Journal articles on the topic 'Female homelessne'
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Hardin, Johnetta, and Diane E. Wille. "The homeless individual’s viewpoint: Causes of homelessness and resources needed to leave the sheltered environment." Social Work and Social Sciences Review 19, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v19i2.1059.
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Abstract: The current study is an investigation of homelessness from the viewpoint of the homeless, to determine the extent homeless individuals can provide information about causes of their homelessness, resources they need to leave the sheltered environment and attitudes about their current living arrangements. The 51 male and 52 female homeless participants in this study provided information about causes, resources needed and attitudes. Participants described multiple causes for their homelessness; males and females indicated differing causes. A wide range of resources were listed by the homeless individuals as needed to reduce their reliance on the sheltered environment, with some resources continuing beyond the attainment of a house and a job; males and females also indicated different needs. Findings in this study indicate that homeless individuals can provide relevant information and partner with social service professionals to create programs to meet individual needs and reduce reliance on sheltered environments.Keywords: homeless; sheltered environments; gender differences
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Reynolds, Kristin A., Corinne A. Isaak, Tracy DeBoer, Maria Medved, Jino Distasio, Laurence Y. Katz, and Jitender Sareen. "Aging and Homelessness in a Canadian Context." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2015-016.
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There is a growing body of research examining the experiences of homeless older adults in Canada. Fourteen participants (11 males & 3 females) ages 46 to 57, recruited from the At Home / Chez Soi project in Winnipeg, completed individual semistructured interviews exploring their experiences of homelessness. Most participants reported lifelong intermittent homelessness. We identified 5 main themes that captured the experience of homelessness for older adults: pathways to homelessness; controlled lives; centrality of social relationships; shame and desire for self-reliance; and the challenge of disentanglement from the cycle of homelessness. This study provides insight into the experiences of homeless older adults in Canada. Findings suggest a need for policies and programs to meet the unique needs of homeless older adults.
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Sadzaglishvili, Shorena, Stuart Scharf, and Tinatin Kalandadze. "Descriptive Study of Roofless People in the Post Soviet Georgia." Journal of Sociological Research 9, no. 1 (December 16, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v9i1.12179.
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Homelessness is a complex problem, resulting from a combination of housing and social exclusion processes. This paper discusses the major factors contributing to homelessness in the post soviet Georgia. Though there is no consensus on understanding conceptual typology, the causes and complexity of homelessness, there are currently three categories of homeless people identified as “homeless” in Georgia. Among them so called “Roofless” people are the most vulnerable groups who need special attention while there is no national strategy on homelessness in place. Mixed methods were used to study homeless people living in a special shelter in Tbilisi. In total, 70 homeless (Mean Age =48, Male – 64%, Female – 36%) were interviewed by semi-structural questionnaire.The results showed that a structural factor - unemployment (90%) is the major cause of homelessness. The other factors include: lack of support system (69%), relationship problems or family breakdown (66%), health problems (64%), mental problems (44%), internal migration (39%), leaving prison (26%), substance abuse (16%). The profile of homeless persons in Georgia is a middle-aged single man; however, the numbers of homeless women, elderly and younger people as well as families with children are growing.Furthermore the paper suggests that understanding the local contexts of poverty can assist government for building the proper national strategy on homelessness and facilitate social inclusion of the most disadvantaged groups of people.
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Cronley, Courtney, Elizabeth B. Strand, David A. Patterson, and Sarah Gwaltney. "Homeless People who are Animal Caretakers: A Comparative Study." Psychological Reports 105, no. 2 (October 2009): 481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.2.481-499.
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Data from a Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) were used to compare homeless people who report caring for animals with homeless people who do not report caring for animals, based on demographic variables and stated reasons for homelessness. Among homeless clients ( N = 4,100; M age = 39 yr., SD = 13.2), 5.5% reported animal caretaking; demographic differences between caretaking and not caretaking homeless clients and life factors related to homelessness were most often associated with animal caretaking. 41% of participants ( n = 1,664) were female, and 59% ( n = 2,436) were male. Findings suggest that first-time homeless, Euro-American women who were homeless due to domestic violence were the most likely to say they were caring for animals. The use of such an information system could aid in identifying this subpopulation and coordinating services for animal care.
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Nilsson, Sandra, Merete Nordentoft, and Carsten Hjorthøj. "T126. PSYCHIATRIC PREDICTORS FOR BECOMING HOMELESS AND EXITING HOMELESSNESS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.686.
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Abstract Background Homelessness is an increasing societal problem in high-income countries and often linked to psychiatric disorders. However, a study compiling the existing literature is lacking. The aim was to identify individual-level predictors for becoming homeless and exiting homelessness in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (up to January 2018). Becoming homeless and exiting homelessness were the outcomes. Observational studies with comparison groups from high-income countries were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used for bias assessment. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs). In all, 116 studies of predictors for becoming homeless and 18 for exiting homelessness were included. Results Psychiatric problems, especially drug use problems (OR 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–5.1) and suicide attempts (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.1–6.3) were associated with increased risk of homelessness. However, the heterogeneity was substantial in most analyses (I2>90%), and the estimates should be interpreted cautiously. Adverse life-events, including childhood abuse and foster care experiences, and past incarceration were also important predictors of homelessness. Psychotic problems (95% CI 0.4, 0.2–0.8; I2=0) and drug use problems (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.9; I=0) reduced the chances for exiting homelessness. Female sex and having a partner increased the changes of exiting homelessness. Discussion Evidence for several psychiatric predictors for becoming homeless and exiting homelessness was identified. Additionally, socio-demographic factors, adverse life-events, and criminal behavior were important factors. There is a need for more focus on psychiatric vulnerabilities and early intervention to reduce the risk of homelessness.
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Arum, Listiyanti Jaya, and Anindya Firda Khairunnisa. "MORE THAN A HOUSE: A GENDER ANALYSIS OF LAHSA’S THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT (VAWA) HOUSING POLICY." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 8, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v8i2.69690.
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Homelessness is a chronic problem worldwide, including in the United States. The country’s biggest homeless population occupies major cities like New York and Los Angeles. The fight against homelessness in L.A. has been going on for years, with the homeless population flooding places like Venice Beach, Echo Park, Hollywood, and its most famous homeless encampment, Skid Row. One of the groups constantly vulnerable to the threat of homelessness are women, and the intersection between women's homelessness and domestic violence remains to be a challenging subject. Enriching previous scholarship, this paper critically analyzes housing programs targeting female domestic violence survivors in Los Angeles. In order to get an in-depth examination, the focus is directed to the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Housing Policy managed by the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority (LAHSA). The paper employs gender theory to examine the program’s shortcomings. Using Jeff Hearn’s conception of the ‘public men,’ this paper proposes that the program’s limitations stem from the prevailing patriarchy, which cultivates from home and extends to public policy through the domination of men. Furthermore, the policy is insufficient in combatting women's homelessness due to the absence of programs such as trauma centers, financial security & education program, and childcare unit that are vital to address the unique experience of domestic violence survivors. Thus, evaluation of the housing policy is immediately needed to overcome the problem of homelessness due to domestic violence.
