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Journal articles on the topic 'Female athletes'
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1
Darvin, Lindsey, Alicia Cintron, and Meg Hancock. "¿Por qué jugar? Sport socialization among Hispanic/Latina female NCAA division I student-athletes." Journal of Amateur Sport 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2017): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v3i2.6460.
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Representation of Hispanics/Latinas in intercollegiate athletics is lacking. During the 2014-2015 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic season, only 2.2 percent of all female Division I student-athlete’s identified as Hispanic or Latina (NCAA, 2015). This low percentage of Hispanic/Latina female participants calls into question how these young women become involved in athletics and sustain their involvement within sport. While previous research has examined the socialization processes of youth athletes and parents of youth athlete participants, there is little research aimed at examining these processes for elite-level athlete participants (Dorsch, Smith, & McDonough, 2015; Greendorfer, Blinde, & Pellegrini, 1986;). Thus, the aim of this current study was to examine the potential factors that may have contributed to consistent sport participation for an elite group of Hispanic/Latina female athletes throughout their youth and collegiate careers. Participants for this study identified as current NCAA Division I Hispanic/Latina female student-athletes. Results showed that family, specifically parents and siblings, contributed to socializing Hispanic/Latina athletes into sport, while family and coaches contributed to the persistence of their athletic endeavors. Findings also show a sense of cultural indifference, youth coaches who invested in the participants long-term, and a significant involvement of the patriarch of the family in their athletic success.
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Francique, Akilah. "Is excellence inclusive? The benefits of fostering Black female college athlete's sense of belonging." Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 48–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2018.1.3.48-73.
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The purpose of this research note is to urge intercollegiate athletic departments and their administrators to foster a sense of belonging amongst Black female college athletes to aid in their felt membership as a college athlete and support their development as viable employment candidates in college sport. Black female college athletes’ graduation rates are on the rise; however, these being hired at dismal rates in college sport. By fostering a sense of belonging, Black female college athletes as a historically marginalized group are able to feel a sense of connectedness in the athletics and greater university environment; athletic departments commit to major organizational change that values diversity and inclusion; and through its commitment, a culture of inclusive excellence is felt by all students, faculty, staff and athletic administrators and coaches. Keywords: Black female college athletes, college sport, intercollegiate athletics, sense of belonging, diversity and inclusion, inclusive excellence
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Wiginton, Kristin L., and Deborah Rhea. "Cognitive Mapping: Its Use as an Assessment Tool for Disordered Eating." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 8, no. 2 (October 1999): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.8.2.63.
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The incidence of eating disorders among female athletes continues to increase, presenting intervention challenges to athletic trainers. Additionally, a number of female athletes have disordered eating behaviors that do not yet constitute an eating disorder diagnosis, but have similar characteristics to those athletes diagonised with eating disorders. However, each athlete exhibits individual mental representations of disordered eating and the impact of those representations on important aspects of her life. The athletic trainer has the potential to offer comprehensive preventive education when all aspects of the athlete’s own understanding of disordered eating are assessed. Cognitive mapping is an assessment technique that can be used in addition to other preventive practices and can be useful in determining an athlete’s current mental representations of disordered eating.
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Brinkman-Majewski, Rachel E., and Windee M. Weiss. "The Motivational Climate and Intrinsic Motivation in the Rehabilitation Setting." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0228.
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Context: The motivational climate created by the athletic trainer in rehabilitation may be critical in influencing athletes’ intrinsic motivation and other psychosocial outcomes in the rehabilitation and the recovery processes. Objective: To examine intercollege athletes’ perceptions of the motivational climate in the rehabilitation setting. Specifically, examining if perceptions of the motivational climate can predict athletes’ levels of intrinsic motivation with rehabilitation as well as the relationship between perceptions of the motivational climate and athlete demographics (gender, starter status, athletic trainer gender, etc). Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive research. Setting: College sport team and athletic training center. Participants: National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II intercollege athletes from one institution (n = 187; 125 males and 62 females). Main Outcome Measures: Paper-based survey measuring mastery and performance perceptions of the motivational climate in rehabilitation, athletes’ goal orientation in sport, and athletes’ levels of motivation in rehabilitation. Results: Perceptions of a performance climate were positively related to intrinsic motivation effort–improvement (effect size = 25.34%). Perceptions of a mastery climate were positively related to interest–enjoyment and perceived competence and negatively related to tension–pressure (effect size = 39.03%). In general, female athletes, as well as athletes with a female athletic trainer, had significantly higher perceptions of mastery motivational climate effort–improvement than male athletes and athletes with male athletic trainers. While male athletes and athletes with male athletic trainers had higher perceptions of intrateam member rivalry in rehabilitation. Conclusions: The athlete’s gender and goal orientation, as well as the gender of the athletic trainer creating the motivational climate, can influence whether the environment is perceived as more mastery or performance. The recovering athletes’ perceptions of the climate in rehabilitation can, in turn, affect their intrinsic motivation toward the therapeutic interventions.
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Slaten, Christopher D., Jonathan K. Ferguson, Hayley A. Hughes, and Dominick A. Scalise. "‘Some people treat you like an alien’: Understanding the female athlete experience of belonging on campus." Educational and Developmental Psychologist 37, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2020.5.
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AbstractCollege athletes across north America are often known on their respective college campuses for their athleticism, and spend a considerable amount of hours weekly engaging in their respective sport through practices, meetings, travelling and meals, to name a few. It is no wonder it is difficult for these students to feel fully engaged and connected on university campuses as students. Female college athletes in particular, who often are not athletes in revenue-generating sports, often feel left behind as students and isolated as athletes. The purpose of the current study was to examine female collegiate athletes’ experience with belonging in a university setting. This qualitative inquiry utilised consensual qualitative research to explore 14 female student athletes’ experience of belonging on a university campus. The results of the data analysis yielded the following domains or themes: athletic team culture, athletic department culture, campus support and involvement, female athlete identity, and individual athlete experience. The most salient finding was that these female athletes suggested that their sense of belonging on campus was almost exclusively related to their experience as an athlete and their athletic team.
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Buning, Megan M., and Melissa A. Thompson. "Coaching Behaviors and Athlete Motivation: Female Softball Athletes’ Perspectives." Sport Science Review 24, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2015): 345–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2015-0023.
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Abstract Perspectives of female collegiate softball athletes (n = 41) attending universities (n = 25) in the United States classified as National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I teams, were examined in this study. Using Self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000) as a guide, structured interviews were conducted to assess athletes’ perspectives of head coach behaviors that influenced competence and motivation. Content analysis followed existential phenomenological interpretation methods and revealed three primary themes that influenced motivation: athletes’ perceived competence, coach-related factors (e.g., behaviors, strategies), and coach-athlete communication. Athletes acknowledge the head coach was a major influence on perceptions of competence. Perceptions of coach-athlete communication (including verbal communication) were the greatest influence on athlete motivation. Athletes were more motivated to perform when the head coach’s communication was clear and direct. Athletes’ motivation was most negatively influenced when the coach avoided communication or ignored athletes after a performance attempt. These findings are further explored as they relate to coaching interventions.
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Shreffler, Megan B., Meg G. Hancock, and Samuel H. Schmidt. "Self-Presentation of Female Athletes: A Content Analysis of Athlete Avatars." International Journal of Sport Communication 9, no. 4 (December 2016): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0086.
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Unlike traditional media, which frames female athletes in sexualized manners and in socially accepted roles such as mothers and girlfriends, user-controlled social-media Web sites allow female athletes to control the image and brand they wish to portray to the public. Using Goffman’s theory of self-presentation, the current study aimed to investigate how female athletes were portraying themselves via their Twitter avatar pictures. A total of 207 verified Twitter avatars of female athletes from 6 sports were examined through a content analysis. The avatars from each player were coded using the following themes: athlete as social being, athlete as promotional figure, “selfie,” athletic competence, ambivalence, “girl next door,” and “sexy babe.” The results revealed that athletic competence was the most common theme, followed by selfie and athlete as social being. Thus, when women have the opportunity to control their image through social media they choose to focus on their athletic identities.
