an increase in female representation will lead to an increase in female education and female labour force participation and this will cause a positive effect on economic growth. To test the hypothesis panel data from 50 African countries is used during the time period 2008-2018. An OLS, entity fixed effect and time and entity fixed effect regression was conducted to test the research questions and control variables are included in the regression. The results showed no statistically significant effects of female representation on economic growth and the relationship was negative which contradicts earlier research and the initial hypothesis.
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Linciano, Nadia. "Female labour supply and travel behaviour : a theoretical and empirical investigation through alternative household decision making models." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341601.
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Alfalih, Abdulaziz. "Labour flexibility : an analysis of the future trajectory of the employment of female graduates in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/612317.
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Debates on flexible employment and labour persist in most Western market economies, while being largely absent regarding Saudi Arabia. Increasing unemployment among qualified Saudi citizens remains a major concern, particularly for females, despite a government policy of Saudisation. Notwithstanding incentives for prioritising Saudi citizens, foreign nationals dominate private sector employment. Few empirical studies consider the factors impacting employment of educated Saudi women: further, there are hardly any robust frameworks which offer policy makers, employers, and those championing the employment of this group a clear set of plausible guidelines bearing in mind the socioeconomic context of Saudi Arabia. The research aims, first and foremost, to examine how far "labour flexibility" in Saudi Arabia offers solutions to unemployment among educated Saudi females, exploring interalia the main institutions and regulatory framework of the Saudi labour market, and the effectiveness of these in managing the relationship between employers and employees. It also examines the major labour market and employment policy concerns of government, employers and employees, considering flexible employment forms in Saudi Arabia, and in what context employers and employees do or would consider flexible employment. Following on from this, the second aim is to develop a conceptual framework on key factors impacting the participation of educated Saudi females in the Saudi labour market. The framework that emerges from these analyses also provides some guidance for graduate women who seek labour market entry and participation. iii The study employed quantitative and qualitative methodologies, with targeted participants, returning 1347 usable questionnaires (41% response) augmented by 28 semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data underwent statistical examination by performing descriptive and inferential analysis on the SPSS software, and qualitative data were analysed using summative content analysis. A conceptual framework was developed and validated through interviews with ten representatives of the interviewed sample population, who held senior positions. To improve understanding of key influencing factors for educated women’s participation in the Saudi labour market for key stakeholders. The six factors identified were personal, socio-cultural, educational, legal/political, organisational and economic. The study identifies a relationship between increased flexible work patterns and increased employment of educated Saudi females and suggests a relationship between the challenges Saudi females face within employment practices and numbers employed in the labour market. Similarly, a relationship exists between educational level and employment chances for Saudi women. Recommendations are proffered to the Saudi Government, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Education, industrial sector, organisations, researchers and academia.
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Lehrer, Kim Jamie. "Economic behaviour during conflict : education and labour market participation in Internally Displaced People's camps in Northern Uganda." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26274.
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This dissertation investigates men and women's labour force participation and children's education outcomes using original data collected in Ugandan Internally Displaced People's (IDP) camps in 2005 and 2007. The random nature of the conflict and mass displacement in the region is exploited to identify their impacts on behaviour. Furthermore, a randomized trial of two alternative food for education programs implemented in the IDP camps is evaluated. The impacts of the programs on primary school participation, cognitive development, and learning achievement are investigated.
The first chapter introduces the dissertation and explores the research setting by detailing the randomized school feeding experiment and the data collection process. It considers the context in which the data was collected, focusing on the conflict in the region at the time.
The second chapter uses this unique data set and the exogenous nature of the conflict and resulting displacement in Northern Uganda to examine their impacts on labour market participation. I find that the longer the existence of the camp to which people moved, the less men work. In contrast, women's labour market decisions are not influenced by the age of the Internally Displaced People's camp in which they live. I argue that these responses result from the development of gender-specific social norms regarding idleness and not from a lack of opportunities. A decline in the percentage of men working in a camp leads to a reduction in the probability that a given man works.
The third and fourth chapters provide solid empirical evidence of the educational impacts of two food for education programs. Joint with my co-authors, I compare education outcomes between three randomly assigned groups: Beneficiaries of an in-school meals program, beneficiaries of a take-home rations program providing equivalent food transfers conditional on school attendance, and a control group. The findings suggest that, in general, both programs performed equally well in improving school participation. While access to both programs improved cognition, the impacts on learning achievement are not as strong.
