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Gray, Benjamin J., Jeffrey W. Stephens, Daniel Turner, Michael Thomas, Sally P. Williams, Kerry Morgan, Meurig Williams, Sam Rice, and Richard M. Bracken. "A non-exercise method to determine cardiorespiratory fitness identifies females predicted to be at ‘high risk’ of type 2 diabetes." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 14, no. 1 (October 20, 2016): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164116666476.
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This study examined the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness determined by a non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness and predicted risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus using five risk assessments/questionnaires (Leicester Diabetes Risk Score, QDiabetes, Cambridge Risk Score, Finnish Diabetes Risk Score and American Diabetes Association Diabetes Risk Test). Retrospective analysis was performed on 330 female individuals with no prior diagnosis of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus who participated in the Prosiect Sir Gâr workplace initiative in Carmarthenshire, South Wales. Non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness (expressed as metabolic equivalents) was calculated using a validated algorithm, and females were grouped accordingly into fitness quintiles <6.8 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 1), 6.8–7.6 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 2), 7.6–8.6 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 3), 8.6–9.5 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 4), >9.5 metabolic equivalents (Quintile 5). Body mass index, waist circumference, and HbA1c all decreased between increasing non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness quintiles ( p < 0.05), as did risk prediction scores in each of the five assessments/questionnaires ( p < 0.05). The proportion of females in Quintile 1 predicted at ‘high risk’ was between 20.9% and 81.4%, depending on diabetes risk assessment used, compared to none of the females in Quintile 5. A calculated non-exercise testing method for estimating fitness <6.8 metabolic equivalents could help to identify females at ‘high risk’ of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus as predicted using five risk assessments/questionnaires.
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Cooper, Dan M., Szu-Yun Leu, Candice Taylor-Lucas, Kim Lu, Pietro Galassetti, and Shlomit Radom-Aizik. "Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents with High Body Mass Index." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 1 (February 2016): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0107.
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Consensus has yet to be achieved on whether obesity is inexorably tied to poor fitness. We tested the hypothesis that appropriate reference of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables to lean body mass (LBM) would eliminate differences in fitness between high-BMI (≥ 95th percentile, n = 72, 50% female) and normal-BMI (< 85th percentile, n = 142, 49% female), otherwise-healthy children and adolescents typically seen when referencing body weight. We measured body composition with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and CPET variables from cycle ergometry using both peak values and submaximal exercise slopes (peak VO2, ΔVO2/ΔHR, ΔWR/ΔHR, ΔVO2/ΔWR, and ΔVE/ΔVCO2). In contrast to our hypothesis, referencing to LBM tended to lessen, but did not eliminate, the differences (peak VO2 [p < .004] and ΔVO2/ΔHR [p < .02]) in males and females; ΔWR/ΔHR differed between the two groups in females (p = .041) but not males (p = .1). The mean percent predicted values for all CPET variables were below 100% in the high-BMI group. The pattern of CPET abnormalities suggested a pervasive impairment of O2 delivery in the high-BMI group (ΔVO2/ΔWR was in fact highest in normal-BMI males). Tailoring lifestyle interventions to the specific fitness capabilities of each child (personalized exercise medicine) may be one of the ways to stem what has been an intractable epidemic.
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Lockie, Robert G., J. Jay Dawes, Matthew R. Moreno, Megan B. McGuire, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Joseph M. Dulla, and Robin M. Orr. "We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 7512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207512.
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A challenge for law enforcement agencies is the many positions that need filling. Agencies may modify their applicant test battery (ATB; multilevelled testing including fitness, background checks, psychological evaluations) to increase the hiring pool of potential recruits by augmenting the utility of testing. This study determined fitness differences of law enforcement recruits hired under two different ATB protocols. Retrospective analysis was conducted on seven academy classes (442 males, 84 females) hired under an older ATB, and one class (45 males, 13 females) hired under a newer ATB. Recruits completed the following before academy: 60 s push-ups and sit-ups (muscular endurance); vertical jump (lower-body power); medicine ball throw (upper-body power); 75 yard pursuit run (75PR; change-of-direction speed); and 20 m multistage fitness test (20MSFT; aerobic fitness). Independent sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.001) and effect sizes (d) evaluated between-group fitness differences for recruits hired under the different ATB protocols (combined sexes, males, and females). There were no significant differences between the ATB groups. However, newer ATB female recruits completed 13% fewer 20MSFT shuttles than the older ATB group, which, although not significant (p = 0.007), did have a moderate effect (d = 0.62). Females hired under the newer ATB had lower aerobic fitness, which could impact physical training performance and graduation.
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Mu, Xiao Gang, and Jiao Yang Xia. "The Fitness Characteristics of Elite Female Skaters and Regression Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.341.
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With the method of ISOMED isokinetic testing system, INBODY 3.0 body composition analyzer and ADIPOMETER subcutaneous fat measuring instrument, this study tries to measure the fitness characteristics of female athletes and then apply mathematical statistics to complete a regression analysis with their results. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. 480°/s hip extensor480°/s knee extensor and 240°/s radios of knee flexor-extensor are highly negative correlated with 500m results, and the regression equation is y = 20.496 - 0.72x1 - 0.64x2 - 0.82x3. 2. Results of the body composition and subcutaneous fat are not highly correlated with 500m result. The hip flexor and extensor at three angular speeds are highly negative correlated with subcutaneous fat of abdomen, upper knee and back, but are highly positive correlated with weight, FFM, BMI and BMR. 3. According to the testing results of body composition, there is no significant difference between two groups, both up to the standard of Asia and world. The maximum value of subcutaneous fat is in abdomen and for another is in upper knees. The minimum value of subcutaneous fat is in outer thigh for long distance athletes and in back for short distance athletes, no significant difference.
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Garcia-Gonzalez, Francisco, Yukio Yasui, and Jonathan P. Evans. "Mating portfolios: bet-hedging, sexual selection and female multiple mating." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20141525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1525.
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Polyandry (female multiple mating) has profound evolutionary and ecological implications. Despite considerable work devoted to understanding why females mate multiply, we currently lack convincing empirical evidence to explain the adaptive value of polyandry. Here, we provide a direct test of the controversial idea that bet-hedging functions as a risk-spreading strategy that yields multi-generational fitness benefits to polyandrous females. Unfortunately, testing this hypothesis is far from trivial, and the empirical comparison of the across-generations fitness payoffs of a polyandrous (bet hedger) versus a monandrous (non-bet hedger) strategy has never been accomplished because of numerous experimental constraints presented by most ‘model’ species. In this study, we take advantage of the extraordinary tractability and versatility of a marine broadcast spawning invertebrate to overcome these challenges. We are able to simulate multi-generational (geometric mean) fitness among individual females assigned simultaneously to a polyandrous and monandrous mating strategy. Our approaches, which separate and account for the effects of sexual selection and pure bet-hedging scenarios, reveal that bet-hedging, in addition to sexual selection, can enhance evolutionary fitness in multiply mated females. In addition to offering a tractable experimental approach for addressing bet-hedging theory, our study provides key insights into the evolutionary ecology of sexual interactions.
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McTeer, William, and James E. Curtis. "Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being: Testing Alternative Sociological Interpretations." Sociology of Sport Journal 7, no. 4 (December 1990): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.7.4.329.
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This study examines the relationship between physical activity in sport and feelings of well-being, testing alternative interpretations of the relationship between these two variables. It was expected that there would be positive relationships between physical activity on the one hand and physical fitness, feelings of well-being, social interaction in the sport and exercise environment, and socioeconomic status on the other hand. It was also expected that physical fitness, social interaction, and socioeconomic status would be positively related to psychological well-being. Further, it was expected that any positive zero-order relationship of physical activity and well-being would be at least in part a result of the conjoint effects of the other variables. The analyses were conducted separately for the male and female subsamples of a large survey study of Canadian adults. The results, after controls, show a modest positive relationship of physical activity and well-being for males but no such relationship for females. The predicted independent effects of the control factors obtained for both males and females. Interpretations of the results are discussed.
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Badawy, Sherif M., Amanda B. Payne, Mark J. Rodeghier, and Robert I. Liem. "Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Clinical Outcomes in Adults Followed in the Cooperative Study for Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1304.1304.