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von Rosen, Philip, Linda Ekenros, Guro Strøm Solli, Øyvind Sandbakk, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg, and Cecilia Fridén. "Offered Support and Knowledge about the Menstrual Cycle in the Athletic Community: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1086 Female Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911932.
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Many female athletes perceive that symptoms related to the menstrual cycle such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual symptoms, amenorrhea or side-effects of hormonal contraceptives negatively impact their training, performance, and general well-being. Knowledge and communication about female athletes’ health is therefore important in the sport community. The aims of this study were to explore the level of knowledge and communication about menstrual cycle issues and use of hormonal contraceptives in the athletic community and to describe the kinds of medical support offered to female athletes. A total of 1086 Swedish and Norwegian athletes from 57 different sports responded to a web-based questionnaire. Of these, 58% (n = 627) practiced team sports and 42% (n = 459) individual sports. Twenty-six percent (n = 278) of the athletes perceived their knowledge about female athlete health to be poor/very poor and the knowledge was most often acquired from medical staff. Fifty-three percent (n = 572) of the athletes perceived the knowledge acquired of their coaches as poor/very poor, even though a significantly (p < 0.001) higher proportion of athletes with a female coach (30%, n = 31) rated their coach’s knowledge as very good/good, compared to athletes with a male coach (5%, n = 31). Only 11% (n = 116) of the athletes discussed female health issues with their coach. The majority (81%, n = 842) of the athletes partly to strongly agreed that female athlete health is considered a taboo topic in the athletic community. Forty-seven percent (n = 510) of the athletes had access to a physiotherapist, while only three percent (n = 29) had access to a gynecologist. Low perceived knowledge, lack of communication and support demonstrate the need for a multi-professional medical team and enhanced educational efforts focused on female athlete health in the athletic community.
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Safranyos, Sabrina, Laura Chittle, Sean Horton, and Jess C. Dixon. "Academic Timing and the Relative Age Effect Among Male and Female Athletes in Canadian Interuniversity Volleyball." Perceptual and Motor Skills 127, no. 1 (October 15, 2019): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512519881598.
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This study examined the moderating effects of academic timing on the relative age effect in men's and women's U Sports (formerly Canadian Interuniversity Sports) volleyball. Interuniversity sport exists within an academic setting and encompasses different age groups within a single team, making it necessary to account for the academic timing of student athletes when studying the relative age effect. To be considered “on-time,” a student athlete's birthdate and expected athletic eligibility status must coincide, while a “delayed” student athlete will have an athletic eligibility corresponding with a younger cohort. We collected birthdates and eligibility years from the U Sports eligibility certificates of 2,780 male and 3,715 female athletes for the years 2006–2007 through 2013–2014; we then classified athletes as either on-time or delayed. We used a chi-square (χ2) goodness-of-fit tests to compare the observed distributions of student athletes' actual versus “expected” births across each quartile. Our analyses demonstrated an advantage for athletes born in the first half of the selection year. These results suggest that delaying entry into university may help equalize the playing field for relatively younger athletes wishing to compete in U Sports volleyball.
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Duggan, John D., Jeremy A. Moody, Paul J. Byrne, Stephen-Mark Cooper, and Lisa Ryan. "Training Load Monitoring Considerations for Female Gaelic Team Sports: From Theory to Practice." Sports 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9060084.
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Athlete monitoring enables sports science practitioners to collect information to determine how athletes respond to training loads (TL) and the demands of competition. To date, recommendations for females are often adapted from their male counterparts. There is currently limited information available on TL monitoring in female Gaelic team sports in Ireland. The collection and analysis of female athlete monitoring data can provide valuable information to support the development of female team sports. Athletic monitoring can also support practitioners to help minimize risk of excessive TL and optimize potential athletic performance. The aims of this narrative review are to provide: (i) an overview of TL athlete monitoring in female team sports, (ii) a discussion of the potential metrics and tools used to monitor external TL and internal TL, (iii) the advantages and disadvantages of TL modalities for use in Gaelic team sports, and (iv) practical considerations on how to monitor TL to aid in the determination of meaningful change with female Gaelic team sports athletes.
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Bermon, Stéphane, Pierre Yves Garnier, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg, Neil Robinson, Sylvain Giraud, Raul Nicoli, Norbert Baume, et al. "Serum Androgen Levels in Elite Female Athletes." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 4328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1391.
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Objective: Prior to the implementation of the blood steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport, we measured the serum androgen levels among a large population of high-level female athletes as well as the prevalence of biochemical hyperandrogenism and some disorders of sex development (DSD). Methods and Results: In 849 elite female athletes, serum T, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androstenedione, SHBG, and gonadotrophins were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry high resolution or immunoassay. Free T was calculated. The sampling hour, age, and type of athletic event only had a small influence on T concentration, whereas ethnicity had not. Among the 85.5% that did not use oral contraceptives, 168 of 717 athletes were oligo- or amenorrhoic. The oral contraceptive users showed the lowest serum androgen and gonadotrophin and the highest SHBG concentrations. After having removed five doped athletes and five DSD women from our population, median T and free T values were close to those reported in sedentary young women. The 99th percentile for T concentration was calculated at 3.08 nmol/L, which is below the 10 nmol/L threshold used for competition eligibility of hyperandrogenic women with normal androgen sensitivity. Prevalence of hyperandrogenic 46 XY DSD in our athletic population is approximately 7 per 1000, which is 140 times higher than expected in the general population. Conclusion: This is the first study to establish normative serum androgens values in elite female athletes, while taking into account the possible influence of menstrual status, oral contraceptive use, type of athletic event, and ethnicity. These findings should help to develop the blood steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport and to refine more evidence-based fair policies and recommendations concerning hyperandrogenism in female athletes.
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Officer, Sara A., and Lawrence B. Rosenfeld. "Self-Disclosure to Male and Female Coaches by Female High School Athletes." Journal of Sport Psychology 7, no. 4 (December 1985): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.4.360.
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This investigation examined the effects of sport team membership and coach's gender on the self-disclosing behavior of high school female varsity athletes. Results indicated that the athletes disclosed the same amount to their male and female coaches and that this was less than they disclosed to either parent or to friends of either sex. Also, athletes on cross-country teams disclosed more than did those on gymnastic, volleyball, and basketball teams. Finally, patterns of disclosure to male and female coaches were found to differ. First, topics of disclosure to female coaches were concerned primarily with self-concept development and role clarification, whereas topics of disclosure to male coaches were concerned primarily with school matters and interaction with significant males. Second, although amount of disclosure to the female coach was positively correlated with the athlete's disclosure to strangers, disclosure to the male coach was positively correlated with her disclosure to friends. Implications for the coach/athlete relationship are discussed.
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Andreeva, Albina, Andrey Melnikov, Dmitry Skvortsov, Kadriya Akhmerova, Alexander Vavaev, Andrey Golov, Viktorya Draugelite, et al. "Postural Stability in Athletes: The Role of Age, Sex, Performance Level, and Athlete Shoe Features." Sports 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8060089.
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The effects of different factors—such as age, sex, performance level, and athletic shoe features—on postural balance in athletes remain unclear. The main objective of our study is to identify the features of postural stability in athletes of different age, sex, performance level, and using different types of athletic shoes. This study assessed postural stability in athletes (n = 936, 6–47 years) in a normal bipedal stance with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Postural stability was evaluated based on the center of pressure (COP), sway area (AS), and velocity (VCP) while standing on a stabiloplatform. Children (6–12 years) and teen athletes (13–17 years) showed reduced AS-EO (p < 0.01) and VCP-EO (p < 0.01) compared to control (n = 225, 7–30 years). In male and female athletes aged 18+, only VCP-EC was lower versus control. In females (13–17 and 18+), VCP-EO and EC were lower than in males (p < 0.05). Only in the Shooting group, the athletes’ performance levels had an effect on VCP-EO (p = 0.020). Long use of rigid athletic shoes with stiff ankle support was associated with reduced posture stability. Postural stability in athletes was mostly influenced by the athlete‘s age, and, to a lesser extent, by their sex, performance level, and athlete shoe features.