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Meinbresse, Molly, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Amy Grassette, Joseph Benson, Carol Hall, Reginald Hamilton, Marianne Malott, and Darlene Jenkins. "Exploring the Experiences of Violence Among Individuals Who Are Homeless Using a Consumer-Led Approach." Violence and Victims 29, no. 1 (2014): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00069.
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Homelessness increases vulnerability to violence victimization; however, the precise factors associated with victimization and injury are not clearly understood. Thus, this study explores the prevalence of and characteristics associated with violence victimization among homeless individuals by surveying approximately 500 individuals experiencing homelessness in 5 cities across the United States. Our findings reveal that nearly one-half of our sample reported experiencing violence and that prolonged duration of homelessness (greater than 2 years) and being older increased the risk of experiencing a violent attack. In addition, increased length of homelessness and female gender predicted experiencing rape. Women were also significantly more likely to know one’s perpetrator and experience continued suffering after a violent attack. We conclude that certain subpopulations within the homeless population are at an increased risk for victimization and, subsequently, require added protective services; implications for health care and policy recommendations are also discussed.
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Tyler, Kimberly A., Kellie J. Hagewen, and Lisa A. Melander. "Risk Factors for Running Away Among a General Population Sample of Males and Females." Youth & Society 43, no. 2 (May 27, 2011): 583–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x11400023.
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The present study examines risk factors for running away and homelessness among a sample of more than 7,000 currently housed youth using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Structural equation modeling results revealed that those with greater levels of family instability and those who ran away at Wave 2 were significantly more likely to run away and/or become homeless 5 years later at Wave 3. Family instability also had a significant indirect effect on running away and/or being homeless at Wave 3 through greater levels of problem behaviors and running away at Wave 2. Running away at Wave 1 was indirectly associated with running away and/or becoming homeless at Wave 3 through family instability, problem behavior, and Wave 2 running.
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Davies-Netzley, Sally, Michael S. Hurlburt, and Richard L. Hough. "Childhood Abuse as a Precursor to Homelessness for Homeless Women With Severe Mental Illness." Violence and Victims 11, no. 2 (January 1996): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.2.129.
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Previous studies of childhood abuse levels among homeless women have typically focused either on single homeless women or female heads of families; almost none have focused specifically on homeless women with severe mental illness. This study explores rates of childhood physical and sexual abuse among 120 homeless women with severe mental illness. Correlates of experiencing childhood abuse are considered, including mental health outcomes and when women first become homeless. The prevalence of childhood abuse in this sample of women was substantially higher than among homeless women in general. The experience of childhood abuse was related to increased suicidality, and resulted in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder for some women. Women who had suffered abuse were also much more likely to become homeless during childhood and it is suggested that this is an important precursor to homelessness for many homeless women with chronic and severe mental illness.
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Burcul, I., J. Dai, Z. Ma, S. Jamani, R. Hossain, and S. Strobel. "P083: Demographic characteristics of people experiencing homelessness presenting to emergency departments." CJEM 22, S1 (May 2020): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.289.
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Introduction: Despite the visibility of the homeless population, there is limited data on the information of this patient population. Point-in-time counts and survey data from selected samples (such as those admitted to emergency shelter) have primarily been used. This literature suggests that this hard-to-reach population has high rates of presentation at emergency departments (EDs), and as such, EDs often become their main point of contact for health and social services. Leveraging this fact and administrative data we construct a crude census of homeless persons within Ontario. We further examine demographic characteristics of patients experiencing homelessness, and compare this data to findings from previous literature. Methods: All routinely collected administrative health data from EDs located within Ontario, Canada from 2010-2017 were analyzed to examine patient characteristics. Individuals experiencing homelessness were identified by a marker that was adopted in 2009 replacing their recorded postal code with an XX designation. s. Aggregating by LHIN, date and week of year, we examine the overall number of patients experiencing homelessness and number by LHIN location and seasonality. Demographic outcomes examined include age and sex. Results: 640,897 visits to the ED over 7 years were made by 39,525 unique individuals experiencing homelessness. Number of ED visits has steadily increased over 10 years in all of Ontario, despite decline in shelter use for individuals. Presentations were concentrated in large urban centres like Toronto, Ottawa and Hamilton. Fewer presentations occur in the spring and summer months and rise in the winter. Male patients presented older and in greater numbers than female patients. The modal female age of presentation is in the 20-24 age category. The modal male age of presentation is in the 25-29 age category. Older male patients were more likely to have multiple presentations. Conclusion: The utilization of administrative health data offers a novel, cost-effective method to measure demographic characteristics of people experiencing homelessness. Identifying characteristics of homeless patients through this method allows for a more complete understanding of the characteristics of a hard-to-reach population, which will allow policy makers to develop appropriate services for this sub-group. Furthermore, through analysis of trends of demographics over time, changes in the homeless population can be tracked in real-time to allow for coordination and implementation of services in a time-sensitive manner.
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Jagpal, Parbir, Nigel Barnes, Richard Lowrie, Amitava Banerjee, and Vibhu Paudyal. "Clinical Pharmacy Intervention for Persons Experiencing Homelessness: Evaluation of Patient Perspectives in Service Design and Development." Pharmacy 7, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040153.
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Persons experiencing homelessness have a high prevalence of severe mental health problems, alcohol dependence, substance misuse and infectious hepatitis C, and face up to twelve times higher mortality rates compared to the general population. They also face barriers to accessing healthcare. However, clinical pharmacy services are currently not available to homeless populations in England. The aim of this study was to conduct public involvement sessions with persons experiencing homelessness with a view to inform the design of patient-centred clinical pharmacy healthcare services. Qualitative methodology was used, using a focus group with homeless persons from emergency shelters and one to one engagement with those sleeping rough, using a topic guide. A total of nine homeless persons took part—seven males and two females. The participants of the sessions said that patient-centred clinical pharmacy services delivered for homeless persons would address many of their unmet needs around access to medicines, their understanding of prescribed medicines and holistic management of their health. The service would be able to make a positive impact on their health outcomes by screening for health conditions, facilitating better integration across services, referral and liaison with other services, and minimising misuse of prescribed medicines. The findings of this study will be used to inform the development, implementation and evaluation of a patient-centred clinical pharmacy service tailored to meet the specific needs of the homeless population.
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Balut, Michelle D., Karen Chu, June L. Gin, Aram Dobalian, and Claudia Der-Martirosian. "Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccination among Veterans Experiencing Homelessness." Vaccines 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111268.
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Sufficient uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine is key to slowing the spread of the coronavirus among the most vulnerable in society, including individuals experiencing homelessness. However, COVID-19 vaccination rates among the Veteran homeless population are currently unknown. This study examines the COVID-19 vaccination rate among homeless Veterans who receive care at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and the factors that are associated with vaccine uptake. Using VA administrative and clinical data, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the sociodemographic, health-related, and healthcare and housing services utilization factors that influenced COVID-19 vaccine uptake during the first eight months of the vaccine rollout (December 2020–August 2021). Of the 83,528 Veterans experiencing homelessness included in the study, 45.8% were vaccinated for COVID-19. Non-white, older Veterans (65+), females, those who received the seasonal flu vaccine, and Veterans with multiple comorbidities and mental health conditions were more likely to be vaccinated. There was a strong association between COVID-19 vaccination and Veterans who utilized VA healthcare and housing services. VA healthcare and homeless service providers are particularly well-positioned to provide trusted information and overcome access barriers for homeless Veterans to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Kidd, Sean A., Stephen Gaetz, and Bill O’Grady. "The 2015 National Canadian Homeless Youth Survey: Mental Health and Addiction Findings." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 7 (April 3, 2017): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743717702076.
