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1
Tarín, J. J., V. Gómez-Piquer, F. Rausell, C. Hermenegildo, and A. Cano. "Effect of delayed breeding on the reproductive performance of female mice." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 3 (2004): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd03093.
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The aim of the present study was to determine, in the mouse, whether maintaining females as virgins until an advanced reproductive age was associated with decreased reproductive performance and reproductive lifespan compared with females of the same age that were first mated with males at an earlier reproductive age. Randomly selected virgin hybrid (C57BL/6JIco female × CBA/JIco male) female mice were housed individually with a randomly selected 12- to 14-week-old hybrid male either at the age of 28 weeks (normal breeding group; n = 20) or 51 weeks (delayed breeding group; n = 23) for the rest of their reproductive life. Females were checked once daily to determine the day of parturition and to record the litter size and gender of pups at birth for each consecutive litter. At weaning, offspring were weighed and killed. Delayed breeding was associated with smaller litter sizes, both at birth and at weaning, a higher bodyweight of pups at weaning, a higher percentage of litters with at least one newborn pup cannibalised, earlier cessation of female reproductive life and a higher mortality rate of dams during the breeding period. These results show that delayed breeding in the mouse is associated with decreased reproductive performance and a shorter reproductive lifespan compared with females bred at an earlier reproductive age.
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Green, David, Elizabeth Krebs, and Wayne Hunte. "Plume Variation, Breeding Performance and Extra-Pair Copulations in the Cattle Egret." Behaviour 141, no. 4 (2004): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853904323066757.
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AbstractWe investigate how variation in breeding plumes influences pairing patterns, extra-pair copulations and breeding performance in the colonial cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis ibis). The breeding plumes of both male and female cattle egrets varied from almost none, to lush head, back and scapular plumes. Overall, male breeding plumes were longer and darker than those of females, but we observed the full range of plume development in both sexes. Plume development was positively correlated within breeding pairs. Females may be more selective in mate choice since they only paired with males with similar or better plumes and only accepted extra-pair copulations when the male had plumes that were greater than or equal to those of their mates. Males, in contrast frequently paired with females of lower plume development, and did not target well plumed females for extra pair copulations. Females may obtain direct benefits from pairing with well plumed males since these males copulated and fed chicks at a higher rate, although this did not lead to higher fledging success in our study. Well plumed females did not have higher nest attendance, nestling attendance, feeding rates or fledging success. Nevertheless, males appeared to invest more in a breeding attempt when paired to a well plumed female by increasing copulation rates, mate attendance and nest site attendance. Breeding plumes may therefore signal both parental and genetic quality to prospective mates.
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Olovson, S.-G. "Diet and breeding performance in cats." Laboratory Animals 20, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367786780865638.
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A conventional cat breeding colony with 70 queens (female cats) was studied during a 4 year period 1979-1982. During that time the fat content in the diet was increased from 15% to 27% of dry matter. An increase in the number of kittens per litter (from 4·5 to 5·5) and in the annual number of litters per queen (from 1·4 to 2·3) was found. In addition, the mortality decreased from over 20% to 9%. Bodyweight gain under the new diet was such that the males reached 2500 g in 4 months while the females showed this same weight at 5 months of age. Litter size and sex distribution as a function of queen age, litter interval and time of year are presented. It is concluded that husbandry and diet are factors which are of great importance in a cat breeding unit. It is shown that under our conditions it is possible to breed conventional cats with good results.
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Nakano, T., and F. X. Aherne. "Articular cartilage lesions in female breeding swine." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-105.
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Nineteen sows culled because of impaired reproductive performance were examined postmortem for abnormalities of the femoral condylar cartilage. All animals had lesions of varying severity, including irregular articular surface, surface tears, and erosion of the cartilage. The etiology of these cartilage lesions is discussed in relation to confinement. Key words: Articular cartilage lesion, osteoarthrosis, confinement, sows
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Mack, Glenn G., and Robert G. Clark. "Home-Range Characteristics, Age, Body Size, and Breeding Performance of Female Mallards (Anas Platyrhynchos)." Auk 123, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.2.467.
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Abstract Understanding reproductive and survival consequences of space use is of general interest to ecologists and vital to successful conservation planning. Hypothesized effects of home-range habitat composition and female attributes on these vital rates have not been adequately evaluated in breeding female Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Thus, we investigated reproductive and survival consequences of home-range variability and individual characteristics for 126 female Mallards studied on 12 study areas in the Canadian prairie parklands, 1995–1998. We used nine variables to discriminate between three reproductive categories (females that did not nest, nested but failed, or nested successfully) and two survival categories (killed by predator and survived the nesting season). Discriminant function analysis separated females that nested successfully from those that did not, with successful females having higher percentages of wood-shrub and planted grass habitat within their home ranges, a lower percentage of seasonal and semipermanent wetlands, smaller home-range sizes, and a higher percentage of wetlands at the study-area scale. We also distinguished females that did not nest from failed nesters; females that did not nest were younger and smaller and had larger home-range sizes, with a higher percentage of seasonal and semipermanent wetlands. Females that were killed did not differ from nesting-season survivors of either individual or home-range characteristics. Características del Rango de Hogar, Edad, Tamaño Corporal y Desempeño Reproductivo de las Hembras en Anas platyrhynchos
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Hosain, Md Eilious, Md Nazmul Alam, and Mohammed Zakir Hossain. "Breeding performance, spawning and nursing of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 43, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v43i1.26140.
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Successful induced breeding of black carp was performed by using Pituitary Gland (PG) extract and synthetic hormone FlashTM. For PG, the female received two doses at the rate of 2 mg/Kg and 8 mg/Kg body weight respectively; where male received only single dose at the amount of 2 mg/Kg body weight. For Flash, the male and female was received only one dose at the amount of 0.3 ml/Kg body weight for male and 0.25 ml/Kg body weight for female respectively. The ovulation period was 12 hours for PG and 11 hours for Flash after lost injection. In total 6.1 Kg of hatchling was obtained from 23 kg of female black carp under the two treatments. While, the ratio of hatchling and female fish body weight was 1 : 4.28 for PG and 1 : 3.34 for Flash. The study also indicates that the spawn Production of black carp and nursery operation ware profitable. In the spawn production, the profit rate was 872.76% ware observed and the cost benefit ratio recorded as 1: 8.72. In cases of profit from spawn production and nursery operation combined of black carp, the return was 247.95%. While, cost benefit ratio was 1 : 2.47. For income generation through hatchery and nursery operation for sustainable aquaculture extensive study is needed in this regards.Bangladesh J. Zool. 43(1): 73-83, 2015
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Rödel, Heiko G., Agnes Bora, Paul Kaetzke, Martin Khaschei, Hans Dieter Hutzelmeyer, Manuela Zapka, and Dietrich von Holst. "Timing of breeding and reproductive performance of female European rabbits in response to winter temperature and body mass." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-084.