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Farah, Hummaira, Shahzaman Khan, and Sharin Adeel. "Coaching Strategies and Sports Performance of Female Athletes." SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS) 5, no. 1 (December 10, 2021): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.1062.
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The measurement of perceptions of female athletes about coaching strategies and their effect on athlete satisfaction and sport performance is vital for success. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between perceived coaching strategies during training and self-reported satisfaction of athletes and their sport performance. A total number of 120 female athletes of individual and team sports from seven different universities of Lahore, Pakistan participated in this study. Three different scales were used to measure participant responses relative to strategic thinking, leadership and flow. Results indicated that female athletes Scale for Athletic Performance. The results indicated that female athletes of individual and team sports were satisfied with their coaches’ coaching strategies (p=0.001) and a significant relationship between coaches’ coaching strategies and sporting performance was also reported by female athletes (p=0.001). A significantly positive relationship was observed between problem solving strategies and sports performance of female athletes (p=0.000), no significant association between team building and sports performance was observed (p=0.812), and a significantly positive relationship was observed between leadership and sports performance of female athletes (p=0.000). Based upon results, coaches' problem solving and leadership skills were significantly associated with sport performance as compared to team building. It is recommended that additional research be conducted using different age groups and males to determine a more definitive perspective related to athlete perceptions.
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De La Torre, Dena M., and B. J. Snell. "Use of the Preparticipation Physical Exam in Screening for the Female Athlete Triad Among High School Athletes." Journal of School Nursing 21, no. 6 (December 2005): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405050210060701.
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The female athlete triad comprises 3 individual but interrelated conditions associated with athletic training: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Each condition is of medical concern, but when found within the triad, they can have serious medical consequences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preparticipation history and physical forms in high school athletic programs to screen for the triad, and to determine the prevalence of educational programs related to the female athlete triad. Results suggest that a majority of high school athletic programs are not adequately screening girls for the components of the triad, and schools lack educational programs targeting athletes and coaches. School nurses have the potential to play a vital role in the prevention and early identification of the triad through a preparticipation physical exam that specifically screens female athletes and in the implementation of educational programs for athletes and coaches regarding the disorders of the female athlete triad.
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Reel, Justine J., Sonya SooHoo, Holly Doetsch, Jennifer E. Carter, and Trent A. Petrie. "The Female Athlete Triad: Is the Triad a Problem Among Division I Female Athletes?" Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1, no. 4 (December 2007): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.4.358.
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The purpose of the study was to determine prevalence rates of the female athlete triad (Triad), differences by sport category (aesthetic, endurance, and team/anaerobic), and the relationship between each of the components of the Triad. Female athletes (N= 451) from three Division I universities with an average age of 20 years completed the Menstrual History Questionnaire, Injury Assessment Questionnaire, and the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Q-EDD; Mintz, O’Halloran, Mulholland, & Schneider, 1997). Almost 7% of female athletes reported clinical eating disorders, and 19.2% reported subclinical disordered eating. Disordered eating was prevalent in all three sport categories with no significant differences between groups. Muscle injuries were more prevalent in team/anaerobic sports (77.4%) than the aesthetic (68.1%) and endurance groups (58.1%). Furthermore, those athletes with menstrual dysfunction more frequently reported clinical eating disorders (1.4%) and sustained more skeletal injuries (51%) during their athletic career than athletes with regular menstrual function. Clinical implications and further research directions are addressed.
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Sugimoto, Dai, Carl G. Mattacola, Heather M. Bush, Staci M. Thomas, Kim D. Barber Foss, Gregory D. Myer, and Timothy E. Hewett. "Preventive Neuromuscular Training for Young Female Athletes: Comparison of Coach and Athlete Compliance Rates." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.20.
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Context: Fewer athletic injuries and lower anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence rates were noted in studies of neuromuscular-training (NMT) interventions that had high compliance rates. However, several groups have demonstrated that preventive NMT interventions were limited by low compliance rates. Objective: To descriptively analyze coach and athlete compliance with preventive NMT and compare the compliance between study arms as well as among school levels and sports. Design: Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Setting: Middle and high school athletic programs. Participants or Other Participants: A total of 52 teams, comprising 547 female athletes, were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group and followed for 1 athletic season. Intervention(s): The experimental group (n = 30 teams [301 athletes]: 12 basketball teams [125 athletes], 6 soccer teams [74 athletes], and 12 volleyball teams [102 athletes]) participated in an NMT program aimed at reducing traumatic knee injuries through a trunk-stabilization and hip-strengthening program. The control group (n = 22 teams [246 athletes]: 11 basketball teams [116 athletes], 5 soccer teams [68 athletes], and 6 volleyball teams [62 athletes]) performed a resistive rubber-band running program. Main Outcome Measure(s): Compliance with the assigned intervention protocols (3 times per week during the preseason [mean = 3.4 weeks] and 2 times per week in-season [mean = 11.9 weeks] of coaches [coach compliance] and athletes [athlete compliance]) was measured descriptively. Using an independent t test, we compared coach and athlete compliance between the study arms. A 2-way analysis of variance was calculated to compare differences between coach and athlete compliance by school level (middle and high schools) and sport (basketball, soccer, and volleyball). Results: The protocols were completed at a mean rate of 1.3 ± 1.1 times per week during the preseason and 1.2 ± 0.5 times per week in-season. A total of 88.4% of athletes completed 2/3 of the intervention sessions. Coach compliance was greater in the experimental group than in the control group (P = .014). Coach compliance did not differ by sport but was greater at the high school than the middle school (P = .001) level. Athlete compliance did not differ by study arm, sport, or school level. Conclusions: Athletes received instruction in about 50% of each protocol. Nearly 90% of athletes performed more than 2/3 of the assigned NMT interventions. The assigned intervention was performed more often in the experimental arm compared with the control arm. Coaches at the high school level complied with the given protocol more than middle school coaches did. Athletes complied well with the protocol, but coaches did not, especially at the middle school level.
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Edama, Mutsuaki, Hiromi Inaba, Fumi Hoshino, Saya Natsui, Sae Maruyama, and Go Omori. "The relationship between the female athlete triad and injury rates in collegiate female athletes." PeerJ 9 (April 6, 2021): e11092. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11092.
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Background This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the triad risk assessment score and the sports injury rate in 116 female college athletes (average age, 19.8 ± 1.3 years) in seven sports at the national level of competition; 67 were teenagers, and 49 were in their 20s. Methods Those with menstrual deficiency for >3 months or <6 menses in 12 months were classified as amenorrheic athletes. Low energy availability was defined as adolescent athletes having a body weight <85% of ideal body weight, and for adult athletes in their 20s, a body mass index ≤17.5 kg/m2. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured on the heel of the right leg using an ultrasonic bone densitometer. Low BMD was defined as a BMD Z-score <−1.0. The total score for each athlete was calculated. The cumulative risk assessment was defined as follows: low risk (a total score of 0–1), moderate risk (2–5), and high risk (6). The injury survey recorded injuries referring to the injury survey items used by the International Olympic Committee. Results In swimming, significantly more athletes were in the low-risk category than in the moderate and high-risk categories (p = 0.004). In long-distance athletics, significantly more athletes were in the moderate-risk category than in the low and high-risk categories (p = 0.004). In the moderate and high-risk categories, significantly more athletes were in the injury group, whereas significantly more athletes in the low-risk category were in the non-injury group (p = 0.01). Significantly more athletes at moderate and high-risk categories had bone stress fractures and bursitis than athletes at low risk (p = 0.023). Discussion These results suggest that athletes with relative energy deficiency may have an increased injury risk.
