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Journal articles on the topic 'Female immigration'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Female immigration.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Patrickson, Margaret, and Leonie Hallo. "Female Immigrant Entrepreneurship: The Experience of Chinese Migrants to Australia." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 3, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11040145.

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This article reports on findings from interviews with a small group of Chinese female immigrants to Australia who have started up their own business since their arrival. Unlike most publications concerning immigration that focus upon financial factors, we have instead concentrated on their personal journeys, why they started their businesses and the benefits they sought. We interviewed thirteen participants in Adelaide who had recently arrived from China with the aim of immigrating permanently to Australia. Immigration records indicate that by 2020 this figure had risen to over 160,000 per annum. However, it dropped again quickly in 2020 following the beginning of COVID-19. Nonetheless, according to recent Australian government records, over 866,200 current Australian residents have Chinese ancestry and 74% are first-generation migrants. The primary motivators for respondents were independence and control as well as income and skill development. Respondents were also satisfied by the personal development they gained.

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2

Facchi, Alessandra. "Multicultural Policies and Female Immigration in Europe." Ratio Juris 11, no. 4 (December 1998): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9337.00095.

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3

Romanenko, Veronika, and Olga Borodkina. "Female immigration in Russia: Social risks and prevention." Human Affairs 29, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0014.

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Abstract There is an increasing number of female migrants among the international migrants in Russia. The purpose of this study is to identify the social risks female migrants face. Statistics and data from surveys were analyzed, interviews were held with experts providing practical assistance to women and focus groups were conducted with female migrants. The employment sector in which young female migrants face the most risks and are likely to work illegally is commercial sex services. The social risks are mainly related to a lack of knowledge about the culture, their illegal status; risky behavior is also a big issue. The conclusion is that the social risks are linked to the gender asymmetry existing in the labor market and to the more vulnerable position of women with regard to sexual exploitation and trafficking.

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4

Gelfand, Donald E., and John McCallum. "Immigration, the Family, and Female Caregivers in Australia." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 22, no. 3-4 (January 25, 1995): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v22n03_04.

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5

De Angelis, Maria. "Female Asylum Seekers: A Critical Attitude on UK Immigration Removal Centres." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746419000216.

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The context to this article is sovereign biopower as experienced by female asylum seekers in the confined spaces of UK Immigration Removal Centres (IRCs). With approximately 27,000 migrants entering immigration detention in 2017, the UK’s immigration detention estate is one of the largest in Western Europe. Through an empirical study with former detainees, this article outlines how women experience Agamben’s politically bare life through IRC practices that confine, dehumanise, and compound their asylum vulnerabilities. It also explains how micro-transgressions around detention food, social relations, and faith practices reflect a Foucauldian critical attitude and restore a degree of political agency to asylum applicants. Centrally this article argues that everyday acts of resistance – confirming their identities as human / gendered / cultural beings with social belonging – can be read as political agency in women’s questioning of their asylum administration. As such, this article offers a rare insight on biopower and political agency as lived and performed by women inside the in/exclusive spaces of the IRC.

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6

Tan, Eugene KB. "Managing Female Foreign Domestic Workers in Singapore: Economic Pragmatism, Coercive Legal Regulation, or Human Rights?" Israel Law Review 43, no. 1 (2010): 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000066.

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Singapore's immigration discourse is deeply influenced by its need to “right-size” its population. As a society that has and remains in need of immigration, contemporary immigration and globalization have rigorously challenged the conventional thinking and understanding of citizenship, as well as notions of who belongs and who does not. Nevertheless, international marriages and pervasive in-and out-migration for purposes of employment, study, and family, conspire to make more pronounced the decoupling of citizenship and residence in Singapore. This transnational dimension sits uncomfortably with the policy makers' desire for, and the imperatives of, state sovereignty, control, and jurisdiction.Although one quarter of people living in Singapore are foreigners, concerns of human rights and justice are largely peripheral, if not absent from the immigration discourse. This is seen most clearly in employment issues pertaining to foreign female domestic workers (FDWs), most of who come from other parts of Southeast Asia. ‘Rights talk’ is largely absent even as activists seek to engage the key stakeholders through the subtle promotion of rights for such workers.The government, however, has resisted framing the FDW issues as one of rights but instead has focused on promotional efforts that seek to enhance the regulatory framework. This dovetails with the reality that immigration law also functions as quasi-family law in which the freedom of FDWs and other foreign menial workers to marry Singapore citizens and permanent residents are severely restricted. As such, the immigration regime's selectivity functions as a draconian gatekeeper. Justice and human rights are but tangential concerns.

