Dissertations / Theses: 'Female athletes'

1

Southwick, Carla. "The Risk of the Female Athlete Triad in Collegiate Athletes and Non-Athletes." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/66.

Full text

Abstract:

Prior research has found the female athlete triad in both female athletes and female non-athletes. This study consisted of 192 female participants attending Utah State University with 103 collegiate athletes and 89 non-athletes. The instruments used included the EAT-26, menstrual cycle history questionnaire, osteoporosis questionnaire, and time spent in exercise questionnaire. Results from the present study found a statistically significant difference between athletes and non-athletes being at risk for the triad with female athletes having a higher percentage (4.8%, 3.4%). No statistical significant correlation was found between the risk of the triad and excessive amounts of time spent in exercise in athletes (r=.113, p=.256) and non-athletes (r=-.041, p=.706). When athletes were divided into lean and non-lean athletes statistical significance was found with non-lean (17.4%) sport athletes (χ²(1,N=103)=83.971, p<.01) having a higher overall percentage of being at risk of the triad compared to the athletes involved in lean (5%) sports.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Hayden, Dorothy L. "Female and Male Athletic Coaches and Female High School Athletes Perception of Sexual Harassment and the Incidence among Female High School Athletes." Diss., Counseling, Human and Organizational Studies, George Washington University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/115.

Full text

Abstract:

Degree awarded (2003): EdDC, Counseling, Human and Organizational Studies, George Washington University
This study was designed to examine the perception and incidence of sexual harassment and determine the incidence of sexual harassment in relation to girls participating in high school athletics. The similarities and differences of interpretation of various interactions between high school athletes with their male and female athletic coaches were examined. This study also investigated the actual incidence of sexual harassment by male and female high school athletic coaches as reported by female athletes.

The study population included male and female athletic coaches currently coaching a female high school athletic team and female college students who participated in high school athletics.

This researcher, in order to accommodate the study population and research questions, adapted the Sexual Harassment Survey (1995) by Margery J. Holman, Ph.D. Female student athletes and male and female coaches responded to survey questions on demographics and their perceptions and understanding of described behaviors. The student athletes completed an additional section of the survey pertaining to their experience of sexual harassment.

Descriptive statistics (including frequencies and percentages as well as means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (One-Way Analysis of Variance with a Scheffe test of significance) were used to analyze the data.

A comparison of the responses of all three groups (female athletes, male coaches and female coaches) to questions pertaining to perceptions of sexual harassment indicated agreement among the groups in the identification of inappropriate behaviors. However, there was a significant difference in the level of agreement for seven described behaviors. In general, male and female coaches agreed with each other more often than with female athletes when identifying the behaviors associated with sexual harassment. The investigation of incidence indicated that female athletes experienced more behaviors associated with sexual harassment from male coaches than from female coaches. Understanding that the same behaviors were identified by female athletes, male coaches and female coaches, it can be concluded that inappropriate behavior was consistently identified, but the identification of sexual harassment does not necessarily diminish the incidence of sexual harassment.

Advisory Committee: Dr. Lori Lefcourt, Dr. Chris Erickson, Dr. Patricia Sullivan, Dr. Janet C. Heddesheimer, Dr. Donald C. Linkowski (Chair)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Rennolds, Jessica L. "Impact of an Educational Intervention on Female Athlete Triad Knowledge in Female Collegiate Athletes." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1404942957.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Akers, Allen (Roy Allen). "Muscular Differences Between Female Power and Endurance Athletes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277604/.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Wade, Amanda N. "A content analysis of black female athletes and white female athletes in sports magazines /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/6974.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Vollenhoven, Tarryn. "The psychological effects of the athlete-coach relationship on performance: The lived experiences of female university athletes." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6862.

Full text

Abstract:

Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES)
Coaches have been found to have a remarkable influence on the physical and psychological development on their athletes and that their main responsibility is to help their athletes perform at their maximum level and reach goals that they could not attain on their own. Coaches are responsible for developing athletes’ mental, physical, technical, and tactical abilities, and in addition to all of these responsibilities, they are also expected to win. The coach-athlete relationship can thus be regarded as the conveying of technical skills and mentoring from coach to athlete. Despite the responsibilities of a coach, the athlete-coach relationship is fundamental in the process of coaching because its nature is likely to determine the athlete’s satisfaction, self-esteem and performance accomplishments. The aim of this study was to investigate female university track and field athletes’ lived experiences within the athlete-coach relationship to gather psychological effects relating to performance. The objectives were to explore the lived experiences of female university athletes within the athlete-coach relationship, investigate the psychological effects, and explore the impact it has on performance within the athlete-coach relationship. The researcher adopted the qualitative research method approach using the phenomenology design to explore and obtain a better understanding into the psychological effects of the athlete-coach relationship on an athletes’ performance. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Following the interviews, all data was analyzed using the 3+1C’s conceptualized model as the theoretical framework. This model was used as it defines the coach-athlete relationship as a situation in which coaches and athletes’ closeness, commitment, and complementarity are co-orientated. The 3+1C’s model explored the athlete-coach relationship from the athlete’s perspective which elicited positive and negative psychological and performance effects within the athlete-coach dyad. The research findings of this thesis it can be concluded that the behaviours of coaches have an influence on female athletes’ psychological state as well as performance; and found that when coaches and athletes work together to achieve goals the relationship is more likely to be successful and the athlete is more likely to achieve goals. Furthermore it was concluded that affective emotional feelings of female University athletes are important in developing an effective athlete-coach relationship and facilitating positive psychological effects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