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Abstract Introduction: Cardiopulmonary fitness is significantly reduced among individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). Cardiopulmonary fitness is also an important predictor of morbidity and all-cause mortality in the general population. However, the relationship between fitness and clinical outcomes in SCD has not been well studied. The objectives of this analysis were to: 1) determine the factors associated with fitness in a cohort of adults with SCD, and 2) evaluate the relationship of fitness to hospitalization for pain and acute chest syndrome (ACS) and overall mortality. We hypothesized that clinical factors such as age, sex, hemoglobin, SCD genotype and cardiopulmonary disease significantly affect fitness, and that poor fitness is a predictor of more frequent hospitalizations for pain and ACS and higher mortality in adults with SCD. Methods: A cohort of adults with SCD was constructed from participants enrolled in phase 2 of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) who underwent exercise testing (modified Balke treadmill protocol). Primary measure for fitness was total treadmill duration. Retrospective pain or ACS hospitalization rates were calculated using events in the 3 years prior to exercise testing. Mortality and prospective hospitalization rates for pain and ACS were calculated using events after exercise testing with a minimum 6 month follow-up. Results of pulmonary function testing (PFT), echocardiography, and laboratory testing within 3 years of exercise testing were included in our analysis. Standard descriptive analyses were performed (SPSS V24). Multivariable negative binomial and Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to evaluate the relationship of fitness to ACS and pain hospitalization rates and mortality, respectively. Multivariable linear models were constructed to determine factors associated with fitness. Results: A total of 223 participants had valid exercise testing data (64% female, 70% hemoglobin SS or S/b0 thalassemia, mean age 43.3 ± 7.5 years, mean hemoglobin 9.1 ± 2.2 g/dl, mean follow-up 2.7 ± 0.7 years after exercise testing). Participants completed a mean of 11.6 ± 5.2 min on the treadmill, with 87% completing ≥ 3 stages but only 17% completing all 10 stages. We categorized fitness into tertiles of treadmill duration (5.7 vs. 11.8 vs. 18.1 min, p < 0.001). Age (45.2 vs. 43.1 vs. 41.3 years, p = 0.007), baseline hemoglobin (8.5 vs. 9 vs. 9.8 g/dl, p = 0.003), as well as the proportion of females (77 vs. 71 vs. 40%, p < 0.001) and participants with abnormal PFT (58 vs. 35 vs. 39%, p = 0.008), differed significantly across fitness tertiles. Pain or ACS hospitalization rates during the 3 years prior to exercise testing were not significantly different across fitness tertiles. Using multivariable linear regression, male sex (β = 3.1, p < 0.001), lower age at exercise testing (β = -0.14, p = 0.003), and higher hemoglobin (β = 0.44, p = 0.049) were independently associated with higher fitness, with abnormal PFT trending toward significance (β = -1.28, p = 0.07). In this model, genotype, tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRJV) ≥ 2.5 m/s, and pain and ACS hospitalization rates prior to exercise testing were not significantly associated with fitness. Using a negative binomial regression model, we found that fitness did not predict future pain or ACS episodes after adjustment for age, sex, genotype, hemoglobin and TRJV. Fitness also did not predict survival in our cohort (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI [0.84, 1.13], p = 0.71), in which death was reported in only 9 participants. In our Cox regression model, male sex (HR 7.1; 95% CI [1.3, 38.9]; p = 0.02) and lower hemoglobin (HR 0.56; 95% CI [0.36, 0.88]; p = 0.01) were independent predictors of death, but age at exercise testing, abnormal PFT and TRJV ≥ 2.5 m/s were not. Conclusions: In adults with SCD, lower fitness is significantly associated with female sex, older age, lower hemoglobin and abnormal PFT. Fitness did not predict survival or future pain or ACS events in the CSSCD. Given that cardiopulmonary fitness remains an important predictor of all-cause mortality in the general population, larger scale prospective studies in SCD are needed to evaluate the impact of regular exercise on improving fitness, quality of life, clinical outcomes and mortality in this population. Disclosures Badawy: Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago: Employment; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago: Research Funding; Salveo Health Communications LLC: Consultancy. Payne:National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities: Employment. Liem:Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago: Employment; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago: Research Funding; National Institute of Health: Research Funding.
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Hansen, Dennis M., Timotheüs Van der Niet, and Steven D. Johnson. "Floral signposts: testing the significance of visual ‘nectar guides’ for pollinator behaviour and plant fitness." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (July 27, 2011): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1349.
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Nectar guides, contrasting patterns on flowers that supposedly direct pollinators towards a concealed nectar reward, are taxonomically widespread. However, there have been few studies of their functional significance and effects on plant fitness. Most previous studies focused on pollinator behaviour and used artificial flowers in laboratory settings. We experimentally investigated the role of putative nectar guides in a natural system: the South African iris Lapeirousia oreogena , whose flowers have a clearly visible pattern of six white arrow-markings pointing towards the narrow entrance of the long corolla tube, and its sole pollinator, a long-proboscid nemestrinid fly. We painted over none, some or all of the white arrow-markings with ink that matched the colour of the corolla background. Although arrow-marking removal had little effect on the approaches by flies to flowers from a distance, it dramatically reduced the likelihood of proboscis insertion. Export of pollen dye analogue (an estimate of male fitness) was reduced to almost zero in flowers from which all nectar guides had been removed, and fruit set (a measure of female fitness) was also significantly reduced. Our results confirm that the markings on L. oreogena flowers serve as nectar guides and suggest that they are under strong selective maintenance through both male and female fitness components in this pollination system.
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Grønstøl, Gaute, Donald Blomqvist, Angela Pauliny, and Richard H. Wagner. "Kin selection and polygyny: can relatedness lower the polygyny threshold?" Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 6 (June 2015): 140409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140409.
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Resource polygyny incurs costs of having to share breeding resources for female breeders. When breeding with a relative, however, such costs may be lessened by indirect fitness benefits through kin selection, while benefits from mutualistic behaviour, such as communal defence, may increase. If so, females should be less resistant to sharing a territory with a related female than with a non-related one. We investigated whether kin selection may lower the threshold of breeding polygynously, predicting a closer relatedness between polygynous females breeding on the same territory than between females breeding on different territories. Northern lapwings, Vanellus vanellus , are suitable for testing this hypothesis as they are commonly polygynous, both sexes take part in nest defence, and the efficiency of nest defence increases with the number of defenders. Using an index of relatedness derived from DNA fingerprinting, we found that female lapwings that shared polygynous dyads were on average twice as closely related as were random females. Furthermore, relatedness did not correlate with distance between breeders, indicating that our findings cannot be explained by natal philopatry alone. Our results suggest that the polygyny threshold in lapwings may be lowered by inclusive fitness advantages of kin selection.
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Sullivan, Ryan M., Alexander L. Wallace, Natasha E. Wade, Ann M. Swartz, and Krista M. Lisdahl. "Cannabis Use and Brain Volume in Adolescent and Young Adult Cannabis Users: Effects Moderated by Sex and Aerobic Fitness." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 27, no. 6 (July 2021): 607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561772100062x.
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AbstractObjectives:Studies examining the impact of adolescent and young adult cannabis use on structural outcomes have been heterogeneous. One already-identified moderator is sex, while a novel potential moderator is extent of aerobic fitness. Here, we sought to investigate the associations of cannabis use, sex, and aerobic fitness levels on brain volume. Second, we explored brain–behavior relationships to interpret these findings.Methods:Seventy-four adolescents and young adults (36 cannabis users and 38 controls) underwent 3 weeks of monitored cannabis abstinence, aerobic fitness testing, structural neuroimaging, and neuropsychological testing. Linear regressions examined cannabis use and its interaction with sex and aerobic fitness on whole-brain cortical volume and subcortical regions of interests.Results:No main-effect differences between cannabis users and nonusers were observed; however, cannabis-by-sex interactions identified differences in frontal, temporal, and paracentral volumes. Female cannabis users generally exhibited greater volume while male users exhibited less volume compared to same-sex controls. Positive associations between aerobic fitness and frontal, parietal, cerebellum, and caudate volumes were observed. Cannabis-by-fitness interaction was linked with left superior temporal volume. Preliminary brain–behavior correlations revealed that abnormal volumes were not advantageous in either male or female cannabis users.Conclusions:Aerobic fitness was linked with greater brain volume and sex moderated the effect of cannabis use on volume; preliminary brain–behavior correlations revealed that differences in cannabis users were not linked with advantageous cognitive performance. Implications of sex-specific subtleties and mechanisms of aerobic fitness require large-scale investigation. Furthermore, present findings and prior literature on aerobic exercise warrant examinations of aerobic fitness interventions that aimed at improving neurocognitive health in substance-using youth.