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Skyers, Sophia Teresa. "Reconnecting people and communities? : participation in partnerships and the labour market : the impact of local regeneration initiatives." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2115/.
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In response to some of the negative economic consequences of globalisation, there is considerable international interest in participatory styles of engaging local communities. This method of community engagement also has local expression in response to social and economic exclusion. A number of theoretical approaches and debates on social exclusion, which have occurred on both sides of the Atlantic are explored. In the UK and in the US current policies are set within a supply side context. This attributes social exclusion to the characteristics of people and deprived places, leading to targeted area interventions. In contrast with previous approaches, the current policy framework requires explicit community participation. This thesis explores the concept of participation, specifically in relation to targeted programmes in Hackney, East London, and with reference to urban programmes in New York. A qualitative approach is employed to address a specific set of research questions concerned with; identifying the extent to which an ethnically diverse constituency of local stakeholders have been engaged in and empowered by local initiatives; what they consider to be the benefits and constraints of such strategies and their effectiveness in addressing what they consider as their most pressing concerns, including forms of labour market discrimination. A number of theoretical issues concerning community, capacity building, and empowerment in the context of partnerships are also addressed. The key conclusions are that local interventions provide value for participants in relation to extending networks and acquiring specific skills. However, the thesis also concludes that effective participation as envisaged by policy makers is difficult to achieve. There are constraints on local actors in their ability to affect the fortunes of their localities. While recognising the limitations of area interventions to address the consequences of processes over which they have little control, the thesis concludes by making suggestions on how future policies might address local issues more effectively.
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Canessa, Eugenia. "Migration and female labour supply as shock coping strategies after economic crises and natural disasters." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257451.
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The research project intends to investigate the responses of households to economic uncertainty and natural shocks and the coping strategies developed both in terms of growing migration rates and remittance inflows and of increasing labour supply.
In the first Chapter, we employ household survey data from the Indian State of Kerala to evaluate how transfers of remittances sent from overseas respond to heterogeneous sectoral employment shocks experienced by migrants in the host country during the 2008 crisis.
In the second chapter, migration and remittances have been investigated as coping strategies adopted by households after a dramatic flood that hit Bangladesh in August-September 2014. The combination of high-resolution satellite data to precisely measure our treatment variable and the difference-in-difference estimations allow us to causally identify the impact of the dramatic flooding on internal and international migration.
The same robust estimation technique is then applied to evaluate the effect of the 2014 flood in Bangladesh on female labour force participation rate and on the probability for unemployed women to enter the labour force. In addition, correcting for selection into employment, we estimate how the flood affects the probability for women working in the household farm to engage in independent wage-earning activities, evaluatiing whether the expected rise in female labour force participation - instrumented by the shock intensity they face - would help to increase their bargaining power within the households.
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Sigler, Jack. "Labour Supply responses in the face of a pandemic: Can varying incidences of COVID-19 explain differences in labour market participation across the OECD?" Thesis, School of Economics, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29921.
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This thesis examines the relationship between virus intensity, vaccination rates and government policy responses on labour force participation throughout the pandemic across OECD countries. Higher levels of virus intensity have likely created a disutility of labour supply at the individual level due to increased health risks of workplace transmission. Upon aggregation, this has likely contributed to broad reductions in labour supply across 38 OECD countries. This paper uses a panel Fixed Effect (FE) econometric design to investigate the labour supply response to per-capita vaccination rates, virus cases and deaths. The results vary by the age of workers and by country. Though there is evidence of a relationship at the aggregate level, there is no clear link between age dynamics and responses to the pandemic across labour markets. Additionally, panel stratification partially supports social and political interpretations of model results. The results of this paper suggest the positive labour supply response to vaccination rates is more significant in magnitude than the negative response to virus intensity.
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Avlijaš, Sonja. "Explaining variation in female labour force participation across Eastern Europe : the political economy of industrial upgrading and service transition." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3341/.