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7

Forlani, Emanuele, Elisabetta Lodigiani, and Concetta Mendolicchio. "Impact of Low-Skilled Immigration on Female Labour Supply." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 117, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 452–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12101.

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8

Kawaguchi, Daiji, and Soohyung Lee. "BRIDES FOR SALE: CROSS-BORDER MARRIAGES AND FEMALE IMMIGRATION." Economic Inquiry 55, no. 2 (October 19, 2016): 633–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12411.

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9

Dubuc, Constance, and Tim H. Clutton‐Brock. "Male immigration triggers increased growth in subordinate female meerkats." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 3 (December 27, 2018): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4801.

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10

Sjöberg, Mattias, and Farhan Sarwar. "Who Gets Blamed for Rapes: Effects of Immigration Status on the Attribution of Blame Toward Victims and Perpetrators." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 13-14 (April 18, 2017): 2446–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517703371.

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This study examines the influence of the victim’s immigration status, perpetrator’s immigration status, and participant’s immigration status on victim and perpetrator blame attributions. In addition, comparisons between men and women were made. Participants read a rape vignette in the form of a newspaper article and subsequently attributed victim and perpetrator blame. A 2 (victim’s immigration status) × 2 (perpetrator’s immigration status) × 2 (participant’s immigration status) × 2 (gender of participant) between-subjects design was used. Measures of blame attributions toward the victim and perpetrator were used as dependent variables. The main results showed that participants with an immigrant background and native males attributed significantly more victim and less perpetrator blame. An interaction involving victim and perpetrator immigration status emerged for female participants and were subsequently discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.

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11

Engh, Anne L., Jacinta C. Beehner, Thore J. Bergman, Patricia L. Whitten, Rebekah R. Hoffmeier, Robert M. Seyfarth, and Dorothy L. Cheney. "Female hierarchy instability, male immigration and infanticide increase glucocorticoid levels in female chacma baboons." Animal Behaviour 71, no. 5 (May 2006): 1227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.11.009.

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12

Walsh, Susan C., and Susan M. Brigham. "Internationally Educated Female Teachers who have Immigrated to Nova Scotia: A Research/Performance Text." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 6, no. 3 (September 2007): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/160940690700600301.

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This research/performance text emerged from a study involving internationally educated female teachers who have immigrated to Atlantic Canada. The text features the words and artwork of the research participants as well as excerpts from newspapers, academic writing, and documents about immigration in Nova Scotia juxtaposed so as to foreground the complexity of the women's immigration and integration experiences. Introductory comments provide contextual information about the research project, the participants, and the evolution of, as well as rationale for, the text as performance piece.

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13

Pollack, Lea, and Dustin R. Rubenstein. "The fitness consequences of kin-biased dispersal in a cooperatively breeding bird." Biology Letters 11, no. 7 (July 2015): 20150336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0336.

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Cooperative alliances among kin may not only lead to indirect fitness benefits for group-living species, but can also provide direct benefits through access to mates or higher social rank. However, the immigrant sex in most species loses any potential benefits of living with kin unless immigrants disperse together or recruit relatives into the group in subsequent years. To look for evidence of small subgroups of related immigrants within social groups (kin substructure), we used microsatellites to assess relatedness between immigrant females of the cooperatively breeding superb starling, Lamprotornis superbus. We determined how timing of immigration led to kin subgroup formation and if being part of one influenced female fitness. Although mean relatedness in groups was higher for males than females, 26% of immigrant females were part of a kin subgroup with a sister. These immigrant sibships formed through kin recruitment across years more often than through coalitions immigrating together in the same year. Furthermore, females were more likely to breed when part of a kin subgroup than when alone, suggesting that female siblings form alliances that may positively influence their fitness. Ultimately, kin substructure should be considered when determining the role of relatedness in the evolution of animal societies.

