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1
Yuya, Beyan Ahmed. "Valuation of Gender Differentiated Dairy Farming and Household Level Food Security Status in Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (June 26, 2018): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i6.719-728.1772.
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This study was aimed at examining gender diversified dairy farming and household level food security status and determinants of dairy cattle benefits in Haramaya district, Oromia, Ethiopia, using cross sectional data collected from randomly selected 120 sample households during year 2016 production season. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression models were employed for data analysis. Descriptive statistics stated that of the sample households, 71 households were found to be food secured whereas the remaining 49 household were food unsecured. Comparison of female headed and male headed dairy farming households indicated that 46.7 percent’s of female headed and 12.5 percent’s of male headed households were secured. The logistic regression result showed that female headed dairy farming participation was significantly influenced by education of household head, extension contact, cultivated land area, availability of supplementary feeds and access to market information. The impact estimation result showed that female headed have got increment in farm household’s food security status nearly by 66% than male headed households. The regression estimated coefficients indicated that dairy cattle benefits is significantly influenced by; education, access to vaccination, extension service, market information, cultivated area, milk sold on farm and fodder supplement were significant variables which affect the dairy cattle income in the study area. Therefore, policy makers should give due emphasis to the aforementioned variables to increase dairy farming benefits and improve the livelihood of rural households.
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KATAPA, R. S. "A COMPARISON OF FEMALE- AND MALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN TANZANIA AND POVERTY IMPLICATIONS." Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 3 (March 7, 2005): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932005007169.
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Female- and male-headed households were compared using data from a Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Tanzania in 1996. Chi-squared tests showed that sex of head of household was highly significantly associated with: residence, household size and composition, radio ownership, having enough food to eat, and age and marital status of head of household. An analysis by the logit regression model showed that female-headed households were more likely than male-headed households to be in rural areas, be small, have fewer men, not have radios and not have enough food to eat. The majority of female heads of households were unmarried and older than male heads of households. The implication is that female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households.
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Dey, Soma, and Sacchidanand Majumder. "Identifying factors that influence access to banking services in Bangladesh: A household level analysis." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 30, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2018): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v30i1-2.36122.
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This study, employing a logistic regression model seeks to identify the important factors that influence household’s access to banking services. The result shows that about 31.7% households have bank account while the remaining 68.3% households have no such account. The result found that with the increase in age of household’s head access to banking services increased gradually. As observed, female headed household have greater access to banking services as compared to male headed household. More so, formerly/ever married headed households have less access to banking services by comparison with never married headed households. The result also shows that access to banking services gradually increased with increasing education level of household’s head. It is found that poor households have very less access to banking services as compared to non-poor households. Increased land ownership of household allowed gradual increase in the access to banking services. The result also mentions that nonowner homestead households have less access to banking services as compared to own homestead households. According to the logistics regression analysis, comparing with the rural households it has been found that the urban households have more access to banking facilities.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 30(1&2): 81-89, December-2017
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Khan, Ashfaque H., and Umer Khalid. "Consumption Patterns of Male and Female Headed Households in Pakistan: Evidence from PSLM 2007-08." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.465-478.
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Recent years have witnessed growing interest in analysing the welfare outcomes of female headed households (FHHs) in the developing world. The theoretical argument for examining female headship and family welfare is underpinned by two important considerations. The first concerns households’ access to resources, while the second pertains to control over the allocation of resources within the household [DeGraff and Bilsborrow (1993)]. A priori female headed households are expected to have access to a lower level of resources than the conventional male-headed households for a variety of reasons.1 However, this lower resource envelop experienced by female headed households may be partially offset by the way resources are allocated within such households. Several studies have revealed that resources under the control of women are more likely to be allocated for productive purposes that promote family welfare as compared to resource allocation under the control of men. In the context of Pakistan, the present paper aims to explore how resource allocation within female headed households differs from male headed households by examining the consumption patterns of both female and male headed households in the country.
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Adeola Obayelu, Oluwakemi, and Olusayo Olubisi Idowu. "Dietary diversity status of rural households in Nigeria: A gendered perspective." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 3 (January 2020): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2019-003003.
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Evidence of upsurge in food insecurity incidence and its vulnerability of households in both rural and urban areas in Nigeria has led to enquiries about the richness of available food baskets and evenness of their consumption. The objective of this study was to examine the dietary diversity among rural households in Nigeria from a gender perspective. Data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey- Integrated Survey on Agriculture (lsms-isa) 2016 were analysed using Simpson Diversity Index, Cross tabulation and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Most of the rural households were male-headed (85%) with an average age of 53 years old and had household size of 8 persons. Dietary diversity score was slightly higher in female-headed households than among their male counterparts. Fish and seafood had the highest food share expenditure among female-headed households while cereals had the highest in male-headed households. Low dietary diversity was predominant among households where the head was 31 to 40 years old male with at least 16 members, while the high dietary diversity was highest among households with 51 to 60 years old female heads and 11 to 15 members. Difference in mean of aggregate dietary diversity between male- and female-headed households revealed a gap of 0.0155 in favour of the female-headed households. There were significant gender differences in household endowments such as household size, income, tangible assets owned and farm size, which explained dietary diversity among rural households in Nigeria.
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Kpoor, Albert. "Assets and Livelihoods of Male- and Female-Headed Households in Ghana." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 18 (August 9, 2019): 2974–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19868839.