DeRosa, Christina Michelle. "Screening and Prevention of the Female Athlete Triad in High School Endurance Athletes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605120.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The American College of Sports Medicine defines the female athlete triad (FAT) as interrelated components of energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density. High school athletes have likely not experienced a lengthy duration of exposure to disordered eating, amenorrhea, and low bone density compared to older athletes because of their young age; the purpose for screening and creating awareness is to educate before negative consequences reach full effect later in life and running career. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to screen high school distance runners for awareness and baseline knowledge of the components of FAT. Methods: Four surveys submitted to high school female athletes assessing FAT knowledge, a questionnaire assessing triad risk factors, calcium intake, and demographic information. Results: Significant findings include faster 5k times with a body mass index (BMI) under 18.5 mg/kg², increased calcium intake correlated with positive awareness to the FAT, and a higher FAT knowledge score correlating with triad awareness. Conclusion: The results from this study did not show a relationship between BMI and menstrual history, 5k time and menstrual history, and BMI and calcium intake. All of the athletes' responses indicated having one or more components of the triad. Education of the components of the triad is needed in high schools, and screening should be incorporated into preparticipation health physicals so as to ensure athletes minimize their risks for stress fractures and impaired bone health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Bussey, Melanie D. "Sacroiliac joint dysfunction in female athletes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0001/MQ46238.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Henry, Amy E. "Black Female Athletes' Perceptions of Competitiveness." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1210610343.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Molnar, Bethany Alyse. "Menstrual Cycle Effects on Female Athletes." Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1399674131.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Dunnington, Kim Suzanne 1956. "Dietary intake of female college athletes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277031.

Full text

Abstract:

Dietary intake for female college students representing both athletic and nonathletic groups was studied using 3-day food records to determine whether there was difference in nutrient intake between groups. Body composition and nutritional beliefs were evaluated. Groups included: repertory dance (n = 4), gymnastics (n = 6), basketball (n = 6), cross-country runners (n = 5), volleyball (n = 4), and softball (n = 8). All groups had adequate calorie, high protein, low iron, zinc intake. All groups except volleyball had high vitamin C intake. Body composition ranged from 13.6%-21.7% fat. Eighty-six percent considered themselves over their optimal weight. A majority wanted more information on nutrition (75%) and on weight control (82%). I conclude there is no significant difference between dietary intake of athletic college women as compared to a nonathletic group, there is no significant difference in dietary intake among groups of athletic women, and athletic women consider dietary intake and nutrition knowledge to be important factors in training and competition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Davis, Jessica K. "The prevalence of the components of the female athlete triad in college aged females." Connect to online version, 2009. http://www.oregonpdf.org/search-results.cfm?crit=catid&searchString=PH+1857.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Johnson, Joshua Spencer. "Differences in male and female athletes and their perceptions of an ideal coach with respect to locus of control, competitiveness, goal-orientation and win-orientation." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003johnsonj.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Chawansky, Megan Elise. "Getting the girl female athletes' narratives of the recruiting process /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211401957.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Day, Jennifer. "Identifying and Reducing Risk of the Female Athlete Triad in Division 1 Athletes." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5031.

Full text

Abstract:

Physically active females, or female athletes, are at risk for the condition knownas the female athlete triad (Triad). The Triad is made up of three components that are distinctly separate, but intertwined: consuming inadequate energy for how much they are exercising, poor bone health, and problems with their menstrual periods. When female athletes don’t consume enough energy for how much they exercise, there can be hormonal imbalances, causing the body to conserve energy from some important functions including menstruation, and increased bone turnover resulting in a higher risk of stress fractures and early osteoporosis. Female athletes at risk for the Triad have ahigher risk of being injured, and don’t have the energy that they need to perform physically. To combat the Triad, we performed assessments to see how many female athletes were at risk for the Triad in Division I female athletes, and were surprised at the high number that were at risk for the Triad. We provided nutrition information and interventions aimed to decrease female athlete’s risk for the Triad. We also developed anew, quick method for female athletes, or busy individuals, to track their diet using the video feature on their cell phones. The benefits of providing nutrition information to the female athletes included: increasing their knowledge about the Triad, and things that they could do to prevent the Triad. The interventions did cause behavior change in some female athletes to increase how much energy they were consuming, decreasing their risk for the Triad.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Tabone, Brenda. "Knowledge and awareness of the Female Athlete Triad among female collegiate athletes at California State University, Long Beach." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523049.

Full text

Abstract:

The Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome defined by disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis seen in female athletes. This directed project presented the assessment of knowledge and the importance of education among female athletes regarding the Female Athlete Triad. The researcher worked with the athletic department and the female athletes at California State University, Long Beach. A quantitative study, quasi-experimental, one-group design was completed. A one-group pretest- posttest was used on 45 female athletes to evaluate their knowledge base before and after the educational intervention.