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This thesis proposes a theoretical model to explain the variation in female labour force participation (FLFP) across post-socialist Eastern Europe. The model is then tested empirically on 13 post-socialist Eastern European countries during the period 1997- 2008 using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Embedded in insights from economics and comparative political economy literature, my theoretical model moves beyond linear causal relationships and suggests how different components of post-socialist economic restructuring in Eastern Europe have affected one another and have translated into specific FLFP outcomes. The model specifies the following three components: industrial upgrading, educational expansion and growth of knowledge intensive services and theorises their relationship to each other and to FLFP as the dependent variable. The model suggests that those countries that embarked on the trajectory of economic development driven by re-industrialisation and industrial upgrading created a vicious cycle for FLFP. This took place because industrial upgrading that was driven by foreign direct investment led to the defeminisation of manufacturing. Such a trajectory of economic restructuring also shaped these countries’ education policies and impeded the development of knowledge intensive services, which would have been more conducive to female employment. The virtuous cycle of FLFP, on the other hand, occurred in those Eastern European countries that turned to reforming their educational sector towards general skills and expansion of tertiary education, with the aim of transforming themselves into knowledge economies. Such a transformation required an active social investment state and growth of knowledge-intensive public and private sector employment, which provided greater employment opportunities for women. This development path created a positive causal loop for FLFP.
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Jaze, Jakleidi, and Shukhmit Kaur. "Female labour force participation in India : Analysing the U-shaped curve of FLFP in India from 1990 to 2017." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36072.
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Canessa, Eugenia. "Migration and female labour supply as shock coping strategies after economic crises and natural disasters." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257451.
Full textAbstract:
The research project intends to investigate the responses of households to economic uncertainty and natural shocks and the coping strategies developed both in terms of growing migration rates and remittance inflows and of increasing labour supply.
In the first Chapter, we employ household survey data from the Indian State of Kerala to evaluate how transfers of remittances sent from overseas respond to heterogeneous sectoral employment shocks experienced by migrants in the host country during the 2008 crisis.
In the second chapter, migration and remittances have been investigated as coping strategies adopted by households after a dramatic flood that hit Bangladesh in August-September 2014. The combination of high-resolution satellite data to precisely measure our treatment variable and the difference-in-difference estimations allow us to causally identify the impact of the dramatic flooding on internal and international migration.
The same robust estimation technique is then applied to evaluate the effect of the 2014 flood in Bangladesh on female labour force participation rate and on the probability for unemployed women to enter the labour force. In addition, correcting for selection into employment, we estimate how the flood affects the probability for women working in the household farm to engage in independent wage-earning activities, evaluatiing whether the expected rise in female labour force participation - instrumented by the shock intensity they face - would help to increase their bargaining power within the households.
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Ntlapo, Noluthando. "Female-male differentials in earning in South Africa: a comparative socio-demographic approach using data from Labour Force of 2007 and 2011." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4327.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilThe study examines female-male differentials in earnings and factors associated with them within the labour market of South Africa. Dating back from the end of apartheid in 1994, a few labour policies have been implemented to reduce poverty especially in the area of gender equity and wage discrimination. However, little evidence has been produced to inform on the magnitude of changes in reducing differences and progress achieved so far. Therefore the study attempts to assess and explain the structural changes in female-male differentials in earnings within the labour market. Sparsely conducted studies during the early years of post-apartheid South Africa showed strong racial divide in terms of wage gaps. This proposed study extends this analysis to socio-demographic attributes and also considers a more encompassing notion of earnings. Thus controlling for individual attributes, the overarching issue in this study stems from the following questions: do male workers earn more than their female counterparts within the Labour market? And if it is the case, what are some of the underlying social and demographic variables contributing to this difference? To assess the structural changes in earnings, data utilized for this study are derived from the Labour Force Survey of 2007 and 2011 carried out respectively under Statistics South Africa. Other public records are used to supplement these two sources. In the first step bivariate analysis are carried out to establish patterns and statistical relationships amongst variables selected. Drawing from that, the study makes use of a predictive model to analyse the combined effect of these variables taken together onto the dependent variable. It is expected to observe varying differences in the magnitude of earnings across the selected variables. Differences could be specific to occupation or industrial sector. Temporal variation provides insights about the dynamics of female-male differentials in earnings. From this the study draws some recommendations to guide policy interventions in the labour market.
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von, Unge Agnes. "Peruvian women in Catalonia : A Study on the social position of Peruvian female migrants in the labour market." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-113891.