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Environmental conditions frequently affect the reproduction of many mammal and bird species by modulating maternal body condition. In our long-term study of European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L., 1758), we investigated the effects of winter weather conditions and body mass on reproductive performance and reproductive timing. Specifically, we tested whether winter temperature affects both reproductive timing and reproductive performance of female rabbits or whether females compensate for low body mass after winter by a shift in the timing of the onset of breeding. Winter body mass loss was higher in years with lower winter temperatures, and the onset of breeding was delayed after these conditions. However, mean size and mass of the first litter of each season and seasonal fecundity were not reduced after harsh winters. At the individual level, females with lower winter body mass started to reproduce later, but we did not find any effects on litter size and mass. In contrast, breeding body mass was a strong predictor of the females' reproductive performance. We also found high between-year variation in mean body mass in late winter but not in mean breeding body mass. In conclusion, our results suggest that the negative effects of winter weather on the body mass of females, which should potentially affect their reproductive performance, were compensated for by delaying the onset of breeding.
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Quintero, J. C. P., L. F. L. Calixto, A. J. Almeida, Y. R. Moreira, S. S. Rocha, and K. A. A. Torres-Cordido. "Observational study on the breeding performance of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 6 (December 2020): 2157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12028.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe emus’ breeding performance in Brazil at different ages, grouped in couples or colonies. The duration of the breeding season and the production of eggs per female housed were recorded, and the productivity and breeding variables were associated with the variation of the photoperiod. The total production of the flock was 180 eggs, and the breeding season lasted 167 days (April-September), a period with an average of 11 h and 11min of daylight. The breeding season lasted 113, 133 and 82 days, the numbers of eggs produced per female were 7.29, 25.67 and 17.3, and productivity values were 31.6, 38.6, and 45.4% in the groups of birds with ages of two, four and seven years, respectively. The breeding season in 2016 occurred between April and August in Brazil. Older birds tended to start breeding later. The production rate observations indicated that earlier peak production was associated with lower egg production potential. Finally, there was a tendency for better breeding performance of birds housed in couples than in groups with more birds.
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Solaiman, M., AS Apu, MY Ali, M. Fakruzzaman, and MO Faruque. "Impact of community based breeding program on breeding buck availability, growth and reproductive performance of Black Bengal goat." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 1 (October 18, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v49i1.49373.
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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the availability of breeding bucks as well as growth and reproductive performances of Black Bengal goat under community based breeding program. A total of 30 goat rearers in three areas of Sakhipur upazilla were selected based on the survey result. Selected goat rearers were trained on scientific rearing, management and community-based breeding of Black Bengal goat and also build up community link with them. Three Black Bengal breeding bucks have been distributed among three potential farmers in three villages under Sakhipur upazilla. The management and performance of Black Bengal goats were monitored closely and analyze the impact of community based breeding program. The analysis of the growth performance showed that male kids attained significantly (p<0.05) higher birth weight (1.28±0.04 kg) than that of female kids (1.06±0.02 kg). The body weights of male at 3, 6, 9 and 12-month were 5.41±0.28, 9.18±0.32, 12.87±0.35 and 16.91±0.46 kg whereas female reached significantly (p<0.05) lower body weight as 4.97±0.16, 8.02±0.21, 10.91±0.23 and 14.21±0.34 kg at the same ages, respectively. Average daily body weight gain up to 12 months of age was also significantly (p<0.05) higher in males (43.42±1.17 g/day) than females (36.53±2.49 g/day). On the other hand, season had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the body weights of Black Bengal goat at 0 (birth), 3, 6, 9, 12-month of age. In case of reproductive performances, it was revealed that age at sexual maturity was 199.32±2.41 days; age at first kidding 393.23±1.38 days; service per conception 1.17±0.04, and litter size was 1.76±0.08 in community based breeding program. Beside these, post-partum heat period of Black Bengal goat was found 47.50±0.87 days. Comparing with the findings of previous research works, these results suggested that community based breeding program has not only reduced the scarcity of good quality breeding bucks but also improved the growth and reproductive performances of Black Bengal goats.
Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 13-21
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Said, S., P. P. Agung, W. P. B. Putra, S. Anwar, A. S. Wulandari, and A. Sudiro. "SELECTION OF SUMBA ONGOLE (SO) CATTLE BASED ON BREEDING VALUE AND PERFORMANCE TEST." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 41, no. 4 (December 10, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.41.4.175-187.
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Selection of livestock was purposed to increase productivity. A performance test was conducted using 25 males and 25 females of Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle. The performance test were conducted in three periods (2014, 2015 and 2016) for about 535 days. Descriptive statistics ws used to analyze data of body weight. Cattle with age between 300 to 600 days were used for evaluation. Result showed that heritability value of yearling weight (YW365) was 0.77+0.68 as a high category. The highest breeding value of YW365 were 66.05 kg (male) and 41.89 kg (female). The average of corrected final weight (CFW) weight were 172.55+34.22 kg (male) and 159.80+37.73 kg (female). The performance test in this study obtained six A class (1 bull and 5 cows) based on the standard minimum of body measurements for SO cattle.
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Svoen, Mildrid Elvik, Eike Müller, Anne Krag Brysting, Ingvil Henden Kålås, and Pernille Bronken Eidesen. "Female advantage? Investigating female frequency and establishment performance in high-Arctic Silene acaulis." Botany 97, no. 4 (April 2019): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0150.
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Many Arctic plants overcome limited time budgets and energy budgets by selfing, increasing the risk of inbreeding. Gynodioecious breeding systems allows for selfing by hermaphrodites, whereas enforced outcrossing through females lowers risk of inbreeding. Females persist due to female advantage in the system. Using the gynodioecious species Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq., we compared establishment performance and female frequency in 17 populations in open, sparsely vegetated habitats versus closed, denser vegetated habitats, across a regional climate gradient in high-Arctic Svalbard. For two populations, genetics were performed using microsatellites to compare inbreeding levels between habitats. As S. acaulis is a pioneer species, we expected denser vegetation to represent more competitive environments, reducing establishment performance and increasing female frequency due to female advantage. We expected similar responses to harsher regional climate. Establishment performance was reduced in closed habitats and harsher climate, but female frequency was slightly lower in closed habitats and did not differ between regional climates. High inbreeding levels may indicate that female advantage is counteracted by pollen limitation. However, female frequency increased with latitude. Lower sun angle at higher latitudes reduce the heat-trap effect of the cushion growth form, and female advantage might be expressed as response to reduced microclimate amelioration.
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Sari, D. A. P., Muladno, and S. Said. "Potensi dan Performa Reproduksi Indukan Sapi Bali dalam Mendukung Usaha Pembiakan di Stasiun Lapang Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 8, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.8.2.80-85.
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Reproductive performance of female cattle is one of the important factors that need to be known in supporting the efficiency of beef cattle breeding programs so that the dam can produce calves every year. This study aimed to evaluate the potential and reproductive performance of female Bali cattle to preparing a baseline for cattle breeding production in SL-SPR Maju Bersama, Sungai Lilin District. Three hundred and thirty female Bali cattle owned by 247 farmers were measured and recorded based on their production and reproduction performance. Data were collected by interview and observation. Data were analyzed using statistical and descriptive methods. Reproductive performance obtained is the age first calving 1098±120 days; calving interval 457,25±8,75 days; days open 109,25±8,57 days and service per conception 5,46±0,42. The average female cattle have a BCS value of 3 (43%). The result showed that the breeding of Bali cattle at SL-SPR had sufficient potential, but it was necessary to improve performance. The basic data obtained can be used to start a breeding business to increase populations and improve the genetic quality of Bali cattle.
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Newton, Ian, and Peter Rothery. "Age-Related Trends in Different Aspects of the Breeding Performance of Individual Female Eurasian Sparrowhawks (Accipiter Nisus)." Auk 119, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.3.735.
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Abstract Age-related trends in breeding performance of female Eurasian Sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) were examined in south Scotland. Over a 22 year period, most individuals were banded and of known age. Previous analyses had shown that average number of young raised per breeding attempt (or year) increased progressively in successive age-groups to midlife (around five years) and declined thereafter. Here we analyze different components of breeding performance (such as clutch-size, hatching and fledging success) to find which components contribute most importantly to the overall age-related trend in productivity. Most aspects of breeding showed a similar upward–downward trend through the life span, but the downward trend in productivity in later life could be attributed mainly to poorer nestling survival. In general, in each aspect of breeding, the mean trend of the population as a whole was followed by individuals studied at different ages. Such individual trends were sufficient to account for the overall mean trend, and there was no need to postulate that high-performance or low-performance birds entered and left the breeding population at different ages. Only one aspect of breeding showed no trend with age, namely proportion of birds that laid having built a nest, but that type of failure affected only a small proportion of individuals.
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Haque, MM, MA Hoque, NG Saha, AKFH Bhuiyan, MM Hossain, and MA Hossain. "Selection of Brahman crossbred-breeding bulls based on phenotypic performance." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 41, no. 2 (March 9, 2013): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14101.
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A beef breed development project was carried out in the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) in 2009 in selected areas of Bangladesh. Under this project, semen of Brahman bulls were imported from the USA and used to inseminate indigenous cows to produce graded calves. The present study was undertaken to select graded Brahman bulls of the aforesaid project for breeding purpose. Using the data of Brahman grade-1 population, 4 (four) bulls were selected based on external appearance, phenotypic performance and libido. Records on 233 Brahman grade-1 calves (127 male and 106 female) were analyzed by SAS computer program. Birth weight, yearling weight and average daily gain were estimated by considering sex and area groups. The birth weight was found to be 22.25±5.60 Kg for male and 20.33±3.88 Kg for female calves (average 21.38±4.98 Kg). The yearling weight of male and female calves was found to be 222.07±73.21 and 191.76±69.04 Kg, respectively. Highest yearling weight and average daily gain were found in Charghat (401.11±39.75 kg and 1034.82±107.90 g, respectively) while lowest values were in Thakurgaon area (152.69±52.74 Kg 369.42±141.94 g, respectively). The average daily gain male and female calves were 547.42±193.7 and 470.34±184.52 g, respectively. Area and sex had highly significant (p<0.001) effects on birth weight, yearling weight and average daily gain of calves. The average daily gain of four selected graded Brahman bull calves was 731 g. The estimated selection differential and selection intensity for average daily gain of the four bulls were 183.53 g and 2.263, respectively. The growth performance along with estimated selection intensity and selection differential for average daily gain indicated that these selected graded Brahman breeding bulls may generate a good opportunity to improve indigenous cattle for beef purposes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14101Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 41 (2): 60-66
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KORHOHEN, H., P. NIEMELÄ, and P. SIIRILÄ. "Temperament and reproductive performance in farmed sable." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 2 (January 2, 2001): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5685.
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The present study sought to evaluate the relationship between temperament and reproductive success in farmed sable (Martes zibellina). Experimental material comprised altogether 58 males and 236 females. Temperament was measured by using a stick test. About 85% of matings occurred in July. Most whelpings were in April. Over 80% of young and old males were classified as curious. Number of fearful and aggressive males was small. Among females, the amount of curious animals was much lower compared to males. Every third female was fearful. Temperament did not affect length of the gestation period which averaged 268 ± 14 days. Gestation period was longer for early breeding females (r = -0.629
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Chambers, L. K., G. R. Singleton, and L. A. Hinds. "Fertility control of wild mouse populations: the effects of hormonal competence and an imposed level of sterility." Wildlife Research 26, no. 5 (1999): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98093.
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We report on a study of confined populations of wild mice in which 67% of females were surgically sterilised to simulate the possible effects of fertility control on population dynamics. Social structure can influence the breeding performance of female mice and, as this may be hormonally controlled, we examined whether the maintenance of hormonal competence by sterilised female mice was necessary to achieve a significant decrease in population size. We compared two methods of surgical sterilisation – tubal ligation, which leaves the animal’s reproductive hormone regulation intact, and ovariectomy, which disrupts the normal regulation of the hormones of the pituitary–ovarian axis. There was no difference in the population sizes produced by the two methods of sterilisation and thus the maintenance of hormonal structure is unlikely to influence the population’s response to fertility control. If anything, the population response to the presence of hormonally competent but sterile females was different from that expected – populations with tubally ligated females had slightly higher growth rates, recruitment of young, and breeding performance, than populations with ovariectomised females. The 67% level of infertility amongst females in the population successfully reduced population size and growth rate when compared with unsterilised populations. This reduction in population size was not related to the level of sterility imposed. Compensation occurred through improved breeding performance of unsterilised females, particularly in the tubally ligated populations.
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Mitchell, Linda M., and Margaret E. King. "Effect of body condition and breeding history on the reproductive performance of twenty month old female breeding sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600024181.
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Ovulation rate in the ewe is positively related to body condition score (Gunn, Doney and Smith, 1979). For optimum performance it has been recommended that ewes should be in body condition score 3.5 at mating (MLC. 1981). However excessive fatness (body condition score 3.5 and above) has been associated with a reduction in lambing performance as a consequence of increased embryo mortality (Rhind, Gunn, Doney and Leslie. 1984).Previous studies at the Scottish Agricultural College-Aberdeen (King and Mitchell. 1990) have demonstrated superior reproductive performance for twenty month old female breeding sheep (gimmers) which have bred successfully as ewe lambs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the combined effect of body condition and breeding history (bred or unbred at eight months of age) on fecundity.
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Ndez-Juricic, Esteban Fern, Victor Enriquez, Claudio Campagna, and Charles Leo Ortiz. "VOCAL COMMUNICATION AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN BREEDING SOUTH AMERICAN SEA LIONS." Behaviour 136, no. 4 (1999): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501441.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyse the structure, social contexts, and individual variation of South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) airborne vocal communication during the breeding season. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the vocal repertoire of this species. Since breeding colonies are complex acoustic environments, we expect that male, female, and pup vocalizations would show individuality, and that individual variation would rely on several acoustic traits. We identified four calls for adult males: high pitched call or HPC (aggressive interactions, such as attack and retreat displays, and fights), bark (aggressive interactions, territory establishment, and usually combined with growls), growl (male-female interactions), and exhalation (after agonistic encounters); and two for adult females: mother primary call or MPC (female-pup interactions, such as after birth, during pup separation, and pup development), and grunt (agonistic interactions between females). Juveniles vocalized yearling primary calls or YPC (searching for their mothers or after being threatened by females), pups gave pup primary calls or PPC (in response to MPCs, when hungry, searching for their mothers, if nursing was interrupted, or when trying to nurse). Our results suggest that male's HPC and bark, female's MPC, and pup's PPC have acoustic features that support individuality. These calls are associated with contexts in which recognition of neighbours (HPC and bark) or relatives (MPC and PPC) may confer a relative advantage in reproductive performance. Individual variation depended on frequency, temporal, and intensity traits; such multi-trait individuality could be regarded as an adaptation to colonial life to overcome the high noise levels within pinniped breeding colonies.
