Journal articles: 'Female distance runners'

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Rauh, Mitchell J., Adam S. Tenforde, Michelle T. Barrack, Michael D. Rosenthal, and Jeanne F. Nichols. "Sport Specialization and Low Bone Mineral Density in Female High School Distance Runners." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 12 (November 11, 2020): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0547.19.

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Context Sport specialization may contribute to sport injury and menstrual dysfunction in female high school distance runners. Despite the recent growth in sport specialization, including among high school–aged runners, the association of sport specialization with bone mineral density (BMD) remains poorly described. Objective To evaluate whether sport specialization was associated with BMD in female high school distance runners. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Six high schools. Patients or Other Participants Sixty-four female runners (age = 15.6 ± 1.4 years) who competed in cross-country or track distance events and were not currently on birth control medication. Main Outcome Measure(s) Each runner completed a survey on menstrual history and sport participation. Height and weight were measured, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body, spine, and hip BMD. Each runner was assigned a sport specialization status: low (participation in ≥1 nonrunning sport and distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); moderate (participation in both distance-running sport(s) ≥9 mo/y and ≥1 nonrunning sport(s) or limited to distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); or high (participation only in distance-running sport(s) for ≥9 mo/y). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for sport specialization to BMD values, adjusting for body mass index and gynecological age. Results Overall, 21.9%, 37.5%, and 40.6% of participants were high, moderate, or low sport specializers, respectively. Low BMD (spine or whole-body BMD z score < −1.0 [standardized by age and sex normative values]) was present in 23 (35.9%) runners. Compared with low sport specializers, high sport specializers were 5 times more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 23.3; P = .02) to have low BMD. Conclusions A high level of sport specialization in high school female distance runners may be associated with a heightened risk for low BMD. Further investigation of this association is warranted due to the health concerns about low BMD in adolescent female runners.

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Johnson, Ronald E., Timothy J. Quinn, Robert Kertzer, and Neil B. Vroman. "Strength Training in Female Distance Runners." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 11, no. 4 (November 1997): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199711000-00004.

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Beidleman, B. A., J. L. Puhl, and M. J. De Souza. "Energy balance in female distance runners." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.2.303.

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Motevalli, Mohamad, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Claus Leitzmann, Derrick Tanous, Gerold Wirnitzer, Beat Knechtle, and Katharina Wirnitzer. "Female Endurance Runners Have a Healthier Diet than Males—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)." Nutrients 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14132590.

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Sex has been recognized to be an important indicator of physiological, psychological, and nutritional characteristics among endurance athletes. However, there are limited data addressing sex-based differences in dietary behaviors of distance runners. The aim of the present study is to explore the sex-specific differences in dietary intake of female and male distance runners competing at >10-km distances. From the initial number of 317 participants, 211 endurance runners (121 females and 90 males) were selected as the final sample after a multi-level data clearance. Participants were classified to race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) and type of diet (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) subgroups. An online survey was conducted to collect data on sociodemographic information and dietary intake (using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire with 53 food groups categorized in 14 basic and three umbrella food clusters). Compared to male runners, female runners had a significantly greater intake in four food clusters, including “beans and seeds”, “fruit and vegetables”, “dairy alternatives”, and “water”. Males reported higher intakes of seven food clusters, including “meat”, “fish”, “eggs”, “oils”, “grains”, “alcohol”, and “processed foods”. Generally, it can be suggested that female runners have a tendency to consume healthier foods than males. The predominance of females with healthy dietary behavior can be potentially linked to the well-known differences between females and males in health attitudes and lifestyle patterns.

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Cunningham, Lee N. "Physiologic Comparison of Adolescent Female and Male Cross-Country Runners." Pediatric Exercise Science 2, no. 4 (November 1990): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2.4.313.

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To compare the physiologic differences between adolescent male and female cross-country runners, 12 male and 12 female high school nonelite distance runners who had competed successfully at the All State 5-km championship cross-country meet were tested in the laboratory. Data were analyzed in relation to maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VT), and running economy (RE). Male runners were taller, heavier, had less body fat, and ran faster by 2 minutes and 18 seconds than female runners. Running economy was similar between gender. VO2 at a 215 m•min−1 pace was 46.7 ml•kg−1•min−1 for male runners and 47.8 ml•kg−1•min−1 for female runners. At the VT, males demonstrated a higher VO2 and treadmill velocity than females. Heart rate, percent HR max, and percent VO2 max at the VT were not different between gender. Males demonstrated a higher VO2 max of 74.6 versus 66.1 ml•kg−1•min−1 than female runners. The fractional utilization of VO2 at race pace was not different between males (90%) and females (91%). In conclusion, the primary physiologic determinant for performance differences between nonelite, competitive male and female adolescent distance runners is associated with VO2 max.

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Wirnitzer, Katharina, Mohamad Motevalli, Derrick R. Tanous, Martina Gregori, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082776.

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It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differences in supplement intake amongst distance runners. The present study aimed to investigate and compare supplement intake between female and male distance runners (10 km, half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon) and the potential associations with diet type and race distance. A total of 317 runners participated in an online survey, and 220 distance runners (127 females and 93 males) made up the final sample after a multi-stage data clearance. Participants were also assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) subgroups. Sociodemographic characteristics and the patterns of supplement intake including type, frequency, dosage, and brands were collected using a questionnaire. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 54.3% of female runners and 47.3% male runners reported consuming supplements regularly. The frequency of supplement intake was similar between females and males (generally or across dietary and distance subgroups). There was no significant relationship for sex alone or sex interactions with diet type and race distance on supplement intake (p < 0.05). However, a non-significant higher intake of vitamin and mineral (but not CHO/protein) supplements was reported by vegan and vegetarian (but not by omnivorous) females compared to their male counterparts. In summary, despite the reported findings, sex could not be considered as a strong modulator of supplement intake among different groups of endurance runners.