Full textAbstract:
This qualitative research investigates the social positions of Peruvian female migrants in the Catalan labour market in Spain. It questions how social categories interactin order to determine the social positions of individuals, a nd how the positions can be related to a global world structure. Four unstructured life story interviews with Peruvian women resident in Catalonia were realized in December 2014. The interviews and two previously made studies have then been reviewed by a narrative analysis. The research formed a theoretical framework of intersectionality interpreted by Nina Yuval-Davis, and a globalization and female migration theory by Saskia Sassen. The analysis with the implementation of theories showed that nationality has a particularly strong influence in the intersection of social categories, though one must understand how all the identifications lay imbedded in each other in order to determine the social position of each individual. It was also concluded that an intersection of the identifications of the individuals interacts with global structures in order to determine the social positions of the study participants in the Catalan labour market.The city of Barcelona could through the lives of the four Peruvian females be seen as an economic centre that demands cheap labour by migrants, and where the social positions in the labour market can show a division of core and peripheral countries.
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PIRIU, ANDREEA ALEXANDRA. "ESSAYS ON GLOBALISATION: EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/728739.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis studies the effects of import competition from China and Eastern Europe
on the health and fertility decisions of German individuals working in manufacturing.
Individuals are matched with separate measures of exposure to competition from China
and Eastern Europe, respectively. To isolate exogenous supply shocks from the origin,
instrumental variables for competition from each of China and Eastern Europe are constructed.
Results in Chapter 1 suggest that higher import competition worsens individual health via
job displacement, wage decline, shortened employment duration, increased reliance on
welfare and less future orientation, with Chinese import competition affecting individuals
twice as much. Health declines as individuals increase their visits to the doctor, exercise
less frequently and have a higher probability of developing chronic illness. Also, there is
some evidence that individuals do not tend to become disabled but may be slowly pushed
into chronic illness.
Findings in Chapter 2 show that import competition negatively affects the individual’s
probability of having children via reduced earnings, lower satisfaction with personal
income and shortened employment duration. The chapter then investigates effects of
import exposure by gender. Results show that male and female fertility choices differ
upon rising import competition. Higher import exposure lowers female earnings and
job autonomy, which in turn generates a lower opportunity cost of work, to the point
where having children would become a more rewarding alternative for female workers.
By contrast, increased import exposure negatively affects male workers’ fertility through
reduced earnings and employment duration.
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Ročková, Magdalena. "Současné problémy korejského trhu práce se zaměřením na participaci znevýhodněných skupin obyvatelstva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192577.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis focuses on identification of the current problems of the South Korean labour market and proposing the possible solutions. The first part contains the theoretical basis of labour force participation, basic concepts and definitions. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of economic theories, which represent a necessary background for understanding the specific features of the choices of women and older workers between work and leisure activities, or retirement. The second part deals with a detailed analysis of the current state of South Korean labour market, by identifining the historical perspectives, by comparing the market indicators with OECD countries and confronting the local working conditions with the ILO standards. The final part identifies the causes of the current labour market problems of South Korea by applying the theories and determinants described in the first chapter. The last part also proposes potential solutions in the form of specific reforms and measures pursuable in the environment of the local labour market.
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Schmitt, Christian [Verfasser]. "The effects of labour market participation on fertility decisions : gender differences in cross-national perspective [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Christian Schmitt." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1035709880/34.
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Byrne, Michael. "Ethnic identity, acculturation, and labour market participation in marginalised communities : the case of the Roma of Shuto Orizari, Macedonia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/43033.
Full textAbstract:
The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe are a large minority group that experience widespread marginalisation and social hardship. This research is focused on a substantial Roma community in the Republic of Macedonia, called Shuto Orizari. The work explores the construct of ethnic identity for this group, the way they participate in society through their acculturation orientations, and the influence these factors have on outcomes within the labour market. Seventeen people took part in the study across a range of backgrounds and a standpoint methodology was used to articulate the views of social reality for the participants. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews to which grounded theory was then applied. The findings support existing theories on the construct of ethnic boundaries and social identity. 'Being Roma' is important to all who took part in the study, yet unlike other Roma communities this identity is free and unthreatened. Participants chose two ways to acculturate in society; roughly half of the participants integrated with the majority ethnic Macedonian community and portrayed a comfortable balance with their heritage culture often not seen in other Roma communities. The remaining participants followed a separatist path within purely Roma circles. This introversion produced extremely negative outcomes, most notably the poor psychological and sociocultural experiences within the labour market. The work concludes that although modes of identity construct within this community are different to other Roma groups, a person's acculturation orientation can still dramatically affect life outcomes. This conclusion can help steer policies to improve the experiences of social participation for the Roma of Shuto Orizari, or potentially other large ethnic groups.