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Foster, Zipporah, and Amber De Bono. "The Influence of Perception on Student-Athletes’ Motivation and Relationship with Coaches — Student-Athlete’s Perception." Journal of Interpersonal Relations, Intergroup Relations and Identity 10 (2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33921/vfus8285.
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The present study was created to better understand the influence of coaches on student-athlete’s motivation. The goal of this study was to determine how the student-athlete’s motivation level is affected by the type of relationship between the coach and the student-athlete in comparison to non-athletes. The hypothesis is that athelete status (student-athlete or non-athlete) impacts perceived motivation when faced with a particular coach (“supportive” or “non-supportive”). The approach was to conduct a two-group experiment providing participants with two different scenarios. One of two scenarios was presented to manipulate the perception of a coach. Forty participants participated in this study. The recruited participants were either student- athletes or non-athletes. All participants were recruited from a Historically Black Institution; 58% were male, 42% female. The results indicate that the type of coach will differently impact a student-athlete’s motivation than a non-athlete. More specifically, both student-athletes and non-athletes perceive a “supportive” coach to be more supportive; however student-athletes perceive “non-supportive” coaches to be less encouraging than non-athletes. The findings from this study suggest that student-athletes and non- athletes perceive a non-supportive coach differently.
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Heather, Alison K. "Transwoman Elite Athletes: Their Extra Percentage Relative to Female Physiology." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159103.
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There is increasing debate as to whether transwoman athletes should be included in the elite female competition. Most elite sports are divided into male and female divisions because of the greater athletic performance displayed by males. Without the sex division, females would have little chance of winning because males are faster, stronger, and have greater endurance capacity. Male physiology underpins their better athletic performance including increased muscle mass and strength, stronger bones, different skeletal structure, better adapted cardiorespiratory systems, and early developmental effects on brain networks that wires males to be inherently more competitive and aggressive. Testosterone secreted before birth, postnatally, and then after puberty is the major factor that drives these physiological sex differences, and as adults, testosterone levels are ten to fifteen times higher in males than females. The non-overlapping ranges of testosterone between the sexes has led sports regulators, such as the International Olympic Committee, to use 10 nmol/L testosterone as a sole physiological parameter to divide the male and female sporting divisions. Using testosterone levels as a basis for separating female and male elite athletes is arguably flawed. Male physiology cannot be reformatted by estrogen therapy in transwoman athletes because testosterone has driven permanent effects through early life exposure. This descriptive critical review discusses the inherent male physiological advantages that lead to superior athletic performance and then addresses how estrogen therapy fails to create a female-like physiology in the male. Ultimately, the former male physiology of transwoman athletes provides them with a physiological advantage over the cis-female athlete.
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Sherman, Roberta Trattner, and Ron A. Thompson. "The Female Athlete Triad." Journal of School Nursing 20, no. 4 (August 2004): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405040200040301.
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The Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome of the interrelated components of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Sometimes inadvertently, but more often by willful dietary restriction, many female athletes do not ingest sufficient calories to adequately fuel their physical or sport activities, which can disrupt menstrual functioning, thereby increasing their risk of bone loss. Although its prevalence is unknown, the Female Athlete Triad is believed to affect many athletes at all ages and all sport competition levels. Even though the Triad affects athletes in all sports, girls and women in sports that emphasize a thin or small body size or shape appear to be most at risk. This article focuses on the risks of the Female Athlete Triad for middle-and high-school-age female athletes as well as the unique issues related to the identification, management, and treatment of the various components of the Triad in this special adolescent subpopulation.
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Chiu, Weisheng, Jung-Sup Bae, Kwang-Yong Lee, and Doyeon Won. "Priorities and preferences for collegiate athletic goals and processes in South Korea." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, no. 3 (April 5, 2017): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6119.
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We assessed priorities and preferences regarding athletic goals and approval of processes for achieving those goals in South Korean collegiate athletics students. Using a convenience sampling method, we collected data from 730 college students (580 general students and 150 student-athletes) at 4 South Korean universities. We found significant differences between subgroups divided by gender and student status (general students and student-athletes). Female students were more concerned than male students were with the process of creating gender equality and the goal of a diverse organizational culture. Student-athletes were more likely than general students were to consider that athletic departments should focus more on performance goals (e.g., winning) and processes (e.g., attracting athletes) than on athlete well-being. Our findings provide useful information for South Korean athletic administrators to help develop goals and processes that meet the priorities of the key stakeholder group of students.
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Kadir, Suprianto. "EVALUATION OF VO2Max ATLET KARATE IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ERA." Jambura Journal of Sports Coaching 2, no. 2 (July 26, 2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/jjsc.v2i2.7058.
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The research article analyzes the VO2Max level of Karate athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of independent training carried out by athletes due to the covid-19 pandemic on the athlete's physical status. The method used in this research is a quantitative descriptive method which is conducted as a total sampling of the Gorontalo Province PPLP Karate athletes in the January-December 2020 period of 6 female athletes and 7 male athletes. The findings of the study prove that there was a decrease in the average VO2Max of female athletes by 23% and male athletes by 18%. The application of various forms of training at this stage should be carried out under strict control by the trainer, so that the athlete in carrying out the training program is truly monitored directly and each athlete is serious in carrying it out.
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Pitriani, Pipit, Basiran Basiran, and Nida'ul Hidayah. "Nutritional Status For Increasing Performance." Jurnal Humanities Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jha.0201.2021.02.
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Nutritional status in athletes is one of the important factors that affect athlete performance. Athlete's knowledge of nutrition is still lacking. Malnutrition and other health problems are found many in athletes. The purpose of this activity is trained athletes to improve the understanding of nutritional status and measure anthropometry to improve performance. This training contains materials that is needed to improve athlete's knowledge on nutritional status and anthropometric measurements. Further it can be used in the training process or in match conditions. This community service activity was attended by 29 participants consisting of female and male athletes as well as handball trainers. The activity is carried out online. Before and after the training participants fill out a google form for data on body weight, height, and questions about training materials. From the results of data processing, the average height for male athletes was 176 ± 6.33cm and for female athletes 164 ± 5.79cm. Meanwhile, the body weight of female athletes is 60.5 ± 8.3kg and male athletes are 74.02 ± 9.05kg. BMI in female athletes is 22.5 ± 2.2kg / m2 and in male athletes 23.88 ± 1.88 kg / m2. The mean pre-test score for female athletes was 60.35 ± 11.09, while for male athletes it was 60.35 ± 14.69. The average post-test score for female athletes was 67.85 ± 11.90, while for male athletes the average post-test score was 72.5 ± 9.20. Thus, the difference (gain) change in post-test scores to pre-test in female athletes is 12.43% and 20.12% in men. From this training, it can be concluded that there is an increase in the knowledge of handball athletes regarding nutritional status, nutrition, and dietary regulation in athletes. It is hoped that further this community service activity can be carried out in terms of determining the calorie and nutritional needs of athletes as well as athletes can be given knowledge about how to make food menus according to the needs of athletes.
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Strand, Brad, Laurynn Lauer, and Morgan Paige. "Failure Response and Coping among Female Collegiate Athletes." Athens Journal of Sports 9, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-3-4.
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The current study explores the failure response and coping skills of 37 female collegiate athletes. All athletes completed the Athletic Coping Skill Inventory (ACSI-28) the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, and four athletes were interviewed. Descriptive statistics for the five subscales of the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (Form A) for the entire sample showed that fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment was the highest fear (M=3.27, SD=0.80), followed by fear of upsetting important others (M=2.77, SD=0.89). Descriptive statistics for the seven subscales of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory for the entire sample showed that coachability had the highest score (M=10.06, SD=1.51), followed by confidence and achievement motivation (M=8.63, SD=1.74). Comparisons were also made based on athlete status (underclassman vs upperclassman) and by team status (team vs individual). Based on athlete status, a significance difference (p=0.05) on the PFAI inventory was found for fear of shame and embarrassment (under 3.5 mean, upper 2.89 mean, p=0.02), fear of uncertain future (under 1.26 mean, upper 0.60 mean, p=0.02), and overall score (under 2.61 mean, upper 2.15 mean, p=0.03). For all of these categories, upperclassmen were less likely than underclassmen to describe themselves as feeling fear of shame and embarrassment, fear of an uncertain future, and overall score. On the ACSI inventory, a significance difference was found for freedom from worry (under 4.8 mean, upper 6.84 mean, p=0.05). As indicated, upperclassmen are free from worry more than are underclassmen. Based on team status, no significant differences were found between team vs individual sport athletes on the PFAI inventory. On the ACSI inventory, a difference was found for peaking under pressure (team 7.84 mean, 5.66 individual mean, p=0.02). This finding indicates that team sport athletes, more so than individual sport athletes, feel challenged rather than threatened under pressure situations and perform well under pressure. Keywords: coping, athletes, coaches, failure
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Ewing, Bradley T. "High School Athletes and Marijuana Use." Journal of Drug Education 28, no. 2 (June 1998): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/u418-3wx3-fj59-e18u.
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Identifying groups of young people that might be especially susceptible to marijuana use would aid in the design and implementation of drug policy programs. This article examines whether those who participated in high school athletics have a different pattern of marijuana use than comparable non-athletes. The results indicate that male athletes have a higher incidence of marijuana use than non-athletes. The same is not true for female athletes, who actually engage in less marijuana use than their non-athlete counterparts. However, female athletes are more likely than non-athletes to wait until their post-high school years to try the drug for the first time.
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Owens, Brett D., Julie Agel, Sally B. Mountcastle, Kenneth L. Cameron, and Bradley J. Nelson. "Incidence of Glenohumeral Instability in Collegiate Athletics." American Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 9 (June 25, 2009): 1750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546509334591.
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Background Glenohumeral instability is a common injury sustained by young athletes. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the incidence of glenohumeral instability in collegiate athletes or the relevant risk factors for injury. A better understanding of the populations most at risk may be used to develop preventive strategies. Hypothesis The incidence of glenohumeral instability in collegiate athletics is high, and it is affected by sex, sport, type of event, and mechanism of injury. Study Design Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods The National Collegiate Athletic Association injury database was queried for all glenohumeral instability events occurring between the years 1989 and 2004. An analysis of the injuries was performed by sport, activity (competition versus practice), sex, type of event (primary versus recurrent), mechanism of injury, and time loss from athletic performance. Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios were calculated. Results A total of 4080 glenohumeral instability events were documented for an incidence rate of 0.12 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures. The sport with the greatest injury rate was men's spring football, with 0.40 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures. Overall, athletes sustained more glenohumeral instability events during games than practices (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 3.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.29-3.73). Male athletes sustained more injuries than did female athletes (IRR, 2.67; 95% CI, 2.43-2.93). Female athletes were more likely to sustain an instability event as the result of contact with an object (IRR, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.08-2.84), whereas male athletes were more likely to sustain an event from player contact (IRR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.31-3.25). Time lost to sport (>10 days) occurred in 45% of glenohumeral instability events. Conclusion Glenohumeral instability is a relatively common injury sustained by collegiate athletes. More injuries occurred during competition and among male athletes.
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Milroy, Jeffrey, Lindsey Sanders, Brandon Mendenhall, William B. Dudley, and David Wyrick. "A Latent Profile Analysis to Categorize and Describe Athletes Based on Factors Related to Concussion Disclosure." Journal of Athletic Training 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0308.19.
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Context Collegiate student-athletes continue competing after experiencing symptoms of a concussion. Self-report of concussion symptoms is a critical element of the recovery process. Identifying factors related to concussion disclosure can aid in encouraging self-reporting. Objective To use latent profile analysis to categorize and describe athletes based on factors related to concussion disclosure. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 2 881 (52.4% female; 65.3% in-season; 40% collision sport) student-athletes from 16 National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions. Main Outcome Measure(s) Student-athlete concussion expectations, attitudes, and norms were the profile variables and reporting intentions served as the distal outcome variable. We conducted latent profile analysis using select profile variables to determine the optimal number of classes. Differences in concussion-reporting intentions by profile assignment were then examined. Lastly, the extent to which a student-athlete's sex, season status, and level of contact predicted his or her intentions to report a concussion within each profile was investigated. Results Five unique student-athlete profiles emerged, including 1 profile that was most risky and another that was least risky. Females had significantly higher odds of being in the least risky profile. Those participating in collision sports had significantly higher odds of being in the top 2 most risky profiles. Contact-sport and in-season athletes were less likely to be in the least risky profile. Conclusions With a better understanding of student-athlete profiles, athletic trainers have an opportunity to encourage concussion disclosure. Prompt disclosure would allow student-athletes to begin the return-to-play protocol in a more timely manner.
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Thomas, Sarah, Adam M. Gonzalez, and Jamie J. Ghigiarelli. "The Relationship between Weight Cutting and the Female Athlete Triad in Combat Sport Athletes." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.9n.1p.9.
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Background: Females combat sport athletes are likely to partake in rapid weight reduction strategies prior to competitions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between weight cutting habits of female combat sport athletes and the risk of developing the female athlete triad. Methods: 102 female combat sport athletes (amateur=40; professional=62; 28.8±4.5y), competing in boxing (n=30), kickboxing (n=12), and mixed martial arts (n=60), completed two questionnaires. An adapted version of the Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire (RWLQ) was used to determine the severity of athletes’ weight cutting behaviors, and the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) was used to determine female athlete triad risk. Data was analyzed to determine correlations between LEAF-Q and RWLQ scores along with weight cutting behaviors. Scores were also compared between competition level and combat sports. Results: The results of this study showed that 38% of female combat sport athletes were at risk of developing the female athlete triad. Significant correlation between RWLQ and LEAF-Q scores (p=0.013; r=0.244, r2=0.060) were noted. A significant difference (p=0.006) between the RWLQ scores of amateurs and professionals was also noted, with professionals engaging in more severe weight cutting behavior. Mixed martial artists reported the highest RWLQ and LEAF-Q scores, which were significantly greater than boxers. No other correlations between LEAF-Q and weight cutting behaviors were noted. Conclusion: Despite a small effect size (r²=0.060), the findings of this study demonstrate that more severe weight cutting behaviors may increase the female athlete triad risk among female combat sport athletes.
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Mphidi, Tebogo M., and Emma Charlene Lubaale. "The IAAF Rules on Testosterone Levels and the Right to Health." Obiter 41, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 410–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v41i2.9160.
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The International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) regulates the participation of athletes, both male and female, at an international level (see IAAF website https://www.iaaf.org/home). Therefore, it has the mandate to develop criteria for the administration of athletic competitions. In pursuance of this role, in 2018, the IAAF rolled out the Eligibility Regulations for Female Classifications – Athletes with Differences in Sex Development (2018). The IAAF states that the Rules are intended to ensure that females are given the same opportunities in terms of competing in races (International Association of Athletics Federations, 2018 Eligibility Regulations for Female Classification – Athletes with Differences in Sexual Development for events from 400 metres to the mile, including 400 metres, hurdles races, 800 metres, 1500 metres, one mile races and combined events over the same distances, 26 April 2018 - the 2018 Regulations). According to these Regulations, for Relevant Athletes to be eligible to compete internationally in the 400 metres, 800 metres, and 1500 metres races, their testosterone levels have to be under 5 nanomoles (nml) per litre. Importantly, “Relevant Athletes” who are females and belong to a specific list of DSD conditions all happen to be XY. These athletes are to reduce their testosterone levels to 5 nml/L for at least six months and thereafter to maintain it at that level for as long as they wish to participate in these races (the 2018 Regulations). They are therefore being asked to lower their testosterone levels to help ensure a level playing ground based on the debatable assumption that testosterone levels impact on athletic performance. These rules were rolled out against the backdrop of existing standards on human rights demanding, among other things, that the rights of all people are respected. That would include athletes. One such right is the right to health.
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Desai, Manasi, and Raote Prajal. "Awareness of the Female Athlete Triad in Female Athletes." Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18376/jesp/2020/v16/i1/154127.
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Osawa, A., S. Nakao, Y. Maruyama, N. Koikawa, and K. Sakuraba. "Evaluation of female athlete triad in female university athletes." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 24 (April 2016): S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.260.
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Doronina, Alexandra, István Ferenc Édes, Adrienn Ujvári, Zoltán Kántor, Bálint Károly Lakatos, Márton Tokodi, Nóra Sydó, et al. "The Female Athlete’s Heart: Comparison of Cardiac Changes Induced by Different Types of Exercise Training Using 3D Echocardiography." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 28, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3561962.
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We aimed to characterize female athlete’s heart in elite competitors in the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness (IFBB) Bikini Fitness category and compare them to athletes of a more dynamic sport discipline and healthy, sedentary volunteers using 3D echocardiography. Fifteen elite female fitness athletes were recruited and compared to 15 elite, age-matched female water polo athletes and 15 age-matched healthy, nontrained controls. Using 3D echocardiography, left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume index (EDVi) and LV mass index (LVMi) were measured. Fitness athletes presented similar LV and RV EDVi compared to healthy, sedentary volunteers. Water polo athletes, however, had higher LV and also RV EDVi (fitness versus water polo versus control; LVEDVi: 76±13 versus 84±8 versus 73±8 ml/m2, ANOVA p=0.045; RVEDVi: 61±12 versus 86±14 versus 55±9 ml/m2, p<0.0001). LVMi was significantly higher in the athlete groups; the hypertrophy, however, was even more prominent in water polo athletes (78±13 versus 91±10 versus 57±10 g/m2, p<0.0001). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize female athlete’s heart of IFBB Bikini Fitness competitors. The predominantly static exercise regime induced a mild, concentric-type LV hypertrophy, while in water polo athletes higher ventricular volumes and eccentric LV hypertrophy developed.
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Malara, Marzena, and Grażyna Lutosławska. "Female athletes and health." Biomedical Human Kinetics 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2016-0012.
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SummaryIt is well documented that regular physical activity has a beneficial effect on human health by affecting the metabolic processes that are of fundamental importance in the body’s functions, such as insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal, as well as lipid and lipoprotein turnover. On the other hand, there is a wealth of studies which indicate that strenuous, regular physical activity, such as that performed by high performance athletes, may be detrimental for the athletes’ health especially in women. This review focuses on the factors that contribute to health problems in female athletes, named the female athlete triad, which includes excessive dieting, menstrual dysfunctions (anovulatory menstrual cycles, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea) and a low bone mineral density (BMD). As a result of these factors, women who participate in sports, especially those focused on leanness, need special attention and education from health professionals, coaches and the athletes themselves to prevent the detrimental effects of an inadequate energy supply against high energy demands.
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Sun, Zhihong, Yan Zhang, Datao Xu, Yaqi Fei, Qiner Qiu, and Yaodong Gu. "The Effects of Six-Month Subalpine Training on the Physical Functions and Athletic Performance of Elite Chinese Cross-Country Skiers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010421.
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Purpose: This study investigated the changes in the blood indices, specific athletic abilities, and physical fitness of outstanding cross-country skiers, trained in the subalpine; Methods: Twenty-eight athletes (twenty males and eight females) from the National Cross-country Ski Training Team completed sub-alpine training during the 2020–2021 snow season. The athletes′ physical functions were evaluated by collecting blood from elbow veins and measuring blood biochemical indexes. To compare the treadmill roller-skiing athletic ability and physical fitness of athletes before and after subalpine; Results: Male and female athletes showed different trends in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), cortisol (C), Creatine Kinase (CK) and blood urea (BU) (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Overall, the female athletes’ mean values of RBC, Hb, CK, and BU were lower than that of male athletes, while C was just the opposite. Comparing the athletic performance of athletes before and after the subalpine, it was found that blood lactate concentrations were significantly lower in both male and female athletes at the same load intensity (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), whereas 10 km endurance running and 1 RM deep squat were significantly higher in both male and female athletes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Conclusions: After 6 months of subalpine training, cross-country skiers improved their oxygen-carrying capacity and anabolism, and showed significant improvements in specific athletic ability, physical endurance, acid tolerance and 1 RM absolute strength for both male and female athletes.
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Domb, Benjamin, Rachel Glein, Kara Miecznikowski, David Maldonado, Ajay Lall MD,MS, and Andrew Jimenez. "Paper 48: Elite Female Athletes Demonstrate Greater Improvement in Patient Reported Outcome Scores and Equal Rate of Return to Sport Compared to Elite Male Athletes After Hip Arthroscopy: A Sex-Based Comparison in Professional and Collegiate Athletes *ACCEPTED TO AJSM*." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 7_suppl5 (July 1, 2022): 2325967121S0061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00612.
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Objectives: (1) To report minimum 2-year patient reported outcome scores (PROs) and return to sport for elite female athletes undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and (2) to compare clinical results with a matched control group of elite male athletes. Methods: Data on all consecutive female athletes who underwent primary hip arthroscopy performed by the senior author (X.X.X.) between March 2009 and July 2018 were collected. Patients were considered eligible if they underwent hip arthroscopy for labral tears or FAI and participated in collegiate or professional athletics within 1 year of surgery. Minimum 2-year PROs were collected for the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS), Hip Outcome Score-Sport Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and RTS status. The percentage of patients achieving minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) were also recorded. These patients were then matched to elite male athletes for comparison. Results: Seventy-three female athlete hips were included with a mean follow-up of 65.1 ± 27.9 months. They demonstrated significant improvement from preoperative to latest follow-up for mHHS, NAHS, HOS-SSS, and VAS (P < .05). When outcomes were compared to a control group of male athletes, female athletes demonstrated lower preoperative scores, similar postoperative scores, and significantly greater magnitude of improvement (delta value) for mHHS, NAHS, and VAS. Female athletes also achieved MCID at higher rates than male athletes for HOS-SSS (85.1% vs 70.0%, P = .035) and NAHS (79.1% vs 62.9%, P = .037). RTS rates were similar between the two groups (Females: 67.1%, Males: 67.1%, P > 0.999). Conclusions: Elite female athletes undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for FAI demonstrated significant improvement in PROs and high rates of return to play, which were similar to a matched group of male athletes. Female athletes exhibited greater improvement in PROs (mHHS, NAHS, VAS) and achieved MCID (HOS-SSS, NAHS) at higher rates when compared to a control cohort of male athletes. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text]
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Squire, D. L. "Female Athletes." Pediatrics in Review 9, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.9-6-183.
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Dabbs, Nicole C. "Female Athletes." Strength and Conditioning Journal 38, no. 2 (April 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000206.
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VanHeest, Jaci L., and Carrie E. Mahoney. "Female Athletes." Current Sports Medicine Reports 6, no. 3 (June 2007): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.csmr.0000306466.64843.34.
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Cleary, Shannon, Victoria Chi, and Ronald Feinstein. "Female athletes." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 30, no. 6 (December 2018): 874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mop.0000000000000700.
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Brown, Elise, Laura Spiller, Beverly Stiles, and Lon Kilgore. "Sexual Coercion Risk and Women’s Sport Participation." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2013-0002.
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Abstract Sexual coercion affects approximately 58% of college-age females. Victims of sexual coercion often share similar characteristics, such as lower self-esteem, lower assertiveness, higher depressive symptoms, higher alcohol use, increased number of sexual partners, more romantic relationships, prior victimization, and relationship insecurity. Female athletes, on the other hand, have in common such protective factors as higher self-esteem, higher assertiveness, lower alcohol use, and fewer sexual partners. These, then, are assumed to guard against sexual coercion. The purpose of this study was to determine if female athletes were at a lower risk for sexual coercion and whether differences existed in levels of assertiveness, sexual assertiveness, self-esteem, sexual esteem, alcohol use, and the number of sexual partners. Participants included 174 college females (aged 19.94 ± 1.87 years). Participants were identified as an athlete if they reported a history of at least three years of athl iation etic involvement and described themselves as either a high school athlete or having participated in competitive sports (n=125). From among all the participants, 49 were classified as non-athletes. Data demonstrated no differences in either forced or coerced sexual contact history. Athletes and nonathletes differed neither in global nor sexual self-esteem, nor did they differ in global or sexual assertiveness. There was a significant difference across the groups in alcohol use: athletes scored higher on the AUDIT than non-athletes. The number of years of sport involvement positively correlated with the level of alcohol use. Athletes and non-athletes reported similar numbers of sexual partners. The findings of this study imply that athletics may indirectly place females at risk for sexual coercion through an assocwith higher alcohol use.
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Kooreman, Zoe, Geneviève Giraldeau, Gherardo Finocchiaro, Yukari Kobayashi, Matthew Wheeler, Marco Perez, Kegan Moneghetti, et al. "Athletic Remodeling in Female College Athletes." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 2019): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000501.
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Wagner, Alyssa J., Casey D. Erickson, Dayna K. Tierney, Megan N. Houston, and Cailee E. Welch Bacon. "The Diagnostic Accuracy of Screening Tools to Detect Eating Disorders in Female Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 25, no. 4 (December 2016): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0337.
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Clinical Scenario:Eating disorders in female athletes are a commonly underdiagnosed condition. Better screening tools for eating disorders in athletic females could help increase diagnosis and help athletes get the treatment they need.Focused Clinical Question:Should screening tools be used to detect eating disorders in female athletes?Summary of Key Findings:The literature was searched for studies that included information regarding the sensitivity and specificity of screening tools for eating disorders in female athletes. The search returned 5 possible articles related to the clinical question; 3 studies met the inclusion criteria (2 cross-sectional studies, 1 cohort study) and were included. All 3 studies reported sensitivity and specificity for the Athletic Milieu Direct Questionnaire version 2, the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire version 2, and the Physiologic Screening Test to Detect Eating Disorders Among Female Athletes. All 3 studies found that the respective screening tool was able to accurately identify female athletes with eating disorders; however, the screening tools varied in sensitivity and specificity values.Clinical Bottom Line:There is strong evidence to support the use of screening tools to detect eating disorders in female athletes. Screening tools with higher sensitivity and specificity have demonstrated a successful outcome of determining athletes with eating disorders or at risk for developing an eating disorder.Strength of Recommendation:There is grade A evidence available to demonstrate that screening tools accurately detect female athletes at risk for eating disorders.
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Holtzman, Bryan, Adam S. Tenforde, Allyson L. Parziale, and Kathryn E. Ackerman. "Characterization of Risk Quantification Differences Using Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0002.
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This study’s objective was to identify differences in risk for low energy availability and athletic clearance level by comparing scores on Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment (Triad CRA) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool (RED-S CAT). A total of 1,000 female athletes aged 15–30 years participating in ≥4 hr of physical activity/week for the previous ≥6 months completed an extensive survey assessing health, athletic history, family disease history, and specific Triad/RED-S risk factors. Retrospective chart review ascertained laboratory and bone mineral density measures. Triad CRA and RED-S CAT were used to assign each athlete’s risk level (low, moderate, and high), and case-by-case comparison measured the level of agreement between the tools. We hypothesized that the tools would generally agree on low-risk athletes and that the tools would be less aligned in the specific elevated risk level (moderate or high). Most of the sample was assigned moderate or high risk for Triad CRA and RED-S CAT (Triad: 54.7% moderate and 7.9% high; RED-S: 63.2% moderate and 33.0% high). The tools agreed on risk for 55.5% of athletes. Agreement increased to 64.3% when only athletes with bone mineral density measurements were considered. In conclusion, Triad CRA and RED-S CAT provide consensus on the majority of athletes at elevated (moderate or high) risk for low energy availability, but have less agreement on the specific risk level assigned.
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Frisco, D. J., J. A. Goodrich, M. Holliday, K. A. Kroeker, C. Whiting, W. C. Byrnes, and K. P. Wright. "0231 Sleep Behaviors of Female Collegiate Athletes." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.229.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep is critical to cognitive and physiologic function. It is likely being a female collegiate student athlete places unique demands upon sleep behavior. Therefore, we aimed to study the sleep behavior of female collegiate athletes versus a female collegiate control group. Methods Full time female students from the University of Colorado Boulder (Altitude = 1,624 m) were recruited from NCAA Division I athletic teams: Cross Country (XC, n=10), Lacrosse (LAX, n =17), Soccer (SOC, n=15), Golf (GOLF, n=6), Tennis (TENN, n=9). 31 female full-time students were recruited as Controls (CONT). Sleep was monitored with wrist actigraphy (Spectrum Actiwatch, Phillips) for a minimum of one week. Subjects were instructed to wear actigraphs at all times except during competition. Outcome variables included nightly sleep duration, total 24h sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep midpoint, social jet lag (SJL) and nap duration/frequency. Results On weekdays, XC, LAX and SOC had greater nightly sleep durations ~8.5h compared to TENN, GOLF and CONT (p<0.05). Relative to other groups, XC had the earliest sleep midpoint (3:34 AM ± 1:20 vs. 3:53 AM ± 1:15) while SOC and LAX had the lowest sleep efficiency (~87.3 ± 3.2% vs. ~89.6 ± 3.4%) (all p<0.05). There was significant SJL among CONT, LAX and SOC (difference of sleep midpoints on weekdays and weekends; p<0.05). While nightly sleep duration varied significantly between different groups, there were no significant differences in total daily sleep duration when naps are included. A greater percentage of CONT (87 %) napped compared to athletes (64.2 %) (p<0.05); napping duration/frequency of naps per week were not different between groups. Conclusion Variations in sleep behavior exists between collegiate student athletes based upon varsity sport with some sports being similar to controls and others being significantly different. Additional research is needed to determine the significance of these findings to academic and athletic performance. Support PAC-12 Student-Athlete Health and Wellbeing Initiative, Grant #1554240
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Lobpries, Jami, Gregg Bennett, and Natasha Brison. "Mary Ann to her Ginger: comparing the extended brand identity of two elite female athletes." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 18, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2016-0028.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the extended brand identities of two elite female athletes. Specifically, this exploratory case study assessed the extended brand identities of Jennie Finch and Cat Osterman, two iconic female softball athlete brands. Design/methodology/approach Through the qualitative analysis of individual in-depth, semi-structured interviews, various documents, and social media, data revealed themes associated with positioning, personality, and presentation of the female athlete brands. Findings Theoretically, the themes provide empirical support for existing brand identity frameworks. Practical implications Practically, findings provide evidence for defining an athlete’s extended brand identity that can serve as the foundation for branding efforts that generate long-term value during and after their sport careers. Originality/value This case study adds to the extant literature on athlete branding and offers practical content for marketers seeking to brand female athletes.
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Gray, Aaron D., Scott M. Miller, Samuel Galloway, Seth Sherman, Emily Leary, and Brad W. Willis. "ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES IN HIGH SCHOOL FEMALE AND MALE SOCCER ATHLETES: ARE MATCH ACL RATES BEING UNDERESTIMATED?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00009.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in Missouri high school female and male soccer players during the 2011-2013 seasons, using a single postseason survey sent to coaches. Our hypothesis is a single postseason survey be a feasible method to measure a large number of athletic exposures (AEs) and ACL injuries. We also hypothesize that “traditional” methods for calculating athletic exposures likely underestimate the actual burden of ACL injuries in high school soccer matches. Methods: The study was IRB approved through the University of Missouri. A web-based survey was developed and sent to every girls and boys high school soccer coach in Missouri using a Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA) database. In order to calculate AEs, questions were asked about the average number of athletes who participated in tryouts, practices, and matches along with the specific number of tryouts, practices, and matches for the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons. Coaches were also asked the number of ACL injuries their team suffered. No medical personnel were involved in filling out the surveys. Athletic exposures (AEs) were calculated using the formulas below. Match athletic exposures were calculated using a “traditional” method and also an “athlete at risk” method. The primary outcome measure was ACL injuries. Formulas for Calculation of Athletic Exposures (AEs) Tryouts & Practice= (a*A) + (b*B) Match (Traditional)= (c*C) Match (Athlete at Risk)= (11*C) a = average number of players participating in tryouts A = number of tryout sessions b = average number of players participating in practices B = number of practices in a season c = average number of players participating in matches C = number of matches in a season Results: In total, 885 coaches were sent surveys and 160 (18.1%) coaches responded, with 84 coaches representing girls soccer teams and 76 representing boys teams. A total of 323,010 AEs (160,756 female and 162,254 male) were reported of which 228,608 AEs (71%) took place in practices. 94,402 AEs occurred in matches using the “traditional” method and 61,963 AEs in matches using the “athlete at risk” method. 36 ACL injuries (28 female and 8 male) were reported. Of the 28 female ACL injuries, 25 happened during high school soccer activities (23 match, 2 practice). 3 ACL injuries occurred outside of high school soccer activities (1 club soccer, 1 volleyball, 1 unknown.) All 8 male ACL injuries were suffered during a high school match. Female athletes had an ACL injury rate of 0.16/1000 AEs compared to male athletes 0.05/1000 AEs (Table 1). Female athletes had a practice ACL injury rate of 0.02/1000 AEs and there were no ACL injuries suffered by male athletes in practice. Female athletes had a match ACL injury rate of 0.47/1000 AEs using “traditional” method and 0.70/1000 AEs by the “athlete at risk” method. Male athletes had a match ACL injury rate of 0.18/1000 AEs “traditional” method and 0.28/1000 AEs “athlete at risk” method (Figure 1). Female high school soccer athletes had a 3.2x greater risk of ACL tear than male high school soccer athletes. Female athletes were 26x more likely to tear their ACL in a match compared to practice. ACL match injury rates were 50-55% higher using the “athlete at risk” method compared to “traditional” methods for calculating match injury rates. Conclusion/Significance: A single postseason survey sent to coaches was successful in measuring AEs and ACL injury rates for a large population of high school soccer athletes. This represents an economical and feasible mechanism compared to previous studies (Table 2) to measure ACL injury rates for a high number of teams. It also allows ACL injury rates to be measured for schools and teams that do not have certified athletic trainers. “Traditional” methods for calculating match ACL injury rates greatly under represent ACL injuries compared to the “athlete at risk” method which is more representative of true injury risk exposure. A very high percentage of ACL injuries occurred during matches even though matches were responsible for only 29% of AEs. If future studies have limited resources, they should consider not recording practice AEs and ACL injuries since the likelihood of an ACL injury occurring during practice is very low compared to a match. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Figure: see text]
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Lievers, W. Brent, Katie A. Goggins, and Peter Adamic. "Epidemiology of Foot Injuries Using National Collegiate Athletic Association Data From the 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015 Seasons." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-560-18.
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Context Researchers analyzing data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program have not considered the differences in foot injuries across specific sports and between males and females. Objective To describe the epidemiologic differences in rates of overall foot injuries and common injuries among sports and between sexes. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Online injury-surveillance data from 15 unique sports involving males and females that demonstrated 1967 injuries over 4 821 985 athlete-exposures. Patients or Other Participants Male and female athletes competing in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports from the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 seasons. Main Outcome Measure(s) Foot injury rates (per 10 000 athlete-exposures) and the proportion of foot injuries were calculated for each sport. The effect of sex was calculated using Poisson-derived confidence intervals for 8 paired sports. A risk analysis was performed using a 3 × 3 quantitative injury risk-assessment matrix based on both injury rate and mean days of time loss. Results Foot injury rates differed between sports, with the highest rates in female gymnastics, male and female cross-country, and male and female soccer athletes. Cross-country and track and field had the highest proportions of foot injuries for both female and male sports. The 5 most common injuries were foot/toe contusions, midfoot injuries, plantar fascia injuries, turf toe, and metatarsal fractures. Only track and field athletes demonstrated a significant sex difference in injury rates, with female athletes having the higher rate. The quantitative injury risk-assessment matrix identified the 4 highest-risk injuries, considering both rate and severity, as metatarsal fractures, plantar fascia and midfoot injuries, and foot/toe contusions. Conclusions Important differences were present among sports in terms of injury rates, the most common foot injuries, and the risk (combination of frequency and severity) of injury. These differences warrant further study to determine the mechanisms of injury and target intervention efforts.
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Entezami, Maral, Ali Shamsi Majelan, and Hasan Daneshmandi. "Comparing Functional Movement Screen Scores Between Athlete and Non-Athlete Female Students." Journal of Sport Biomechanics 5, no. 4 (March 1, 2020): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/biomechanics.5.4.4.
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Objective: The present study aimed to compare the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores between athlete and non-athlete female students. Methods: Participants were 30 athlete female students (Mean±SD age, 23.36±3.10 years; Mean±SD height, 163.45±5.06 cm; Mean±SD weight, 57.40±6.43 kg) and 30 non-athlete female students (Mean±SD age, 25.00±2.36 years; Mean±SD height, 162.6±3.72; Mean±SD weight, 58.76±9.29 kg). They underwent FMS to assess their movement patterns. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the mean FMS scores between athletes and non-athletes. Data analysis was performed in SPSS v. 22 software at a significance level of P≥0.05. Results: The Mann–Whitney U test results showed a significant difference between the total mean FMS scores of female athletes and non-athletes (P=0.001). Considering a cut-off point of 14, Results revealed that 66% of athletes 40% of non-athletes had a FMS score <14, while 93.34% of athletes and 60% of non-athletes had a FMS score >14. Conclusion: FMS can help identify the difference in movement patterns between female athletes and non-athletes. Higher FMS scores of female athletes indicate that non-athletes have poor movement patterns which suggest that they are more likely to be injured if they engage in sports activities.
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Amaliya, Ihda, and Pudjijuniarto Pudjijuniarto. "Analysis of the Physical Condition of Women's Futsal Athletes at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik." Indonesian Journal of Kinanthropology (IJOK) 2, no. 2 (November 24, 2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ijok.v2n2.p66-75.
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Futsal is a sport of the big ball game. The game of futsal is not only for men who can play the game, nowadays there are also many women. This study aims to determine the level of physical condition of female futsal athletes at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik which includes speed, agility, endurance and strength. The population in this study were 15 female futsal athletes at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. This research method uses quantitative methods with descriptive methods. The data collection technique is by using a questionnaire. The results of this study are (1) The athlete's average speed is 4.285 seconds which is categorized as Very Good. The percentage is 60% categorized as Very Good;. (2) The average endurance of athletes is 23.94 ml/kg/min which is categorized as low. The percentage of 100% in the Low category; (3) the average strength of athletes is 24.16 times which is categorized as Medium. The percentage of 93.33% is categorized as Medium; (4) The average agility of athletes is 21.34 seconds categorized as Medium. The percentage of 66.67% is categorized as Medium. So from the results of this study it can be concluded that the female athlete Futsal at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik has a moderate physical condition. Because the average physical condition of female Futsal athletes at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik is in the Medium category. Keywords: futsal; female futsal athlete, physical condition