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Erith, Samuel J., and Clyde Williams. "Fitness Testing Within English Professional Soccer And Training Induced Changes In Elite Female Soccer Players." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00431.
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Erith, Samuel J., and Clyde Williams. "Fitness Testing Within English Professional Soccer And Training Induced Changes In Elite Female Soccer Players." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00431.
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Palucci Vieira, Luiz Henrique, Francimara Budal Arins, Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo, Ricardo Dantas de Lucas, Lorival José Carminatti, and Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago. "Game Running Performance and Fitness in Women’s Futsal." International Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 01 (July 28, 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1202-1496.
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AbstractThe study aimed to verify possible associations between game-play running performance and outcomes derived from fitness (running) tests in female futsal players. Sixteen women professional elite futsal players from a 1st division league team (19.2±2 years-old, 4.3±2.1 years of experience) participated. Firstly, a graded incremental treadmill test was adopted to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Following 72 h of laboratory protocol, players were asked to perform a repeated-sprint test on a court (8×40 m with two 180° change-of-directions). Twenty-four hours after, players participated in a one-off friendly game (two 20-min half-times). A computerized automatic image recognition software (DVIDEOW; 30 Hz) allowed to determine game running performance variables. Fatigue index and best time in the court test and VO2max and its attached speed derived from laboratory-based test showed significant moderate-to-moderately high correlations (r=− 0.59–0.76; p<0.05) with some game running performance outputs, notably related to high-intensity running. In conclusion, the present study provided initial evidence on associations between two fitness tests and one-off game running performance in female futsal. Information derived from the work potentially help conditioning professionals working with female futsal athletes gain awareness about some properties of common testing tools.
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Solohubova, Svitlana, Olena Lakhno, Volodymyr Shyyan, and Olga Shyyan. "The Assessment of Physical Fitness and Morphofunctional State of Female First-Year Students in Non-Linguistic Higher Education Institutions." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 20, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.3.05.
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The purpose of this research paper is to study physical fitness and functional state of female first-year students in Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture.
Materials and methods. The study involved 100 female first-year students of general group aged 17-18, all after medical examination and obtaining doctor’s approval: the age group was 18 years old (n = 100). To meet the goals set, the following research methods were used: theoretical analysis and generalization of data in specialized scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, anthropometric research methods, functional methods of cardiorespiratory system investigation and methods of mathematical statistics for processing the results of the research.
Results. the conducted study proved the hypothesis on the necessity to improve the system of physical education in technical higher educational institutions, which is connected with the low level of physical fitness among students.
Conclusions. The study revealed the low level of physical fitness among the investigated students in terms of speed and strength endurance indicators (with 83%), explosive physical force of the lower limbs (with 82%) and strength endurance of the upper limbs (with 68%), as well as reduced functional characteristics: resistance to hypoxia (according to the results of the Shtange test with 46% and the Gench test with 49%), workability (with 71%) and efficiency of cardiovascular system (with 55%). Low physical fitness levels among the tested girls necessitate the additional introduction of more intensive training. The high variability of the physical fitness indicators among the students requires personalization of the training process, as well as the obligatory use of express testing methods for the physical state of each student during a workout.
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Dalton, N. Jean, Dana Ensley, and Julie Wallace. "Fitness Counseling for the College Woman: These Are Not Her Mother's Norms!" Recreational Sports Journal 26, no. 1 (May 2002): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.26.1.19.
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Most university recreation centers offer some form of fitness assessment service to both their undergraduate and graduate student populations. These assessments typically include evaluation of each of the major fitness components — cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Following assessment of these components, the student is informed of his/her fitness classification and receives a recommended exercise program based on the results. In many instances, the norms used for the fitness classification of these students are those provided by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), which are based on two separate age-related categories, the under 20 and 20–29 year divisions. Since the average undergraduate and graduate student is between 17–25 years of age, the ACSM norms do not provide a single normative distribution. In addition, currently used fitness classifications utilize category headings such as poor and fair which may be disheartening, especially for de-conditioned female students who are already leery about beginning an exercise program. Therefore, the purpose of this research was two-fold: 1) to determine a single normative distribution for 17–25 year-old college female on a variety of commonly used fitness tests; and 2) to develop more user-friendly categories for reporting fitness performance. The intent was to establish more accurate normative data and create a more positive climate during the post-test consultation in a college or university fitness setting. The test battery used combined protocols for each of the major components of fitness including the YMCA sub-maximal ergometer test, 1-RM bench and leg press, curl ups, push ups, trunk flexion, shoulder elevation, and a 3-site body composition test. Testing was performed on 377 female undergraduate and graduate students between the ages of 17 and 25. Normative data including means and standard deviations were determined. In addition, five fitness categories (performance, fitness, healthy, potential risk, and at risk) were established for each of the tests administered. Category descriptors were designed to help foster a supportive atmosphere during the post-test consultation. The integration of these findings into a college-based fitness assessment program may help to create a more reassuring climate and thus positively impact exercise program adherence rates of female college students.
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Sahli, Heather F., and Jeffrey K. Conner. "TESTING FOR CONFLICTING AND NONADDITIVE SELECTION: FLORAL ADAPTATION TO MULTIPLE POLLINATORS THROUGH MALE AND FEMALE FITNESS." Evolution 65, no. 5 (February 3, 2011): 1457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01229.x.
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Gow, Elizabeth A., Peter Arcese, Danielle Dagenais, Rebecca J. Sardell, Scott Wilson, and Jane M. Reid. "Testing predictions of inclusive fitness theory in inbreeding relatives with biparental care." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1916 (December 4, 2019): 20191933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1933.
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Inclusive fitness theory predicts that parental care will vary with relatedness between potentially caring parents and offspring, potentially shaping mating system evolution. Systems with extra-pair paternity (EPP), and hence variable parent–brood relatedness, provide valuable opportunities to test this prediction. However, existing theoretical and empirical studies assume that a focal male is either an offspring's father with no inbreeding, or is completely unrelated. We highlight that this simple dichotomy does not hold given reproductive interactions among relatives, complicating the effect of EPP on parent–brood relatedness yet providing new opportunities to test inclusive fitness theory. Accordingly, we tested hierarchical hypotheses relating parental feeding rate to parent–brood relatedness, parent kinship and inbreeding, using song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) experiencing natural variation in relatedness. As predicted, male and female feeding rates increased with relatedness to a dependent brood, even controlling for brood size. Male feeding rate tended to decrease as paternity loss increased, and increased with increasing kinship and hence inbreeding between socially paired mates. We thereby demonstrate that variation in a key component of parental care concurs with subtle predictions from inclusive fitness theory. We additionally highlight that such effects can depend on the underlying social mating system, potentially generating status-specific costs of extra-pair reproduction.
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Kraft, Gina Leigh, and Rachel A. Roberts. "Validation of the Garmin Forerunner 920XT Fitness Watch VO2peak Test." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol5.iss2.619.
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Aerobic capacity (VO2peak ) testing equipment can be expensive. Garmin fitness watches are significantly cheaper, and Garmin has developed a fitness test that estimates VO 2peak . The purpose of this study was to validate the Garmin fitness test, using a Garmin Forerunner 920XT fitness watch, against VO 2peak measurement, using a Parvomedics TrueOne 2400 open circuit spirometry device. Sixteen college students (10 male and 6 female) volunteered to complete the Garmin fitness test followed several days later by a Bruce treadmill test while oxygen consumption was measured via open circuit spirometry. The average VO 2peak from the Garmin test was 45.4 (± 5.6) ml/kg/min, compared to 45.0 (± 8.9) ml/kg /min from open circuit spirometry. There were no significant differences between the measurements (t = 0.221 with p = 0.828). The two measurements were highly correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.84 (p =0.000). The Garmin fitness test seems to be a highly accurate estimation of VO 2peak2peak.
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Griban, Grygoriy P., Оlena T. Kuznіetsova, Natalia A. Lyakhova, Volodymyr M. Prystynskyi, Dmytro G. Oleniev, Olena V. Otravenko, and Olena O. Pantus. "DYNAMICS OF STUDENTS' FITNESS LEVEL WHILE DIFFERENTIATING PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR HEALTH AND NOSOLOGY OF DISEASES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 3 (2021): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202103214.
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The aim: Is to study the dynamics of students' physical fitness level while differentiating physical education classes in accordance with their somatic health and nosology of diseases. Materials and methods: The paper presents the results of a study of the dynamics of the physical fitness indicators of students in the process of physical education. The study involved 660 students between the ages of 17 and 25. Testing of students' physical fitness was performed using the method of control measurements. Research methods included the theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical observations, testing, pedagogical experiment, and the methods of mathematical statistics. Results: At the end of the experiment, the students of the experimental groups (both male and female) showed authentically (р<0.05–0.001) better indicators of the control tests than the students of the control groups. Conclusions: It was established that the introduction of the original program of differentiating classes in accordance with the level of students' somatic health and nosology of diseases into the process of physical education has a positive effect on their physical fitness level. This will help to improve their learning and future professional activities.
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Ness, Kirsten K., Sujuan Huang, Webb A. Smith, Ching-Hon Pui, Jennifer Lanctot, Carrie R. Howell, Robyn Karlage, Kyla C. Shelton, Leslie L. Robison, and Melissa M. Hudson. "Global fitness in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 10022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.10022.
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10022 Background: The extent to which adult survivors of childhood ALL may have impaired fitness has not been well documented. This study compared clinically assessed fitness between childhood ALL survivors and matched controls, and examined risk factors for impaired fitness among survivors. Methods: 365 survivors of childhood ALL diagnosed from 1980-2002, treated at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), 10+ years from diagnosis, and 18+ years old completed questionnaires, fitness testing and physical activity assessment (accelerometry). 365 friends/relatives of current SJCRH patients, frequency matched on age, race and sex, were recruited as controls. Data from fitness measures were combined into a composite (SJFIT) using factor analysis. Individual measures and SJFIT scores were compared between survivors and controls with two sample t-tests. Among survivors, associations between demographic, lifestyle, treatment variables and poor fitness, i.e. scoring in the lowest 10th percentile of controls on the SJFIT, were evaluated with logistic regression. Results: Survivors were 52% male (mean age 28±7 years, mean diagnosis age 6±5 years, mean survival 21±5 years), and scored lower than controls on individual fitness measures (Table) and the SJFIT composite. Female sex (OR 9.4, 95%CI 3.4-26.1) and fewer daily minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.99) were associated with poor fitness after adjusting for diagnosis age, current age, cranial radiation, body fat and smoking. Conclusions: Childhood ALL survivors, particularly females, have fitness impairments when compared to matched controls. Poor fitness is associated with physical activity levels. Interventions to address impairments need to be tested and implemented. [Table: see text]
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Reid, Jane M., and Rebecca J. Sardell. "Indirect selection on female extra-pair reproduction? Comparing the additive genetic value of maternal half-sib extra-pair and within-pair offspring." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1734 (November 23, 2011): 1700–1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2230.
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One specific hypothesis explaining the evolution of extra-pair reproduction (EPR) by socially monogamous females is that EPR is under indirect selection because extra-pair offspring (EPO) sired by extra-pair males have higher additive genetic value for fitness than the within-pair offspring (WPO) a female would have produced had she solely mated with her socially paired male. This hypothesis has not been explicitly tested by comparing additive genetic value between EPO and the WPO they replaced. We show that the difference in additive genetic breeding value (BV) between EPO and the WPO they replaced is proportional to the genetic covariance between offspring fitness and male net paternity gain through EPR, and estimate this covariance with respect to offspring recruitment in free-living song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ). Recruitment and net paternity gain showed non-zero additive genetic variance and heritability, and negative genetic covariance. Opposite to prediction, EPO therefore had lower BV for recruitment than the WPO they replaced. We thereby demonstrate an explicit quantitative genetic approach to testing the hypothesis that EPR allows polyandrous females to increase offspring additive genetic value, and suggest that there may be weak indirect selection against female EPR through reduced additive genetic value for recruitment of EPO versus WPO in song sparrows.
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Church, Timothy S., Thomas M. Gill, Anne B. Newman, Steven N. Blair, Conrad P. Earnest, and Marco Pahor. "Maximal Fitness Testing in Sedentary Elderly at Substantial Risk of Disability: LIFE-P Study Experience." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 16, no. 4 (October 2008): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.16.4.408.
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Background:The authors sought to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of maximal fitness testing in sedentary older individuals at risk for mobility disability.Methods:Maximal cycle-ergometer testing was performed at baseline and 6 and 12 months later in a subset of LIFE-P study participants at the Cooper Institute site. The mean age of the 20 participants (80% female) tested was 74.7 ± 3.4 years. The following criteria were used to determine whether participants achieved maximal effort: respiratory-exchange ratio (RER) ≥1.1, heart rate within 10 beats/min of the maximal level predicted by age, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) >17.Results:Participants’ mean peak VO2 was 12.1 (3.7) mL · kg–1 · min–1. At baseline testing, only 20% of participants attained an RER ≥1.10, only 35% achieved a peak heart rate within 10 beats of their age-predicted maximum, and 18% had an RPE of >17. Subsequent testing at 6 and 12 months produced similar results.Conclusions:In this pilot study of sedentary older persons at risk for mobility disability, very few participants were able to achieve maximal effort during graded cycle-ergometer testing.
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Branch, Carrie L., Benjamin R. Sonnenberg, Angela M. Pitera, Lauren M. Benedict, Dovid Y. Kozlovsky, Eli S. Bridge, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. "Testing the greater male variability phenomenon: male mountain chickadees exhibit larger variation in reversal learning performance compared with females." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1931 (July 15, 2020): 20200895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0895.
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The greater male variability phenomenon predicts that males exhibit larger ranges of variation in cognitive performance compared with females; however, support for this pattern has come exclusively from studies of humans and lacks mechanistic explanation. Furthermore, the vast majority of the literature assessing sex differences in cognition is based on studies of humans and a few other mammals. In order to elucidate the underpinnings of cognitive variation and the potential for fitness consequences, we must investigate sex differences in cognition in non-mammalian systems as well. Here, we assess the performance of male and female food-caching birds on a spatial learning and memory task and a reversal spatial task to address whether there are sex differences in mean cognitive performance or in the range of variation in performance. For both tasks, male and female mean performance was similar across four years of testing; however, males did exhibit a wider range of variation in performance on the reversal spatial task compared with females. The implications for mate choice and sexual selection of cognitive abilities are discussed and future directions are suggested to aid in the understanding of sex-related cognitive variation.
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Holmes, Clifton J., Bjoern Hornikel, Katherine Sullivan, and Michael V. Fedewa. "Associations between Multimodal Fitness Assessments and Rowing Ergometer Performance in Collegiate Female Athletes." Sports 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8100136.
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The purpose was to examine the association of critical power from a three-minute all-out row (CP3-min) and peak power from a one-stroke maximum test (1-Stroke) with laboratory-based fitness assessments (peak oxygen consumption [V.O2peak] and Wingate anaerobic test [WAnT]) and 6000 m (6K) and 2000 m (2K) rowing ergometer performance. Thirty-one female collegiate rowers (20.2 ± 1.1 years, 70.9 ± 6.9 kg, and 172.2 ± 4.8 cm) participated in fitness and rowing performance testing. Pearson’s correlations, linear regression, and Cohen’s q were used to determine statistical relationships. Absolute V.O2peak values displayed significant correlations with 6Ktotal (−0.68), 6Ksplit (−0.68), 2Ktotal (−0.64), and 2Ksplit (−0.43). Relative V.O2peak displayed significant correlations with 6Ktotal (−0.36), and 6Ksplit (−0.37). CP3-min demonstrated significant correlations with 6Ktotal (−0.62), 6Ksplit (−0.62), 2Ktotal (−0.61), and 2Ksplit (−0.99). For 2Ksplit, a significant difference was observed between relative V.O2peak and CP3-min correlations with a “large” effect size (q = 2.367). Furthermore, 1-Stroke showed significant associations with 6Ktotal (−0.63), 6Ksplit (−0.63), 2Ktotal (−0.62), and 2Ksplit (−0.44), while WAnT produced non-significant correlations. Absolute V.O2peak CP3-min accounted for significant proportions of variance observed with performance measures (p < 0.05). Practitioners should consider incorporating CP3-min and 1-Stroke as additional tests for gauging rowing performance.
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TIMI, J. T., A. L. LANFRANCHI, and R. POULIN. "Consequences of microhabitat selection for reproductive success in the parasitic copepod Neobrachiella spinicephala (Lernaeopodidae)." Parasitology 137, no. 11 (May 26, 2010): 1687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000594.
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SUMMARYNarrow site specificity in parasites is assumed to be associated with fitness benefits, such as higher reproductive success, although this is never quantified. We linked the body mass and combined mass of egg sacs of female copepods, Neobrachiella spinicephala, parasitic on the sandperch, Pinguipes brasilianus, to attachment sites on the host. Adult females attach permanently either on the lips, the margins of the operculum, or the base of pectoral or pelvic fins. In addition to influences of sampling site, season and host body length, our analyses revealed important fitness effects. First, attachment site significantly influenced copepod body mass; independent of other factors, copepods at the base of fins were 32% larger than those on the lips or operculum. Second, the mass of egg sacs was almost always greater if the copepod was attached at the base of fins rather than to the lip or operculum. Thus, a female weighing 6 mg would, on average, produce 40% larger egg sacs if attached to the base of fins. However, copepods were much more likely to attach at the base of fins on small fish, and on either the lip or the operculum on large fish. We propose that constraints varying with fish size account for the shift from optimal to suboptimal attachment sites as a function of increasing host size. By measuring differences in fitness components between attachment sites, our approach allows hypothesis testing regarding microhabitat selection.
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Piascik, Edyta K., Kevin A. Judge, and Darryl T. Gwynne. "Polyandry and tibial spur chewing in the Carolina ground cricket (Eunemobius carolinus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 10 (October 2010): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-065.
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During mating, the female Carolina ground cricket ( Eunemobius carolinus (Scudder, 1877)) chews specialized spurs on the male’s hind tibia for access to his hemolymph. One potential benefit to spur chewing includes nutritional acquisition from male hemolymph. A method for testing this hypothesis is to manipulate food quality or quantity, with the prediction that mating rate will increase as food quality or quantity decreases. We manipulated diet quality in adult females and provided them with four consecutive mating opportunities. We measured four aspects of mating behaviour (mating rate, latency to copulate, copulation duration, and spur chewing duration) and three of female fitness (egg number, egg-laying rate, and life span). Females of the two diet treatments did not differ significantly in any of the measured mating behaviours, although females fed a low-quality diet lived longer. Male life span did not correlate with any measured variable, although males that experienced more matings and longer total times of copulation and spur chewing lost more mass. These results suggest that spur chewing may be costly for males, although we detected no evidence that this behaviour was a benefit to the female or represented a form of male coercion.
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Keogh, Justin W. L., Clare L. Weber, and Carl T. Dalton. "Evaluation of Anthropometric, Physiological, and Skill-Related Tests for Talent Identification in Female Field Hockey." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-029.
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The purpose of the present study was to develop an effective testing battery for female field hockey by using anthropometric, physiological, and skill-related tests to distinguish between regional representative (Rep, n = 35) and local club level (Club, n = 39) female field hockey players. Rep players were significantly leaner and recorded faster times for the 10-m and 40-m sprints as well as the Illinois Agility Run (with and without dribbling a hockey ball). Rep players also had greater aerobic and lower body muscular power and were more accurate in the shooting accuracy test, p < 0.05. No significant differences between groups were evident for height, body mass, speed decrement in 6 × 40-m repeated sprints, handgrip strength, or pushing speed. These results indicate that %BF, sprinting speed, agility, dribbling control, aerobic and muscular power, and shooting accuracy can distinguish between female field hockey players of varying standards. Therefore talent identification programs for female field hockey should include assessments of these physical parameters. Key words: fitness profile, field testing, women, team sport
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Yun, Li, Malak Bayoumi, Seon Yang, Patrick J. Chen, Howard D. Rundle, and Aneil F. Agrawal. "Testing for local adaptation in adult male and female fitness among populations evolved under different mate competition regimes." Evolution 73, no. 8 (June 26, 2019): 1604–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13787.
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Larouche, Richard, Charles Boyer, Mark Stephen Tremblay, and Patricia Longmuir. "Physical fitness, motor skill, and physical activity relationships in grade 4 to 6 children." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 5 (May 2014): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0371.
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The present study sought to quantify the relationships among physical activity (PA), health-related fitness, and motor skill in children (grades 4 to 6), and to determine whether specific tests of fitness or motor skill are independently associated with objectively measured PA level. Four hundred and ninety-one students (56.4% female) wore a Digi-Walker pedometer for 7 consecutive days. Standardized protocols were used to assess health-related fitness (body mass index percentile, waist circumference, 20-m shuttle run, plank, handgrip, and trunk flexibility). Motor skill was evaluated using a validated obstacle course. Pearson correlations (with Holm adjustments for multiple comparisons) initially assessed associations among PA, health-related fitness, and motor skill. Multi-variable linear regression was used to determine which factors were significantly associated with daily step counts, while adjusting for gender, age, testing season, and socioeconomic status. Step counts were significantly correlated with predicted aerobic power (r = 0.30), obstacle course time (r = −0.27), obstacle course score (r = 0.20), plank isometric torso endurance (r = 0.16), and handgrip strength (r = 0.12), but not with waist circumference (r = −0.10), trunk flexibility (r = 0.10), or overweight status (ρ = −0.06). In the multi-variable model, predicted aerobic power, obstacle course time, testing season, gender, and the predicted aerobic power by gender interaction were significantly associated with step counts, explaining 16.4% of the variance. Specifically, the relationship between predicted aerobic power and step counts was stronger in girls. These findings suggest that aerobic fitness and motor skill are independently associated with children’s PA. Future longitudinal studies should evaluate whether interventions to enhance aerobic fitness and motor skill could enhance daily PA among children of this age.
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Donges, Cheyne E., and Rob Duffield. "Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise training on total and regional body composition in sedentary overweight middle-aged adults." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 3 (June 2012): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-006.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic endurance training (AET), resistance exercise training (RET), or a control (CON) condition on absolute and relative fat mass (FM) or fat-free mass (FFM) in the total body (TB) and regions of interest (ROIs) of sedentary overweight middle-aged males and females. Following prescreening, 102 subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and strength and aerobic exercise testing. Randomized subjects (male RET, n = 16; female RET, n = 19; male AET, n = 16; and female AET, n = 25) completed supervised and periodized exercise programs (AET, 30–50 min cycling at 70%–75% maximal heart rate; RET, 2–4 sets × 8–10 repetitions of 5–7 exercises at 70%–75% 1 repetition maximum) or a nonexercising control condition (male CON, n = 13 and female CON, n = 13). Changes in absolute and relative TB-FM and TB-FFM and ROI-FM and ROI-FFM were determined. At baseline, and although matched for age and body mass index, males had greater strength, aerobic fitness, body mass, absolute and relative TB-FFM and ROI-FFM, but reduced absolute and relative TB-FM and ROI-FM, compared with females (p < 0.05). After training, both female exercise groups showed equivalent or greater relative improvements in strength and aerobic fitness than did the male exercise groups (p < 0.05); however, the male exercise groups increased TB-FFM and reduced TB-FM more than did the female exercise groups (p < 0.05). Male AET altered absolute FM more than male RET altered absolute FFM, thus resulting in a greater enhancement of relative FFM. Despite equivalent or greater responses to RET or AET by female subjects, the corresponding respective increases in FFM or reductions in FM were lower than those in males, indicating that a biased dose–response relationship exists between sexes following 10 weeks of exercise training.
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Sullivan, Ryan, Alexander Wallace, Natasha Wade, Ann Swartz, and Krista Lisdahl. "Assessing the Role of Cannabis Use on Cortical Surface Structure in Adolescents and Young Adults: Exploring Gender and Aerobic Fitness as Potential Moderators." Brain Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10020117.
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Cannabis use in adolescents and young adults is linked with aberrant brain structure, although findings to date are inconsistent. We examined whether aerobic fitness moderated the effects of cannabis on cortical surface structure and whether gender may play a moderating role. Seventy-four adolescents and young adults completed three-weeks of monitored abstinence, aerobic fitness testing, and structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Whole-sample linear regressions examined the effects of gender, VO2 max, cannabis use, and their interactions on the surface area (SA) and local gyrification index (LGI). Cannabis use was associated with greater cuneus SA. Gender-by-cannabis predicted precuneus and frontal SA, and precentral, supramarginal, and frontal LGI; female cannabis users demonstrated greater LGI, whereas male cannabis users demonstrated decreased LGI compared to non-users. Aerobic fitness was positively associated with various SA and LGI regions. Cannabis-by-aerobic fitness predicted cuneus SA and occipital LGI. These findings demonstrate that aerobic fitness moderates the impact of cannabis on cortical surface structure, and gender differences are evident. These moderating factors may help explain inconsistencies in the literature and warrant further investigation. Present findings and aerobic fitness literature jointly suggest aerobic intervention may be a low-cost avenue for improving cortical surface structure, although the impact may be gender-specific.
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Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, and Cody T. Ross. "Unpacking mating success and testing Bateman’s principles in a human population." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1908 (August 14, 2019): 20191516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1516.
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Human marriage systems, characterized by long-term partnerships and extended windows of parental care, differ from the mating systems of pulsed or seasonally breeding non-human animals in which Bateman’s principles were originally tested. These features, paradigmatic of but not unique to humans, complicate the accurate measurement of mating success in evaluating Bateman’s three principles. Here, we unpack the concept of mating success into distinct components: number of partners, number of years partnered, the timing of partnerships, and the quality of partners. Drawing on longitudinal records of marriage and reproduction collected in a natural-fertility East African population over a 20-year period, we test and compare various models of the relationship between mating success and reproductive success (RS), and show that an accurate assessment of male and female reproductive behaviour requires consideration of all major components of mating success. Furthermore, we demonstrate that while Bateman’s third principle holds when mating success is defined in terms of years married, women’s fitness increases whereas men’s fitness decreases from an increase in the number of marriage partners, holding constant the total effective duration of marriages. We discuss these findings in terms of the distinct, sex-specific pathways through which RS can be optimized, and comment on the contribution of this approach to the broader study of sexual selection.
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Wyatt, Gwen, Margot E. Kurtz, Laurie L. Friedman, Barbara Given, and Charles W. Given. "Preliminary Testing of the Long-Term Quality of Life (LTQL) Instrument for Female Cancer Survivors." Journal of Nursing Measurement 4, no. 2 (January 1996): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.4.2.153.
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The purpose of this study was to develop a quality of life instrument for longterm female cancer survivors. A factor analysis (n = 188) of 34 items resulted in the Long-Term Quality of Life (LTQL) instrument. Internal consistency was high for the four subscales: somatic concerns (alpha = .86), spiritual/philosophical views of life (alpha = .87), fitness (alpha = .92), and social support (alpha = .88). These four factors are congruent with Ferrell’s four theoretical domains of quality of life developed for women with breast cancer. Content validity was supported through interrater agreement of subscale items. Significant correlations between the LTQL and the CaRES, an established measure of quality of life, support the concurrent validity of the LTQL. Construct validity was supported by differential subscale scores according to demographic and health status data. Although the LTQL retained all of Ferrell’s four domains of quality of life (physical, psychological, social, and spiritual) within one instrument, individual items reconfigured to suggest an overlapping of domains for the long-term female cancer survivor. This research suggests that the LTQL warrants further testing and may be a useful measure of quality of life in long-term female cancer survivors.
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Thys, Bert, Yorick Lambreghts, Rianne Pinxten, and Marcel Eens. "Nest defence behavioural reaction norms: testing life-history and parental investment theory predictions." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 4 (April 2019): 182180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182180.
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Predation is the primary source of reproductive failure in many avian taxa and nest defence behaviour against predators is hence an important aspect of parental investment. Nest defence is a complex trait that might consistently differ among individuals (personality), while simultaneously vary within individuals (plasticity) according to the reproductive value of the offspring. Both complementary aspects of individual variation can influence fitness, but the causality of links with reproductive success remains poorly understood. We repeatedly tested free-living female great tits ( Parus major ) for nest defence (hissing) behaviour across the nesting cycle, by presenting them with a model predator. Hissing behaviour was highly repeatable but, despite population-level plasticity, we found no support for individual differences in plasticity. Path analysis revealed that repeatable differences in hissing behaviour had no direct effect on nest success or fledgling number. However, our best supported path-model showed that more fiercely hissing females laid smaller clutches, with clutch size in turn positively influencing fledgling number, suggesting that females are most likely facing a trade-off between investment in nest defence and reproduction. Strong stabilizing selection for optimal plasticity, in combination with life-history trade-offs, might explain the high repeatability of nest defence and its link with reproductive success.
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Lapadatov, Lyuben, Galina Dyakova, Nela Gocheva, Petya Stoycheva, and Tihomir Andreev. "SPECIALIZED FITNESS PROGRAM WITH SWISS BALLS TO DEVELOP PHISICAL QUALITIES FOR STUDENTS." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.107.
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An experiment has been carried out with 64 students in the first and second courses of all specialties of the Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the Thracian University of Stara Zagora. The purpose of this investigation isto improve the physical qualities of femalestudents through a specialized fitness program. Theoretical analysis, Pedagogical experiment, Sports-pedagogical testing, Pedagogical observation, Variation analysis, Graphical analysis and Comparative analysis have been applied to achieve the objective of the study. The results of the specialized swiss ball fitness program show an increase in physical qualities and anthropometric measurements. The results of our analysis indicate that the research is successful, the fitness program developed is effective and it gives us reason to believe that the inclusion of systemic Swiss ball exercises in the physical education and sport curriculum at the higher school will have a positive effect on physical qualities of the female students.
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Gurule-Small, Gabrielle A., and Robin M. Tinghitella. "Developmental experience with anthropogenic noise hinders adult mate location in an acoustically signalling invertebrate." Biology Letters 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 20170714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0714.
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Phenotypic plasticity facilitates survival and reproduction in rapidly changing and novel environments. Traffic noise spectrally overlaps with (i.e. masks) the sounds used by many acoustically signalling organisms to locate and secure mates. To determine if pre-reproductive exposure to noise improves adult performance in noisy environments, we reared field crickets ( Teleogryllus oceanicus ) in one of three noise environments: masking traffic noise, traffic noise from which frequencies that spectrally overlap with the crickets' song were removed (non-masking), or silence. At reproductive maturity, we tested female mate location ability under one of the same three acoustic conditions. We found that exposure to noise during rearing hindered female location of mates, regardless of the acoustic environment at testing. Females reared in masking noise took 80% longer than females reared in silence to locate a simulated singing male who was less than 1 m away. Impaired mate location ability can be added to a growing list of fitness costs associated with anthropogenic noise, alongside reductions in pairing success, nesting success and offspring survival.
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Dowling, Damian K., and Rebecca E. Adrian. "Challenges and Prospects for Testing the Mother’s Curse Hypothesis." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 4 (June 21, 2019): 875–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz110.
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Abstract Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) renders selection blind to mutations whose effects are limited to males. Evolutionary theory predicts this will lead to the accumulation of a male-specific genetic load within the mitochondrial genomes of populations; that is, a pool of mutations that negatively affects male, but not female, fitness components. This principle has been termed the Mother’s Curse hypothesis. While the hypothesis has received some empirical support, its relevance to natural populations of metazoans remains unclear, and these ambiguities are compounded by the lack of a clear predictive framework for studies attempting to test Mother’s Curse. Here, we seek to redress this by outlining the core predictions of the hypothesis, as well as the key features of the experimental designs that are required to enable direct testing of the predictions. Our goal is to provide a roadmap for future research seeking to elucidate the evolutionary significance of the Mother’s Curse hypothesis.
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GINEVIČIENĖ, Valentina, Erinija PRANCKEVIČIENĖ, Kazys MILAŠIUS, and Vaidutis KUČINSKAS. "Relating fitness phenotypes to genotypes in Lithuanian elite athletes." Acta medica Lituanica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/amed.2010.21693.
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Background. We aim to link fitness-related genotypes to the development of specific physical fitness phenotypes and a predisposition towards a specific sport category in Lithuanian elite athletes. Materials and methods. The study involved 193 athletes (152 male and 41 female) and 250 controls. The athletes were stratified into four groups: endurance, mixed sports, speed / power, and team sports. Genotypes of the athletes were identified according to the genetic polymorphisms: ACE (rs1799752), ACTN3 (rs1815739), PPARGC1A (rs8192678) and PPARA (rs4253778). One-way analysis of variance and logistic regression modelling were used for testing the genotype–phenotype association. Results. The frequency of ACE I allele was higher in athletes than in controls, although only male athletes showed a significant difference from male controls. The PPARA C allele was more common in the athlete group than in the general population of Lithuania. There were no significant ACTN3 and PPARGC1A SNP allele / genotype frequency differences between the athlete group and the controls. We have found that the ACTN3 RR genotype is associated with single muscular contraction power; the PPARGC1A Ser482Ser was associated with the muscle fat mass index; the PPARA CC and ACE II genotypes are associated with the muscle mass and single muscular contraction power. The effect of the gene variants was different for male and female athletes. Conclusions. The ACE II, PPARA CC, ACTN3 RR genotypes are related to the speed/power sports and the ACE DD, PPARA GG are related to the endurance sports in Lithuanian athletes. PPARGC1A Ser482Ser may be not critical but rather additive to endurance performance. Keywords: physical performance, ACE, ACTN3, PPARGC1A and PPARA genetic variants, sport category
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PLATONOVA, Yana Valentinovna, Svetlana Vladimirovna SYROVA, and Valentina Igorevna SYUTINA. "PECULIARITIES OF MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN FEMALE STUDENTS STUDYING AT THE MEDICAL INSTITUTE OF TAMBOV STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER G.R. DERZHAVIN." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 176 (2018): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-176-116-122.
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Conducting physical training and sports at Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin is considered as a factor influencing the quality of life and professional adaptation of foreign students. At the same time, the state of the physical form of foreign citizens, which includes physical development and physical fitness, is one of the indicators of their successful development of educational programs. However, the solution of the problems of physical education of foreign students is due to a number of objective and subjective difficulties associated with various educational and sports levels, high incidence, language barrier, ethnic characteristics, low physical fitness. This problem is particularly relevant in the development of the basic foundations of physical culture of foreign girls. Analysis of the results of testing the main indicators of physical development of 150 foreign students of 1–2 courses of the Medical Institute of Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin allowed to reveal differences in length and weight of a body, vital capacity of lungs, force of the right and left hands of girls. The differences are of a racial character. The obtained data allowed to create a morpho-functional portrait of foreign students, which involves the use of an individualized approach to the organization and conduct of physical culture and sports, the current and final control of their physical fitness level.
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Bosankić, Nina, Viktorija Besevic, Selvira Draganović, Enisa Mesic, and Suajb Sokolovic. "Facial features and social attractiveness: preferences of Bosnian female students." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20151.129.140.
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This research aimed at testing multiple fitness hypothesis of attraction, investigating relationship between male facial characteristic and female students' reported readiness to engage in various social relations. A total of 27 male photos were evaluated on five dimensions on a seven-point Likert-type scale ranging from -3 to 3, by convenient sample of 90 female students of University of Sarajevo. The dimensions were: desirable to date – not desirable to date; desirable to marry – not desirable to marry; desirable to have sex with – not desirable to have sex with; desirable to be a friend – not desirable to be a friend; attractive - not attractive. Facial metric measurements of facial features such as distance between the eyes, smile width and height were performed using AutoCad. The results indicate that only smile width positively correlates with desirability of establishing friendship, whilst none of the other characteristics correlates with any of the other dimensions. This leads to the conclusion that motivation to establish various social relations cannot be reduced to mere physical appearance, mainly facial features, but many other variables yet to be investigated.
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Farrell, Stephen William, Harold Willis Kohl, and George Mitchell Bogdanffy. "Incidence and Reasons for Medical Referral in a Worksite Health Promotion Program." American Journal of Health Promotion 3, no. 3 (December 1988): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-3.3.6.
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The purpose of this study was to examine incidence and reasons for medical referral as a result of screening performed in a worksite health promotion program. Screening consisted of a medical history questionnaire, blood lipid profile, a sub-maximal treadmill stress test to 85% of age-predicted maximal heart rate, and other fitness measures. Overall, 11.5% of participants were referred to their personal physician for medical reasons following testing. Males (rate = 23.3%) were significantly more likely to be referred than females (rate = 8.8%). No significant difference was found in the percent of male (89.3%) or female (78.5%) referrals who were subsequently cleared to actively participate in the worksite program by their personal physician. These findings have important practical applications for worksite health promotion programs that conduct health screening.
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Armen, Meiriani. "Perbedaan Tingkat Kesegaran Jasmani Siswa SD Negeri 13 Muara Siberut Dengan Siswa SD Negeri 06 Rogdog Kecamatan Siberut Selatan." Journal Physical Education, Health and Recreation 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/pjkr.v2i1.7835.
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The research aims to explain differences in physical fitness level of student SD Negeri 13 Muara Siberut with siswa SD Negeri 06 Rogdog subdistrict South Siberut. This type of research is computational. The population in this study is a classroom V SD Negeri 13 Muara Siberut dengan SD Negeri 06 Rogdog subdistrict South Siberut. Techniques used in the sampling is random sampling technique, which is sampling conditional. Thus the number of samples in this study is much 25 people female student. Techniques of data retrieval is done by testing TKJI (Tingkat Kesegaran Jasmani Indonesia) or the level of physical fitness Indonesia. Data were analyzed using mean difference test or t-test. The data analysis technique used is the difference (t-test). By using t-test, apparently there are thitung (2,26) while talpha (1,88) with level 0,05 mean thitung (2,66) > talpha (1,88) so that Ho rejected dan Ha be accepted, so in conclusion there are different level of physical fitness of student SD Negeri 13 Muara Siberut dengan SD Negeri 06 Rogdog subdistrict South Siberut.
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Andreev, Viktor, Alexander Fominikh, Igor Konovalov, Alexander Morozov, and Alina Snegireva. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND PHYSICAL FITNESS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 13 TO 16 YEARS WITH CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISORDERS AND THEIR HEALTHY PEERS." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2020-8-4-33-39.
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Purpose of research. Comparative study of the cardiorespiratory activity and physical fitness of schoolchildren aged 13 to 16 years with chronic respiratory disorders and their healthy peers. Methods and organization of research. The research process included the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature with subsequent systematization of data, pedagogical observation, functional tests, pedagogical testing, anthropometric measurements, and mathematical statistics. Research results and discussion. This article contains the findings of a study investigating cardiorespiratory system and physical fitness of both male and female schoolchildren aged 13 to 16 years with chronic respiratory disorders. We carried out a comparative analysis of the obtained indicators of studied children and their peers without health problems. We applied the functional tests determining the activity of cardiorespiratory system to identify adaptive capacities of children to physical exercise. We used special tests to assess physical fitness. The study revealed that the cardiorespiratory activity and physical fitness levels of schoolchildren with chronic respiratory disorders are lower than the same parameters of their peers without health problems. Conclusion. Educational research aimed at investigating the functional state of cardiorespiratory system and physical fitness of schoolchildren with chronic respiratory disorders and their healthy peers revealed that the indicators of cardiorespiratory activity of schoolchildren with chronic respiratory disorders are significantly lower than the same parameters of their healthy peers.
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Soraya, Intan, Tono Sugihartono, and Defliyanto Defliyanto. "PENGARUH LATIHAN SKJ 2018 TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEBUGARAN JASMANI MAHASISWA PUTRI PENJAS UNIB." KINESTETIK 3, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jk.v3i2.8998.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan SKJ 2018 terhadap peningkatan kebugaran jasmani mahasiswa putri Penjas FKIP UNIB secara ilmiah. Dalam penelitian ini mengunakan metode eksperimen semu (quasi eksperimen) dengan desain “One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design”, yaitu desain penelitian yang terdapat pretest sebelum diberi perlakuan dan posttest setelah diberi perlakuan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa putri penjas UNIB yang berjumlah 75 orang pada tahun 2019 dan Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 30 orang. Analisis statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Uji t untuk menguji hipotesis bahwa ada pengaruh latihan SKJ 2018 terhadap peningkatan kebugaran jasmani mahasiswa putri penjas UNIB. Hasil analisis perhitungan Uji t ternyata terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap hasil kebugaran jasmani. Hasil perhitungan menyatakan bahwa tes akhir dengan perolehan perhitungan nilai thitung 1,882 > ttabel 1,701 dengan taraf ? = 0,05 artinya ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara X (latihan SKJ 2018) dengan Y (peningkatan kebugaran jasmani) dengan presentase peningkatan sebesar 49,28 %. Berdasarkan dari hasil pengujian hipotesis yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan SKJ 2018 terhadap peningkatan kebugaran jasmani mahasiswa putri penjas UNIB. Kata Kunci: Latihan SKJ 2018, Peningkatan Kebugaran Jasmani AbstractThis study aims to determine the effect of scientific SKJ 2018 training on improving physical fitness of Penjas female students of FKIP UNIB. In this study using quasi-experimental methods with the design of "One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design", namely the design of the study that had a pretest before being treated and posttest after being treated. The population in this study were 75 female students from the UNIB penjas in 2019 and the sample of the study was 30 people. The statistical analysis used in this study is the t test to test the hypothesis that there is an effect of SKJ 2018 training on improving physical fitness of UNIB female students. The results of the analysis of the t-test calculations showed that there was a significant effect on the results of physical fitness. The calculation results state that the final test with the calculation of the tcount of 1.882> t table 1.701 with the level of ? = 0.05 means that there is a significant influence between X (SKJ 2018 training) with Y (increasing physical fitness) with an increase percentage of 49.28%. Based on the results of hypothesis testing that has been done previously stated that there is a significant influence between the SKJ 2018 training on improving physical fitness of female students in the UNIB field. Keywords: SKJ 2018 Exercises, Improvement of Physical Fitness
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Popovici, Ileana-Monica, Lucian Popescu, and Liliana-Elisabeta Radu. "Evaluation of some physical fitness characteristics at age 11 to 13." Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal 9, no. 17 (December 1, 2016): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tperj-2016-0011.
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AbstractMany studies indicate that an adequate physical fitness is an important marker for a healthy body and a healthy mind. The aim of the study was investigate the level of physical fitness of students aged 11-13. Depending on the results, we will determine the type of measures to propose in order to improve the obtained data.251 volunteer students participated in this research, including 95 boys and 156 girls aged 11 to 13, who participated in the physical education class two times a week. Subjects underwent six anthropometric characteristics and five physical tests. For the statistical analysis the mean, standard deviation, and multiple comparisons were used in order to find the differences between genders, using Anova and Bonferoni Test for differences between certain age groups. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, arm span, waist, hip, body mass index and physical testing as agility, balance and strength.The findings suggest some differences between male and female subjects, as well as between age groups, namely boys obtained higher mean results compared to girls.
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Dowling, Jenélle, and Michael S. Webster. "Working with what you've got: unattractive males show greater mate-guarding effort in a duetting songbird." Biology Letters 13, no. 1 (January 2017): 20160682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0682.
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When mates are limited, individuals should allocate resources to mating tactics that maximize fitness. In species with extra-pair paternity (EPP), males can invest in mate guarding, or, alternatively, in seeking EPP. Males should optimize fitness by adjusting investment according to their attractiveness to females, such that attractive males seek EPP, and unattractive males guard mates. This theory has received little empirical testing, leaving our understanding of the evolution of mating tactics incomplete; it is unclear how a male's relative attractiveness influences his tactics. We conducted observations and experiments on red-backed fairy-wrens ( Malurus melanocephalus ) to address this question. We found that older, more attractive (red–black) males sought EPP, whereas unattractive (brown) males invested in alternative tactics—physical and acoustic mate guarding. Younger red–black males used intermediate tactics. This suggests that males adopt mating tactics appropriate to their attributes. Males obtained similar reproductive success, suggesting these alternative tactics may maximize each male's paternity gain. Though it is likely that female choice also determines paternity, rather than just male tactics, we establish that the many interconnected components of a male's sexual phenotype influence the evolution of his decision-making rules, deepening our understanding of how mating tactics evolve under sexual selection.
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Woods, Catherine B., Norah M. Nelson, Donal J. O’Gorman, Eimear Foley, and Niall M. Moyna. "The Take PART Study (Physical Activity Research for Teenagers): Rationale and Methods." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, no. 2 (March 2009): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.2.170.
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Background:The Take PART study—Physical Activity Research for Teenagers—was undertaken to assess (1) physical activity and sedentary behaviors, (2) indices of health and fitness, and (3) to provide information, from a social ecological perspective, on the correlates of physical activity in a large sample of 15- to 17-year-old Irish adolescents. This manuscript outlines the rationale and methodology of the Take PART study.Methods:A sample of 4720 students (mean age = 16.03 years ± 0.66, range 15 to 17 years; 49.5% female) participated. Fifty participants were assessed during each 3-hour school visit, with a ratio of 1 researcher to 10 students. Standardized testing procedures and extensive researcher training ensured that intertester and intratester reliability for all physical measures was ≥.85. The height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness protocols are explained. The questionnaire used well-known, valid, and reliable self-report measures. Where appropriate, additional psychometric testing was undertaken.Conclusions:Take PART is a school-based study. Its methods are simple, easy to replicate, financially viable, and scientifically valid. Its unique dataset will allow the evaluation of a social ecological approach as a viable option for improving understanding of youth inactivity. Ultimately, this knowledge will assist in successful intervention design.
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Reed, Katharine E., Darren E. R. Warburton, Crystal L. Whitney, and Heather A. McKay. "Differences in heart rate variability between Asian and Caucasian children living in the same Canadian community." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-015.
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Heart rate variability (HRV) is an umbrella term for a variety of measures that assess autonomic influence on the heart. Reduced beat-to-beat variability is found in individuals with a variety of cardiac abnormalities. A reduced HRV positively correlates with obesity, poor aerobic fitness, and increasing age. Racial (black-white) differences are apparent in adults and adolescents. We aimed to evaluate (i) Asian-Caucasian differences in HRV and (ii) differences in HRV between girls and boys. Sixty-two children (30 male (15 Caucasian, 15 Asian) and 32 female (15 Caucasian, 17 Asians)) with a mean age of 10.3 ± 0.6 y underwent 5 min resting HRV recording, fitness testing (Leger's 20 m shuttle), and self-assessed maturity. Outcome HRV measures were a ratio of low to high frequency power (LF:HF), standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDRR) and root mean square of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD). Data were compared between groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). There were no race or sex differences for time domain variables, mean R-R, body mass index, or blood pressure. Compared with Caucasian children, Asian children displayed a higher adjusted (fitness, R-R interval) LF:HF ratio (72.9 ± 59.4 vs. 120.6 ± 85.3, p < 0.05). Girls demonstrated a higher adjusted LF:HF power than boys (117.2 ± 85.1 vs. 76.6 ± 62.4, p = < 0.05). In conclusion, Asian and Caucasian children display different frequency domain components of heart rate variability.Key words: autonomic nervous system, sympathetic, vagal, race, aerobic fitness, sex.
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Gabryś, Tomasz, Krzysztof Stec, Cezary Michalski, Wiesław Pilis, Karol Pilis, and Zbigniew Witkowski. "Diagnostic value of Beep and Yo-Yo tests in assessing physical performance of female soccer players." Biomedical Human Kinetics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2019-0015.
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SummaryStudy aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the physiological responses of female soccer players recorded during the Beep Test and Yo-Yo Test.Material and methods: Twenty-three high-level women’s soccer players underwent aerobic fitness testing. Modification of the Beep Test consisted of: lengthening the distance between turns to 40 m, extending the time between the increase in speed, and including a rest period between exercise stages. During the running efforts the length of the distance run in both tests was measured as well as circulatory and respiratory variables. For statistical analyses only data obtained at maximum loads in both tests were accepted.Results: Analyzed variables showed that all values recorded in both tests reached maximum values and did not differ statistically significantly.Conclusion: The results show that both applied tests loaded the soccer players to a similar maximum degree and the tests are suitable for assessing the aerobic physical performance.
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Kraft, Gina Leigh, and Madeline Dow. "Validation of the Garmin Forerunner 920XT VO2max Estimation and the Polar RS300X Fitness Test." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss9.1658.
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Several fitness watches have developed tests to estimate VO2max to provide important data and save money by reducing the need for a metabolic cart. Some watches provide results based on heart rate (HR) while others combine HR data with global positioning satellite (GPS) data. The purpose of this study was to validate VO2max from the fitness test on a Garmin Forerunner 920XT (HR and GPS-based) and a Polar RS300X (HR-based) fitness watch against a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) using a metabolic cart.
10 male and 7 female college students (age = 21.5 ± 2.9 years) participated in this study. Session 1 consisted of completing the Informed Consent, PAR-Q, and Garmin fitness test. Session 2 comprised the Polar fitness test and a maximal Bruce treadmill test using the metabolic cart. Maximal performance during the Bruce test was validated by obtaining age-predicted HRmax. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a significance level of p < 0.05. Secondary analysis was conducted using Pearson correlations.
VO2max from the Garmin, Polar, and metabolic cart tests were 47.82 (± 9.60), 45.53 (± 5.42), and 45.63 (± 8.84) ml/kg/min, respectively. ANOVA tests revealed no significant differences between any of the tests (p = 0.6 between the Garmin and the metabolic cart; p = 0.3 between the Polar and the metabolic cart). Pearson correlations revealed that the Garmin test was highly correlated with r = 0.83 (p < 0.001) while the Polar test was strongly correlated (r = 0.65, p < 0.001).
The findings indicate that Garmin and Polar fitness tests may serve as an adequate substitute for testing using a metabolic cart. The Garmin test may be a more appropriate choice as the correlation was stronger and the Polar test tended to overestimate VO2max.