Results indicated a significant increase in the athletes' scores for knowledge of the Female Athlete Triad between the pretest and posttest ( p < .01). The increase in scores signified that a 1-hour education session improved the knowledge base for the female athletes of the Female Athlete Triad. A major recommendation would be to include coaches, trainers, and parents in the educational process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Peterson, Vanessa Margaret, and res cand@acu edu au. "Body Image and Dieting Behaviours: a Study of athletes and non-athletes." Australian Catholic University. School of Exercise Science, 2003. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp38.29082005.

Full text

Abstract:

Research has shown that elite female athletes competing in competitive sports may experience weight consciousness and face demands to conform to unrealistic standards of body weight. The purpose of this research was to investigate body image and dieting behaviours in adolescent female athletes and non-athletes. A self-reporting questionnaire was administered to 60 athletes aged between 13-16 years derived from eight different sporting populations, and a control group consisting of 60 non-athletes or inactive individuals aged between 13-16 years. Two major areas relating to weight and eating behaviours were examined: disordered eating and distorted body image. Other variables under investigation included current attempts at weight loss, level of acceptance of thin female stereotypes promoted by the media, reasons for dieting, and perception of one’s own body image. Results indicated that the majority of the athletes displayed a positive body image and were generally happy with their overall body shape. This group was less likely to employ weight loss behaviours. However, the non-athletes were more likely to display distorted body image and distorted eating behaviours. Consistent with the cultural expectations of thinness, large proportions of the non-athletes wished to lose weight, even though their actual weight (i.e. Body Mass Index) was normal or underweight. Weight concerns in the non-athlete group related more to attaining a media driven “ideal” of femininity. The weight concerns recorded amongst a small number of athletes were related more to improving sporting performance. Although no clinically diagnosed cases of eating disorders were recorded, eating behaviours, weight reduction practices and body image beliefs indicated that the adolescent female non-athletes may be at risk of developing disordered eating and body image problems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

White, Jennifer Louise. "Breast support implications for female recreational athletes." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/breast-support-implications-for-female-recreational-athletes(2356ffa6-27b3-4563-8f5e-0299310dae06).html.

Full text

Abstract:

Developing a scientific understanding of the breast support implications for the female recreational athlete will make a significant contribution to the breast biomechanics literature, provide valuable information to bra designers and help athletes make informed decisions about their breast support requirements. The work in this thesis determined the effect of a high and low breast support condition on biomechanical and perceptual variables during steady-state running, intermittent exercise and vertical jumping in a population of larger-breasted female recreational athletes. In order to assess breast kinematics an appropriate method of assessing bra fit was needed. Within this programme of research the use of best-fit criteria was first developed and then demonstrated that traditional bra fit methods overestimate band size (76% of participants) and underestimate cup size (84% of participants). During all activity modes a well-fitted high support bra significantly (p < 0.05) reduced breast kinematics and increased breast comfort. For steady-state running, alterations in lower-extremity biomechanics led to more distance being covered per minute (3.08 m; p = 0.006) and therefore a potential for improved performance when participants ran with high breast support. More acute knee flexion during sprinting (p = 0.008) and less sagittal plane thorax range of motion (p < 0.044) in the high breast support condition during the intermittent treadmill protocol could also benefit running performance. Increases in the range of motion of upper-extremity variables during treadmill activity were related to increases in some breast kinematic variables (r = 0.465 to 0.742); therefore certain individuals may require greater breast support than others. With increased breast kinematics there was a trend towards participants landing from vertical jumps with lower ground reaction forces coupled with increased thorax, thigh and knee flexion (r = 0.564 to 0.607). This suggests participants attempted to soften their landing, which may affect subsequent performance. Vertical jumping and sprinting elicited the highest magnitudes of vertical (0.08 m) and mediolateral (0.03 m) breast displacement respectively, questioning whether steady-state running is the most effective activity mode for testing bra efficacy. The reduction of anterioposterior breast kinematics should also be a consideration for bra design as they related most closely to breast comfort and biomechanical variables across all activity modes. Knowledge of the breast support implications for larger-breasted female recreational athletes was progressed in this thesis and bras offering high multi-planar support are promoted as they were found to be beneficial for performance within the activities investigated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Mann, Mallory E. "Squeezing In: Exploring Female Athletes' Body Perceptions." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1435185800.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Mee, Jessica Anne. "Heat tolerance and acclimation in female athletes." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ad621228-0ca8-4569-8dd1-12ee5f9d67ed.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis aimed to develop a running heat tolerance test (RHTT) to assess changes in heat tolerance and to investigate the mechanism and optimisation of heat acclimation (HA) for female athletes. The first study introduced a RHTT and assessed its repeatability. Results demonstrate good agreement, strong correlations and small differences between repeated trials. The typical error of measure values suggested low within-participant variability. Furthermore, the RHTT was effective in differentiating between individuals’ physiological responses, demonstrating that heat tolerance lies along a continuum. The second study examined the sensitivity of the RHTT to changes in heat tolerance and to evaluate individual responses to HA. Results demonstrate that the RHTT is sensitive to changes in heat tolerance and that the magnitude of adaptation is highly individual; supporting the use of the RHTT in future investigations. Reducing thermal strain through HA in not fully understood for a female population. The third study compared males’ and females’ temporal patterning to short-term HA (STHA; 5-d) and long-term HA (LTHA; 10-d). The RHTT was used to quantify changes in heat tolerance. The results confirm that whilst STHA may be effective in achieving partial adaptation in males and females, females require LTHA to establish reductions in thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain. Improved thermotolerance following HA, reduces disruptions to cellular homeostasis principally, but not exclusively, by increasing basal heat shock protein 72 following transcription of its gene (Hsp 72 mRNA) as part of the heat shock response (HSR). The fourth study compared males’ and females’ Hsp72 mRNA response during STHA and LTHA. The similar transcription of Hsp72 mRNA observed in all participants suggests that there are no differences in the endogenous criteria to elicit the HSR between sexes. The fifth study assessed the effectiveness of preceding STHA with a passive heat exposure (HAsauna) in females. HAsauna resulted in reductions in thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and perceptual strain. The adaptation pathway was likely mediated in part, by plasma volume expansion and an improved thermoeffector and thermosensitivity response of the sudomotor function. Together, evidence in this thesis supports the notion that special considerations need to be taken when using HA to attenuate thermoregulatory strain in female athletes prior to training and competing in the heat.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Benson, Marni J. "Nutrient intake in female collegiate track and field athletes." Connect to online version, 2009. http://www.oregonpdf.org/search-results.cfm?crit=catid&searchString=HE+905.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Eugene, Ernest G. "A comparison study between male and female division I athletes assessing identity." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196266933.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Lindmark, Emily, and Sabine Lif. "Successful and less successful athletic retirement in Swedish female elite athletes : Contributing factors." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-21587.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Meister, Miriam. "Competition vs. exercise-induced analgesia in male and female athletes and non-athletes." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1187.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