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Objective: This study was designed to provide a representative description of the mental health of youth accessing homelessness services in Canada. It is the most extensive survey in this area to date and is intended to inform the development of mental health and addiction service and policy for this marginalized population. Methods: This study reports mental health–related data from the 2015 “Leaving Home” national youth homelessness survey, which was administered through 57 agencies serving homeless youth in 42 communities across the country. This self-reported, point-in-time survey assessed a broad range of demographic information, pre-homelessness and homelessness variables, and mental health indicators. Results: Survey data were obtained from 1103 youth accessing Canadian homelessness services in the Nunavut territory and all Canadian provinces except for Prince Edward Island. Forty-two per cent of participants reported 1 or more suicide attempts, 85.4% fell in a high range of psychological distress, and key indicators of risk included an earlier age of the first episode of homelessness, female gender, and identifying as a sexual and/or gender minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and 2 spirit [LGBTQ2S]). Conclusions: This study provides clear and compelling evidence of a need for mental health support for these youth, particularly LGBTQ2S youth and female youth. The mental health concerns observed here, however, must be considered in the light of the tremendous adversity in all social determinants faced by these youth, with population-level interventions best leveraged in prevention and rapid response.
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Padgett, Deborah K., and Prachi Priyam. "Gender, Everyday Resistance and Bodily Integrity: Women’s Lives on Delhi Streets." Affilia 34, no. 2 (December 23, 2018): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109918818078.
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Despite a dramatic increase in homelessness globally, little attention has been paid to the effects of gender and other identities on unsheltered women’s lives in non-Western contexts. Like their housed counterparts, homeless women in India live with gender norms such as female modesty, marriage, motherhood, and economic dependence. This ethnographic study focused on the lives and surrounding environment of 10 women sleeping rough in Delhi, India. The primary goal was to explore how they enact or subvert gender norms in maintaining bodily integrity and autonomy and the influence of intersectional identities in mediating such enactments. Findings show that allegiances to marriage and motherhood are moderated by exigency. Acts of “everyday resistance,” including sexual freedom, mobility, self-sufficiency, and self-defense, brought negative and positive consequences. Intersections of religion or caste with gender were less salient, thus underscoring the influence of gender. Similarities and differences are noted in comparing their experiences to those of other homeless women globally. Implications for social work practice include greater attention to gender and other structural barriers while working with homeless women seeking to rebuild their lives.
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Nilsson, Sandra, Thomas Munk Laursen, Carsten Hjorthøj, and Merete Nordentoft. "O8.6. RISK OF HOMELESSNESS AFTER DISCHARGE FROM PSYCHIATRIC WARDS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.047.
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Abstract Background Homelessness is an increasing societal problem in most high-income countries and often linked to mental illness and substance use disorders. However, there are few high-quality studies examining the risk of homelessness following discharge from in-patient psychiatric treatment. such information might be used as documentation for the need of structural changes to prevent homelessness in people with severe mental illness. We aimed to analyse the absolute and relative risk of homelessness following discharge from psychiatric wards in Denmark in the period from 2001 to 2015 and to identify high-risk diagnostic groups. Methods We did a nationwide, register-based cohort study including people aged 18+ years discharged from psychiatric wards in Denmark between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2015. We analysed associations between psychiatric diagnoses and the risk of homelessness using survival analysis. Results A total of 126,848 psychiatric in-patients were included accounting for 94,835 person-years. The incidence of homelessness one year following discharge was 28.18 (95% CI 26.69–29.75) and 9.27 (95% CI 8.45–10.16) per 1000 person-years at risk in men and women, respectively. The one-year cumulative probability of first homelessness after discharge from psychiatric wards with a schizophrenia disorder was 1.54% (95% CI 1.25–1.88) in males and 0.60% (95% CI 0.40–0.87) in females. Substance use disorders increased the risk of homelessness after discharge with adjusted incidence rate ratios of 6.60 (95% CI 5.19–8.40) (men) and 13.06 (95% CI 9.31–18.33) (women), compared with depressive disorders. Schizophrenia increased the risk of homelessness after discharge by 1.91 (95% CI 1.29–2.83) and by 2.53 (95% CI 1.41–4.54) in men and women, respectively, also compared with depressive disorders. Prior history of homelessness was an important predictor for homelessness following discharge. Discussion The first year following discharge from psychiatric wards is a high-risk period of homelessness, especially when having a substance use disorder or a prior history of homeless shelter contact. Schizophrenia was also an important predictor of homelessness. Improved efforts to prevent homelessness are needed.
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Martin-Baena, David, Isabel Montero-Pinar, and Maria Isabel Fuertes-Lanzuela. "Factors Associated to Health Needs from Homeless Perspective in Spain." International Journal of Studies in Nursing 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v1i1.102.
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<p>Purpose: This pilot study aims to identify factors associated to roofless own health self-perception.<br />Design: Cross-sectional study with a sample of homeless people (n=68) who come for help to one of the homeless service centers founded by a non-profit organization. Socio-demographic characteristics, years living on streets, unhealthy habits, chronic morbidity, basic needs and self-reported physical and mental health were described. To identify factors related to mental and physical health from roofless own perspective, a binary logistic analysis was held. <br />Findings: The majority of participants were under 40 years, male and Spanish, alcohol or drug consumers, 80% have lived in the street for one to five years with high levels of pain and poor mental health conditions. Living on the street over a year, exposure to violence, lack of hygiene and female gender, affect negatively the own perception of physical and mental health conditions.<br />Conclusions: Our results show the different and complex homeless health needs. Given the duration of homelessness affected their health condition, recent roofless homeless should be identified as soon as possible.<br />Clinical relevance and further research: Those providing care for homeless people must promote a more coordinated care, maximizing flexibility and fostering relationships to better response to the multiple and different needs of this one vulnerable population. Further study is needed to allow identify the different experiences of homeless women and men.</p>
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Steinbock, Marcia R. "Homeless Female-Headed Families:." Marriage & Family Review 20, no. 1-2 (October 28, 1994): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v20n01_07.
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Khoshnami, Mohammad SabzI, Fahime Sheybani, Elham Mohammadi, Maliheh Arshi, Leila Ostadhashemi, and Maliheh Khalvati. "From Leaving Home to Losing Identity: A Qualitative Study on Rough Sleeping in Drug Addicts in Iran." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 27, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.27.1.3071.2.