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14

Damigella, Daniela, and Orazio Licciardello. "Female Immigration. Intergroup Relationships, Integration Processes and Role of Selves." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 (June 2015): 1102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.231.

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15

Zafar, Aniq. "Female Immigration to ISIS: Unlocking Motives to Turn the Tide." International Annals of Criminology 56, no. 1-2 (November 2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2018.11.

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AbstractThis essay presents the analysis, approach and understanding of the underlying reasons why females join the “Islamic State in Iraq and Syria” (ISIS), accept its rules and impositions, play an active role in it, and often actively recruit other women to join ISIS as perceived by an experienced and savvy communications expert and professional who also took active part in anti-terrorism campaigns in Pakistan. Previously he was a journalist who gained a deep understanding of the political and policy-making dynamics in his country. Especially valuable is the section on the “Way Forward”; that is, how to effectively tackle the recruitment campaign and methodology of ISIS.

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16

Ding, Ding, C. Richard Hofstetter, Gregory J. Norman, Veronica L. Irvin, Douglas Chhay, and Melbourne F. Hovell. "Measuring immigration stress of first-generation female Korean immigrants in California: psychometric evaluation of Demand of Immigration Scale." Ethnicity & Health 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2011): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2010.523107.

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17

Darmi, Titi, and Agus Salim. "The Performance of the Female Employees in Public Service." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 33, no. 2 (December 19, 2017): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v33i2.2384.

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The purpose of this study is to find out how the performance of female employees in public service at Class II Immigration Office Bukittinggi is. The research method used is a mixed method research by combining the qualitative and quantitative data. The sources of data were primary and secondary data. Primary data is obtained through interviews, observations and questionnaires to service users. The data from the distributed questionnaires are analyzed through frequency distribution table according to the respondents’ statements. The number of respondents as service users amounted to 45 people and 7 informants from the Class II Immigration Office of Bukittinggi. The research result showing that the performance of the female employees was very good with a contribution of 84.4% of the respondent's answer in assessing the employees' discipline in starting and completing the service, responsibility in completing the tasks given and show good attitudes to the society. In performing their job, they apply roles, duties and responsibilities properly according to the main tasks and Functions (tupoksi). Efforts and commitments from the stakeholders in improving the performance quality of the female employees are categorized good so that female employees can overcome any obstacles encountered.

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18

Régnière, Jacques, Johanne Delisle, Alain Dupont, and Richard Trudel. "The Impact of Moth Migration on Apparent Fecundity Overwhelms Mating Disruption as a Method to Manage Spruce Budworm Populations." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090775.

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Aerial applications of a registered formulation of synthetic spruce budworm female sex pheromone were made in 2008, 2013 and 2014 to disrupt mating in populations of this forest insect pest in Quebec, Canada. Each year, the applications resulted in a 90% reduction in captures of male spruce budworm moths in pheromone-baited traps. A commensurate reduction in mating success among virgin females held in individual cages at mid-crown of host trees was also obtained. However, there was no reduction in the populations of eggs or overwintering larvae in the following generation (late summer and fall). The failure of this approach as a viable tactic for spruce budworm population reduction could have resulted from considerable immigration of mated females, as evidenced by high rates of immigration and emigration that caused steep negative relationships between apparent fecundity and the density of locally emerged adults.

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19

Koshulko, Oksana. "Violence Against Female Citizens and Female Immigrants in Some Countries Worldwide: Challenges and Solutions." ECONOMICS 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2018-0026.

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Summary This paper presents the results of studies on violence against women in many countries worldwide, including female citizens of the countries and female immigrants. The paper has been written using the results of research conducted by the World Health Organization, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the South African Medical Research Council; the fellowship project on female immigration, supported by the Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK); and the Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey, conducted by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies and the Ministry of Family and Social Policies in Ankara, Turkey. The paper has combined several studies on preventing violence against female citizens and female immigrants conducted in various countries throughout the world.