HOLMES, JENNIFER LYNN. "ATHLETIC TRAINERS' KNOWLEDGE AND CONFIDENCE LEVELS IN IDENTIFYING FEMALE COLLEGE ATHLETES WITH EATING DISORDERS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin991133378.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Martin, Eric Michael. "The Role of Athletic Identity and Passion in Predicting Burnout in Adolescent Female Athletes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1312937508.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Klitzky, Julie A. "Nutrition knowledge and eating behaviors among male and female collegiate athletes and non-athletes." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1399186.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to determine if there is a difference in nutrition knowledge and eating behaviors among collegiate male and female athletes and non-athletes. Although a vast majority of research has looked at female athletes, to date there has been limited research comparing athletes and non-athletes, specifically investigations involving males.A sample of male and female collegiate athletes and non-athletes completed an online questionnaire. The questions were formulated based the 2005 Food Guide Pyramid as well as factual nutrition knowledge questions. Once the survey was completed, the data was analyzed using the Pearson Correlation and ANOVA.A total of 1,252 participants completed the survey with a little over 78% being female. Only 7.2% (n=90) of the participants reported they were members of a collegiate sports team. The overall mean score for nutrition knowledge was 11.42 ±2.30 for all participants, representing a correct score of only 57%. Athletes had a mean score of 11.15 +2.55 and non-athletes with a mean score of 11.44 +2.28 showing no statistical difference. When comparing gender, females had a mean nutrition knowledge score of11.56 ±2.31 and males had a mean score of 10.90 ±2.22. Although females had a higher average knowledge score than males, this was not found to be statistically different.Eating behaviors were assessed using the 2005 Food Guide Pyramid. Males ate significantly more meals/day and servings of vegetables, grains, dairy and meats, nuts and beans than their female counter part. When looking at eating behaviors of athletes and non-athletes, very few statistical differences occurred. Athletes ate significantly more meals per day (3.29 ±.69) than non-athletes (2.65 ±.70). Similarly, athletes consumed significantly more (3.00 ±.74) cups of fruit per day than non-athletes (2.68 ±.59). No statistical differences were found between athletes and non-athletes for the amount of vegetables, grains, dairy, meats, nuts, and beans and fast food consumed.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Utley, Jo Ann. "Sex Role Orientation and Self-Esteem of Female Varsity Athletes, Recreational Athletes and Nonathletes." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1829.

Full text

Abstract:

The relationship between athletic participation, sex role orientation and self-esteem has received little attention from researchers and the relationship of these variables among females has not received as much attention as it has among males. It has been theorized that participation in sports, particularly team sports, may effect an increase in self-esteem due to increased positive body image and tend to “masculinize” women and/or attract females who possess or value more masculine traits and behaviors. To address these issues, a comparison of sex role orientation and level of self-esteem was made with female varsity athletes, recreational athletes and nonathletes at Western Kentucky University. The instruments utilized in the study were the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and an activity instrument on which the women indicated activities in which they had participated since and including the ninth grade. The activity instrument also asked for certain demographic information. The three groups of women were matched according to age, socioeconomic status and marital status. Significant differences were found between the three groups on sex role orientation. There was a much larger proportion of varsity athletes classified as androgynous when compared to the recreational athletes and nonathletes. In addition, a larger proportion of nonathletes was classified as feminine, and fewer were classified as masculine when compared to the varsity and recreational athletes. Indicated was a trend for an increasing number of females to be classified as androgynous and masculine as athletic participation increased. No significant differences were found between the groups with regard to level of self-esteem. Possible explanations for the finding are explored.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Kapp, Bianca. "Eligibility of female athletes with differences of sex development to compete in international athletics." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/72958.