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Objectives: The phenomenon of rough sleeping in big cities of Iran, particularly in Tehran is a serious social problem. The term rough sleeping is mostly used for those who sleep on the public spaces including pavements, parks or under bridges. It is assumed that rough sleeping and drug addiction are linked to each other. This study aims to evaluate the process of rough sleeping based on the experiences of homeless drug addicted in Iran. Methods: This is a qualitative research. Participants were 20 homeless addicts (9 males and 11 females, mean age= 36.2 years) in Tehran city who were recruited using a purposive sampling method, and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were collected through a semi-structured in-depth interview and observations. Data analysis was performed based on the grounded theory recommended by Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results: The rough sleeping process had two steps: (a) Leaving home voluntarily (to protect family or escape from family problems) or involuntarily (Due to being expelled from home and losing the roof over the head), and (b) Being homelessness which had four main categories: Elusive life, informal and contravened subsistence, involving in exploitative relationships, and loss of individual/social identity. Conclusion: When leaving home and becoming rough sleeper, the individual becomes elusive, delinquent, damaged and socially rejected homeless, in addition to the risk of becoming a drug addict. Therefore, this group can be considered as a severely injured group involved in various social, legal and psychological issues. Given the complexity of the homelessness aspects in drug addicts, there is a need for coordinated interventions between individuals, families and the support systems at all levels.
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Fullerton, Carol S., Robert K. Gifford, Brian W. Flynn, Karen M. Peterson, Frederick L. Ahearn, Linda Plitt Donaldson, and Robert J. Ursano. "Effects of the 2002 Sniper Attacks on the Homeless Population in Washington, DC." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3, no. 3 (October 2009): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e3181aa2675.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Despite the prevalence of homelessness, this population has rarely been included in disaster and terrorism planning. To better understand the mental health needs of the homeless during a terrorist event and to highlight the need to address methodological limitations in research in this area, we examined responses to the October 2002 Washington, DC, sniper attacks.Methods: We interviewed 151 homeless individuals 1 year after the Washington, DC, sniper attacks.Results: The majority (92.7%) was aware of the sniper events; 84.1% stayed informed through the media and 72.7% had someone to turn to for emotional support. Almost half (44%) reported identification with victims and 41% increased substance use during the attacks. More than half (61.7%) felt extremely frightened or terrified and 57.6% reported high perceived threat. Females, nonwhites, and participants with less than a high school education experienced greater threat. Women, nonwhites, and younger (<43 years old) participants were more likely to have decreased more activities and 32.7% increased confidence in local law enforcement; however, 32.7% became less confident.Conclusions: During a terrorist attack the homeless population may be difficult to reach or reluctant to comply with public health programs. Addressing barriers to health care in vulnerable groups is critical to effective public health disaster response. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:163–167)
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Swahn, Monica H., Rachel E. Culbreth, Amanda K. Gilmore, Dominic J. Parrott, Leah E. Daigle, Rogers Kasirye, and Paul Bukuluki. "Sexual Victimization, Self-Efficacy to Refuse Sex While Drinking, and Regretting Alcohol-Involved Sex among Underserved Youth in Kampala, Uganda." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041915.
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The purposes of this study were to determine whether youth who have experienced sexual victimization (SV) have lower self-efficacy to refuse sex and to identify intervention strategies for rape survivors to mitigate further health-risks and harm. Cross-sectional data from the 2014 Kampala Youth Survey (n = 1134) of youth aged 12 to 18 years recruited from Uganda Youth Development Link drop-in centers were used to conduct the analyses. Multivariable statistics were computed to determine the correlates (i.e., sex, education, homelessness, problem drinking, and SV) for (1) self-efficacy to refuse sex, (2) self-efficacy to refuse sex while drinking, and (3) regretting sex due to alcohol use. Among participants, 16.9% reported SV (79% were female and 21% were male). In the final adjusted model, self-efficacy to refuse sex while drinking was only associated with homelessness (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.74). Previous SV was not associated with lower self-reports of self-efficacy to refuse sex compared to those who had not experienced SV. Additionally, SV was not associated with increased reports of regrets for sex attributed to alcohol use. Alcohol prevention strategies for the most at-risk youth, including homeless youth, are warranted to improve self-efficacy to refuse sex among youth living in the slums of Kampala.
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Leda, Catherine, Peggy Gallup, and Robert Rosenheck. "Mental Illness Among Homeless Female Veterans." Psychiatric Services 43, no. 10 (October 1992): 1026–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.43.10.1026.
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Pan, Shu-Man, and Jung-Tsung Yang. "Cultural Constructions of Female Homelessness in Taiwan1." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 17, no. 3 (July 2008): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sdh.2008.17.3.152.
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Sikich, Keri Weber. "Global Female Homelessness: A Multi-Faceted Problem." Gender Issues 25, no. 3 (September 2008): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-008-9062-8.
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O'Connor, Art. "A Female Bail Hostel." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 2 (April 1987): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700215.
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A female bail hostel is described, and referrals to the hostel and problems encountered over a one-year period are outlined. The role of the forensic psychiatrist in a bail hostel is illustrated. It is suggested that greater use should be made of bail and bail hostels especially for those temporarily homeless and provisions should be made for those with alcohol, drug or psychiatric problems.
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Speed, K. J., H. J. Crean, T. J. Bishop, R. Hoff, and W. J. Pigeon. "0810 Sleep Disturbances In Returning Veterans That Are Homeless And Combat-exposed." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.806.
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Abstract Introduction Challenges with sleep (i.e., nightmares and insomnia) impact military service members both during and following deployment, but may occur more frequently in combat-exposed individuals. In addition, among the challenges faced following the transition from active duty to Veteran status are periods of homelessness, which may further contribute to sleep disturbances. Methods The present analyses utilized data from the Survey of Experiences of Returning Veterans, a national survey of recently returning combat Veterans focused on the examination of sex differences following exposure to traumatic events. The sample (n = 793) consisted of 58% males; females were oversampled and all branches were represented. Ordinal and multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the role of combat exposure and homelessness in predicting nightmare distress and insomnia severity. Results An ordinal regression found that combat exposure (b = -.02, p <0.001), homelessness (b = -.31, p = 0.010), and insomnia severity (b = -.10, p <0.001) each significantly predicted nightmare distress. These variables increased risk (SAS parameterizes these models so that negative coefficients are associated with increased risk). Demographic variables were not significantly related to nightmare distress. Similarly, combat exposure (β = .100, p = .002) was associated with insomnia severity, as was nightmare distress (β = .522, p < .001). The moderational role of gender and homeless in the above models are also tested. Conclusion For those who have been combat exposed, have a history of homelessness, and report insomnia symptoms there is an increased odds of reporting nightmare distress, sleep disturbance is even more likely to occur. Although combat exposure and nightmare distress were predictive of insomnia severity, history of homelessness was not. These findings suggest that nightmare distress and insomnia symptoms are a significant concern in our returning combat-exposed Veterans, with nightmares being even more problematic for those at risk of homelessness. Support This study was funded by VHA CSR&D grant ZDA-01. Dr. Speed is supported, in part, by the VA Advanced Fellowship Program in Mental Health Illness Research and Treatment, the VISN 2 Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention at the Canandaigua VAMC.
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Sundin, Eva C., Aleksandra Mrowiec, Graham Bowpitt, Charlotte A. Boatman, A. J. Williams, Mustafa Sarkar, and Thom S. Baguley. "Feasibility and acceptability of an intervention for enhancing reintegration in adults with experience of homelessness." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz202.