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Beidleman, B. A., J. L. Puhl, and M. J. De Souza. "230 ENERGY BALANCE IN FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, Supplement (May 1993): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305001-00232.

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Graves, J., M. Pollock, and P. Sparling. "Body Composition of Elite Female Distance Runners*." International Journal of Sports Medicine 08, S 2 (November 1987): S96—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025713.

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Williams, K., P. Cavanagh, and J. Ziff. "Biomechanical Studies of Elite Female Distance Runners*." International Journal of Sports Medicine 08, S 2 (November 1987): S107—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025715.

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Smyth, Barry. "How recreational marathon runners hit the wall: A large-scale data analysis of late-race pacing collapse in the marathon." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0251513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251513.

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Introduction In the marathon, how runners pace and fuel their race can have a major impact on race outcome. The phenomenon known as hitting the wall (HTW) refers to the iconic hazard of the marathon distance, in which runners experience a significant slowing of pace late in the race, typically after the 20-mile mark, and usually because of a depletion of the body’s energy stores. Aim This work investigates the occurrence of significant late-race slowing among recreational marathoners, as a proxy for runners hitting the wall, to better understand the likelihood and nature of such slowdowns, and their effect on race performance. Methods Using pacing data from more than 4 million race records, we develop a pacing-based definition of hitting the wall, by identifying runners who experience a sustained period of slowing during the latter stages of the marathon. We calculate the cost of these slowdowns relative to estimates of the recent personal-best times of runners and compare slowdowns according to runner sex, age, and ability. Results We find male runners more likely to slow significantly (hit the wall) than female runners; 28% of male runners hit the wall compared with 17% of female runners, χ2(1, N = 1, 928, 813) = 27, 693.35, p < 0.01, OR = 1.43. Such slowdowns are more frequent in the 3 years immediately before and after a recent personal-best (PB) time; for example, 36% of all runners hit the wall in the 3 years before a recent PB compared with just 23% in earlier years, χ2(1, N = 509, 444) = 8, 120.74, p < 0.01, OR = 1.31. When runners hit the wall, males slow more than females: a relative slowdown of 0.40 vs. 0.37 is noted, for male and female runners, when comparing their pace when they hit the wall to their earlier race (5km-20km) pace, with t(475, 199) = 60.19, p < 0.01, d = 0.15. And male runners slow over longer distances than female runners: 10.7km vs. 9.6km, respectively, t(475, 199) = 68.44, p < 0.01, d = 0.17. Although, notably the effect size of these differences is small. We also find the finish-time costs of hitting the wall (lost minutes) to increase with ability; r2(7) = 0.91, p < 0.01 r2(7) = 0.81, p < 0.01 for male and female runners, respectively. Conclusions While the findings from this study are consistent with qualitative results from earlier single-race or smaller-scale studies, the new insights into the risk and nature of slowdowns, based on the runner sex, age, and ability, have the potential to help runners and coaches to better understand and calibrate the risk/reward trade-offs that exist as they plan for future races.

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TANAKA, Kiyoji, Kan-ichi MIURA, Soo HYUN, Takashi KAWABATA, Masato TAJIMA, Fumio NAKADOMO, and Kazuya MAEDA. "Prerequisites in Distance Running Performance of Female Runners." Annals of physiological anthropology 8, no. 2 (1989): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/ahs1983.8.79.

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NAKANISHI, MIEKO, KOJIRO ISHII, AYAKO WATANABE, KATUMI SUGIURA, YOKO KAJIWARA, and KANDO KOBAYASHI. "SUPPLEMENT INTAKE IN FEMALE UNIVERSITY LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 52, no. 5 (2003): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.52.631.

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Ma, Xiaoya, Kaitlyn J. Patterson, Kayla M. Gieschen, and Peter F. Bodary. "Are Serum Hepcidin Levels Chronically Elevated in Collegiate Female Distance Runners?" International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 5 (October 2013): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.513.

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The prevalence of iron deficiency tends to be higher in athletic populations, especially among endurancetrained females. Recent studies have provided evidence that the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin is transiently increased with acute exercise and suggest that this may contribute to iron deficiency anemia in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether resting serum hepcidin is significantly elevated in highly trained female distance runners compared with a low exercise control group. Due to the importance of the monocyte in the process of iron recycling, monocyte expression of hepcidin was also measured. A single fasted blood sample was collected midseason from twenty female distance runners averaging 81.9 ± 14.2 km of running per week. Ten age-, gender-, and BMI-matched low-exercise control subjects provided samples during the same period using identical collection procedures. There was no difference between the runners (RUN) and control subjects (CON) for serum hepcidin levels (p = .159). In addition, monocyte hepcidin gene expression was not different between the two groups (p = .635). Furthermore, no relationship between weekly training volume and serum hepcidin concentration was evident among the trained runners. The results suggest that hepcidin is not chronically elevated with sustained training in competitive collegiate runners. This is an important finding because the current clinical conditions that link hepcidin to anemia include a sustained elevation in serum hepcidin. Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of the well-documented, transient rise in hepcidin that follows acute sessions of exercise.

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Carey, Christine. "Gender, Embodiment, and Self-Regulation: Surveillance in Canadian Intercollegiate Women’s Distance Running." Qualitative Sociology Review 18, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.18.2.02.

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This article draws on data collected through semi-structured interviews with intercollegiate cross country and track athletes to investigate how female distance runners experience their sport concerning gender and embodiment. The runners identified gender as affecting their sport by way of shorter distances for women’s races, heightened involvement of coaches in corporeal matters such as diet and weight, as well as sex verification policies. Distance running was also specifically identified as a sport that intensifies societal pressures for women to be thin. Drawing on Foucault’s theory of disciplinary power, this paper explores how dominant discourses on gender and the body are reproduced within distance running through a combination of structural and cultural practices. However, the paper also highlights resistance to cultural ideals among female runners, calling for a more dynamic understanding of disciplinary power that accounts for individual agency.