Full text

Abstract:

After given due consideration to the need of the original hyperandrogenic regulations and the constant pressure from society upon the International Association of Athletics Federation’s (hereafter IAAF) to take action against the presumed unfair competitive edge which such an athlete posed, it cannot be said that a female athlete’s natural levels of testosterone should be considered prejudicial in cases where such an excess is naturally produced within the athlete’s body. Any regulation that impedes upon the rights and freedoms of an athlete must be drafted in a manner that bears the highest degree of credibility and evidence, including the support of several cross-examinations of the evidential value before the promulgation thereof. The IAAF’s hyperandrogenic regulations fail to meet this extrinsic threshold and instead announces it in the absence of trailed and proven factual scientific evidence. The CAS board identified a lack of legality due to insufficient scientific evidence presented by the IAAF in order to justify the need of such regulations. This study found that Hyperandrogenic athletes faced numerous accounts of prejudice as a result of the regulations and the enforcement thereof by the IAAF. After the CAS panel established that several of the Hyperandrogenic athlete’s rights were infringed upon by the regulations, in an attempt to evade legal consequences, the IAAF withdrew the hyperandrogenic regulations leading to the abolishment of all legal proceedings linked thereto. The IAAF then retaliated months later with the publication of their DSD regulations. After facing an immense amount of critique by professionals globally, a communal consensus was reached that the DSD regulation was even weaker than its pre-successor. This study firstly investigates the scientific evidence, both in manner and in the hypothesis, presented by the IAAF in support of their DSD regulations. Secondly, it will criticise the legitimacy of the Bermon test and its publication in the British Journal of Sport Medicine (hereinafter the BJSM). Comparisons are made between hyperandrogenism and collateral cases involving similar medical conditions. Attention has also been drawn to the legal recourse currently available to affected athletes. Hereinafter, opinions and suggestions will be made as to an appropriate, and a law-abiding way as to how hyperandrogenism should be regulated.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Procedural Law
LLM (Research)
Unrestricted

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Knecht, Jean C. "The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in female collegiate athletes." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5109.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Brenner, Megan Lindsay III. "The effects of creatine supplementation on performance and body composition of female athletes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36985.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of five weeks of creatine monohydrate ingestion on body composition, blood metabolite, and muscular performance measures in 16 female NCAA Division1 lacrosse players. Subjects were randomly divided into placebo (P,n=9) and creatine supplement (C,n=7) groups. The supplement group was administered 20g/d of creatine monohydrate in capsule form for 7 d and 2g/d thereafter for five weeks during which time the subjects were engaged in a pre-season conditioning program. Pre-and post-testing consisted of a three-site skinfold analysis, bioelectric impedence (BIA) measurements, hydrostatic weighing, isokinetic knee extension muscle endurance test (5 sets of 30 repetitions at 180 degrees/sec.), blood lactate response to the performance test (pre-test and 3 minutes post-test), a 1RM bench press and 1RM leg extension test. Pre-,mid-, and post- values of blood parameters (BUN and GPT) were measured in order to ensure the safety of the subjects. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and values are presented as mean+/-SEM for C and P groups, respectively. Testing revealed that 1RM bench press significantly increased in both groups (mean increase both groups: 4.5kg), and the C group improved significantly more than the P group (6.17+/-1.96 and 2.84+/-1.84 kg ). Percent body fat by skinfold also decreased significantly in both groups over time (0.52%), and the C group decreased their body fat significantly more than the P group (1.2+0.92 and +0.29+0.81%). Percent body water by BIA also decreased significantly in both groups over time (2.0%), and the C group decreased their percent body water significantly more than the P group (3.0+/-1.06 and 1.0+/-0.92 %). There was a trend for body fat measured by hydrostatic weighing to decrease for for both groups over the 5 weeks. Although no significant differences between groups were found in all other measures, significant time effects across groups were noted (values are absolute mean increase for both groups) for body weight (0.49+/-3.2kg), 1RM leg extension (1.36+/-4.1kg), BUN (0.07+/-0.03mmol/L), total work across 5 bouts of isokinetic knee extension (283.5+/-387.3Watts), and fat-free mass by skinfold (0.70+/-1.18kg). These data indicate that a regimen of dietary creatine supplementation designed to increase total muscle Cr content significantly improved the 1RM bench press strength, and decreased the percent body fat as assessed by skinfold and the percent body water as assessed by BIA of a supplemented group more than a placebo group when all female subjects are engaged in a common resistance training program. Furthermore, chronic creatine supplementation appears to have no detrimental effect on blood metabolites which indicate kidney and liver function.
Master of Science

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Gilmore, Orla. "Leaving competitive sport : Scottish female athletes' experiences of sport career transitions." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/496.