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20

Khutso, Mamadi, Rapholo Selelo Frank, and Ramoshaba Dillo Justin. "The Danger of being a Young Female Migrant: A Case Study Female Refugees in Musina Town in South Africa." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 27, 2021): 1638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.187.

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Several studies show that international migrants across the globe extremely face challenges upon their arrival in the host countries. This constant influx of international population movement is driven by factors such as escaping from poverty, seeking better livelihoods, or escaping from political upheavals and civil strife, such as wars. There have been several studies in South Africa that generally explored challenges faced by the international migrant youth but not necessarily on the gendered nature of migration. This study argues that migration affects males and females inversely. Thus this study aimed to contextually explore the danger of being a young female migrant by following a qualitative research approach using female refugees in Musina town as a case study. Nine participants were purposively and conveniently selected and semi-structured face-to-face interviews with open-ended questions were followed to collect data that is analysed thematically in this paper. The Nvivo software was used to manage and organise data. Findings reveal that young female migrants face challenges from the cross-bordering where they are at risk of being raped. Findings further show that upon their arrival in South Africa, female young migrants face challenges such as exclusion from basic health care services due to lack of immigration documents, sex work, and exploitation by local citizens as well as victimization by the police. The security at border posts should thus be tightened and the defence forces should jointly work with the police officials to deport female migrant youth who migrate illegally and stakeholders in South Africa should run educational programmes where the illegal immigrants would be educated about the risks of cross-boarding to South Africa without legal immigration permits.

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21

Thomas, Kevin J. A., and Ikubolajeh Logan. "African female immigration to the United States and its policy implications." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 46, no. 1 (April 2012): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2012.659582.

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22

Young, Lindsay C., Brenda J. Zaun, and Eric A. VanderWerf. "Successful same-sex pairing in Laysan albatross." Biology Letters 4, no. 4 (May 27, 2008): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0191.

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Unrelated same-sex individuals pairing together and cooperating to raise offspring over many years is a rare occurrence in the animal kingdom. Cooperative breeding, in which animals help raise offspring that are not their own, is often attributed to kin selection when individuals are related, or altruism when individuals are unrelated. Here we document long-term pairing of unrelated female Laysan albatross ( Phoebastria immutabilis ) and show how cooperation may have arisen as a result of a skewed sex ratio in this species. Thirty-one per cent of Laysan albatross pairs on Oahu were female–female, and the overall sex ratio was 59% females as a result of female-biased immigration. Female–female pairs fledged fewer offspring than male–female pairs, but this was a better alternative than not breeding. In most female–female pairs that raised a chick in more than 1 year, at least one offspring was genetically related to each female, indicating that both females had opportunities to reproduce. These results demonstrate how changes in the sex ratio of a population can shift the social structure and cause cooperative behaviour to arise in a monogamous species, and they also underscore the importance of genetically sexing monomorphic species.

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23

Soroka, Stuart N., Richard Johnston, Anthony Kevins, Keith Banting, and Will Kymlicka. "Migration and welfare state spending." European Political Science Review 8, no. 2 (March 3, 2015): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773915000041.

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Is international migration a threat to the redistributive programmes of destination countries? Existing work is divided. This paper examines the manner and extent to which increases in immigration are related to welfare state retrenchment, drawing on data from 1970 to 2007. The paper makes three contributions: (1) it explores the impact of changes in immigration on social welfare policy over both the short and medium term; (2) it examines the possibility that immigration matters for spending not just directly, but indirectly, through changes in demographics and/or the labour force; and (3) by disaggregating data on social expenditure into subdomains (including unemployment, pensions, and the like), it tests the impact of immigration on different elements of the welfare state. Results suggest that increased immigration is indeed associated with smaller increases in spending. The major pathway is through impact on female labour force participation. The policy domains most affected are ones subject to moral hazard, or at least to rhetoric about moral hazard.

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24

Nwadiuko, Joseph, Chanelle Diaz, Katherine Yun, Karla Fredricks, Sarah Polk, Sural Shah, Nandita Mitra, and Judith A. Long. "Adult hospitalizations from immigration detention in Louisiana and Texas, 2015–2018." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): e0000432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000432.