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The consumption expenditure approach indicates that female-headed households are better-off than male-headed ones in Ghana. This approach has been criticized by scholars for being one-dimensional. Thus, this study adopts the livelihoods approach—a multidimensional perspective—to examine the human, social, financial, and economic assets and livelihoods of male- and female-headed households in Ghana utilizing in-depth interviews and a survey. The findings of the study demonstrate that male-headed households have greater assets endowment and better livelihood outcomes than female-headed ones indicating that they are better-off than their female counterparts. Thus, the consumption expenditure approach masks the deprivations of female-headed households in assets endowment and poor livelihood outcomes. The study recommends the need for national surveys to incorporate a household assets and livelihoods dimensions in order to capture a broad view of the living circumstances in these two types of households.
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Egbeogu, MN, CI Ezeh, and CO Anyiro. "Comparative analysis of informal borrowing behaviour between male and female-headed farm households in the rural communities of Abia state, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2015): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v11i2.3.
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The study dealt on the comparative analysis of informal borrowing behaviours between male and female-headed farm households in the rural communities of Abia State, Nigeria. The study was sought to identify the socio-economic characteristics of rural male and female – headed farm households in the study area, and to determine the socio-economic factors that influence borrowing behaviour of rural male and female-headed farm households in Abia State. Multi - stage random sampling technique was adopted in the selection of 216 farm households comprising of 108 male and 108 female headed farm households. Tools of analyses were descriptive statistics of mean and percentages and probit model, The result of the Probit model on the variables influencing borrowing behaviour of male-headed households indicated that the coefficients of household size, farm size, purpose of borrowing, loan duration, interest rate and collateral agreement were the significant variables at varied risk levels, with a Pseudo R2 of 0.814. The significant variables that influenced borrowing behaviour of female-headed households using Probit model were households size, loan size, farm size and borrowing purpose with a Pseudo R2 value of 0.744. The need to drastically reduce the interest rate charged to farm households on borrowed fund, relaxing the issue of collateral was recommended for this study because of its dampening effect on the desire to borrow by the rural households.Keywords: Borrowing behaviour, informal credit, probit model, male and female headed
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Mohamad Fazli Sabri, Thinagaran Moga Dass, Nik Ahmad Sufian Burhan, Husniyah Abdul Rahim @ Abdul Wahab, Rusitha Wijekoon, and Megawati Simanjuntak. "Determinants of Life Satisfaction among Female-Headed Households in Malaysia." International Journal of Business and Society 22, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3175.2021.
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Female-headed households in Malaysia have been a financially vulnerable community in the society where their life satisfaction becomes a question. Therefore, this study aims to determine the factors affecting life satisfaction among female-headed households in Malaysia. A total of 527 respondents who are single, divorced, separated or widowed women, with children in the home including those on public assistance participated in this study which adapted a multi-stage sampling method using self-administered questionnaire. The results show that locus of control, religiosity, financial capability, and financial vulnerability have positive significant relationships with life satisfaction. The multiple regressions show that locus of control, religiosity, financial capability, and financial vulnerability are significant determinants of life satisfaction among female-headed household in Malaysia. More knowledge, and enhancement through financial workshops could be helpful to empower female-headed household on the use of modern financial instruments. Hence, able to increase financial capability and reduce financial vulnerability of female-headed households in Malaysia towards a better life satisfaction.
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Staten, Lisa K., Darna L. Dufour, Julio C. Reina, and G. B. Spurr. "Household headship and nutritional status: Female-headed versus male/dual-headed households." American Journal of Human Biology 10, no. 6 (1998): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(1998)10:6<699::aid-ajhb2>3.0.co;2-6.
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Mdluli, Phindile. "Analysing the Determinants of Poverty among Female-Headed Households: The Case of South Africa." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(134).
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Poverty remains a critical and complex phenomenon in developing countries, South Africa included. Over the years, poverty has escalated significantly, particularly in Africa, while it has declined in most developed regions. The worsening statistics in Africa have raised concerns of a lack of understanding of poverty among policymakers and governments. In South Africa, poverty has been increasing, with more than 50 percent of households living in poverty. Additionally, approximately 26 percent of females live in extreme poverty, while at the same time the country is experiencing a growing trend of female-headed households continually identified as vulnerable to the indignities of poverty compared to male-headed households. Although poverty in South Africa has been studied extensively, existing literature shows that it is still a debatable topic, since the dynamics have not improved much, but rather worsened in recent years particularly post-apartheid. Using the 2018 general household survey data with a sample of 19 219 observations collected by Statistics South Africa, the primary objective of the study is to examine the determinants of poverty among female-headed households in South Africa. The study uses the following statistical methods: descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and a binary logistic regression. The estimated results show that factors such as education level, employment status, age, gender, race, household size and marital status determine the poverty status of female-headed households. Females experience higher levels of poverty when compared to their male counterpart using the upper bound poverty line. Keywords: Poverty, household, female-headed household, male-headed households, South Africa
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Oginni, Ayodeji, Babatunde Ahonsi, and Francis Ukwuije. "Are female-headed households typically poorer than male-headed households in Nigeria?" Journal of Socio-Economics 45 (August 2013): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2013.04.010.
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Hossain, M. "Does gender influence farm households’ decision to adopt technology and commercial agriculture: Implication for household food security in rural Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 1 (August 25, 2019): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i1.42772.
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This paper investigates whether gender of household head is associated with the household’s decision to adopt technology and commercial agriculture in rural Bangladesh. It further investigates if household food security of the adopters differs significantly on the basis of gender of the household head. By using Ӽ2 test and Cramer’s V statistic this paper finds evidence to suggest that adoption of both technology and of commercialisation of agriculture in rural Bangladesh significantly differs between male-headed and female-headed households. The incidence of adoption among the female-led households is low possibly because they are constrained by lack of access to input, credit, and extension services. It is also found that household food security of the adopters improves irrespective of gender of the household head. Thus the policy implication of the study is that technology adoption and commercial farming may have good prospect for improving household food security of rural farm households.