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Abstract Background Service centres for homeless adults are potential settings for implementation of reintegration interventions. This study aimed to evaluate (i) the acceptability of a group-based programme among individuals from the broad population of homeless people and (ii) if a future study of its feasibility and acceptability for re-housed homeless people is warranted. Methods Recruiting participants and intervention facilitators from partnering service centres was thought to improve recruitment and retention, cost-effectiveness and social interactions compared to professional-led interventions. Seven adults with experience of homelessness (three females, four males, mean age 39 years, range 18–63) were recruited to participate in the intervention. The research protocol comprised completion pre/post of scales [Recovering Quality of Life questionnaire; Working Alliance Inventory-short form revised (WAI-SR)] and focus groups, and WAI-SR and focus groups after sessions 3 and 6. Results The intervention and research protocols were feasible, with all participants engaging in all sessions, completing all scales and attending all focus groups. The quantitative data demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining practically useful measures of relevant outcomes. In the four focus groups, the intervention received very favourable feedback. Conclusions This study demonstrated initial feasibility and acceptability of an intervention that places minimal burden on infrastructure and promotes user autonomy. This is an important advance as there is increasing recognition that the challenge of reintegration is as much a psychological and social problem as a housing problem. If effective, this style of intervention may serve as a template for future interventions with similar populations.
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Menke, Edna M., and Janet D. Wagner. "The Experience of Homeless Female-Headed Families." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 18, no. 4 (January 1997): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612849709010334.
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Johnson, Alice K. "Female-Headed Homeless Families: A Comparative Profile." Affilia 4, no. 4 (December 1989): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088610998900400402.
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Zamorano, Sara, Clara González-Sanguino, Iván Sánchez-Iglesias, Jesús Sáiz, María Salazar, Carlos Vaquero, Ana I. Guillén, Irene Muñoz-Lara, and Manuel Muñoz. "The stigma of mental health, homelessness and intellectual disability, development of a national stigma survey with an intersectional gender perspective." International Journal of Clinical Trials 9, no. 4 (October 26, 2022): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20222689.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Social stigma towards people with mental health problems, homeless people or people with intellectual disabilities leads to a significant restriction of their human rights. Such stigma, which is associated with different conditions of vulnerability, has been assessed over time through surveys. However, intersectional stigma due to gender is often not assessed in these studies as they only analyse the data for this variable separately. Therefore, presented here is the first national survey in Spain on the social stigma associated with mental health problems, homelessness and intellectual disability. This proposal considers the importance of gender and intersectional stigma.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A qualitative-quantitative methodology is used by means of a computer assisted web interviewing survey. A gender perspective is proposed both in the development of the questions and in the measurement and analysis of the data. To this end, three versions of the questionnaire are developed: a neutral, a male and a female version.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results are intended to have an impact on social and equality policies for people with mental disorders, homeless people and people with intellectual disabilities.</p><p><strong>Trial Registration</strong>: The study has the approval of the deontological commission of the faculty of psychology and is registered in clinical trials.</p>
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Brown, Haleem A., Rachel D. Roberts, Tzuan A. Chen, Michael S. Businelle, Ezemenari M. Obasi, Darla E. Kendzor, and Lorraine R. Reitzel. "Perceived Disease Risk of Smoking, Barriers to Quitting, and Cessation Intervention Preferences by Sex Amongst Homeless Adult Concurrent Tobacco Product Users and Conventional Cigarette-Only Users." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063629.
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Adults experiencing homelessness smoke conventional cigarettes and engage in concurrent tobacco product use at very high rates; however, little is known about how use patterns, perceived disease risk, barriers to quitting smoking, and smoking cessation intervention preferences differ by sex in this group. Participants comprised a convenience sample of 626 adult conventional cigarette smokers experiencing homelessness. Participants self-reported their sex, smoking history, mental health and substance use diagnosis history, other concurrent tobacco product use (CU), disease risk perceptions, perceived barriers to quitting smoking, and preferences regarding tobacco cessation interventions via a computer-administered survey. CU rates were 58.1% amongst men and 45.3% amongst women smokers. In both sexes, CUs started smoking earlier (p-values < 0.001) and were more likely to have been diagnosed with a non-nicotine substance use disorder (p-values < 0.014) relative to cigarette-only users. Among men only, CUs were younger, smoked more cigarettes per day and were more likely to identify as non-Hispanic White (p-values < 0.003) than cigarette-only users. Additionally, male CUs reported a greater risk of developing ≥1 smoking-related disease if they did not quit for good; were more likely to endorse craving cigarettes, being around other smokers, habit, stress/mood swings, and coping with life stress as barriers for quitting smoking; and were less likely to prefer medications to quit smoking relative to male cigarette-only users (p-values < 0.04). On the other hand, female CUs reported a greater risk of developing ≥1 smoking-related disease even if they quit for good; were more likely to endorse stress/mood swings and coping with life stress as barriers for quitting smoking relative to female cigarette-only users (p-values < 0.05); and did not differentially prefer one cessation medication over another. Overall, findings confirm high rates of CU among both sexes, characterize those who may be more likely to be CUs, and reveal opportunities to educate men and women experiencing homeless on the benefits of evidence-based interventions for smoking cessation.
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Calvo, Fran, Xavier Carbonell, and Marc Badia. "Homelessness and Unemployment During the Economic Recession: The Case of the City of Girona." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 13 (May 31, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n13p59.
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Although the research suggests that the main causes of homelessness are classified in individual and structural factors, there are few scientific articles which evaluate the impact of structural factors such as unemployment during periods of economic recession. The objective of this study is to compare the evolution of the total rate of homelessness with the total rate of unemployment in the city of Girona (Catalonia) during the economical recession (2006-2016) and to determine if unemployment is a predictive factor of homelessness. This is the first study with a Catalan sample comparing unemployment and homelessness. The design was longitudinal, retrospective and observational. The correlation tests between unemployment and homelessness indicated strong connections in the combination of the sample (r = .914, p <.001), men (r = .924, p <.001), and women (r = .716, p = 0.013). The results of the different models of simple linear regression used to determine the predictor variables of homelessness indicate that the rise of global unemployment is a predictor variable of the rise of global homelessness (ß = 2.17, p = .002) and male homelessness (ß = .82, p <.001). However, it does not predict specific female homelessness (ß = .88, p =.68).
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Porter, Natalie A. C., Hannah K. Brosnan, Alicia H. Chang, Benjamin F. Henwood, and Randall Kuhn. "Race and Ethnicity and Sex Variation in COVID-19 Mortality Risks Among Adults Experiencing Homelessness in Los Angeles County, California." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): e2245263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.45263.