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Poor health conditions within immigration detention facilities have attracted significant concerns from policymakers and activists alike. There is no systematic data on the causes of hospitalizations from immigration detention facilities or their relative morbidity. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyze the causes of hospitalizations from immigration detention facilities, as well as the percentage of hospitalizations necessitating ICU or intermediate-ICU (i.e, “step-down”) admission and the types of surgical and interventional procedures conducted during these hospitalizations. We conducted a cross-sectional study of statewide adult (age 18 and greater) hospitalization data, with hospitalizations attributed to immigration facilities via payor designations (from Immigration and Customs Enforcement) and geospatial data in Texas and Louisiana from 2015–2018. Our analysis identified 5,215 hospitalizations of which 887 met inclusion criteria for analysis. Average age was 36 (standard deviation, 13.7), and 23.6% were female. The most common causes of hospitalization were related to infectious diseases (207, 23.3%) and psychiatric illness (147, 16.6%). 340 (38.3%) hospitalizations required a surgical or interventional procedure. Seventy-two (8.1%) hospitalizations required ICU admission and 175 (19.5%) required intermediate ICU. In this relatively young cohort, hospitalizations from immigration detention were accompanied with significant morbidity. Policymakers should mitigate the medical risks of immigration detention by improving access to medical and psychiatric care in facilities.

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25

Nghia, Tran Le Huu. "Motivations for Studying Abroad and Immigration Intentions." Journal of International Students 9, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 758–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v0i0.731.

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This article reports a study that investigated prospective and current Vietnamese international students’ motivations to study abroad and their immigration intentions. Analyses of 55 intercept interviews and 313 responses to a survey revealed 12 push and pull factors that motivated students to pursue overseas studies and 18 sociocultural, economic, and political factors that influenced their immigration intentions. Independent samples t tests indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the influence of motivations on decisions to study overseas between groups of male and female students and prospective and current students. The analyses, furthermore, suggested that students’ immigration intentions depended on their personal attachment to the home country and (perceived) adaptability to the host country.

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26

Johnson, Kit. "Tales of a Flow Stayed By Nothing: Menstruation in Immigration Detention." Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 41, no. 1 (November 8, 2021): Only. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjgl.v41i1.8829.

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When Fauziya Kassindja landed at New York’s JFK airport in 1994, she was seventeen, seeking asylum, and fleeing the brutal practice of female genital mutilation. She was also menstruating. Hours after her arrival, Fauziya was strip searched, forced to stand before a female officer “completely naked, soiled pad exposed, shamed beyond words.” She was then transferred to an off-site detention facility where she was strip- searched again. When Fauziya asked where she should place her soiled pad, the female guard responded: “I don’t know. Why don’t you eat it?” When Fauziya asked for a new pad, she was told she could ask for one the next morning. She was given absolutely nothing to stay her flow—not even toilet paper or paper towels. This was the beginning of Fauziya’s experience with immigration detention. She would remain there for sixteen months.

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27

Lee, Erika, and George Anthony Peffer. "If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion." American Journal of Legal History 44, no. 4 (October 2000): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3113790.

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28

Salyer, Lucy E., and George Anthony Peffer. "If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion." American Historical Review 106, no. 5 (December 2001): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692818.

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29

Liang, Mao-xin, and George Anthony Peffer. "If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion." Journal of American History 87, no. 3 (December 2000): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675336.

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30

Jacquot, Joseph J., and Nancy G. Solomon. "EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION OF TERRITORY OCCUPANCY: EFFECTS ON IMMIGRATION OF FEMALE PRAIRIE VOLES." Journal of Mammalogy 85, no. 5 (October 2004): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/bpr-019.

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31

Altink, Henrice. "If they don't bring their women here: chinese female immigration before exclusion." Women's History Review 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020400200740.

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32

Wong, K. Scott. "If They Don’t Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion." Journal of American Ethnic History 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2000): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502659.

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33

Roeder, C. M. "Sex ratio response of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) to changes in density under local mate competition." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1965–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-266.