SAARC J. Agri., 17(1): 219-226 (2019)
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Cohen, Marilyn. "Survival Strategies in Female-Headed Households: Linen Workers in Tullylish, County Down, 1901." Journal of Family History 17, no. 3 (June 1992): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700305.
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Recent scholarship reveals that women's employment patterns in the nineteenth century were more complex than the prevailing family wage ideology might suggest. This was especially true for those women living in female-headed households. Although female-headed households represented a sizeable minority of the working class, there has been little systematic analysis of them in Ireland. This article addresses this gap and contributes to a more differentiated perspective by examining several survival strategies utilized by female-headed households to ensure independence in the Ulster parish of Tullylish, in 1900, including employment patterns, household formation, marriage patterns, literacy, and schooling.
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Ghaedrahmati, Safar, and Foad SHahsavari. "Women housing right, affordable housing for female-headed households, case study." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 952–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2019-0055.
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Purpose This paper aims to address housing right for female-headed households in Iran housing plans. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted on female-headed households by a demographic attribute’s analysis. This paper tries to address housing right for female-headed households in housing plans. The analysis is done in the following three steps: (1) demographic variables analysis of female-headed households. Demographic variables include economic, social and health attributes. The statistical information related to the female-headed households in Tehran used in this step is based on the statistics of the Statistical Center of Iran; (2) share of female-headed households in Tehran in proportion to the total households. Also, the activity of female-headed households in Tehran; and (3) share of housing right for female-headed households in Iran Housing Plans. In this step, a questionnaire has been developed for 30 experts in which housing right for female-headed households have been asked for Iran housing plans. Findings The results show that with the increase in female-headed households in Tehran, they spend about 49 per cent of their income on housing, which influences the quality and quantity of other essential requirements of them such as food, clothing, health and education. The lack of adequate housing and increased housing rentals have forced them to live in informal settlements and low-quality homes. Based on Women Housing Right, adequate and affordable housing for them has not been considered in Iran’s housing plans. Social implications In spite of the emphasis on strengthening the position of female-headed households in the fourth, fifth and sixth development plans of Iran, this has not practically happened. The unfavorable status of female-headed households in the housing system is not due to their lack of problem-solving susceptibility, but their systematic exclusion in housing policy and practice in Tehran. Originality/value This paper has not been published in any journal.
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Kazi, Shahnaz, and Bilquees Raza. "Households Headed by Women: Income, Employment and Household Organization." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4II (December 1, 1988): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.781-790.
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The poverty of households headed by women has emerged as an important development issue in the recent past. Evidence from many developing countries, specially in Latin America and Africa, has underlined the economic vulnerability of this group and predicted an increasing incidence of female•headed households in developing societies [Buvinic and Youssef (1978); Kossaudji and Mueller (1983); Merrick and Schmink (1983)]. Among Asian countries sample surveys have revealed a significant proportion of female-headed households in Sri Lanka, Malaysia and some states in India (Visaria 1980). In the context of Pakistan, research in this area is virtually non-existent. Although the questionnaires of the various censuses do provide information on sex and other characteristics of household heads, this data are not available in tabulated form in any of the census reports. However, a recent survey of 1000 women in Karachi conducted in 1987 makes it possible for the first time to investigate, in detail, the characteristics of female-headed households. The sample of 680 working women and 320 non-working women covered a whole range of social and income classes. Among the 680 working women was included the sub-sample of 100 female heads of households. Combined information was collected on women and their households through a fairly lengthy questionnaire: the interview schedule comprised questions on earnings, ethnic affiliations, education, age, sex, and occupation of all household members, division of domestic responsibilities in the household and employment history of individual women.
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Obi, JN, AA Enete, and JO Munonye. "Farm households' levels of vulnerability to extreme weather events in South-Eastern Nigeria." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 02 (March 24, 2021): 17450–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.97.19410.
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The impacts of climate change risks, risk management mechanisms, and the physical environment under which farm households operate play significant roles in poverty and hidden hunger dynamics in developing countries. Extreme weather events are most often triggers of changes in risk management, which also affect the capacity of households to absorb the resultant shocks. This paper based on primary data collected as part of a PhD dissertation in the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, presents an analysis of farm households’ levels of vulnerability to extreme weather events in South-eastern Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 120male-and 120 female-headed farm households that constituted the sample for the study. Both structured interview schedule and focus group discussion guide were used to gather data from the respondents, which were analyzed using UNDP vulnerability index. Using household adaptive capacity approach, data were collected on human, economic and institutional capacity of farmers in coping with extreme weather events. Female-headed households were more vulnerable than their male-headed counterparts to the effect of extreme weather events with respect to some of the indicators such as farming income, years of formal education, farm size, land ownership status, number of extension contacts, access to weather information, access to remittance, membership of cooperative and assistance from National Emergency Management Agency in the area. Overall, using household adaptive capacity approach, the results of the gender-based vulnerability analysis showed male-headed farming households with a vulnerability index of 0.38 while the female-headed farming households, on the other hand, had vulnerability index of 0.68. Although female-headed farm households were more vulnerable than their male counterparts, the farmers were all generally highly vulnerable to the incidence of natural disasters because of low adaptive capacity. The study recommends that government and development partners with the responsibility of protecting the environment should be gender-sensitive and redirect more effort in mitigating the negative agricultural effects caused by extreme weather events, especially among female-headed farm households who are more vulnerable.
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Feyisa, Tamirat G., and Habtamu G. Megersa. "Gender differences in fruit production and selection of avocado and banana varieties: Case study at Wondo Genet and Wondo Woredas, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 8, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.008.02.3059.