Full text

Abstract:

Over the last three decades, the sports research community has demonstrated a growing interest in the process of sport retirement. The majority of the sport retirement research has focused on male professional athletes, traditionally those in the popular spectator sports. Yet, the process of leaving sport applies to thousands of individuals, both male and female, who engage in competitive sport. To date very little consideration has been given to the retirement experiences of female athletes. Three separate studies have been undertaken to address this identified gap in the literature. Studies One and Two aimed to explore the experiences of sport retirement for elite female athletes in Scotland, using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In Study One questionnaire data was collected from 92 former Scottish elite female athletes. Questionnaire sections were designed to examine what were felt to be the major elements of the Taylor and Ogilvie (1994; 2001) conceptual model of adaptation to retirement from sport, in order to explore the applicability of this model to female athletes in Scotland. The results of the study provide support for the use of this model to assist in our understanding of the retirement transition. The findings highlighted the importance of athletic identity, reason for retirement, and perceptions of control in predicting the level of difficulty and adjustment that an athlete may experience upon their retirement. The most significant finding was the effect that athletic identity had on the retirement process, with those identifying strongly with the athletic role reporting significantly higher levels of difficulty, emotional adjustment, and social adjustment. 29 of these athletes participated in an in-depth interview within Study Two, enabling a more in-depth analysis of their retirement experiences. In this study particular attention was paid to the effect of athletic identity on this transition. In support of the findings of Study One, athletes with a strong and exclusive athletic identity were found to be more likely to experience difficulties when they retire. In comparison, athletes with lower levels of athletic identity generally experience some mild negative emotions after initially retiring, followed by a relatively smooth transition into their life after sport. The second part of this thesis examines formal programmes available to support female athletic retirement in Scotland. Study Three provides an evaluation of the Performance Lifestyle programme offered by the Scottish Institute of Sport, focusing in particular on the services related to preparation for life after sport. The perspectives of a number of different groups with an interest or involvement in the programme were examined and comparisons made with the delivery of Performance Lifestyle to other athlete groups in Great Britain. The results show that Performance Lifestyle is a very valuable source of support for athletes who are part of the Institute Network. The programme does deal with the issue of the end of the career, but it is definitely a weaker aspect, largely due to lack of resources. Performance Lifestyle in Scotland compares favourably with programmes offered by the Institute Network in England and by Welsh Rugby. However other professional sports are currently offering superior programmes due to higher levels of investment and resources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Hinderer, Ashley. "Collegiate Athlete Runner Study CARS: A Longitudinal Analysis of Dietary Intake in Comparison with Dietary Recommendations for Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587466845699645.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Dalen, Cathrine Aa. "Competitiveness, Sensation Seeking and Androgen Hormones Among Female Athletes." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for nevromedisin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24930.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Previous research has suggested that there may be an association between levels of androgen hormones among female athletes, scores on competitiveness and sensation seeking (SS) and athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between levels of androgen hormones and scores of competitiveness and sensation seeking among female athletes. In addition it analyzed the association between androgen hormones and the physical performance (VO2-max) among the female athletes. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study of 72 female athletes from different sports in the middle part of Norway, between the age 18 and 38. The 13 items for the competitiveness scores from the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ), and the 40 items from the Sensation Seeking Score (SSS) were used to disclose the psychological traits of the females. A maximal oxygen uptake (VO2-max) test was used to establish the athlete’s physical capacity. For measurements of circulating androgen hormones (CAH), fasting serum samples were collected of the hormones free testosterone index (FTI) and 3-alfa-diol glucoronid (ADG). The athletes were analyzed all together and divided into three major sports groups (team sport, endurance and strength and technique). Statistics used were descriptive, linear regression, Pearson correlation test and independent t-test. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: There was a statistical significant association between the androgen metabolite ADG and the experience seeking scale of SS among all the athletes. When dividing the athletes in to the three sports group, there was an association between VO2-max and the androgen metabolite ADG among the team sport group, and between FTI and VO2-max in the endurance group. In the endurance group there was an association between FTI and competitiveness. There was also an association between VO2-max and BMI. Conclusion: There may be an association between levels of CAH and to want to try new experiences, like sports. There may therefore be an association between CAH and some types of sports at a certain level of VO2-max. Also, there may be an association between CAH and competitiveness among endurance athletes. Further research on female athletes at higher levels in more homogenous groups, is suggested to get a better understanding of female athletes, physiological traits and hormones. Keywords: Female athletes, competitiveness, sensation seeking (SS), circulating androgen hormones (CAH), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2-max).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Secrest, Mallory L. "Narratives of Collegiate Female Athletes Who Sustained Multiple Injuries." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1268860521.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

White, Jessica M. "A Hamstring emphasized strengthening program for female collegiate athletes." Defiance College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=def1281465088.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Hartsough, Leanna L. Hartsough. "Male and Female Athletes’ Perceptions of their Coaches’ Communication." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1516795664040302.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Anderson, Brett I. "Effects of interval training in female collegiate soccer athletes." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939120971&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Wynn, Persephone M. "Physiological and psychological characteristics of elite female adolescent athletes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34163.