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The progeny sex ratios produced by mothers in populations that are subject to local mate competition are often a function of the number of females ovipositing in a patch. When the number of colonizing females changes during oviposition, by immigration, emigration, or death, the predicted sex ratio should also change. This was tested by quantifying the sex ratio response of Tetranychus urticae females to changes in the number of ovipositing females in their patch. When a solitary female is accompanied by other ovipositing females after she has oviposited for a period of time, she decreases the female bias of her progeny after the other females arrive. A female ovipositing with patch mates that are removed after a period of time, increases her progeny female bias after the patch mates are removed. Both of these progeny sex ratio patterns are consistent with theoretical predictions, and constitute a response by mothers to mitigate competition for mates among her sons. Females ovipositing alone throughout their ovipositional period produce more males during the first half of their ovipositional period than during the latter period of oviposition. This pattern of male production is not evident when a female is ovipositing with four other females. Solitary mothers may produce more males early during oviposition in anticipation of other females arriving on their patch and ovipositing, a form of bet hedging. If no other females arrive, mothers compensate for their overproduction of males and invest more in females later during oviposition.

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34

Moodie, G. Eric E. "The population biology of Culaea inconstans, the brook stickleback, in a small prairie lake." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-258.

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Density, female reproductive effort, diet, and morphology of a population of Culaea inconstans were monitored over a 4-year period. Density varied from near extinction to 2.4 fish/m2. There was evidence that growth and female reproductive effort were inversely correlated with density. Females may spawn every 3 days when food is abundant. Fecundity ranged from 104 eggs per female when density was greatest, to 451 eggs per female the year density was least. The species is capable of large scale prespawning migrations, which may result in an immigrant to resident ratio of 0.5–8:1, depending on resident density. Regular immigration coupled with periodic extinction of populations occupying unstable habitats may account for the apparent lack of local morphological adaptation which seems to characterize this species. Despite substantial variation in density, significant variation in annual growth, and different levels of predation, there was no important variation in gill raker means or the number of dorsal and pelvic spines over the course of the study.

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35

Paillard-Borg, Stéphanie, and Jessica Holmgren. "Immigration, Women, and Japan—A Leap Ahead and a Step Behind." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016673129.

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Japan has become a super-aged society, facing demographic challenges resulting in societal and economic consequences. In its political structural reform, the Japanese government presented the urgency to consider the increase in labor mobility that includes the issues of immigration and female employment, both domestic and foreign. The aim of this study was to explore, from a Japanese woman’s perspective, the intertwined issues of immigration. An in-depth interview was performed and analyzed by content analysis with a methodological departure in qualitative journalistic interviewing. The case was a Japanese woman with a unique profile. The results of this study, family permanency and group cohesiveness, can contribute to understand the potential interdependency between the roles, within the Japanese society, of foreign female domestic workers and Japanese women. In conclusion, it appears that the pivotal role of women in the Japanese society and the global feminization of migration challenge Japanese social consistency.

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36

Ling, Huping. "If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion (review)." Journal of Asian American Studies 3, no. 2 (2000): 260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2000.0020.

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37

McManus, Patricia A., and Kaitlin L. Johnson. "Female labor force participation in the US: How is immigration shaping recent trends?" Social Science Research 87 (March 2020): 102398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102398.

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38

Chiu, Tuen Yi. "Marriage Migration as a Multifaceted System: The Intersectionality of Intimate Partner Violence in Cross-Border Marriages." Violence Against Women 23, no. 11 (August 18, 2016): 1293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216659940.

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This article addresses the intersectional nature of intimate partner violence (IPV) against female marriage migrants in Mainland China–Hong Kong cross-border marriages. The author analyzes data from 15 battered female marriage migrants who share the same ethnicity as their husbands to illustrate how the immigration of female marriage migrants intricately intersects with gender, class, and culture to form a multifaceted system that traps battered marriage migrants in abusive marriages. It is proposed that marriage migration, as a distinct form of migration, involves certain intrinsic risk factors that make marriage migrants particularly vulnerable to IPV.

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Hugo, Graeme. "Knocking at the Door: Asian Immigration to Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 100–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100105.