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This study was designed to assess differences in gender roles and preferences of female and male-headed fruit producers regarding the selection of avocado and banana varieties. Two woredas were selected purposively based on the availability of avocado and banana production trends in the woredas. Then, a model avocado and banana producing female and male-headed households were identified and about 34 households were selected randomly from both woredas. A structured questioner was used to collect primary information from the selected households. The collected data were analyzed by STATA 12 software. The obtained results indicated that the male household members exceedingly participated in land preparation (93%), seedling preparation (90%), transplanting (90%) and weeding (76%) whereas, female household members highly participated in fruit collection (72%), transporting fruits to the market (83%), selling the fruit (90%) and deciding on money obtained from fruit sale (83%). The increased participation of female household members indicated that the contribution of female-headed households on many farming activities. The major criteria considered in selection of avocado varieties were plant height (75%), fruit size (75%), fruit yield (84%), fruit test (97%) whereas, fruit yield (91%), fruit color (72%), fruit test (94%) and fruit smell (53%) were important criteria for banana varieties. There were no statistically significant differences (P0.05) in avocado and banana varieties selection criteria between female and male headed households. Therefore, breeders need not develop different avocado and banana varieties for female and male-headed producers. Gender based labor division in the study areas should be taken into consideration whenever technology is demonstrated and farmers' training is given on avocado and banana production technologies to ensure their effective implementation
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Ngarava, Saul, Leocadia Zhou, and Nomakhaya Monde. "Gendered Water Insecurity: A Structural Equation Approach for Female Headed Households in South Africa." Water 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122491.
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Intricacies between women and water are central to achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Gender equality and women empowerment is a key driver in ending hunger and poverty as well as improve water security the study sought to identify and provide pathways through which female-headed households were water insecure in South Africa. Secondary data collected during the 2016 General Household Survey (GHS) was utilised, with a sample of 5928 female-headed households. Principal Component Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were used to analyse the data. The results show dynamic relationships between water characteristics and water treatment. There were also associations between water access and wealth status of the female-headed households. Association was also found between water access and water treatment as well as between wealth status and water treatment. The study concludes that there are dynamic relationships in water insecurity (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) for female-headed households in South Africa. The study recommends that a multi-prong approach is required in tackling exposures, sensitivities and adaptive capacities to water insecurity. This should include capacity–building and empowering women for wealth generation, improve access to water treatment equipment as well as prioritising improvement of infrastructure that brings piped and safe water to female-headed households.
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Alhassan, Suhiyini I., John K. M. Kuwornu, and Yaw B. Osei-Asare. "Gender dimension of vulnerability to climate change and variability." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-10-2016-0156.
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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability in the northern region of Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study assessed the vulnerability of male-headed and female-headed farming households to climate change and variability by using the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and tested for significant difference in their vulnerability levels by applying independent two-sample-student’st-test based on gender by using a sample of 210 smallholder farming households.FindingsThe results revealed a significant difference in the vulnerability levels of female-headed and male-headed farming households. Female–headed households were more vulnerable to livelihood strategies, socio-demographic profile, social networks, water and food major components of the LVI, whereas male-headed households were more vulnerable to health. The vulnerability indices revealed that female–headed households were more sensitive to the impact of climate change and variability. However, female-headed households have the least adaptive capacities. In all, female-headed farming households are more vulnerable to climate change and variability than male-headed farming households.Research limitations/implicationsThe study recommends that female-headed households should be given priority in both on-going and new intervention projects in climate change and agriculture by empowering them through financial resource support to venture into other income-generating activities. This would enable them to diversify their sources of livelihoods to boost their resilience to climate change and variability.Originality/valueThis is the first study that examined the gender dimension of vulnerability of smallholder farmers in Ghana by using the livelihood vulnerability framework. Female subordination in northern region of Ghana has been profound to warrant a study on gender dimension in relation to climate change and variability, especially as it is a semi-arid region with unpredictable climatic conditions. This research revealed the comparative vulnerability of male- and female-headed households to climate change and variability.
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Aweke, Chanyalew Seyoum, Edward Lahiff, Muluken Gezahegn Wordofa, and Jemal Y. Hassen. "Household food insecurity and hunger in Babile district, Ethiopia." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 10 (October 3, 2020): 1225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2020-0057.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine household food gap and food insecurity in Eastern Ethiopia. Differences in food gap and food insecurity were also examined in terms of gender of the household head and location.Design/methodology/approachA combination of quantitative and qualitative methods such as household survey, key informant interview and focused group discussion were utilized for this study. Households were drawn randomly from the study area.FindingsIn terms of food availability, more than half of the households experienced a food gap during the year, especially during the months of July and August. In terms of gender, female-headed households had more months of food shortage compared to their male counterparts. This disparity was also reflected in poorer food access among female-headed households as shown by the higher HFIAS. Differences in food insecurity were obtained in terms of gender of the household head and location. Livestock ownership, cereal crop production, extension contact and household size significantly influenced household food access.Research limitations/implicationsFindings are valid only for low-land agroecologiesOriginality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature by examining household food gap and food insecurity using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. It adds value in examining disparities between male-headed and female-headed households. Literature related to seasonal household food insecurity is limited in Ethiopia. This study contributes in this regard by examining seasonal food insecurity between post-harvest and pre-harvest seasons.
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Rahut, Dil Bahadur, Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb, and Akhter Ali. "Household Energy Consumption and Its Determinants in Timor-Leste." Asian Development Review 34, no. 1 (March 2017): 167–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00085.
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Using data from the 2007 Timor-Leste Living Standards Survey, this paper examines the determinants of household energy choices in Timor-Leste. The majority of households are dependent on dirty fuels such as fuelwood and kerosene for energy. Only a small fraction of households use clean energy such as electricity. Econometric results show that wealthy households, urban households, and those headed by individuals with higher levels of education are less likely to use and depend on kerosene and more likely to use and depend on electricity. While female-headed households are generally more likely to use and depend on fuelwood, richer female-headed households are more likely to use and depend on electricity. Our findings highlight the importance of ensuring an adequate supply of clean energy for all at affordable prices and of investing in education to raise awareness about the adverse impacts of using dirty fuels.
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Nam, Su-Jung, and Hyesun Hwang. "The Multidimensional Poverty of Female-Headed Households: Focused on Comparing with Male-Headed Households*." Journal of Consumer Studies 28, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35736/jcs.28.1.4.
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Smajic, Senada, and Sergio Ermacora. "Poverty amongst Female-headed Households in Bosnia and Herzegovina: an empirical analysis." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-007-0017-x.
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Poverty amongst Female-headed Households in Bosnia and Herzegovina: an empirical analysisThis paper conducts an empirical investigation of whether female-headed households (FHHs) are over-represented amongst the poor compared to male-headed households in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), measured through the consumption dimension of poverty. Apart from self-reported and demographic definitions of headship, which do not make reference to the economic support provided for a household, households whose headship is assigned according to economic definition are included in the analysis. Moreover, the heterogeneity of FHHs is recognised in our study. In this way, the study avoids the main pitfalls associated with similar studies. Since the relationship between poverty and headship has regional and ethnic characteristics, the specific characteristics of BiH in this context are taken into account. Finally, given that our analysis did not find evidence of FHHs being disadvantaged in terms of household consumption, it cannot be argued that policy measures targeting FHHs would be a useful approach to reducing poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Aghajanian, Akbar, and Vaida Thompson. "Female Headed Households in Iran (1976–2006)." Marriage & Family Review 49, no. 2 (March 2013): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2012.728558.
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Douthitt, Robin A., and Kyungok Huh. "Expenditures on children by female-headed households." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 15, no. 2 (June 1994): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02353634.
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Haurin, Donald R., and Duewa A. Kamara. "The homeownership decision of female-headed households." Journal of Housing Economics 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1051-1377(92)90005-b.
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Kwon, Min, and HyungSeon Kim. "Psychological Well-Being of Female-Headed Households Based on Age Stratification: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186445.
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The female-headed household is a new vulnerable group associated with health inequality. The purpose of this study was to analyze psychological well-being and related factors among Korean female-headed households based on age stratification. This was a secondary analysis of data extracted from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2017), which included a total of 9084 female-headed households. Their psychological well-being was measured by the WHO-5 well-being index. A total of 39.8% of female-headed household workers were psychologically unhealthy. Among them, 2.2% of those aged 15–30 years old, 8.1% aged 30–50 years old, and 29.5% over aged 50 years old were unhealthy. In the age group of 15–30 years old, depression/anxiety was negatively associated with psychological well-being. In the age group of 30–50 years old, living alone, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and depression/anxiety were negatively associated with psychological well-being. In the age group over 50 years old, low education level, living alone, low income, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and depression/anxiety were negatively associated with psychological well-being. The psychological well-being perceived by female households is complex and goes beyond economic poverty and dependent burdens. Therefore, a multidimensional support strategy should be included in the concept of social deprivation, and a preventive approach is needed to establish a support system.
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Deb, Surajit. "Types of Vulnerable Household across Social Classes in Rural India." Social Change 50, no. 3 (September 2020): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085720953408.
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The eighth part of the Social Change Indicators series presents data on vulnerable households, that is, mean household size, percentage of female-headed households, percentage of households with no literate adult, percentage of households with no adult member and percentage of landless households dependent on manual casual labour across different social classes in rural areas of different states.
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Mohammadi, Atiyeh. "The relationship between parenting stress and quality of life (Case study: female-headed households in Isfahan, Iran)." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202172690p.86-93.
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This study aims to identify the relationship between parenting stress and quality of life (QoL) of female-headed households in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive research of correlational type. The statistical population of the study included all female-headed households in Isfahan during the first half-year of 2018. A convenient sampling method was used and 341 subjects were chosen. To collect data, the Parenting Stress Questionnaire developed by Abidin and QoL questionnaire (WHO-36) were used. Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis were employed for data analysis. Findings: Results showed a significant correlation between parenting stress and quality of life of female-headed households (P<0.01). Conclusion: According to the findings, parenting stress plays a vital role in the quality of life of female-headed households.
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Hardiani, Hardiani, Junaidi Junaidi, and Purwaka Hari Prihanto. "Food Security of Urban Female-headed Households: Case in Jambi Province, Indonesia." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i9.1229-1236.2007.
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This paper aims to analyze: 1) food security of urban female-headed households (FHH) in Jambi Province, Indonesia; 2) socio-economic factors affecting the food security of urban FHH in Jambi Province. Primary data is raw data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) Year 2016 in regencies/cities in Jambi Province. Food security of households is analyzed descriptively. The ordinal logistic regression model is used to analyze the socio-economic factors affecting the food security of urban FHH. The results of the study found that: 1) Of the total urban households in Jambi Province, there are 12.69 percent of FHH; 2) The proportion of urban FHH in Jambi Province that is categorized as food secure is 57,62 percent, as vulnerable is 13,33 percent, as questionable is 22,38 percent, and as food insecureis 6,67 percent; 3) Socioeconomic factors that have significant effect on food security of FHH are age, education, and employment status of female head of household, number of household members, education level of household members, and household final consumption expenditure per capita.
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Dunga, Steven Henry. "A Gender and Marital Status Analysis of Household Income in a Low-Income Township." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 62, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/subboec-2017-0002.
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Abstract The analysis of income at household level is highly important for understanding the poverty and for supporting the efforts to deal with poverty. Poverty measures can be calculated from a multitude of approaches. A common approach is to use household income and draw a minimum level of income required for a household to be considered above or below poverty. This paper looked at income at household level from a gender perspective and a marital status perspective in order to draw conclusions of the nature of household’s characteristics that are associated with higher or lower income as a proxy for poverty. Based on data collected in a low income township in South Africa, the regression analysis was applied to investigate the differences between different marital statuses and gender and how they are associated with different levels of income. The regression results reveal that female headed households have, on average, lower incomes compared to male headed households, and also, that married heads of households have higher incomes compared to the single, divorced, and widowed. The widowed had the lowest average income.
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Ozioko, Remigius I., Blessing C. Nwigwe, Anthonia N. Asadu, Miracle I. Nwafor, Onyinyechi I. Nnadi, Chukwuemeka C. Onyia, Innocent A. Enwelu, and Felix O. Oluwasegun. "Food security situations among female headed households in Enugu East Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i4.11.
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The study examined food security situation of female-headed households in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study identified livelihood activities of respondents, ascertained the food security situation, examined constraints to food security, and examined coping strategies of respondents. Multi-stage sampling procedure, snow ball and simple random techniques were used to select 72 female-headed households. Data were analyzed using mean score and factor analysis. Results showed that respondents livelihood activities included crop production (77.8%), processing and sale of palm produce (43.1%) and processing of farm produce (38.9%). Household food security situations included food secure to moderately food-insecure. Major constraints to food security of the respondents were poverty ( x̄ =2.52), lack of education and skill ( x̄ =2.50), poor rural infrastructure ( x̄ =2.50) and poor nutrition education ( x̄ =2.54). Coping strategies included restriction of food consumption of adults ( x̄ =2.21) reducing food consumption per day ( x̄ =2.00) and staying hungry ( x̄ =2.04). The study concludes that the households in the area were grossly food insecure as they spent more of their meager earning only on food. There was poor nutrition education and lack of productive skills. Poverty was found to be a major cause of food insecurity in the area as it robs people the option of fine choices. Hence, government and other development agencies should provide policies and efforts that assist Female headed households in capacity building like providing them with productive resources which will expand their scope of livelihood choices.
Keywords: Food security, female headed household, food situation, poverty
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Muleta, AN, and DF Deressa. "Female Headed Households and Poverty in Rural Ethiopia." Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal 3, no. 1 (June 5, 2014): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/star.v3i1.25.
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Gandelman, Nestor. "Female Headed Households and Homeownership in Latin America." Housing Studies 24, no. 4 (July 2009): 525–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673030902938397.
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Rogers, John E., Michael Greene, and Emily Hoffnar. "Does welfare cause increases in female-headed households?" Applied Economics Letters 3, no. 2 (February 1996): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135048596356753.
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Gandotra, Veena, and Thakur Jha. "Female-Headed Households: A Database of North Bihar." Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 4 (October 2003): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2003.11892395.
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Felker-Kantor, Erica, and Charles H. Wood. "Female-headed households and food insecurity in Brazil." Food Security 4, no. 4 (October 11, 2012): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0215-y.
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Ahmad, Siti Yuliandi, Mohamad Fazli Sabri, Husniyah Abd Rahim, and Syuhaily Othman. "Factors predicting financial security of female headed households." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v5i1.8794.
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In microeconomic perspective, financial security is often linked with the individual level of saving, the ability to meet the emergency, an adequate fund during retirement and the stability of income. Current macro economic volatility caused several consequences and indirectly affect on consumer saving and spending. Additionally, with a higher cost of living influenced consumers consumption especially among female-headed households with a number of dependents and dual domestic/work roles. This study investigates the relationships between financial strains, self-coping mechanisms, financial literacy, financial practices and financial security. A cross-sectional study of multistage random sampling has been used in the data collection. A structured questionnaire used in the survey method to collect data from 521 female-headed households from six single mothers associations in Malaysia. The results predicted that financial strains, self-coping mechanisms, financial literacy and financial practices explained 42.3% of the variance in financial security. The two strongest predictors are the self-coping mechanisms and financial practices. The implications of findings for policy makers, single mothers associations and financial practitioners were discussed.
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Olorunsanya, Eniola Oluwatoyin. "A Gender based Economic Analysis of Yam Production among Resource Poor Farm Households in Kwara State, Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 48, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2015): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ats-2015-0001.
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Abstract The study carries out a gender based economic analysis of yam production among resource poor farm households in Kwara State with implication for poverty reduction in the state. One hundred and eighty randomly selected representative farm households were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and multiple regression model were the analytical tools. The results of the descriptive statistics show that 85% of the heads of the farm households were male with 66% of the male heads having no western education against 59% for the female-headed households. Labour cost was the major cost of production accounting for 64% and 66% of the total cost of production for the male and female-headed households, respectively. Yam production enterprise was profitable in the study area with net farm income of N136,950 and N128,800 for male and female-headed households, respectively. The return on capital employed was 48% and 45% for male and female-headed households, respectively. This shows that for every naira invested in yam production enterprise in the study area, average returns of 48kobo and 45kobo were obtained for the male and female-headed households, respectively. Farm size, family labour and yam seeds were the significant variables explaining the variation in yam output in the study area. Farm size and labour were under-utilised while yam seeds were over-utilised. The study recommends increased farm size and labour use per hectare and reduction in yam seeds per hectare for efficient resource use and increased net farm income for better living standard for the farm households.
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Agbadi, Pascal, Ernest Darkwah, and Paul L. Kenney. "A Multilevel Analysis of Regressors of Access to Improved Drinking Water and Sanitation Facilities in Ghana." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (June 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3983869.