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Hafen, Paul, and Pat Vehrs. "Sex-Related Differences in the Maximal Lactate Steady State." Sports 6, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040154.

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The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is one of the factors that differentiates performance in aerobic events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at the MLSS in well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two (12 female, 10 male) well-trained distance runners (23 ± 5.0 years) performed multiple 30-min steady-state runs to determine their MLSS, during which blood lactate and respiratory gas exchange measures were taken. To interpret the MLSS intensity as a training tool, runners completed a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) run at their MLSS. The relative intensity at which the MLSS occurred was identical between males and females according to both oxygen consumption (83 ± 5 %O2max) and heart rate (89 ± 7 %HRmax). However, female runners displayed a significantly lower RER at MLSS compared to male runners (p < 0.0001; 0.84 ± 0.02 vs. 0.88 ± 0.04, respectively). There was not a significant difference in TTE at MLSS between males (79 ± 17 min) and females (80 ± 25 min). Due to the observed difference in the RER at the MLSS, it is suggested that RER derived estimates of MLSS be sex-specific. While the RER data suggest that the MLSS represents different metabolic intensities for males and females, the relative training load of MLSS appears to be similar in males and female runners.

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Winter, Sara C., Susan Gordon, Sara M. Brice, Daniel Lindsay, and Sue Barrs. "A Multifactorial Approach to Overuse Running Injuries: A 1-Year Prospective Study." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119888504.

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Background: Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of running injuries, a multifactorial approach when investigating running injuries is required. Hypothesis: Compared with uninjured runners, injured runners would exhibit different running biomechanics, display more fatigue changes, and would run a greater weekly running volume; more injured runners would also report having a previous injury. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: At commencement of the study, data were collected on demographics, anthropometrics, training history, previous injury history, and center-of-mass accelerations during a long-distance overground run. Participants completed weekly training diaries and were monitored for 1 year for an injury. Results: A total of 76 runners completed the study, with 39 (22 male; 17 female) reporting an injury. Compared with male uninjured runners, male injured runners were heavier and ran a greater weekly distance. Male runners (injured and uninjured) exhibited increases in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations during the run. Compared with female uninjured runners, female injured runners were heavier, ran with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and more of them had reported an injury in the previous year and had increased speed training in the weeks prior to injury. Over 60% of male injured runners and over 50% of female injured runners had increased their weekly running distance by >30% between consecutive weeks at least once in the 4 weeks prior to injury. Conclusion: Factors that may be related to injury for male runners include being heavier, running a greater weekly distance, and exhibiting fatigue changes in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations. Factors that may be related to injury for female runners include being heavier, having an injury in the previous year, running with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and increasing speed training prior to injury. Increases in weekly running distance in 1 consecutive week (particularly >30%) needs to be monitored in training, and this along with the other factors found may have contributed to injury development. Clinical Relevance: This study found that multiple factors are related to running injuries and that some factors are sex specific. The findings can aid in injury prevention and management.

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Wilmore, J. H., K. C. Wambsgans, M. Brenner, C. E. Broeder, I. Paijmans, J. A. Volpe, and K. M. Wilmore. "Is there energy conservation in amenorrheic compared with eumenorrheic distance runners?" Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.15.

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The female distance runner is considered at high risk for secondary amenorrhea and reduced spinal bone mineral, and recent studies have suggested that these disturbances might be nutritionally or metabolically linked. The present study investigated 1) whether there is a physiological basis by which the amenorrheic runner might maintain weight at a lower than expected caloric intake, i.e., conservation of energy, and 2) the potential interactions of reduced energy intake, secondary amenorrhea, and reductions in bone density. Subjects included 13 elite female distance runners, 8 amenorrheic and 5 eumenorrheic, and 5 untrained female controls. Body composition by hydrostatic weighing, bone density and mineral content by dual-photon absorptiometry, and blood samples for hormonal analyses (once per week for 4 wk) were obtained, as were duplicate measures for resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of a meal, and the energy cost of specific (treadmill) and nonspecific (cycle ergometer) physical activity. Energy intake and energy expenditure were estimated by 3-day logs. Energy intakes did not differ (1,781, 1,690, and 1,763 kcal), nor did energy expenditures (2,480, 2,314, and 2,268 kcal), for the amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runner and control groups, respectively. The difference between reported energy intake and estimated energy expenditure of 500–700 kcal was likely due to underreporting or restricting intake, inasmuch as there was no evidence of energy conservation. A possible link was suggested between disordered eating, secondary amenorrhea, and bone mineral loss.

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Iwamoto, Sayumi, Kiyoko Sugita, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Masaharu Kagawa, Masako Ota, Teturo Suzuki, and Patria Anne Hume. "Understanding anthropometry, metabolism and menstrual status of Japanese college female long-distance runners." International Journal of Kinanthropometry 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijk2113.

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Aim: To understand the anthropometry, metabolism, and menstrual status of Japanese collegiate female long-distance runners. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 29 Japanese college female long-distance runners divided into three menstruation status groups: 1) Regular; 2) Irregular; and 3) Amenorrhea. The amenorrhea group was further divided into participants who consulted a gynecologist and those who did not. Metabolism was measured using resting metabolic rate, total energy expenditure, and physical activity level. Energy was measured using energy intake, exercise energy expenditure, and energy availability (EA). Anthropometric measurements were performed following standardized techniques from the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Results: Of the 29 runners, 68% had menstrual dysfunction. The amenorrhea group who had consulted a gynecologist had lower body mass index (BMI) and lower skinfolds than the other groups. All groups had more than 30 kcal/kg fat free mass/day for EA with no difference between the groups. Conclusions: There was high prevalence of menstrual dysfunction in the female Japanese college long-distance runners. Runners with amenorrhea had lower BMI and lower skinfolds than the other groups, despite having consulted a gynecologist for medical support. All the runners had an energy deficiency higher than the published threshold; therefore, this threshold did not differentiate the amenorrhea or irregular menstruating athletes from regular menstruating athletes. Longitudinal tracking of athletes should include measurement of height, body mass, and skinfolds to enable evaluation of BMI, the sum of eight skinfold sites, and leanness ratio score as possible indicators over time for menstrual dysfunction.