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This paper assesses the level and composition of contemporary Asian immigration to Australia and explores its processes and impacts. The final reversal of the White Australia Policy in the 1970s opened the door to substantial increases in Asian immigration, particularly from Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, China, India and Hong Kong. Most migrants are entering through the family reunion, refugee and business migration categories. Vietnamese dominate both family reunion and refugee categories, but the recent prominence among family migrants of Filipino wives and fiancees of Australian men is drawing attention and controversy. Asian migrants tend to be young and female, but there are also great variations in their economic and social adaptations to Australia. Discrimination, exploitation and unemployment are among the problems faced by some Asian groups.

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Zimmermann, Laura, Klaus F. Zimmermann, and Amelie Constant. "Ethnic Self-Identification of First-Generation Immigrants." International Migration Review 41, no. 3 (September 2007): 769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00093.x.

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This paper uses the concept of ethnic self-identification of immigrants in a two-dimensional framework. It acknowledges that attachments to both the country of origin and the host country are not necessarily mutually exclusive. There are three possible paths of adjustment from separation at entry, namely the transitions to assimilation, integration, and marginalization. We analyze the determinants of ethnic self-identification in this process using samples of first-generation male and female immigrants, and controlling for pre- and post-immigration characteristics. While we find strong gender differences, a wide range of pre-immigration characteristics like education in the country of origin are not important.

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FitzGerald, Sharron A. "Biopolitics and the regulation of vulnerability: the case of the female trafficked migrant." International Journal of Law in Context 6, no. 3 (August 25, 2010): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552310000169.

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AbstractThis article interrogates the connections between normativity and geographical space. Specifically it focuses on the biopolitical discourses that operate around the idiom of the vulnerable female trafficked migrant in the United Kingdom. The article’s structure and argument question how state parties frame the notion of female vulnerability as a distinct biopolitical category. I argue that this process produces and sustains the perceived need for biopolitical regulation of the national community. I question how the state’s regulation of the bodies and behaviours of female trafficked migrants is entangled with anti-immigration agendas that aim to extend the power of the state extra-territorially.

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Macklin, Audrey. "Dancing across Borders: ‘Exotic Dancers,’ Trafficking, and Canadian Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 464–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00145.x.

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This article analyzes a Canadian immigration program that authorizes issuance of temporary work visas to ‘exotic dancers.’ In response to public criticism that the government was thereby implicated in the transnational trafficking of women into sexual exploitation, Citizenship and Immigration Canada retained the visa program de jure but eliminated it de facto. Using a legal and discursive analysis that focuses on the production of female labor migrants variously as workers, as criminals and as bearers of human rights, the article argues that the incoherence of Canadian policy can only be rendered intelligible when refracted through these different lenses. The article concludes by considering policy options available to the state in addressing the issue.

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Gardner, Robert W. "Asian Immigration: The View from the United States." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 64–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100104.

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Between the 1965 immigration law and 1990, Asian immigration to the United States increased tenfold to a quarter of a million annually. As sender of the most immigrants, Japan has yielded to the Philippines, South Korea, Vietnam, India, and China. From 1974–1989, over 900,000 Southeast Asian refugees entered the United States. Most Asians today are admitted in the family preference category. On average, the sex ratio is balanced, but over 55% of immigrants from South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan are female. Asians are occupationally diverse, with a greater number of professionals/executives (35%) than laborers (14%). Though relatively few in number, Asians concentrate geographically (notably in California) and exert growing political influence in those areas. Except for refugees, Asians are generally viewed as having a positive impact as students and workers. On the other hand, inas much as they contribute to ethnic diversity, they fan the current fears over threats to a common American cultural heritage. Anti-Asian hate crimes and interethnic violence have risen. Asian immigration is likely to continue to rise and show greater emphasis on employment preference categories.

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Cameron, Michael F., and Donald B. Siniff. "Age-specific survival, abundance, and immigration rates of a Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) population in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-025.

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Since the 1960s, Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii (Lesson, 1826)) have been tagged and surveyed annually in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Markrecapture analyses and model selection trials using Akaike's Information Criterion indicate that sex, cohort, and year affect juvenile (ages 1 and 2) survival. In contrast, year and perhaps sex and cohort are less important factors for adult survival. Average annual survival is higher among adults (0.93) than juveniles (0.550.59) and there is little evidence for senescence to at least age 17. The oldest known-aged female and male in the study were 27 and 24 years old, respectively. Data suggest that the abundance of a resident population of Weddell seals remains relatively stable over time despite annual fluctuations in JollySeber abundance estimates for the entire population. We argue that this annual variability is likely the result of temporary immigration of animals born outside the study area; mean rates are estimated from a simulation model and tagging data to be between 16.8% and 39.7% for females and between 13.1% and 31.6% for males. Sea ice extent appears to affect immigration where, during times of reduced fast-ice, immigrants are forced, or allowed easier access, into the ice-covered areas of Erebus Bay from surrounding locations. Our findings contradict previous studies reporting lower survival and higher immigration. Model choice is shown to be the most likely cause of these discrepancies and we provide evidence that our models are more appropriate than those used elsewhere.

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Nazari, Sareh, and Fariba Seyedan. "A Qualitative Research of the Causes of Iranian Female Students Immigration to Developed Countries." Asian Social Science 12, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n10p167.

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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;">According to the latest data from United Nations population Fund-UNFPA-in 2015, 244 million people, or 3.3 per cent of the world's population lived outside their country of origin. A number of these migrants are skilled and educated women. This movement usually occurs from developing to developed countries in the world like the US, the UK, Germany, England and so on, to achieve new opportunities and a better life. Iran is a developing country, which is suffering from this serious issue. The aim of this study is to identify the causes of Iranian female students' immigration to developed countries from the perspective of female students of Al-Zahra University. The present qualitative study included 20 master and doctoral female students who were completing their degree programs at this University, through purposive sampling. Data was collected via in-depth, semi structured interviews which were audio-recorded and analyzed by Content analysis method. The main themes and sub-themes were “Economic” (including Unemployment, Low income, Inconsistency between field of education and jobs, Gender discrimination in employment and payments delays), “Educational” (Lack of proper facilities in university, professors' lack of knowledge, lack of public respect for well-educated people in society, and Women’s restrictions in selecting certain academic disciplines), “Socio-political” (Limitation of individual freedom, political pressure, Lack of freedom of speech) and “Personal and Familial” Issues (marriage and parental related factors). The findings present a deeper understanding of the main causes of female migration and why these educated women are less likely to return to Iran.</p>

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Kofman, Eleonore. "Female 'Birds of Passage' a Decade Later: Gender and Immigration in the European Union." International Migration Review 33, no. 2 (1999): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547698.

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Sung, Betty Lee. "Book Review: If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion." International Migration Review 35, no. 1 (March 2001): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00018.xo.

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Hayakawa, Takashi, Mai Nakashima, and Michio Nakamura. "Immigration of a Large Number of Adolescent Female Chimpanzees into the Mahale M Group." Pan Africa News 18, no. 1 (June 2011): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5134/143527.

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Olwig, Karen Fog. "Female immigration and the ambivalence of dirty care work: Caribbean nurses in imperial Britain." Ethnography 19, no. 1 (March 7, 2017): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138117697744.

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It is a generally accepted view that immigrants, especially women, often are relegated to performing the denigrated dirty care work that the local population refuses to do. Studies of Caribbean women who trained and worked as nurses in the post-Second World War British hospitals thus have emphasized that they were especially saddled with tasks involving unclean substances reflective of their racialized, low-status position as immigrants in Britain. Drawing on Bakhtin’s analysis of dirt, this article argues that the categorization of immigrants’ work as particularly dirty refers not only to their position as marginalized, discriminated outsiders. It also represents both a tacit recognition of their essential contribution to the regeneration of the receiving society and an attempt to control the transgressive potential inherent in this contribution by debasing their work. Immigrants therefore are branded as doing dirty work, because they represent a transformative force that is both needed and feared.

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Kofman, Eleonore. "Female ‘Birds of Passage’ a Decade Later: Gender and Immigration in the European Union." International Migration Review 33, no. 2 (June 1999): 269–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839903300201.

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