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ImportanceFew studies have used precise age-specific data to construct age-standardized estimates of the relative risks (RRs) of COVID-19 mortality for people experiencing homelessness (PEH) vs the general population, and none to date has addressed race and ethnicity and sex variations in COVID-19 mortality among PEH with COVID-19 infection.ObjectiveTo measure age-standardized mortality rate ratios for PEH vs the general population overall and by sex and race and ethnicity.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, crude and age-specific COVID-19 mortality rates per 100 000 people were calculated using 5-year age groups and standardized mortality ratios for PEH and the general population aged 25 years and older, assessing differences by race and ethnicity and sex, from January 1, 2020, to November 1, 2021. Mortality and population estimates came from COVID-19 mandatory case reporting conducted by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, the annual point-in-time homeless count, and the US Census.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was COVID-19 deaths sourced from clinician reports, death certificates, medical examiner reports, and vital records deaths. PEH status was determined using the US Department of Housing and Urban Development definitions for homelessness at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis or symptom onset.ResultsThe study population included 25 441 deaths among an estimated 6 382 402 general population individuals and 256 deaths among an estimated 52 015 PEH. The race and ethnicity of the PEH sample was as follows: 15 539 Black (29.9%), 18 057 Hispanic (34.7%), 14 871 female (28.6%), 37 007 male (71.3%), and 3380 aged 65 years or older (6.5%), compared with the estimated general population of 6 382 402, which was 591 003 Black (9.3%), 2 854 842 Hispanic (44.7%), 3 329 765 female (52.2%), 3 052 637 male (47.8%), and 1 190 979 aged 65 years or older (18.7%). Crude death rates were 0.49% for PEH and 0.40% for the general population, but PEH experienced age-specific COVID-19 mortality risk 2.35 (95% CI, 2.08-2.66) times higher than the general population. There was significant risk associated with PEH status compared with their counterparts in the general population for Black PEH (RR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.31-2.18), Hispanic PEH (RR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.96-2.79), White PEH (RR, 8.33; 95% CI, 6.37-10.88), female PEH (RR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.56-4.48), and male PEH (RR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.52-2.00).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study of COVID-19 mortality among PEH with COVID-19 infection provides evidence suggesting excess risk of age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality among PEH compared with the general population. This study furthers understanding of the intersectional association between homelessness and race and ethnicity, as higher levels of mortality but narrower racial disparities among PEH than in the general population were observed.
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Manyarara, Barbra. "UNHU/UBUNTU ANACHRONISTIC? THE MANIFESTATION OF FEMALE AGENCY IN VIRGINIA PHIRI’S HIGHWAY QUEEN (2010)." Imbizo 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2078-9785/2842.
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The contemporary relevance of female sexuality as discursive space in fiction is that it reflects current events as it criticises, exposes and illuminates lived reality, such as the HIV and AIDS epidemic, excruciating poverty, homelessness and a general economic meltdown as is the case in Zimbabwe in the first decade of the new millennium. However, the practice of female sexuality may still go against the principles of ubuntu. In Highway Queen Phiri gives agency to the female first person narrator, Sophie, and also sets out males and females who in their interaction with each other, may or may not promote ubuntu. An analysis of this novel shows that the writer challenges many unhelpful attitudes towards the HIV and AIDS pandemic by exploring the employment of travel and female sexuality as coping strategies for dealing with poverty, HIV and AIDS, and the economic downturn in the first decade of the new millennium in Zimbabwe. However, the well-intentioned female agency fails to hold up in the face of the dire circumstances of poverty and disease and Sophie’s urbanised family has to go back to the village for survival under the care of the patriarchal uncles; thus Phiri appears to give a flawed instrumentality to these women.
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Chandramouli, Mathangi A., Jamie Heffernan, Angela Rabbitts, and Philip Chang. "756 Homeless and Burned – A Retrospective Analysis of an Especially Challenged Patient Population." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.337.
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Abstract Introduction The undomiciled burned patient presents more challenges to the burn team with regards to safe disposition. Discharge planning is complicated by the lack of a safe, clean environment to perform requisite wound care, thus prolonging hospital stays. The purpose of our study was to analyze the homeless patients admitted to a major urban burn center. This data would then better help identify trends and characteristics that could inform development of support services for this unfortunate population. Methods Demographic and clinical data from inpatients was collected from a single urban ABA verified burn center over a 3 year period between 1/2016 and 12/2018. Simple descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results 1985 patients were admitted over the 3 year period. 48 homeless patients were identified (2.4%). The average age of this population was 39.8±16.8 years (range 3 months to 63 years old). There were 5 children (10.4% of the homeless cohort) in this population (ranging from 3 months to 4 years of age). Only 2 homeless burn inpatients were greater than 60 years of age (2% of the homeless cohort). There were 15 females (31%) and 33 males (69%). The mean TBSA was 5.8±9.9%. The average length of hospital stay was 21.9±29 days. 27 of the 48 patients (56%) required operative treatment. The 3 most common etiologies of skin injury were flame burns (29%), scald burns (25%), and cold injury (19%). The vast number of patients (39 out of 48, 81%) were discharged back to “their previous condition” (i.e. homeless shelter or the streets). There was 1 mortality in this group. Conclusions Contrary to widespread assumptions about the homeless being overwhelmingly male and adult, a significant percentage of the homeless burn patients were female with a percentage of patients being pediatric as well. The length of stay was significantly longer for most patients given the relatively small average size of burn injury. Cold injury was more significant etiology in this population compared to the overall burn population. Applicability of Research to Practice This analysis of the undomiciled burn inpatient at a single urban burn center will help better describe this especially challenging population and help focus social support and discharge planning resources for this group.
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Cumming, Jennifer, Fiona J. Clarke, Mark J. G. Holland, Benjamin J. Parry, Mary L. Quinton, and Sam J. Cooley. "A Feasibility Study of the My Strengths Training for Life™ (MST4Life™) Program for Young People Experiencing Homelessness." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 3320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063320.
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My Strengths Training for Life™ (MST4Life™) is a positive youth development program for improving wellbeing and social inclusion in young people experiencing homelessness. MST4Life™ addresses a gap in strengths-based programs aimed at promoting healthy and optimal development in vulnerable older adolescents/emerging adults. The program was co-developed with a UK housing service as part of a long-term (>8 years) community–academic partnership. This mixed-methods study describes a key step in developing and evaluating the program: exploring its feasibility and acceptability with 15 homeless young people (Mean age = 19.99 years, SD = 2.42; 60% male, 40% female). Participants experienced 8 weekly sessions within their local community, followed by a 4-day/3-night residential outdoor adventure trip. In addition to their attendance records, the viewpoints of the participants and their support workers were obtained using diary rooms and focus groups. Feasibility was indicated via the themes of attendance, engagement, and reaction. The findings suggested that young people enjoyed and perceived a need for the program, that they considered the program and its evaluation methods to be acceptable, and that both the community-based and outdoor adventure residential phases could be implemented as planned. Minor modifications are needed to recruitment strategies before it is more widely rolled out and evaluated.
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Byrne, Thomas, Ann Elizabeth Montgomery, and Melissa E. Dichter. "Homelessness Among Female Veterans: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Women & Health 53, no. 6 (August 2013): 572–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2013.817504.
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Vélez-Gómez, Diego Enrique, Natalia Torres-Vellojín, Juan Camilo Grajales-Zapata, Juan Guillermo McEwen-Ochoa, Alonso Martínez, Verónica Ramírez-Lopera, and Aracelly Villegas-Castaño. "Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the homeless population of Medellín, Colombia: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e054966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054966.