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Carbuhn, Aaron F., Daniel Yu, Lawrence M. Magee, Patrick C. McCulloch, and Bradley S. Lambert. "Anthropometric Factors Associated With Bone Stress Injuries in Collegiate Distance Runners: New Risk Metrics and Screening Tools?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 232596712110703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211070308.

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Background: Lower limb bone stress injury (BSI) of the pelvis, femur, and tibia is prevalent in collegiate track and field distance runners. Bone mineral density (BMD), body composition (BComp), and anthropometric parameters before initial collegiate injury have not been compared between runners with BSI and their noninjured counterparts. Purpose: To characterize bone health in relation to BComp and anthropometric measurements from total-body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans in collegiate male and female distance runners before BSI and develop BMD prediction models. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Distance runners (N = 79) from a single university track and field team were retrospectively enrolled into this study. The runners completed a DXA scan during the fall season (August-November) and participated in sport activities before the scan. Three months after scanning, electronic medical records were reviewed for the occurrence of BSI. An independent-sample t test was used to compare BMD (total and regional [spine, pelvis, and legs]), BComp (% body fat, fat mass, and lean mass), and anthropometric measurements (shoulder width and leg, arm, and trunk length) between runners with versus without BSI (included subgroup analysis by sex). Multiple linear regression with stepwise removal was used to determine variables most predictive of BMD. Results: Of the 79 enrolled participants (42 male, 37 female), 18 runners (22.8%; 11 female, 7 male) sustained a lower limb BSI. Compared with the noninjured group, injured runners had lower total and regional BMD ( P < .001 for all) and shorter leg and arm lengths ( P < .05 for both), whereas injured male runners had lower fat mass and injured female runners had lower lean mass in the legs ( P < .05 for both). Injured runners’ age-matched total BMD Z score (-0.1 ± 0.6) was considered clinically normal. BComp and anthropometric measures were predictive of total and regional BMD ( P < .05; R 2 = 0.64-0.80; percentage error = 3.8%-4.8%). Conclusion: The DXA scans of injured runners prior to incidence indicated lower BMD compared with noninjured runners. Shorter limb lengths, lower fat mass (male), and lower leg lean mass (female) may also be indicative of risk. Certain BComp and anthropometric measures were predictive of BMD.

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MITSUZONO, RYOICHI, SHUICHI KOMIYA, and ATSUO MARUYAMA. "BODY COMPOSITION AND SOMATOTYPE IN ELITE FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 43, no. 5 (1994): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.43.334.

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Fernhall, B., K. Stillwell, and T. Manfredi. "283 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, Supplement (May 1993): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305001-00285.

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Hokanson, J. F., and J. Daniels. "IRON STATUS OF ELITE MALE AND FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00402.

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White, Kristin E. "High hamstring tendinopathy in 3 female long distance runners." Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 10, no. 2 (June 2011): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2010.10.005.

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Billat, Véronique, Damien Vitiello, Florent Palacin, Matthieu Correa, and Jean Renaud Pycke. "Race Analysis of the World’s Best Female and Male Marathon Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041177.

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Background: Beyond the difference in marathon performance when comparing female and male runners, we tested the hypothesis that running strategy does not different according to sex. The goal of the present study is to compare the running strategy between the best female and male marathon performances achieved in the last two years. Methods: Two aspects of the races were analyzed: (i) average speed relative to runner critical speed (CS) with its coefficient of variation and (ii) asymmetry and global tendency of race speed (i.e., the race’s Kendall τ ) . Results: The females’ best marathons were run at 97.6% ± 3% of CS for the new record (Brigid Kosgei, 2019) and at 96.1% ± 4.4% for the previous record (Paula Radcliffe, 2003). The best male performances (Eliud Kipchoge, 2018 and 2019) were achieved at a lower fraction of CS (94.7% ± 1.7% and 94.1% ± 2.3% in 2018 and 2019, respectively). Eliud Kipchoge (EK) achieved a significant negative split race considering the positive Kendall’s τ of pacing (i.e., time over 1 km) ( τ = 0.30; p = 0.007). Furthermore, EK ran more of the average distance below average speed (54% and 55% in 2018 and 2019, respectively), while female runners ran only at 46% below their average speed. Conclusions: The best female and male marathon performances were run differently considering speed time course (i.e., tendency and asymmetry), and fractional use of CS. In addition, this study shows a robust running strategy (or signature) used by EK in two different marathons. Improvement in marathon performance might depend on negative split and asymmetry for female runners, and on higher fractional utilization of CS for male runners.

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McDonald, Elizabeth L., Kathleen Jarrell, Steven M. Raikin, Kristen Nicholson, Daniel Fuchs, Brian S. Winters, and Rachel J. Shakked. "Prospective Evaluation of Vitamin D Levels and Stress Injury in Collegiate Female Long-Distance Runners." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00298.