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Galea, L. A., M. Kavaliers, and K. P. Ossenkopp. "Sexually dimorphic spatial learning in meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus and deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.195.
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A number of studies examining developmental, neural and hormonal aspects of sexually dimorphic spatial learning (Morris water-maze) in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are described. We found that, in adult deer mice, female spatial performance decreased during the breeding season relative to the non-breeding season, whereas the reverse pattern was observed in male performance. There was a sex difference favouring males in spatial learning during the breeding season, but not during the non-breeding season. In adult meadow voles, females with low levels of oestradiol and males performed better in the water-maze than females with high levels of oestradiol. Postweaning voles (20 and 25 days after birth) acquired the water-maze task more quickly than preweaning voles (day 10). No sex difference in water-maze performance was evident at any of these juvenile ages. When these same voles were tested again as adults to investigate retention and re-acquisition of the water-maze, both males and females from male-biased litters re-acquired the task better than males and females from female-biased litters. Together, the results of these studies indicate that sexually dimorphic spatial ability is dependent on the organization (in utero) and activational effects of gonadal hormones. These studies provide the first demonstration of the influence of natural changes in reproductive status on spatial learning of deer mice and meadow voles. The results also demonstrate that spatial performance of males and females is differentially affected by changes in reproductive status and that group differences in the laboratory are associated with group differences in space utilization in the wild. These findings help to clarify previous apparently contradictory findings about sex differences in spatial ability.
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Koketsu, Yuzo. "Within-farm variability in age structure of breeding-female pigs and reproductive performance on commercial swine breeding farms." Theriogenology 63, no. 5 (March 2005): 1256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.04.018.
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Guillemette, Magella. "Foraging Before Spring Migration and Before Breeding in Common Eiders: Does Hyperphagia Occur?" Condor 103, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.3.633.
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Abstract Foraging performance of Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) was studied to find out if hyperphagia occurs before migration and breeding in this species. Diving efficiency and time spent feeding were quantified concomitantly for two subspecies that differ in the timing of their reproduction and migration. The foraging performance of female S. m. dresseri preparing for breeding and female S. m. borealis preparing for migration were compared with their male counterparts, which are known to achieve energy balance during these periods. Female dresseri spent 41% of their time feeding and made 404 dives daily, for a total of 169 min spent underwater each day. Female dresseri spent more time diving than did males by about one hour each day. There were no detectable differences in the foraging performances of male and female borealis, probably because the body mass of migrating females increased only slightly prior to migration. Hyperphagia in breeding female dresseri appears to be the main cause of increased body mass, although other mechanisms may play a role. Quête Alimentaire Chez l'Eider à Duvet Avant la Migration Printanière et la Nidification: Est-Il Possible de Déceler un Phénomène d'Hyperphagie? Résumé. Le quête alimentaire de l'Eider à duvet (Somateria mollissima) fut étudiée au printemps avant la migration et avant la nidification dans le but de déceler, s'il y a lieu, un phénomène d'hyperphagie chez cette espèce. Le temps passé à s'alimenter et l'efficacité de la plongée furent quantifiés simultanément pour deux sous-espèces qui diffèrent quant à leur chronologie de nidification et de migration. La quête alimentaire des femelles S. m. dresseri, se préparant pour la nidification, et des femelles S. m. borealis, se préparant pour la migration, fut comparée avec celle des mâles de chacune des sous-espèces respectives. Les mâles furent utilisés comme “témoins” puisqu'il y a des évidences que ces derniers maintiennent l'équilibre énergétique durant cette période. Les femelles dresseri ont passé en moyenne 41% de leur temps à s'alimenter et elles ont réalisé 404 plongeons quotidiennement, pour un total de 169 min. passées en plongée par jour, soit environ une heure de plus que les mâles. Il n'y avait pas de différences dans la performance de la quête alimentaire des femelles et des mâles borealis, probablement parce que les femelles n'emmagasinent que très peu de réserves avant leur départ pour la migration. En conclusion, un phénomène d'hyperphagie se manifeste chez la femelle dresseri bien que d'autres mécanismes d'accumulation de réserves peuvent jouer un rôle.
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Islam, N., MF Islam, MS Islam, and MI Miah. "Induced Breeding of Fresh Water Menoda Catfish (Hemibagrus Menoda) Using Ovupin Hormone." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 6, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v6i2.55242.
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An experiment on induced breeding of menoda catfish, Hemibagrus menoda was conducted during the period from May 2017 to July 2018 by using commercial Ovupin hormone (GnRHa, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogues) to attain its optimum dose. The study consists of three treatments, each with three replications. The objective of the experiment was to find out the effective dose for induced breeding. The breeding parameters were determined in terms of ovulation, fertilization, hatching, and survival rate. A total of 36 males and 18 females lived brood fish were kept in the ratio of 2♂:1♀ for breeding purpose. The commercial Ovupin hormone were injected at the doses of 4 (T1), 6 (T2), 7 (T3) mL Ovupin·kg-1body weight for female and 1.5(T1), 2 (T2), 3(T3) mL Ovupin·kg-1 body weight for male in a triplicate replication. In this study, it was found that treatment T2 demonstrated the best spawning performance for both male and female and were statistically significant (p<0.05). The investigation indicated that the dose of Ovupin hormone 6mL Ovupin·kg-1body weight for female and 2 mL Ovupin·kg-1 body weight for male determines the highest spawning performance of menoda catfish which should be recommended for high quality eggs and larvae. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(2): 11-18
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Kelleher, M. M., F. Buckley, R. D. Evans, and D. P. Berry. "Additive genetic, non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects for female reproductive performance in seasonal calving dairy females." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 55, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2016-0002.
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AbstractExcellent reproductive performance (i.e. 365-day calving interval) is paramount to herd profit in seasonal-calving dairy systems. Reproductive targets are currently not being achieved in Irish dairy herds. Furthermore, most research on the genetics of reproductive performance in dairy cattle has focused primarily on lactating cows and relatively few studies have attempted to quantify the genetic contribution to differences in reproductive performance in nulliparae. The objective of the present study was to estimate the contribution of both the additive and non-additive genetic components, as well as the permanent environmental component, to phenotypic variation in the reproductive traits in nulliparous, primiparous and multiparous seasonal-calving dairy females. Reproductive phenotypes were available on up to 202,525 dairy females. Variance components were estimated using (repeatability where appropriate) linear animal mixed models; fixed effects included in the mixed models were contemporary group, parity (where appropriate), breed proportion, inter-breed specific heterosis coefficients and inter-breed specific recombination loss coefficients. Heritability of the reproductive traits ranged from 0.004 (pregnancy rate to first service) to 0.17 (age at first service in nulliparae), while repeatability estimates for the reproductive traits in cows ranged from 0.01 (calving interval) to 0.11 (pregnant in the first 42 days of the breeding season). Breed-specific heterosis regression coefficients suggest that, relative to the parental mean, a first-cross Holstein–Jersey crossbred was almost 7 days younger at first calving, had a 9-day shorter calving interval, a 6 percentage unit greater pregnancy rate in the first 42 days of the breeding season and a 3 percentage unit greater survival rate to next lactation. Heifer calving rate traits were strongly genetically correlated with age at first calving (–0.97 to –0.66) and calving rate in the first 42 days of the calving season for first parity cows (0.77 to 0.56), but genetic correlations with other cow reproductive traits were weak and inconsistent. Calving interval was strongly genetically correlated with the majority of the cow traits; 56%, 40%, and 92% of the genetic variation in calving interval was explained by calving to the first service interval, number of services and pregnant in the first 42 days of the breeding season, respectively. Permanent environmental correlations between the reproductive performance traits were generally moderate to strong. The existence of contributions from non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects to phenotypic differences among cows suggests the usefulness of such information to rank cows on future expected performance; this was evidenced by a stronger correlation with future reproductive performance for an individual cow index that combined additive genetic, non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects compared to an index based solely on additive genetic effects (i.e. estimated breeding values).
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Takeshita, Fumio. "Female fiddler crabs, Austruca lactea (Decapoda: Ocypodidae), adjust their rate of mate sampling based on remaining days until oviposition under a size-dependent temperature constraint." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 966–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa158.
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Abstract Rate of mate sampling is one of the critical components associated with sampling costs in female mate choice. In ectotherms, environmental temperature generally constrains locomotion performance. In addition, females will adjust the mate sampling rate depending on their breeding schedule because of the risk of remaining unfertilized eggs or a loss of benefits related to mating, if they lose the opportunity to copulate. This study investigated how these effects influence the rate of female mate sampling in the temperate fiddler crab (Austruca lactea) in the field. The number of sampled males per searching duration formed a convex curve against environmental temperature. The optimal environmental temperature increased with the female body size. These results suggest that mate sampling rate is under a size-dependent temperature constraint, and sampling costs are lower for larger females than smaller individuals under high-temperature conditions. Furthermore, when there were fewer remaining days, the mate sampling rate increased. Females would hasten the sampling rate to ensure a suitable burrow for breeding. Mate sampling rate in female A. lactea is therefore associated with environmental temperature, female body size and remaining days until oviposition.
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Van Heezik, Yolanda, Michel Saint Jalme, Stéphane Hémon, and Philip Seddon. "Temperature and egg-laying experience influence breeding performance of captive female houbara bustards." Journal of Avian Biology 33, no. 1 (March 2002): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-048x.2002.330110.x.
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Stutchbury, Bridget J., and Raleigh J. Robertson. "Within-season and age-related patterns of reproductive performance in female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-122.
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In many species of birds, clutch size decreases as the season progresses, but this is confounded by the fact that young birds not only often have smaller clutches but also breed later than older females. We examined the effect of time of season on clutch size, hatching success, and fledging success of female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in their second year (SY) and after their second year (ASY), and compared their reproductive performance while controlling for time of season. For both SY and ASY females, clutch size decreased significantly with later first egg dates, which caused number hatched and number fledged per brood to also decline as the season progressed. However, neither the proportion of eggs hatched nor the proportion of young fledged was correlated with first egg date. The within-season decline in clutch size was not due simply to replacement clutches or female age, and we argue that it is also not due to a decrease in food abundance over the breeding season. Age-related differences in reproductive success depended on the time of season. Early in the breeding season, ASY females were superior to SY females in every measure of reproductive performance; however, there were no significant differences between age-classes late in the season. ASY females were more successful than SY females in raising clutches of five or six eggs, which were most common early in the season, but there was no difference between age-classes in raising clutches of four eggs. We suggest that an age-related difference in foraging efficiency and within-season changes in the cost of competition could explain this pattern.
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Theau.Clément, M., S. Guardia, C. Davoust, P. Galliot, C. Souchet, L. Bignon, and L. Fortun-Lamothe. "Performance and sustainability of two alternative rabbit breeding systems." World Rabbit Science 24, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2016.5154.
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<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate 2 alternative breeding systems that differ from the current system in terms of reproduction rhythm, age of females at first insemination and the age of kits at weaning and at slaughter. We measured the performance of 332 females and their offspring over 4 consecutive cycles, as well as the sustainability of the systems. We compared an intensive (group I: reproduction rhythm [RR]=35 d; first insemination [AI<sub>1</sub>]=20.6 wk of age; weaning age [WA]=32 d; slaughter age [WS]=63 d) an extensive (group E: RR=49 d; AI<sub>1</sub>=16.6 wk; WA=30 d; WS=70 d) and a semi-intensive system (group S: RR=42 d; AI<sub>1</sub>=19.6 wk; WA=35 d; WS=70 d) considered as the control system. Sustainability was evaluated using a multicriteria assessment method that takes 14 economic, environmental and social criteria into account, for which 3 to 5 indicators were expressed as the relative score [–1; –0.5; 0; +0.5; +1] for alternative systems compared to the control system. The productivity measured at 28 d (3.5, 4.2 and 4.6 kg/AI, for groups I, S and E, respectively), at 63 d post-partum (30, 38 and 42 kg/female for 4 cycles, respectively), and the total body energy measured 3 d after the 1st and at the 4th insemination (45.4, 46.8 and 49.5 MJ, respectively), were significantly increased when the reproductive rhythm decreased (P<0.001). Before and after weaning, kit mortality decreased when the reproduction rhythm decreased (11.4, 7.3, and 1.9% and 18.3, 15.3 and 10.6% for groups I, S and E, respectively, P<0.05). Carcass quality (weight and dressing percentage) was lower in I than in the S and E groups (P<0.001). On this basis, the yearly productivity per doe at weaning could be estimated at 79, 83, and 78 kg for groups I, S and E, respectively. Consequently, the productivity per reproductive cycle increases with the extensification of the breeding system. Nevertheless, compared with the current French system (S), simultaneous changes in several breeding practices could lead to new coherent and functional systems capable of improving various aspects of sustainability.</p>
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Tavares, Luis, Endang Baliarti, and Sigit Bintara. "PRE WEANING GROWTH OF BALI CALVES AT BALAI PEMBIBITAN TERNAK UNGGUL SAPI BALI." Buletin Peternakan 36, no. 3 (March 20, 2013): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v36i3.1629.
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<p>Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul is a breeding center established by the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to perform preservation, breeding, breeding stock production and development, and also the distribution of breeding stock of Excellent Bali cattle at national level. In the production of excellent breeding stock through the performance test and progeny test. Pre-weaning growth is one of the important indicators for the population growth. The study was aimed to identify the pre-weaning calf growth rate of Bali cattle in 2010-2011, born from performance-test-passing-dams that were collectively reared with progeny-test-passing sires. Materials used were 84 pre-weaning Bali calves. This was a survey method-based descriptive analysis research. The results showed that in terms of the performance of pre-weaning growth, the birth weights of male and female calves were 18.37±1.65 kg and 18.27±1.29 kg, respectively. The weaning weights of male and female calves were 93.53±21.00 kg and 87.66±12.04 kg, respectively, with weaning time of 205 days. The average of daily weight gain (ADG) were 0.37±0.10 kg/head/day (male) and 0,34±0,06 kg/head/day (female). It was concluded that the pre-weaning calf growth rate of Bali cattle at the BPTU Bali in 2010-2011 were moderately high since they were born from the dams and the sires passing the performance test and progeny test.</p><p>(Keywords: Pre-weaning growth, Bali cattle)</p>
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Yadav, A., Q. Wang, and X. Z. He. "Effect of body weight on reproductive performance of Micromus tasmaniae (Walker) (Neuroptera Hemerobiidae)." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6547.
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Micromus tasmaniae Walker is an important predator of a number of economically important pests such as aphids The largerthebetter theory predicts that reproductive fitness is positively linearly associated with body size or weight To test whether larger insects perform better reproductively the insect population was divided into three weight groups light average and heavy and the reproductive performance of nine breeding treatments (three male weights three female weights) was assessed The body weight of female M tasmaniae had no significant effect on reproductive fitness in terms of fecundity fertility fertility rate oviposition period and longevity suggesting that female size variation is of secondary importance in determining reproductive fitness in this species Male size had significant positive effect on female fecundity fertility and fertility rate and reproductive period This suggests that heavy males may transfer larger ejaculates that provide more sperm and malederived nutrients to females than light males
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Vaz, R. Z., J. F. P. Lobato, J. Restle, V. G. D. Conceição, O. G. L. Ferreira, J. L. B. Costa, and L. R. Eloy. "Performance of calves born in different periods of the calving season in intensive beef cattle farming." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 5 (September 2020): 1874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11883.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate, for two years, the performance of 124 female and 105 male Braford calves born during the first and second halves of the same calving season and the effects of birth period on the development of males until slaughter, as yearlings, and of females until calving, after having mated at 13-15 months of age. Early-born females were heavier than those born late at weaning (119.3 vs 109.9kg; P<0.05), at the start of the breeding season (275.0 vs 263.0kg; P<0.05), and at the end of the breeding season (300.0 vs 289.5kg; P<0.05), in addition to being more fertile (70 vs 50% pregnancy rate). There was no difference (P>0.05) in the development of males born early in relation to those born late, except for weaning weight, which was higher in the former. Steers born early were ready for slaughter at a younger age (459.6 vs 490.1 days; P<0.05), and both groups (early- and late-born) had a body condition classified as fat (4.21 points). In intensive production systems, both male and female calves perform better if they are born during the first half of the calving season.
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Amin, Md Ruhul, Md Mamunur Rahman, Sopna Aktar, Md Badrul Alam, and Md Ashraful Alam. "Induced breeding of Vietnames koi (Anabas testudineus) using pituitary gland (PG) and ovaprim at Tasty Fish and Feeds Industries Limited, Melandah, Jamalpur." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v1i3.26484.
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The research work was conducted for induced breeding of Vietnames Koi (Anabas testudineus) using carpPG extract and Ovaprim hormone at Tasty Fish and Feeds Industries Limited, Melandah, Jamalpur during March to May, 2015. Brood fishes were reared for 4-5 months in the brood rearing pond by providing farm-made artificial feed (containing 32% protein) for maturation before onset of breeding season. Two different hormones i.e., PG-PG (both for male and female), and PG-Ovaprim (PG for male and Ovaprim for female) were used as inducing agents for the purpose of induction of breeding A. testudineus. The broods were induced with PG-PG hormone at the doses of 2 mg PG/Kg body weight of male and 7 mg PG/Kg body weight of female and PG-Ovaprim hormone were used at the doses of 2 mg PG/Kg body weight of male and 7 ml Ovaprim/Kg body weight of female and designated as treatments T1 and T2, respectively. Ovulation rates (100%) were similar in both the treatments, whereas, fertilization, hatching, and survival rates were 78.11±3.24%, 70.22±3.40%, and 51.22±3.96% in T1 and 71.00±3.97%, 60.89±4.20%, and 48.89±4.41% in T2, respectively. Although comparatively better breeding performance was found for carp PG extract but these values were not significantly higher compared to Ovaprim. Therefore, comparing the breeding performance and considering the cost-benefit analysis it is suggested that Ovaprim could be used as an alternative of carp PG extract for the induced breeding of Vietnames koi.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 607-611
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Komers, Petr E., and David A. Boag. "The reproductive performance of black-billed magpies: is it related to mate choice?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-242.
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The influence of age and dominance on measures of reproductive effort were investigated in 26 breeding pairs of captive black-billed magpies, Pica pica. Pairs with adult males constructed nests faster, initiated clutches earlier, and produced larger clutches than pairs with juvenile males. Age of females did not influence these variables. The results suggest that the reproductive output of males varies with age more than that of females. Thus when choosing a mate, females have a wider range of parental quality to choose from than do males. This may explain why females are more discriminant than males in mate choice. Paternal quality of breeding males was tested experimentally. During incubation, adult males searched longer for food, approached a potential predator more closely, and attacked a territory intruder more often than did juvenile males. This suggests that adult males invest more in parental care than juvenile males. It may also be a reason for female preference of adult males. There were no differences in the above variables between dominance classes of males in either age group. However, since competition among individuals was excluded by the captive situation, the significance of dominance status was probably minimized.
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Mack, Glenn G., and Robert G. Clark. "HOME-RANGE CHARACTERISTICS, AGE, BODY SIZE, AND BREEDING PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE MALLARDS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)." Auk 123, no. 2 (2006): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[467:hcabsa]2.0.co;2.
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Marjakangas, Arto, and Laura Törmälä. "Female age and breeding performance in a cyclic population of black grouse Tetrao tetrix." Wildlife Biology 3, no. 1 (January 1997): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.1997.024.
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Daunt, Francis, Pat Monaghan, Sarah Wanless, and Mike P. Harris. "Sexual ornament size and breeding performance in female and male European Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis." Ibis 145, no. 1 (December 17, 2002): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919x.2003.00120.x.
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Ali, M., and R. J. Wootton. "Effect of variable food levels on reproductive performance of breeding female three-spined sticklebacks." Journal of Fish Biology 55, no. 5 (November 1999): 1040–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00739.x.
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Bowlin, Melissa S., and David W. Winkler. "Natural Variation in Flight Performance is Related to Timing of Breeding in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta Bicolor) in New York." Auk 121, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.2.345.
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Abstract In many avian species, including Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), females that lay eggs earlier in the season have higher fitness. It has been hypothesized that nonheritable variation in individual quality could explain how variation in laying date persists in the face of this apparently directional selection. Previous experimental work on Tree Swallows has suggested that natural variation in flight ability enables early-laying females to attain feeding rates high enough to support egg production on earlier, sparser food than later-laying females. We tested that hypothesis with standardized flights through a 9.75-m flight-performance test tunnel. One group of female swallows was tested at the height of the breeding season on 28 May regardless of their nesting phenology; another group was tested on the 11th day of incubation. Average acceleration in the tunnel was negatively correlated with clutch initiation date for the females tested on 28 May. Daily variation in ambient environmental conditions had strong effects on swallow flight performance in the tunnel, and no relationship was observed in the day-11 birds. Because natural variation in foraging performance is correlated with variation in female Tree Swallows' clutch initiation dates, flight ability appears to be a key element of individual quality in this species.
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Onadeko, S. A., and F. O. Amubode. "Reproductive indices and performance of captive reared grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i1.1548.
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Two male and 8 female grasscutters were severally observed and paired to characterize certain indices of reproduction as important requirements for successful propagation of the animal in captivity. Observations on some of the reproductive indices are reported. Grasscutter possesses some specialized stages of courtship and coitus that were not readily available for observation. Females openly showed no receptivity to all courtship moves by male. 71% of the mating exercises were however successful, resulting in 36 youngs from 9 litters, comprising 20 females and 16 males. Mean gestation length was 163.11 + 1.58 days (Range 152-170 days). Litter size ranged from 2 to 7 (X -4.00 + 0.52, n=9). Baby grasscutters were born with eyes opened, body fully haired and teeth well developed and capable of inflicting painful bites. Mean birth weight of litters was 117.70 + 34.08g. Male birth weighis were generally heavier (X = 118.10 +27.70g) than females (x= 100.90 + 27.50g). Litter size and weight at birth were negatively correlated (r = . 0.42) and not significant (P> 0.05). Breeding occurred in January, March, April, June, July, November and December. About 67% of the parturition occurred at night. Breeding success among other things affirmed the feasibility of commercial rearing of the grasscutter to supplement the prevailing inadequate animal protein supply in the country.
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Htwe, Nyo Me, and Grant R. Singleton. "Is quantity or quality of food influencing the reproduction of rice-field rats in the Philippines?" Wildlife Research 41, no. 1 (2014): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13108.
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Context Asynchronous or aseasonal planting of rice crops can extend the period when high-quality food is available to rodents. Consequently, rodents may extend their breeding season, increasing population densities. An improved understanding of the effects of food availability and quality on rodent reproduction may enable better forecasts of high rodent population densities in response to asynchronous or aseasonal planting of crops. Aim The present study examined the association between the quality and quantity of food and the reproductive success of female rice-field rats, Rattus tanezumi and Rattus argentiventer, in a lowland rice landscape in the Philippines. Methods We evaluated the main dietary components of female rats on two different islands through a cropping season during the 2010 wet season. The breeding performance of 60 female R. tanezumi and 60 R. argentiventer individuals was measured. Key results Our findings indicated the following: (1) the main dietary items for females of both rodent species during the main breeding season (the booting stage to harvest) were rice panicles and rice seeds; (2) the high protein content of the rice crop at the tillering stage triggered the onset of the main breeding season, leading to the highest rates of conception during the booting and ripening stages; (3) the quantity of food available at the stubble stage provided sufficient nutrient to maintain pregnancy and lactation by females; and (4) asynchronous planting and poor harvest technology could extend the breeding season of rice-field rats. Conclusions We contend that the extension of the growing season by 3–4 weeks provides high-quality food for rodents, which in turn provides sufficient conditions for higher population densities. The availability of spilled rice grain at the stubble stage is a source of good-quality food for pregnant and lactating females, allowing extension of the breeding season. Implications Synchronous planting (within 2 weeks) with good post-harvest management of rice stubble are important to prevent high population densities of rice-field rats in lowland rice landscapes in the Philippines.
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McKAY, R. M., G. W. RAHNEFELD, G. M. WEISS, H. T. FREDEEN, J. A. NEWMAN, J. E. LAWSON, and D. R. C. BAILEY. "PREWEANING PERFORMANCE OF CALVES FROM FIRST-CROSS AND RECIPROCAL BACKCROSS COWS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-004.
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Preweaning performance was evaluated for calves out of first-cross and reciprocal back-cross cows maintained under two contrasting environments. All cows were bred to Limousin bulls and the calves were born between 1982 and 1986, inclusive, at Brandon, Manitoba (semi-intensive management) and Manyberries, Alberta (extensive range management). Dam cross comparisons revealed that calves out of Hereford × Angus dams were inferior to calves out of European continental × British dams for all preweaning traits at both locations. Comparisons between calves out of F1 dams and calves out of backcross (1/4 or 3/4 European continental) dams generally favored the calves out of F1 females. Specific and nonspecific comparisons between the reciprocal backcrosses demonstrated that calves out of dams with 3/4 European continental breeding were heavier and grew faster than calves out of dams with 1/4 European continental breeding. Male calves exceeded female calves for all preweaning traits and calves born at Manyberries were heavier and grew faster than calves born at Brandon. Key words: Beef cattle, preweaning growth, crossbreeding, backcrosses
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My Phung, Nguyen Thi, Peter R. Brown, and Luke K. P. Leung. "The diet of the female ricefield rat, Rattus argentiventer, influences their breeding performance in a mixed rice cropping ecosystem in An Giang province, the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Wildlife Research 38, no. 7 (2011): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10180.
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Context The ricefield rat, Rattus argentiventer, is the main rodent pest of rice in Vietnam, causing annual pre-harvest rice losses of around 10%. Although its diet is reported to consist of mainly rice, other components might also be important, and it is not known whether its breeding performance is affected by the quality and/or quantity of food. Furthermore, if its breeding is synchronised with the growth of rice crops, the rats will be able to make full use of the food supply to produce offspring. This knowledge is necessary for developing improved strategies for managing this pest. Aims This study aimed to determine whether the breeding performance of female R. argentiventer is responding to food quality (increased percentage of rice in stomach) and/or quantity (increased weight of stomach content) or whether its breeding is synchronised with the growth of rice crops. Methods The stomach contents and breeding condition of 296 adult female rats were sampled by snap trapping once a month from October 2008 to December 2009 over three consecutive irrigated lowland rice crops fields to cover a range of rice growth stages in An Giang province, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Key results Overall, rice formed 70.5% ± 2.0 s.e. in the diet, followed by green material (25.9% ± 1.9 s.e.), insects (3.1% ± 0.6 s.e.) and mung bean (0.5% ± 0.3 s.e.). The probability of breeding increased with increasing mean percentage of rice in the diet: Pr(Breed) = 1/(1 + exp(0.6395–0.0090 × Rice)). However, this relationship was not consistent because breeding performance was high at the heading stage when the percentage of rice in the stomach was low and because breeding intensity was low at sowing when the percentage of rice in stomach was high. The rice growth stage is a better predictor for the breeding performance than the percentage of rice in the diet. Conclusions Breeding was driven by a functional response of rats to the abundant supply of food quality (rice grain), modified by some unknown mechanisms that modifies this response of rats so that rats can anticipate food supply. Understanding the nature of this mechanism may provide insights into population processes that can be exploited in controlling rats in rice crops. Implications Farmers could slow the reproductive rate of female R. argentiventer by reducing the food quantity through minimising the amount of spilt grain left in the field and through more synchronous cropping.
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Falls, J. Bruce, and Jeffrey G. Kopachena. "Aggressive Performance as a Behavioral Correlate of Plumage Polymorphism in the White-Throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia Albicollis)." Behaviour 124, no. 3-4 (1993): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00605.
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AbstractMorph and sex-specific differences in aggressive performance were examined in the white-throated sparrow. Among the four morph/sex classes, white-striped males had the strongest response to white-striped models and were the most likely to approach and attend song playbacks independently. The slightly weaker responses of tan-striped males and white-striped females were similar to each other. Tan-striped females were the least aggressive. Aggression by white-striped females enabled tan-striped male x white-striped female pairs to perform as well, or better, than white-striped male x tan-striped female pairs. Tan-striped males paired earlier than white-striped males. An increased prevalence of territorial tan-striped males corresponded to the arrival of females on the breeding grounds. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that negative assortative mating benefits tan-striped males through the supplemental aggression of white-striped females. However, the apparent preference of white-striped females for tan-striped males suggests that there are benefits to negative asortative mating other than those that might arise from differences in aggressive performance.
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Hajduk, Gabriela K., Andrew Cockburn, Helen L. Osmond, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. "Complex effects of helper relatedness on female extrapair reproduction in a cooperative breeder." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa142.
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Abstract In cooperatively breeding species, the presence of male helpers in a group often reduces the breeding female’s fidelity to her social partner, possibly because there is more than one potential sire in the group. Using a long-term study of cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and records of paternity in 1936 broods, we show that the effect of helpers on rates of extrapair paternity varied according to the helpers’ relatedness to the breeding female. The presence of unrelated male helpers in a group increased average rates of extrapair paternity, from 57% for groups with no unrelated helpers, to 74% with one unrelated helper, to 86% with 2+ unrelated helpers. However, this increase was due in equal part to helpers within the group and males in other groups achieving increased paternity. In contrast, helpers who were sons of the breeding female did not gain paternity, nor did they affect the level of extra-group paternity (which occurred at rates of 60%, 58%, 61% in the presence of 0, 1, 2+ helper sons, respectively). There was no evidence of effects of helpers’ relatedness to the female on nest productivity or nestling performance. Because the presence of helpers per se did not elevate extrapair reproduction rates, our results undermine the “constrained female hypothesis” explanation for an increase in extrapair paternity with helper number in cooperative breeders. However, they indicate that dominant males are disadvantaged by breeding in “cooperative” groups. The reasons why the presence of unrelated helpers, but not of helper-sons, results in higher rates of extra-group reproduction are not clear.
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Rabon, David R. "Effects of age and experience on reproductive performance of captive red wolves (Canis rufus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 3 (March 2014): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0226.
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Propagation programs contribute to the conservation of a species by preserving genetic and demographic stock that may be used to reinforce or re-establish wild populations. Identifying traits that affect reproductive success is essential to achieve this goal. Longitudinal reproductive events of the captive population of endangered red wolves (Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851) were investigated to determine whether parental age, breeding experience, and rearing type were factors in reproduction, litter size, and sex ratio, as well as viability of offspring. Younger wolves were more likely to reproduce and produce larger litters than were older individuals. The age of the female, but not the male, had a negative effect on pup survival. Wolves that had prior experience in offspring production were more likely to reproduce again than were individuals that had no prior reproductive success, but prior sexual experience alone was not a factor in offspring production. Parental breeding experience had a negative effect on pup survival, but no apparent relationships with litter size or sex ratio. Declines in reproduction, fitness, and survival with advancing age suggest the effect is due to senescence, the onset of which occurs at 8 years of age in females. The results are consistent with the breeding-experience hypothesis.
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Hofstad, E., Y. Espmark, A. Moksnes, T. Haugan, and M. Ingebrigtsen. "The relationship between song performance and male quality in snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-033.
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Attracting females is considered to be one of the main functions of bird song. Both the rate and complexity of male song are assumed to be reliable, quality-related cues that may be used by the female when choosing a mate. In this study of the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) on Svalbard, both these song parameters were considered as possible quality indicators for the female. Owing to the challenging environmental conditions in the High Arctic, a high degree of male effort is probably necessary to successfully raise the clutch. Male song rate and song complexity were therefore predicted to be correlated with early mating, male feeding rate during the female's incubation, male feeding rate during the nestling stage, and the number of fledglings produced. Although song length tended to be positively associated with the number of fledged young, the different song complexity parameters did not show any clear association with the onset of breeding, the male's food provisioning rate, and the number of fledglings. However, the song rate was significantly correlated with early mating, and there was a positive, although not significant, correlation between song rate and the rate at which older chicks were fed by the male. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that females might use male song rate to assess male quality and ability to participate in raising chicks.
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Sen, U., M. Kuran, and U. Ensoy. "Growth performance, carcass and meat quality of Karayaka female lambs born in different seasons." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-031.
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Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine growth performance, carcass and meat quality of Karayaka female lambs born in different seasons. Winter born (breeding season; n=15) and autumn born (out of the breeding season; n=15) singleton female lambs were used in the study. Birth and slaughter weights of lambs in both groups were similar, but the weaning weight of the autumn born lambs was higher (P<0.05). The autumn born lambs had lower carcass yield, lung, spleen and gastrocnemious muscle weights (P<0.05), but higher liver, kidney, empty reticulo-rumen, empty small intestine, internal fat, suprarenal fat weights and a higher fat thickness over the longissimus dorsi muscle (P<0.05). Additionally, the winter born lambs had higher cooking loss, drip loss and shear force values (P<0.05), but lower dry matter and intramuscular fat (P<0.05) in longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus muscles. There were significant differences between both groups in terms of meat colour characteristics (P<0.05) except b* values for longissimus dorsi at 1 h and for semitendinosus at 24 h. The results suggest that Karayaka female lambs born in winter and autumn seasons have different meat quality parameters and growth patterns at pre- and post-weaning.
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Ugnivenko, A. N. "К проблеме использования инбридинга в мясном скотоводстве." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_254.
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<p><span lang="EN-US">The influence of homogenous and heterogenous mating of parents on female productivity and breeding value of the sires of Ukrainian Beef has been studied. Inbred males and females have different breeding values in meet cattle breeding. Large number of improvers of growth rate were found among the sires, obtained from related mating. In females, inbred depression by growth rate, reproductive performance and milk performance has been observed. Cows, obtained from the linebreeding had the lowest milk performance and reproductive ability. It is not recommended to use related mating in meet cattle breeding</span><span lang="EN-US">for females obtaining, due to inbred depression. Mating of parents with inbreeding to the maternal line ancestor or “mediator” leads to heterosis by milk and reproductive ability. Heterogenity of parents by indexes of antigen similarity (r<sub>as</sub>) or body tallness index (IBT) reduces the negative impact of inbreeding. Inbreeding</span><span lang="EN-US">applied</span><span lang="EN-US">on</span><span lang="EN-US">parents</span><span lang="EN-US">that</span><span lang="EN-US">were</span><span lang="EN-US">different</span><span lang="EN-US">by</span><span lang="EN-US">conformation type and ancestry is less risky as compared to homogenous animals.</span></p>
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F, MaradunH. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MALE-FEMALE BROODSTOCK RATIO ON THE INDUCED BREEDING PERFORMANCE OF Clarias gariepinus." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/6231.
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Lee, Hyeon-Jeong, Kwang-Lim Song, Jeong Geun Park, Chul Young Lee, and Ki-Hwa Chung. "Reproductive Performance of the Female Breeding Pigs after Artificial Insemination Using the Frozen-Thawed Semen." Annals of Animal Resource Sciences 29, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12718/aars.2018.29.4.158.
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Mphosi, Maboko S., and Stephen P. Foster. "Female preference and larval performance of sunflower moth,Homoeosoma electellum, on sunflower pre-breeding lines." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 134, no. 2 (February 2010): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00949.x.
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