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People’s access to quality water and sanitation resources significantly improves their health. Using the 2014 Ghana DHS dataset, multilevel robust Poisson regression modelling was performed to investigate the factors that enhance Ghanaian households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities. The results indicated that household head and household socioeconomic factors have significant effects on access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities, and this varies from one community of residence to another. The following households had a higher probability of having access to improved sources of drinking water: female-headed households, households with heads who had at least attained middle-school-level education, urban households, and nonpoorest households. Correspondingly, the following households were more likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: female-headed households had a higher chance of access, as well as those whose heads had at least middle-school-level education, were at least 35 years old, or were currently married, rural households, households with a minimum of seven members, and households who attained at least middle wealth status. In their efforts to increase citizens’ access to improved water and sanitation facilities, the government and other development organizations should develop citizens’ wealth-creation capacities and enable their attainment of formal education.
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Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola, Abeeb Babatunde Omotoso, Adebola Saidat Daud, Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi, and Kehinde Oluseyi Olagunju. "What Drives Households’ Payment for Waste Disposal and Recycling Behaviours? Empirical Evidence from South Africa’s General Household Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 7188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197188.
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Safeguarding the environment and its citizens’ health remains one of the key policy priorities of the governments of many developing and emerging countries. Using the 2017 General Household Survey (GHS) dataset, this study examines the driving factors affecting households’ recycling behaviour and payment for waste disposal in South Africa. The methods of data analysis were based on descriptive statistics and a Bivariate Probit regression model. The descriptive statistics results indicate that there are 56.29% male-headed and 43.71% female headed households, with an average age of 49 years. In addition, the study shows that 89.97% of household heads had formal education with a mean monthly income of 11,099.07 ZAR/650.504 USD. The study also revealed that 22% of the households sampled had access to social grants. The results from the Bivariate Probit regression model show that household’s income, access to social grants, formal educational attainment and the age of the household were significant (p < 0.01) driving factors affecting households’ recycling behaviour and payment for waste disposal. The study concludes that the households’ socio-economic factors affect their recycling behaviour and willingness to pay for waste management in South Africa. Actions targeted at poverty alleviation and environmental sensitization programmes are key for facilitating environmental conservation behaviours of households in South Africa in order to achieve the environmental sustainability Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target of the United Nations.
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Tsvuura, S., M. Mudhara, and M. Chimonyo. "Gender-Differentiated Contribution of Goat Farming to Household Income and Food Security in Semi-arid Areas of Msinga, South Africa." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 9 (August 15, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n9p73.
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Small-scale goat farming can significantly contribute to livelihoods, particularly in semi-arid areas where rainfall is erratic and crop farming is too risky. The study investigated the gendered-differentiated contribution of goat farming to household food income and food security in the semi-arid area of Msinga in South Africa using focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey of 241 households. Using the Household Food Insecurity and Access Scale to measure the household food security of goat farming households, descriptive statistics and the Chi-square statistics, results showed a significant relationship between food security and the household socio-economic parameters such as the education level of the household head (p < 0.05), the gender of the household head (p < 0.05) and the total household income (p < 0.01). The Tobit regression model showed that the main factors determining food security at the household level were education levels, gender and the total household income. Female-headed households were less food secure than male-headed households because they did not have reliable employment to provide adequate and nutritious food for their households. Therefore, empowering women is crucial to ensuring food security because unstable employment opportunities lead to households’ failure to cope with food insecurity adequately. Goat farming did not contribute to household food security because it generated little income as goat sales were generally low, with a mean of 2.1 for male headed-households and 1.0 for female headed-households in 12 months (p < 0.05). Farmers obtained little income from goat farming because goat flock sizes for most households did not increase due to poor nutrition, diseases, predation, and theft. With the household food basket cost reported to be ZAR3 400/US$188, a household would need to sell up to four goats each month to survive solely on goat farming. However, where goat flock size was small, households limited goat sales to maintain the potential to increase their flock size. Empowering women by promoting rural education may increase their chances of being exposed to better management options, acquiring a better understanding of goat management practices, and making informed decisions, thereby contributing to the improvement of food security. Enhancing goat production is essential to increase flock sizes, as this enables farmers to make more sales, thereby improving food security. Therefore, extension workers need to help farmers better manage and utilize goat farming to their full potential. Finally, rural households need to reduce their autonomy and dependency on supermarket goods and become more agri-oriented.
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Nwaka, Ikechukwu Darlington, Seyi Saint Akadiri, and Kalu Ebi Uma. "Gender of the family head and food insecurity in urban and rural Nigeria." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, no. 3 (May 23, 2020): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2019-0117.
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PurposeAre the urban and rural male-headed households (MHHs) or female-headed households (FHHs) poorer and food (in)secured? Such question is of very important policy concern in the drive towards achieving the first two of the Sustainable Development Goals.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses 2010–2012 waves of General Household Survey cross-sectional panel data to investigate food (in)security and poverty dynamics amongst MHHs and FHHs in Nigeria, with particular attention to rural and urban dimensions.FindingsApplying the tobit and probit regressions while controlling for poverty and other household characteristics, we observed that female-headed families are more vulnerable to higher incidences of food insecurity than male-headed ones and with an overall significant urban food security advantage compared to rural areas. Comparing urban and rural results in terms of land access rights, urban food insecurity manifests more amongst urban FHHs non–Agri-land owners which however falls as food expenditure rises. However, the rise in per capita food consumption, agricultural characteristics and years of schooling reduces the likelihood of food insecurity for all households.Originality/valueThis study, therefore, offers relevant policy inputs towards addressing poverty and food insecurity in a typical developing country such as Nigeria.
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SENDA, TRINITY S., DON PEDEN, SABINE HOMANN-KEE TUI, GIVIOUS SISITO, ANDRÉ F. VAN ROOYEN, and JOSEPH L. N. SIKOSANA. "GENDERED LIVELIHOOD IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS OF LIVESTOCK WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000943.
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SUMMARYScarcity, lack of access, and ineffective and inefficient use of water in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe, threaten agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to augment understanding of opportunities to increase livestock water productivity (LWP) in Nkayi District by taking into account key differences in the capacities, opportunities, and needs of women and men. There are two important types of female-headed households, de facto and de jure. The results from this study showed that male-headed and de facto and de jure female-headed households share much in common. They all had similar areas of cropland and access to education, finances, veterinary and extension services, and transportation and markets. Households of all types had similar herd sizes. All were desperately poor with incomes much less than a dollar a day. To rise out of poverty, the knowledge, skills and effort of all household heads will be needed. In spite of severe poverty, household heads of all types are literate and have sufficient education that can help enable adoption of intervention options that can lead to increased agricultural production and improved livelihoods. The results also showed that major differences exist in terms of the roles of men and women in ownership, management and decision making related to livestock keeping and animal production. Men clearly dominate in both ownership and decision making even though women play a major role in animal management. Only in de jure female-headed households were women more likely than men to own cattle and goats. They were also more likely to be involved in farming as a primary livelihood activity. Surprisingly, men were more likely to be involved in animal management in these de jure female-headed households. Women were also excluded from water users' and livestock producers' associations although a minority of men was members. By not involving the already-developed capacity of women, the community loses out on a significant opportunity to increase LWP and animal production more widely. Greater inclusion of women in decision making will be an important part of future efforts to improve livelihoods through livestock development.
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Wondim, Yetimwork Anteneh. "Gender Dimension on the Living Conditions of Poor Household Heads in Sefene-Selam Sub-City, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 9, no. 4 (October 2020): 30–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2020100103.
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Men and women in general, male house heads and female house heads in particular experience poverty in different ways and use different mechanisms to overcome it. This is mainly because of the different roles they play in their community, which exposes them to different constraints, opportunities, and needs. Therefore, men and women experience poverty differently. Therefore, the very purpose of this study was to assess the gender dimension in the living condition of poor female and male-headed households in Sefen-Selam Sub-city, Bahir Dar. To meet these objectives, the study used a Sequential Explanatory Mixed Method design. Survey questionnaires and Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Descriptive and thematic analysis was used for quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The analysis of the study was based on 175 households, of which 129 were female-headed and 46 male-headed households. Accordingly, the monetary and non-monetary poverty indicators pointed out the poor living condition of the study population in general. Nevertheless, problems were found to be more severe among households headed by women. Therefore, the national, regional, and local poverty reduction programs and strategies should give special attention to the poor in general and the female-headed families in particular for its success.
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Joshi, GR, and NB Joshi. "Determinants of household food security in the eastern region of Nepal." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 174–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i2.31257.
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Using the agricultural census data of 2011/12, this paper has attempted to identify the determinants of household level food security in the eastern region of Nepal. Being the censored type sample population, tobit model has been used. On an average, the households experienced no food shortages for 8.5 months, the cultivated land per household was 0.85 hectare and around 34 percent of the cultivated land was irrigated. The results showed that the size of the land holding, nearness to the market, male headed household, households members with agriculture and allied occupation and the educational level of household head were positive and significant variables while household size was negative and significant variable to food security. It was also revealed that the hills and the mountains were more food insecure than Terai region. Hence, investment in human capital, creation of off-farm employment opportunities, increasing physical access through markets and roads development and access to land and augmenting their quality are needed to further improve the food security situation. Similarly, special programs should be implemented targeting female headed households as they are more food insecure than male headed households.SAARC J. Agri., 14(2): 174-188 (2016)
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Madugu, A. J. "Food security status of female-headed households in Mubi North Local Government area, Adamawa State, Nigeria." Agricultural Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (2019): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/ast.2019.01.016.
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Abstract. This study investigated the food security status of female-headed households (FHHs) in Mubi north local government area (LGA) of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the socio economic characteristics and determinants of household food security status of respondents were tested. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 80 female headed households using simple random sampling technique from five districts of Mubi north LGA. Analytical tools used were the food security index (FSI) and Binary Logit Regression Analysis. The results showed that majority (57.9%) of the respondents were middle aged, having 1-5 persons in their household and cultivating about 1-3 hectares of land. It further showed that most of the respondents (63.8%) were food insecure. The result further showed that age, household size, educational status, and access to input were significant and therefore regarded as the major determinants of food security in the study area. It also showed that extension service was not significant and thus not a determinant of food security among the respondents. The study concluded that female headed households in the study area were food insecure; it was thus recommended that NGOs, CSOs and other actors should focus more on agricultural activities by providing inputs so as to improve food production and household food security index, furthermore, the result showed that extension service did not influence food security status of respondents, thus, private extension service providers should be established to assist the government in the provision of intensive extension contact/services, this can help to improve food production and subsequent food security status of respondents.
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Liu, Chia, Albert Esteve, and Rocío Treviño. "Female-Headed Households and Living Conditions in Latin America." World Development 90 (February 2017): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.10.008.
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Horrell, Sara, and Pramila Krishnan. "Poverty and productivity in female-headed households in Zimbabwe." Journal of Development Studies 43, no. 8 (November 2007): 1351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380701611477.
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Kupke, Valerie, Peter Rossini, Stanley McGreal, and Sharon Yam. "Female-Headed Households and Achieving Home Ownership in Australia." Housing Studies 29, no. 7 (May 9, 2014): 871–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.903902.
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