Full text

Abstract:

The elite female adolescent athletes in this study were late maturers and had a later onset of menarche than the non-elite female adolescent athletes. They had less adipose tissue and more muscle than the non-elite athletes, though they were similar in height and body mass. The elite athletes had higher VO2 peak (l.min-1) and lower maximum heart rates (beat.min-1) when analysed by age and maturation status. VO2 peak (ml.kg-1min-1) was higher in the elite athletes but there was no effect of age or maturation. The elite athletes were less economical than the non-elite athletes during submaximal running, yet had lower blood lactate concentrations (mmol.l-1), lower heart rates (beats.min-1), worked at a lower percentage of their maximum heart rates, reported lower rates of perceived exertion and had lower R values. During the 30 s cycle maximal sprint the groups were similar for peak power (W) but there were independent effects of age and maturation. The elite girls had higher mean power output (W and W.kg-1). Blood lactate concentrations were similar for both groups though there was an independent effect of age and maturation. The elite athletes had higher combined leg press, higher left leg press and higher arm press than the non-elite athletes. There was an independent effect of age and maturation power and strength. The elite athletes were more skilled at using psychological strategies in training and competition and perceived that the significant others around them were both task- and ego-oriented with regards to their sporting success.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Kadlec, Daniel. "Motor capacity and sidestepping execution strategies in female athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2536.

Full text

Abstract:

Non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries during sidestepping occur when the imposed knee joint loading exceeds the load tolerance of the tissues. The load tolerance thresholds can be modified with appropriate training (e.g., resistance training and plyometrics) and thus increase injury resilience. However, despite such insights, the incidence of ACL injury has not decreased in recent years. Injury is of particular concern for female athletes who present with significantly higher rates than male athletes. Understanding how different constraints shape an athlete’s movement strategy and affect the resultant joint loading when designing training interventions can help to mitigate injury risk. Motor capacities, such as muscular strength and power, act as boundaries on the safe execution of motor skills and shape the acquisition of movement strategies. Therefore, increasing single- and multi-joint strength enables a broader solution space for movement strategies and mitigates joint loading impact. Exposing athletes simultaneously to the motor skills intended to be improved is critical to effectively transfer new levels of motor capacities into the movement competency. Manipulating task constraints during sidestepping can be used in the training process to expose athletes to high joint loading and prepare them for “worst-case” scenarios. Such “worst-case” scenarios are characterised by certain segment alignments and joint positions previously determined as ACL risk factors in sidestepping movements (e.g., lateral foot placement, lateral trunk flexion or knee flexion at initial contact). Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to increase the understanding of how to prepare athletes for “worst-case” sidestepping scenarios. Chapter 2 established a theoretical framework for how different constraints can be utilised to a) manipulate the joint loading profile, such as the magnitude and distribution of joint loading, when sidestepping, thus specifically overloading, in particular, the knee joint, b) prepare for the imposed loading experienced during unplanned sidestepping, and c) how to facilitate a transfer from increases in motor capacities (e.g., single- and multi-joint strength) to improved motor skill (e.g., sidestepping). Subsequently, Study 1 demonstrated the reliability of single- and multijoint lower-body strength tests in recreationally trained female athletes. Such tests can be a valuable component of athlete monitoring for readiness and a component of a comprehensive physical test battery. Study 2 demonstrated that an individualised resistance training approach attenuates knee joint loading during unplanned sidestepping. The results of study 2 highlighted that individual strategies existed at the joint level when performing sidestepping that should be considered in subsequent training interventions. Study 3 demonstrated that the execution strategy, assessed by the single joint loading, changed based on external task constraints, particularly at the knee joint. Understanding how different task constraints affect the execution strategy is crucial when aiming to elicit specific adaptations around single joints. The concepts and results of this thesis may have important implications for scientists and practitioners and shift how we think of athletic preparation. Exposing athletes progressively, continuously, and systematically to “worst-case” demands and the associated joint loading may increase injury resiliency and ultimately prepare for in situ demands. Further, possible approaches to facilitate the rate of transfer from increases in motor capacities (e.g., maximal muscle strength and maximal muscle power) to improvements in motor skills (e.g., jumping, sidestepping, sprinting) have been suggested. The results from this thesis provide support to seek the enhancement of an athlete’s ability to adapt and perform a multitude of execution strategies when completing the same motor task and withstand “worst-case” scenarios through increases in motor capacity and exposure to task variability.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Hinken, Lindsey Elise. "Correlation Between Female Athlete Screening Tool (FAST) Scores and Biomarkers to Identify Female Athlete Triad Among Collegiate Athletes and to Evaluate the Validity of the Instrument." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2331.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to determine if the Female Athlete Screening Tool (FAST) is a valid indicator of the three physical components of Female Athlete Triad (FAT), malnutrition, amenorrhea, and low bone mineral density, and if administration of the FAST can be used as a time- and cost-effective way to identify FAT. Participants completed the FAST, the Menstrual Status Questionnaire, and had a blood sample drawn. Interpretation of the total FAST score placed participants in one of three conditions: normal, subclinical disordered eating, or clinical eating disorder. The presence of the three biomarkers of FAT was determined by participants’ responses on the Menstrual Status Questionnaire and protein analyses of their blood samples, in which plasma Prealbumin and CTx levels were tested. Results indicated that there were not significant differences between total FAST scores of participants in each of the groups for any of the three biomarkers (i.e., low versus normal Prealbumin levels; amenorrhea versus normal menstruation; high versus normal CTx levels). More research is needed before it can be determined if the FAST is an appropriate diagnostic tool for FAT. An overwhelming majority of the sample (79.5%) received total FAST scores that fell in the subclinical disordered eating or clinical eating disorder ranges, which supports previous findings that female athletes are at a high risk of developing disordered eating habits or eating disorders due to their unique characteristics and lifestyles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Valentine, Megan L. "THROUGH HER EYES: EXPLORING THE HIGH SCHOOL SPORTS EXPERIENCES OF FEMALE ATHLETES." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1151092996.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Martin, Mandee E. "COMPARISON OF QUICK METHODS FOR DETERMINING BODY COMPOSITION IN FEMALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES AND OBESE FEMALES." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/foodsci_etds/41.