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ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in the homeless population in Medellín, Colombia, using molecular diagnostic methods. It also intended to develop a demographic profile, exploring associated factors and the dynamics of the social and sexual interactions of this community.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo homeless care centres in Medellín, Colombia.ParticipantsHomeless individuals that assisted to the main homeless care centres of Medellín, Colombia from 2017 to 2019.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe prevalence of CT and NG in this population using qPCR detection, factors associated with CT and NG infection, and the sociodemographic profile of the community.ResultsThe prevalence of CT infection was 19.2%, while that of NG was 22.6%. Furthermore, being a female was significantly correlated to CT infection p<0.05 (adjusted OR, AOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.31 to 4.47). NG infection was significantly associated with factors such as: sexual intercourse while having a sexually transmitted infection p<0.05 (AOR 3.19, 95% CI 1.48 to 6.85), having more than 11 sexual partners in the last 6 months p=0.04 (AOR 2.91, 95% CI 1.04 to 8.09) and having daily intercourse p=0.05 (AOR 3.15, 95% CI 1.02 to 9.74).ConclusionsThe prevalence of CT and NG was higher than that reported in the general population. Additionally, females had a higher percentage of infection compared with males.
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Sasson, Vanessa. "Peeling Back the Layers: Female Higher Ordination in Sri Lanka." Buddhist Studies Review 27, no. 1 (September 7, 2010): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v27i1.77.
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The question of higher ordination for Therav?da women is a complicated one. Although thousands of Buddhist women in a number of different Therav?da countries pursue a life of homelessness and renunciation, the majority are not recognized as ordained renunciants by their surrounding male monastic orders. This paper explores some of the reasons behind the general reticence concerning higher ordination felt by many of the silm?tas interviewed, and focuses specifically on some of the socio-economic factors that may be affecting their decision-making process
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Rew, Lynn, Tara Powell, Adama Brown, Heather Becker, and Natasha Slesnick. "An Intervention to Enhance Psychological Capital and Health Outcomes in Homeless Female Youths." Western Journal of Nursing Research 39, no. 3 (July 19, 2016): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945916658861.
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Female homeless youths are vulnerable to risky sex and substance use behaviors, yet they have strengths known as psychological capital. A quasi-experimental pre-post research design with repeated measures was used to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a brief intervention to enhance psychological capital, reduce health-risk behaviors, and achieve short-term behavioral goals. Study participants were 80 ethnically diverse homeless women between the ages of 18 and 23 years. Intervention participants had significant improvements in psychological capital, hope, resilience, and self-efficacy to refuse alcohol, social connectedness, and substance use ( p < .05). There was a significant group by time interaction for safe sex self-efficacy; intervention participants had greater self-confidence in negotiating safer sex practices than comparison participants. At the follow-up post-test, 82% of intervention participants who remained in the study had met or exceeded their short-term goals. This brief, street-based intervention was feasible and showed preliminary efficacy.
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Felder, Stephanie, and Peter J. Delany. "The life course of homeless female Veterans: Qualitative study findings." Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health 6, S3 (December 1, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2020-0006.
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Nyamathi, Adeline M., Benissa E. Salem, Elizabeth Hall, Tanya Oleskowicz, Maria Ekstrand, Kartik Yadav, Joy Toyama, Susan Turner, and Mark Faucette. "Violent Crime in the Lives of Homeless Female Ex-Offenders." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 38, no. 2 (February 2017): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2016.1253807.
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Pinsker, Erika Ashley, Deborah Jane Hennrikus, Darin J. Erickson, Kathleen Thiede Call, Jean Lois Forster, and Kolawole Stephen Okuyemi. "Cessation-related weight concern among homeless male and female smokers." Preventive Medicine Reports 7 (September 2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.05.012.
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Albert, Margot, Theora Cimino, Anne Kinderman, Leslie Safier, and Heather A. Harris. "Psychosocial distress screening in the health care safety net." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 26_suppl (October 9, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.26_suppl.91.
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91 Background: Recognizing that psychosocial distress (PSD) is underestimated in patients with cancer, the Commission on Cancer mandated screening using a validated tool. Studies of PSD screening exist, but none to date in a diverse, multicultural safety net setting where patients face challenges such as homelessness, mental illness, and substance abuse, which may augment PSD. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with cancer offered PSD screening during 2015. Overall distress scores and problems in each domain were analyzed. Chart review identified potential predictors of distress including age, gender, race, language, housing, psychiatric illness, substance abuse, and cancer stage. Results: Of 177 eligible patients, 113 (64%) completed screening. The most common reasons patients were not screened were refusal, too symptomatic (physically or emotionally), or language barriers. Of screened patients, 40.7% were female, 57.5% male, and 1.7% transgender. 31% were Caucasian, 27% Asian/Pacific Islander, 25% Hispanic, and 17% African American. 35% were non-English speaking. 29% had history of mental illness and 34% of substance abuse. 23% were marginally housed or homeless. 63% reported moderate to severe levels of PSD as defined by the NCCN as ≥ 4. Patients with mental illness were nearly twice as likely to report PSD ≥ 4 (p = 0.012) and had higher mean PSD scores (5.78 vs. 4.03, p = 0.002). English speaking patients had a mean PSD score of 5.01 compared to 3.6 and 3.2 for Spanish and Chinese speaking patients, respectively (p = 0.02 for English v. Chinese) and more domains causing PSD (p = 0.028 for English v. Chinese). Lack of stable housing also correlated with more domains causing PSD (p = 0.05). Conclusions: This proved to be an ethnically diverse cohort with high rates of mental illness, substance abuse, and homelessness, with the majority reporting moderate to severe distress. Even with a small cohort, English language and mental illness were significant predictors of PSD, and housing status correlated with more domains contributing to PSD. Several other variables trended toward significance, suggesting a larger cohort may be needed to determine if additional characteristics predict higher levels of PSD.
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Coston, Charisse Tia Maria. "Self Other Judgements about Perceptions of Vulnerability to Crime among Urban Transient Females." International Review of Victimology 4, no. 1 (September 1995): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809500400103.
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Past research conducted among segments of the general population concludes that people who have not been victimized by negative life events tend to perceive themselves as uniquely invulnerable compared to others in terms of future victimization risk. In contrast, people who have been victimized tend to believe that the probability of future victimizations of negative life events compared to others are more likely. Non-victims also tend not to utilize self-protective behaviors to the extent that victims do. This current paper extends this analysis to an especially vulnerable segment that represents one of the lowest socioeconomic groups in the United States of America: the urban transient female or homeless women. Two hundred of New York City's homeless women were interviewed in order to determine if their judgments of other homeless women's vulnerability to criminal victimization would differ from their judgments of their own vulnerability to criminal victimization. Responses were expected to be dependent upon their personal characteristics (e.g., crime-related determinants, victimization experiences both before and while living their precarious street existence), and the use of self-protective behaviors. Cross-tabulated results indicate consistency with and support for prior research conducted with segments of the general population.
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Whitbeck, Les B., and Ronald L. Simons. "A Comparison of Adaptive Strategies and Patterns of Victimization Among Homeless Adolescents and Adults." Violence and Victims 8, no. 2 (January 1993): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.8.2.135.
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One hundred and fifty-six homeless adolescents and 319 homeless adults interviewed directly on the streets and in shelters were compared for backgrounds of abuse, adaptations to life on the streets, and rates of criminal victimization when on the streets. Homeless adolescents were more likely to be from abusive family backgrounds, more likely to rely on deviant survival strategies, and more likely to be criminally victimized. A social learning model of adaptation and victimization on the streets was hypothesized. Although the model was supported for both homeless adults and adolescents, it was more strongly supported for adolescents than adults, and for males than females regardless of age.
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Wong, Ambrose H., Travis Whitfill, Emmanuel C. Ohuabunwa, Jessica M. Ray, James D. Dziura, Steven L. Bernstein, and Richard Andrew Taylor. "49156 Effects of Race and Demographics on Use of Physical Restraints in the Emergency Department." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.710.
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: Within three EDs in a regional health system in Connecticut, African American race, male gender, non-Hispanic ethnicity, lack of private insurance, and homelessness were associated with significant odds of being physically restrained during a visit. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Agitated patient encounters in the Emergency Department (ED) are on the rise, and physical restraints are used to protect staff and prevent self-harm. However, these are associated with safety risks and potential stigmatization of vulnerable individuals. We aim to determine factors that are associated with odds of being restrained in the ED. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of all patients (≥18 yo) placed in restraints during an ED visit to three hospitals within a large tertiary health system from Jan 2013-Aug 2018. We undertook descriptive analysis of the data and created a generalized linear mixed model with a binary logistic identity link to model restraint use and determine odds ratios for various clinically significant demographic factors. These include gender, race, ethnicity, insurance status, alcohol use, illicit drug use, and homelessness. Our model accounted for patients nested across the three EDs and also accounted for multiple patient visits. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In 726,417 total ED visits, 7,090 (1%) had associated restraint orders. Restrained patients had an average age of 45, with 64% male, 54% Caucasian and 29% African American. 17% had private insurance, 36% endorsed illicit substances, 51.4% endorsed alcohol use and 2.3% were homeless. African Americans had statistically significant odds of being restrained compared to Caucasians with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.14 (1.08,1.21). Females (AOR 0.75 [0.71, 0.79] had lower odds of being restrained compared to males while patients with Medicaid (AOR 1.57 [1.46, 1.68]) and Medicare (AOR 1.70 [1.57, 1.85]) had increased odds compared to the privately insured. Illicit substance use (AOR 1.55 [1.46, 1.64]), alcohol use (AOR 1.13 [1.07, 1.20] and homelessness (AOR 1.35 [1.14, 1.16]) had increased odds of restraint use. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We showed statistically significant effects of patient demographics on odds of restraint use in the ED. The increased odds based on race, insurance status, and substance use highlight the potential effects of implicit bias on the decision to physically restrain patients and underscores the importance of objective assessments of these patients.
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Begun, Stephanie, Katie Massey Combs, Kaitlin Schwan, Michaela Torrie, and Kimberly Bender. "“I Know They Would Kill Me”: Abortion Attitudes and Experiences Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness." Youth & Society 52, no. 8 (December 25, 2018): 1457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x18820661.
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Pregnancy rates among youth experiencing homelessness are much higher than those of their housed peers, yet limited research exists on this population’s abortion experiences. This study examined abortion attitudes, experiences, and decision making through individual interviews with 30 female, male, and gender-fluid youth (ages 18-21 years) experiencing homelessness. Respondents indicated that abortions are common in this population. Many youth also reported they either had, and/or knew of others, who had attempted abortions outside of the formal medical system while experiencing homelessness. Most youth noted that self-inductions resulted from not knowing where or how to access abortions safely, and as many feared stigma, judgment, and violence from family members and serious partners in response to obtaining abortions. Most youth reflected inaccurate perceptions regarding abortion cost, accessibility, and legality. Findings should be considered in developing socially contextualized family planning prevention and outreach efforts among this highly vulnerable youth population.
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Aparicio, Elizabeth M., Olivia N. Kachingwe, Danielle R. Phillips, Michelle Jasczynski, M. Kaleipumehana Cabral, Faduma Aden, Eshana Parekh, Jason Espero, and Christine Childers. "“Having a Baby Can Wait”: Experiences of a Sexual and Reproductive Health Promotion Program in the Context of Homelessness among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Other Pacific Islander Youth Captured Through PhotoVoice." Qualitative Health Research 31, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732320964423.
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Nearly half of female youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) become pregnant due to myriad individual, family, community, and structural factors. In response, our team developed and tested Wahine (“woman”) Talk, a multilevel, trauma-informed sexual and reproductive health intervention created with and for female YEH aged 14 to 22. After Wahine Talk, youth were invited to participate in a participatory action PhotoVoice project regarding experiences of the program, waiting to start or expand their families, and homelessness. Photographs were taken and captioned by youth, and then further examined through Thematic Analysis. Final project themes include (a) Youth-Driven Birth Timing Decisions; (b) A Sense of Place: Finding Safe Spaces; and (c) Glimpsing Hope. Because YEH live under society’s radar, it is critical to understand their experiences from their own perspectives to improve interventions at multiple levels. Implications for meeting the needs of YEH in the areas of reproductive justice, financial stability, and affordable housing are discussed.
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Kestler, Andrew, Amanda Giesler, Jane Buxton, Gray Meckling, Michelle Lee, Garth Hunte, Jacob Wilkins, Dalya Marks, and Frank Scheuermeyer. "Yes, not now, or never: an analysis of reasons for refusing or accepting emergency department-based take-home naloxone." CJEM 21, no. 2 (May 23, 2018): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.368.
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AbstractObjectiveTake-home naloxone (THN) reduces deaths from opioid overdose. To increase THN distribution to at-risk emergency department (ED) patients, we explored reasons for patients’ refusing or accepting THN.MethodsIn an urban teaching hospital ED, we identified high opioid overdose risk patients according to pre-specified criteria. We offered eligible patients THN and participation in researcher-administered surveys, which inquired about reasons to refuse or accept THN and about THN dispensing location preferences. We analyzed refusal and acceptance reasons in open-ended responses, grouped reasons into categories (absolute versus conditional refusals,) then searched for associations between patient characteristics and reasons.ResultsOf 247 patients offered THN, 193 (78.1%) provided reasons for their decision. Of those included, 69 (35.2%) were female, 91 (47.2%) were under age 40, 61 (31.6%) were homeless, 144 (74.6%) reported injection drug use (IDU), and 131 (67.9%) accepted THN. Of 62 patients refusing THN, 19 (30.7%) felt “not at risk” for overdose, while 28 (45.2%) gave conditional refusal reasons: “too sick,” “in a rush,” or preference to get THN elsewhere. Non-IDU was associated with stating “not at risk,” while IDU, homelessness, and age under 40 were associated with conditional refusals. Among acceptances, 86 (65.7%) mentioned saving others as a reason. Most respondents preferred other dispensing locations beside the ED, whether or not they accepted ED THN.ConclusionED patients refusing THN felt “not at risk” for overdose or felt their ED visit was not the right time or place for THN. Most accepting THN wanted to save others.
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Monari, Esther, Richard Booth, Boniface Harerimana, and Cheryl Forchuk. "The Experiences of Migration among Homeless Male and Female Psychiatric Survivors." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 41, no. 6 (May 1, 2020): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2019.1701154.
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