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Category: Lesser Toes, Midfoot/Forefoot, Sports Introduction/Purpose: The incidence of stress injury in female runners is reported in up to 21% of competitive runners, with female runners at higher risk for stress injury than men. Bone metabolism is closely linked with vitamin D, which may play a role in the high prevalence of stress fractures in female runners. Although runners who train outdoors in the southeastern US have adequate vitamin D levels, no study to date has evaluated runners in northeastern US. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the relationship between 25-OH vitamin D serum levels and the incidence of stress injury in a cohort of collegiate competitive long-distance runners. Methods: 101 female collegiate runners from 7 Northeastern US colleges competing in varsity cross country were enrolled. Surveys were collected from all the study participants at the start of the fall cross country season reviewing demographics, weekly mileage, and medical history, including previous stress fracture incidence. Additionally, baseline (“summer”) serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were obtained. Subjects insufficient in vitamin D (<30ng/mL) were supplemented with cholecalciferol (D3) 50,000 units weekly for 8 weeks and 2,000 units daily for an additional 1 month. In subjects with vitamin D insufficiency, repeat labs were performed at 3 months and repeat surveys distributed. To account for variation in season and geographical location, all subjects underwent repeat vitamin D labs at 6 months (”winter”). Fisher’s exact test was used to determine whether vitamin D levels were correlated with incidence of stress fracture. Results: 91/101 (90%) subjects with mean BMI of 20.5 and average age of 20 years completed all study requirements. The mean summer and winter vitamin D serum levels were 64.0 ng/mL (SD 16.6; range 28.9-112.9) and 45.0 ng/mL (SD 13.8; range 20.1- 90.6), respectively. One subject (1%) in the summer and 9 subjects (10%) in the winter were supplemented for vitamin D insufficiency. 7/10 (70%) insufficient subjects and 28/81 (35%) vitamin D sufficient subjects reported a stress fracture during the study period. Patients that had an insufficient vitamin D result were significantly more likely to have a stress fracture during the study period (p=0.041; Table 1). The mean change in vitamin D level from summer to winter was -19.7 (SD 14.4; range -60.5- 60.7). Conclusion: The high rate of stress fractures in this cohort of collegiate female long-distance runners is greater than previously reported. Runners who are vitamin D insufficient are at a higher risk to incur a stress fracture. The results of the study also highlight the considerable seasonal variance in vitamin D levels amongst female collegiate long-distance runners in the northeastern US. Further study is needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of stress fractures.

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Tenforde, Adam S., Michael Fredericson, Kristin Sainani, and Kierann E. Smith. "Poster 135: Prevalence of the Female Athlete Triad in Female Distance Runners." PM&R 2 (September 2010): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.07.166.

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Eisenmann, Joey C., and Eric E. Wickel. "Estimated Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity Patterns of Adolescent Distance Runners." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 17, no. 2 (April 2007): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.2.178.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the estimated total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity patterns of adolescent distance runners. Twenty-eight (20 male, 8 female) adolescent distance runners self-reported their daily physical activity with the Bouchard 3-d diary. Mean values for TEE, 57.4 ± 11.6 and 51.0 ± 9.8 kcal·kg−1·d−1, and activity energy expenditure (AEE), 26.7 ± 10.4 and 21.0 ± 8.8 kcal·kg−1·d−1, when expressed per kilogram body mass were not significantly different between males and females, respectively (P = 0.18). When expressed in absolute terms, TEE, 3609 ± 927 and 2467 ± 426 kcal/d, and AEE, 1688 ± 746 and 977 ± 269 kcal/d, were significantly higher in males than in females, respectively. The results document the energy expenditure and self-reported physical activity of adolescent distance runners and might be used to address recommendations for adequate dietary energy requirements in this group, which in turn is important for energy balance in the context of normal growth, health, and physical performance.

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Greene, David A., Geraldine A. Naughton, Julie N. Briody, Allan Kemp, Helen Woodhead, and Nathalie Farpour-Lambert. "Bone and Muscle Geometry in Female Adolescent Middle-Distance Runners." Pediatric Exercise Science 17, no. 4 (November 2005): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.17.4.377.

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This study compared tibial bone and muscle geometry and total body and regional bone mineral content (BMC) in elite female adolescent middle-distance runners (n = 20, age: 16 ± 1.7 years) and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 20, 16 ± 1.8 years) using magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Significant advantages were found in athletes compared with controls in bone and muscle geometric values for distal tibial cortical, medullary cavity, distal tibial total muscle and dorsi flexor muscle compartment cross-sectional area, and regional BMC. Results imply mechanical loads associated with middle-distance running might be beneficial to musculoskeletal health in adolescent females.

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Tanaka, Jill A., Hirofumi Tanaka, and William Landis. "An Assessment of Carbohydrate Intake in Collegiate Distance Runners." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 5, no. 3 (September 1995): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.3.206.

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To determine the extent to which well-trained endurance athletes practice the dietary recommendations for maximizing muscle glycogen resynthesis, collegiate cross-country runners (14 males and 10 females) kept 4-day dietary and activity records during a training period and a competitive period in the regular cross-country season. The mean running mileages for men and women were 16.0 ± 1.0 and 10.7 ± 0.6 km/day during the training period and 14.6 ± 0.8 and 8.7 ± 0.5 km/day during the competitive period, respectively. Males reported adequate energy intake in both phases, whereas females fell short of the RDA. However, the percentage of calories from carbohydrate was found to be inadequate (< 60%) for male runners. Although female runners derived 65-67% of calories from carbohydrate, the daily amount of carbohydrate taken was insufficient (< 10 g/kg body weight). Carbohydrate was ingested immediately postexercise approximately 50% of the time or less, with even far less taken in suggested quantities (−1 g carbohydrate/kg body weight). There were no significant differences in dietary trends between training and competitive phases. The results suggest that these endurance athletes were not practicing the recommended feeding regimen for optimal muscle glycogen restoration.

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Darroch, Francine, Audrey R. Giles, and Roisin McGettigan-Dumas. "Elite Female Distance Runners and Advice During Pregnancy: Sources, Content, and Trust." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 24, no. 2 (October 2016): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2015-0040.

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More elite female distance runners are opting to have children during their athletic careers. Despite this, there is a dearth of information regarding pregnancy and physical activity for elite level athletes. Further, current pregnancy physical activity guidelines are not relevant for this population`s needs. Two research questions frame this study: are elite female distance runners’ pregnancy informational needs being met?; where do they seek and find trustworthy advice on physical activity during pregnancy? Open-ended, semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 women who experienced at least one pregnancy within the past five years, had achieved a minimum of the USA Track and Field 2012 Olympic Team marathon trials ‘B’ entry standard or equivalent performances for distance running events 1,500m or longer. The participants had between one—three children, hail from five countries and participated in 14 Olympic Games and 72 World Championships. Utilizing poststructuralist feminist theory and thematic analysis, our findings revealed that the participants received advice from three main sources, both in person and online: medical professionals, coaches, and other elite female distance runners. However, we found that they also received unsolicited advice and comments from community members where they lived. The participants identified fellow elite female distance runners as the most reliable and trustworthy sources of information, followed by medical professionals, then coaches. Ultimately, the women revealed a lack of formal sources they could turn to for trustworthy advice about how to have a safe and healthy pregnancy while continuing to train at a high intensity. These results illuminate the need to meet female elite athletes’ informational needs in terms of well-being during pregnancy.

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Furst, David M. "Attributional Consistency and Subjective Perceptions of Success." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 2 (October 1989): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.2.529.

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This study investigated the attributions of successful and unsuccessful male and female distance runners given after each race during a competitive season. It was hypothesized that the 8 male and 8 female runners would be inconsistent in their support of the self-serving bias. Using the Causal Dimension Scale-II, responses showed that, as a group, the runners were consistent when coding their attributions into dimensions. When divided as to perceived success, successful runners gave more internal and stable reasons for their performance, while both groups reported high personal control and low external control.

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Kyte, Karoline Holsen, Trine Stensrud, Tore Julsrud Berg, Ingebjørg Seljeflot, and Jonny Hisdal. "Vascular Function in Norwegian Female Elite Runners: A Cross-Sectional, Controlled Study." Sports 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10030037.

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In general, aerobic exercise has a positive impact on the vascular system, but the syndrome of relative energy-deficiency in sports (RED-S) makes this impact less clear for the athlete. The present cross-sectional controlled study aimed to investigate the vascular function in female elite long-distance runners, compared to inactive women. Sixteen female elite long-distance runners and seventeen healthy controls were recruited. Assessments of vascular function and morphology included endothelial function, evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), vascular stiffness, evaluated with pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid artery reactivity (CAR %), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). Blood samples included hormone analyses, metabolic parameters, lipids, and biomarkers reflecting endothelial activation. RED-S risk was assessed through the low energy availability in female questionnaire (LEAF-Q), and body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We found no significant differences in brachial FMD, PWV, CAR %, cIMT, or biomarkers reflecting endothelial activation between the two groups. Forty-four percent of the runners had a LEAF-Q score consistent with being at risk of RED-S. Runners showed significantly higher HDL-cholesterol and insulin sensitivity compared to controls. In conclusion, Norwegian female elite runners had an as good vascular function and morphology as inactive women of the same age.

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Suzuki, Shigehiro, Katsuhiro Sumi, and Michitaka Matsubara. "Cardiac Autonomic Control Immediately after Exercise in Female Distance Runners." Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 27, no. 6 (2008): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.27.325.

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Sandrey, Michelle A., and Ty Bigelow. "Ferritin: An Iron Deficiency Biomarker In Collegiate Female Distance Runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000879780.73789.31.

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Barrow, Gray W., and Subrata Saha. "Menstrual irregularity and stress fractures in collegiate female distance runners." American Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 3 (May 1988): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600302.

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Davis, J., R. Pate, W. Burgess, and C. Slentz. "Stress Hormone Response to Exercise in Elite Female Distance Runners*." International Journal of Sports Medicine 08, S 2 (November 1987): S132—S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025718.

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Kondrick, K., R. Verstraete, D. Nichols, and C. Sanborn. "413 COMPARISON OF BODY COMPOSITION TECHNIQUES FOR FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00414.

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Johnston, R. E., T. J. Quinn, R. Kertzer, and N. B. Vroman. "STRENGTH TRAINING IN FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS: IMPACT ON RUNNING ECONOMY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00047.

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Johnson, Ronald E., Timothy J. Quinn, Robert Kertzer, and Neil B. Vroman. "Strength Training in Female Distance Runners: Impact on Running Economy." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 11, no. 4 (1997): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1997)011<0224:stifdr>2.3.co;2.

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Parker, Renée M., Michael J. Lambert, and Gary M. Burlingame. "Psychological Features of Female Runners Presenting with Pathological Weight Control Behaviors." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16, no. 2 (June 1994): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.16.2.119.

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The present study was conducted to determine if female distance runners who report engaging in pathological food behaviors display the psychological characteristics of clinically diagnosed female eating-disordered patients. Comparisons were made among 29 eating-disturbed college runners, 31 normal college runners, 19 clinically diagnosed eating-disordered patients, and 34 nonathletic, non-eating-disordered college students. Measures included a 3-day diet journal, questionnaires collecting both personal information and information on eating behaviors and sports participation, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Setting Conditions for Anorexia Nervosa Scale (SCANS), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Without reaching eating-disordered clinical levels, the eating-disturbed runners appeared on psychological inventories as being more concerned with food and dieting than were the comparison runners and non-eating-disordered nonathletes. Only the eating-disordered group presented with significant levels of psychopathology. Implications for the athletic community are discussed.

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Barney, David, James Ippolito, Claire Berryman, and Stephen Hennigar. "Plasma Hepcidin Increases with Prolonged Running in Male, but Not Female, Collegiate Distance Runners with Low Iron Stores." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa067_004.

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Abstract Objectives Hepcidin is a negative regulator of extracellular iron availability and dietary iron absorption. Previous studies have shown that hepcidin increases with prolonged endurance exercise, but not in those with low iron stores (serum ferritin <30 ng/mL). The objective of this study was to determine the plasma hepcidin response to exercise, compared to rest, in highly trained male and female collegiate distance runners. Methods In a cross-over design, healthy male (n = 14; age 20.2 ± 1.4 y; BMI 20.4 ± 1.6 kg/m2; VO2 max 69.8 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min) and female (n = 14; age 20.1 ± 1.4 y, P = 0.79; BMI 18.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2, P < 0.001; VO2 max 62.5 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min, P < 0.001) collegiate distance runners performed a bout of running (males: 109.8 ± 8.7 min, 15.0 ± 1.3 miles; females: 87.7 ± 10.4 min, P < 0.0001, 11.3 ± 1.5 miles, P < 0.0001) or no activity (rest) separated by 2 weeks. Indicators of iron status and plasma hepcidin were determined at baseline and three hours after exercise or rest. Dietary iron and total iron intake (dietary iron + iron from supplements) were determined by Food Frequency Questionnaires. Results Serum ferritin (males: 24.0 ± 15.9 ng/mL, females: 19.4 ± 9.5 ng/mL, P = 0.39) and plasma hepcidin (males: 22.3 ± 20.6 ng/mL, females: 24.6 ± 19.6 ng/mL, P = 0.77) did not differ between males and females at baseline. Baseline hemoglobin (males: 14.5 ± 0.8 g/dL, females: 13.4 ± 1.0 g/dL, P < 0.01) and hematocrit (males: 45.3 ± 2.2%, females: 42.1 ± 2.6%, P < 0.01) were greater in males compared to females. Dietary iron intake (males: 18.6 ± 6.3 mg/d, females: 17.1 ± 6.4 mg/d, P = 0.55) and total iron intake (males: 48.7 ± 32.9 mg/d, females: 64.6 ± 32.3 mg/d, P = 0.22) did not differ between males and females. Plasma hepcidin increased with exercise compared to rest in males (change from rest: 30.3 ± 42.0 ng/mL, P = 0.02) but not in females (change from rest: 0.8 ± 32.0 ng/mL, P = 0.93). Change in plasma hepcidin with exercise was correlated with sex (R = 0.380, P = 0.05) and BMI (R = 0.383, P = 0.04), but not baseline ferritin, run time, run distance, hemoglobin, hematocrit, dietary iron, or total iron intake (P > 0.05 for all). Conclusions The post-exercise hepcidin response occurs in male, but not female, collegiate distance runners with low iron stores. These findings indicate that declines in iron status in female distance runners are independent of exercise-induced hepcidin. Funding Sources Intramural funds to S.R.H.

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Wentz, Laurel M., Pei-Yang Liu, Jasminka Z. Ilich, and Emily M. Haymes. "Female Distance Runners Training In Southeastern United States Have Adequate Vitamin D Status." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 5 (October 2016): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0177.

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Background:High rates of vitamin D deficiency have been reported in athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between vitamin D with bone health and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in female runners who trained at 30.4° degrees north.Methods:Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D), PTH, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in 59 female runners, aged 18–40 years. Stress fracture history, training duration and frequency were evaluated by questionnaire. As per National Endocrine Society cut-offs, serum vitamin D ranges were: 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L for deficient; 50–75 nmol/L for insufficient; and ≥ 75 nmol/L for sufficient status.Results:Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 122.6 ± 63.9 nmol/L, with 18.6% of subjects in the deficient (5.1%) or insufficient (13.5%) range. No significant differences were observed between sufficient and deficient/insufficient subjects for BMD, PTH, history of stress fractures, or demographic data.Conclusions:The majority of distance runners maintained sufficient vitamin D status, suggesting that training outdoors in latitude where vitamin D synthesis occurs year-round reduces the risk for vitamin D deficiency. Data do not support the indiscriminate supplementation of outdoor athletes in southern latitudes without prior screening.

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Eisenmann, Joey C., James M. Pivarnik, and Robert M. Malina. "Scaling peak V˙o 2 to body mass in young male and female distance runners." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 2172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2172.

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This study examined age- and sex-associated variation in peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) of young male and female distance runners from an allometric scaling perspective. Subjects were from two separate studies of 9- to 19-yr-old distance runners from the mid-Michigan area, one conducted between 1982 and 1986 (Young Runners Study I, YRS I) and the other in 1999–2000 (Young Runners Study II, YRS II). Data from 27 boys and 27 girls from YRS I and 48 boys and 22 girls from the YRS II were included, and a total of 139 and 108 measurements of body size and peak V˙o 2 in boys and girls, respectively, were available. Subjects were divided into whole year age groups. A 2 × 9 (sex × age group) ANOVA was used to examine differences in peakV˙o 2. Intraindividual ontogenetic allometric scaling was determined in 20 boys and 17 girls measured annually for 3–5 yr. Allometric scaling factors were calculated using linear regression of log-transformed data. Results indicated that 1) absolute peak V˙o 2increases with age in boys and girls, 2) relative peakV˙o 2(ml · kg−1 · min−1) remains relatively stable in boys and in girls, 3) relative peakV˙o 2(ml · kg−0.75 · min−1) increases throughout the age range in boys and increases in girls until age 15 yr, and 4) peakV˙o 2 adjusted for body mass (ml/min) increases with age in boys and girls. The overall mean cross-sectional scaling factor was 1.01 ± 0.03 (SE) in boys and 0.85 ± 0.05 (SE) in girls. Significant age × sex interactions and significant scaling factors between sexes identify the progressive divergence of peak V˙o 2 between adolescent male and female distance runners. Mean ontogenetic allometric scaling factors were 0.81 [0.71–0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI)] and 0.61 (0.50–0.72, 95% CI) in boys and girls, respectively ( P = 0.002). There was considerable variation in individual scaling factors (0.51–1.31 and 0.28–0.90 in boys and girls, respectively). The results suggest that the interpretation of growth-related changes in peak V˙o 2 of young distance runners is dependent upon the manner of expressing peakV˙o 2 relative to body size and/or the statistical technique employed.

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Frazier, Scott E. "Introversion-Extraversion Measures in Elite and Nonelite Distance Runners." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 3 (June 1987): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3.867.

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In this study were examined introversion-extraversion scores of 25 female and 73 male marathon runners with different performance levels. An attempt was made to verify whether long-distance runners are more introverted than other athletes and population norms. Training mileage and running experience were examined for their association with introversion-extra-version. Subjects' scores were similar to the population norms for introversion-extraversion and no significant differences were noted between the successful and unsuccessful performers. A significant interaction of sex with performance reflected higher scores for the elite women.

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Fujita, Shimpei, Keishoku Sakuraba, Atsushi Kubota, Kenta Wakamatsu, and Natsue Koikawa. "Stress Fracture Influences Bone Resorption marker (u-NTX) in Female Long Distance Runners." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 14 (October 1, 2017): 1070–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-119223.

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AbstractIn this study, we aim to clarify the influence based on bone resorption markers at onset of stress fracture. Also, we will clarify the state of the bone resorption markers of female long distance runners who have a history of stress fracture and also ones who routinely practices running long distances. Participants comprised 19 female long distance athletes. The survey period was 2011–2014, and we measured u-NTX as a bone resorption marker at least twice a year, taking the mean±SD of the periodic measured values without stress fracture as the mean value. Measurements were collected sample when stress fractures developed. 132 u-NTX measurements were taken from 19 participants. As a result, the average was 41.03±12.31 nmolBCE/mmolCRE (Q1: 33.15, Q2: 40.55, Q3: 47.95). In six of the 19 participants, u-NTX could be measured following a stress fracture. The mean value of u-NTX for those participants was 40.16±9.10 nmolBCE/mmolCRE, increasing to 64.08±16.07 nmolBCE/mmol CRE with the stress fracture (p<0.01). The findings showed that, in adult female long distance runners, u-NTX values when there was no stress fracture were within the standard value for mean premenopausal women, but increased when the athletes suffered from a stress fracture.

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Ishibashi, Aya, Naho Maeda, Chihiro Kojima, and Kazushige Goto. "Iron Metabolism following Twice a Day Endurance Exercise in Female Long-Distance Runners." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091907.

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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and iron deficiency (ID) are frequently observed among endurance athletes. The iron regulatory hormone hepcidin may be involved in IDA and/or ID. Endurance athletes incorporate multiple training sessions, but the influence of repeated bouts of endurance exercise within the same day on iron metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of twice a day endurance exercise on iron metabolism, including the hepcidin level, in female long-distance runners. Thirteen female long-distance runners participated in this study. They completed the twice-a-day endurance exercise in the morning and afternoon. Blood samples were collected four times in total: at 06:00 (P0), 14:00 (P8), 20:00 (P14), and 06:00 the next day (P24). In addition to the blood variables, nutritional intake was assessed throughout the exercise day. Serum hepcidin levels were significantly elevated (compared to P0) until the following morning (P24). Moreover, dietary analysis revealed that subjects consumed a low volume of carbohydrates (<6 g/kg body mass/day). In conclusion, twice a day endurance exercise resulted in significant elevation of serum hepcidin level 24 h after completion of the exercise in female long-distance runners. Therefore, athletes with a high risk of anemia should pay attention to training frequency and nutritional intake in order to maintain optimal iron metabolism.

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Wirnitzer, Katharina, Derrick Tanous, Mohamad Motevalli, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Renato Pichler, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Prevalence of Female and Male Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners and the Potential Associations of Diet Type and BMI with Performance—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 1)." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 3803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183803.

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This study aims to investigate vegetarian and mixed diet type prevalences among distance runners at running events around the world and associations with running-related patterns and performance. Following a cross-sectional approach, linear regression analyses were carried out to identify potential associations among body mass index (BMI), diet type, and average best performance times of half-marathon and marathon events for males and females. From a sample of 3835 runners who completed an online questionnaire, 2864 all-distance runners (age: 37 years; 57% females) were included in inferential analyses and categorized into dietary subgroups according to self-reports: 994 vegans (34.7%), 598 vegetarians (20.9%), and 1272 omnivores (44.4%). Significant associations were identified between kind of diet and best average time to finish (i) half-marathons in females where vegans (p = 0.001) took longer than omnivores, (ii) half-marathons in males where vegans (p < 0.001) and vegetarians (p = 0.002) took longer than omnivores, and (iii) marathons in males where vegans (p < 0.001) and vegetarians (p = 0.043) averaged slower than omnivores. Increased units of BMI (+1.0) in males influenced best runtimes: 2.75 (3.22–2.27) min slower for HM and 5.5 (5.69–4.31) min slower for M. The present study did not take detailed confounders into account such as runner motives or training behaviors; however, the results may provide valuable insight for running event organizers, nutrition experts, coaches, and trainers advising runners who adhere to a general diet type regarding the basic question of who participates in running events around the world.

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Zhang, Yinfu, Changjiang Xu, and Xingna He. "CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE IN MID AND LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS UNDER TRAINING." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 28, no. 5 (October 2022): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228052022_0064.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Research on the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system has a long history that has recently been expanded with echocardiography. Research using Doppler echocardiography has been increasing because of the safe and non-invasive method of examination to study cardiac morphology and function. However, few studies on functional cardiac changes in mid and long-distance runners under training are still few. Objective: Study the monitoring of cardiovascular response in middle and long-distance runners during training. Methods: The CFOCS-I cardiovascular function detector was used to observe 24 indices of cardiac pump function, vascular function, and microcirculation in 12 female middle-distance runners. Results: According to the test results, diastolic force, systolic force, systolic function, left ventricular ejection fraction increased during the proposed loading exercise. The mean systolic and mean pulse pressures increased significantly with exercise load (P<0.01). Conclusion: Mid and long-distance runners demonstrated significant cardiac changes in ventricular shape, size, and systolic function, accompanied by significant changes in diastolic function when subjected to intense exercise. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

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Kuroki, Toshimasa, Naoya Tajima, Ryuuji Kuroki, Mayumi Nakamura, and Takashi Hidaka. "Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Female Long Distance Runners. The Second Report." Orthopedics & Traumatology 39, no. 4 (1991): 1489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.39.1489.

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Tang, Hai-peng, Hideo Sasahara, and zhong-qiu Ji. "A case report of female middle-distance runners : form of running." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 41, no. 5 (1997): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.kj00003391446.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Female distance runners'

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