Full text

Abstract:

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a tool used broadly by public health agencies to assess weight in populations. However, when differentiating between fat mass and fat free mass the formula (BMI = weight in kilograms/height in meters2) is not applicable. Research suggests that evaluating body fat percentage and adipose tissue deposition may provide a nuanced indication of overall health, making it more accurate on an individual basis. This study evaluated four methods (Body Mass Index, waist circumference, A Body Shape Index, and Waist to Stature Index) that assess body composition and their ability to predict body fat percentage in female collegiate athletes and overweight/obese females. The study also investigated if the CUN‐BAE formula could calculate body fat percentage accurately in comparison to air displacement plethysmography in both populations. The study found that the universality of these algorithms is uncertain in diverse populations and that the predictive power of anthropometric‐based formulas is inconsistent when considering body fat percentage.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Kirk, Ginger Lynne. "Female Collegiate Athletes and Eating Disorders: A Population at-Risk?" Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37944.

Full text

Abstract:

This study compared the prevalence of eating disorder behavior between collegiate athletes (n = 206) and college female nonathletes (n = 197). Numerous eating disorder studies conducted on the female college population have shown this population to be at greater risk of developing eating disorders than the general population. Furthermore, some studies have found that women athletes are even at higher risk of eating disorders, but the research has produced conflictual and inconclusive evidence. In this study, it was hypothesized that athletes would have higher rates of disordered eating. However, a reverse outcome occurred. The t-test conducted on the EAT-26 scores from the two groups showed that the nonathletes females displayed significantly higher eating disordered behavior than the female athletes. Additionally, relationships between sports advocating body leanness as possible risk factors of eating disorders were investigated and no significance was found. The study did find a link between age and eating disorder behavior among nonathletes. Traditionally, it has been assumed that collegiate female athletes are more likely to develop an eating disorder because of the intense training and performance demands that are added to the normal stressors of college life. This study challenges this assumption. The implications from the current study suggest additional research is needed to further investigate the specific environmental elements that may predispose subpopulations of college women to develop eating disorders.
Ph. D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Popson, Halle C. "A PROTECTION HYPOTHESIS: ALPHA CHARACTERISTICS AND RISK FACTORS FOR SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION AMONG ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1283372624.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Kruto, Diane. "Nutrition knowledge, interests, and dietary practices of female college athletes /." View online, 1993. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998880835.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Arthur, Jessyca Nicole. "Collegiate female athletes' reported experiences of recovering from eating disorders." Thesis, Boston University, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31959.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
At present, there is little esearch on athletes' recovery from eating disorders. The research was designed to fill this void through three studies on recovery in athletes who experienced eating disorders. Study #1 included 49 collegiate female athlete participants with current or former eating disorders. They completed on-line questionnaires to determine persons and factors that helped their attempts at recovery as well as to measure their use of coping mechanisms. Mothers and friends were most frequently cited as helpful as well as hurtful to recovery. Not wanting to lose the ability to compete in sport emerged as the most important factor in assisting recovery. Coping mechanisms were interpreted using Folkman and Lazarus's (1980) transactional model. Results revealed that greater recovery was related to more use of problem-focused coping and emotional-approach coping strategies as well as less use of avoidant-style coping. Study #2 utilized in-depth interviews with 17 collegiate female athletes who had achieved at least three months of recovery from an eating disorder in attempt to better understand the recovery process in athletes. Results revealed a life-cycle of an eating disorder which had ultimately led the participants to recovery. The participants' reports indicated a variety of internal and external factors that helped and hindered the recovery process which were discussed and compared to the non-athlete literature. Study #3 provided advice to coaches, parents, and athletes based on the experiences of 16 collegiate female athletes who had achieved at least a three month period of recovery from an eating disorder. Participants most frequently encouraged coaches to address eating disorder symptoms, provide support, and refer athletes to professional care. Parents were encouraged to provide support, recommend professional treatment, avoid critical comments or judgments, and become more educated about eating disorders. Participants most commonly recommended that athletes with eating disorders keep hope for recovery, determine underlying causes of the disorder, and seek professional treatment. The results from all three studies provided implications for the sport community, which were discussed in detail. Overall, results indicated that the ability to participate in sport is a crucial factor in motivating athletes to recover from eating disorders.
2031-01-02

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Howell, Libby. "The effects of interpersonal relationships on the development of successful female athletes /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1990. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10937791.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University.
Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Marlin M. Mackenzie. Dissertation Committee: Roger Myers. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-168).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Junaid, Sara. "An analysis of eating disorder correlates in female varsity athletes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0024/MQ30713.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Stevenson, Mike. "The use of mental skills by male and female athletes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0027/MQ52308.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Female athletes'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles