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Regan, Pamela C., and Corina Ramirez. "Decisions on Child Care: Do Sex and Sexual Orientation Matter?" Psychological Reports 86, no. 3 (June 2000): 922–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3.922.
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This experiment on person perception used a role-playing methodology to examine whether a target individual's sex and sexual orientation influence perceived abilities as a child care worker. Men and women ( N = 78) role played the part of a parent who has placed an advertisement for a full-time babysitter. They received information about a male or female, heterosexual or homosexual applicant (randomly assigned). Although participants preferred to hire (and felt more comfortable leaving their children with) a heterosexual woman than any other type of applicant, they believed that homosexual men and women were as knowledgeable about aspects of child care, e.g., nutrition, first aid, as their heterosexual peers. The least preferred child care worker was a heterosexual man, perhaps because such a target is inconsistent with traditional sex-role expectations.
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Bhandari, Durga, and Prativa Pandey. "Health Problems while Working as a Volunteer or Humanitarian Aid Worker in Post-Earthquake Nepal." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 56, no. 211 (June 30, 2018): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.3630.
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Introduction: Volunteers and humanitarian aid workers working in disaster struck areas of the world are a vulnerable group of travelers. Nepal saw an influx of these humanitarian aid workers following earthquakes in April and May 2015.
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at CIWEC Hospital located in Kathmandu. A questionnaire was given to all volunteers and aid workers who arrived at the hospital for evaluation of health related problems and agreed to be part of the study.
Results: Ninety-five volunteers were enrolled in the study. Among these, 65 (68%) were female and 30 (32%) were male. The immunizations received before travel were Hepatitis A 82 (86%), Hepatitis B 82 (86%), Typhoid 70 (73%), Rabies 38 (40%), Japanese Encephalitis 34 (36%), Influenza within last one year 23 (24%), measles 48 (51%), Cholera 34 (36%),Tetanus within 10 years 71 (75%) and Varicella 38 (40%). Forty-four (45%) of travelers carried medication for treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea (TD) which included Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Loperamide and others like Metronidazole and Charcoal. The common illnesses encountered were gastrointestinal, skin problems , injury and musculoskeletal problems, respiratory problems, genitourinary problems, cardiovascular, psychological problems, syncope, and miscellaneous.
Conclusions: Traveler’s Diarrhea and dermatological problems were the most common health related problems. Volunteers were not properly prepared for self-treatment and pre-travel preparation was sub-optimal. Important pre travel health advice will decrease the incidence of health problems in this group.
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Heaton, Laura. "The risks of instrumentalizing the narrative on sexual violence in the DRC: Neglected needs and unintended consequences." International Review of the Red Cross 96, no. 894 (June 2014): 625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383115000132.
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Public understanding of humanitarian emergencies tends to focus on one story and one type of victim. Examples are manifold: amputees in Sierra Leone, victims of kidnapping in Colombia, or victims of chemical weapons in Syria. At times, the aid community, and the media in turn, seizes upon a particular injustice – landmines, female genital mutilation and child soldiers are examples from recent decades – and directs resources and attention its way. Similarly, thematic trends tend to dominate aid discourse, with funding proposals to donors replete with references to the frameworkdu jour. In a related phenomenon highlighted by author and aid worker Fiona Terry, “[w]ords are commandeered to give a new gloss to familiar themes: ‘capacity building’ became ‘empowerment’, which has now become ‘resilience’”. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the conflict has been largely defined by sexual violence, and raped women are its most prominent victims.
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Grant, Christine Anne, Louise M. Wallace, Peter C. Spurgeon, Carlo Tramontano, and Maria Charalampous. "Construction and initial validation of the E-Work Life Scale to measure remote e-working." Employee Relations 41, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-09-2017-0229.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and provide initial validation for the new E-Work Life (EWL) Scale. This measure assesses a range of theoretically relevant aspects of the e-working experience related to four main areas: job effectiveness, relationship with the organisation, well-being and work-life balance. Design/methodology/approach This study presents structured item development. Internal validity and reliability were tested on a sample of 260 e-workers (65 per cent female, age range 25–74). Correlations of the EWL scale with a measure of general health were tested on a subsample of 119 workers to provide initial evidence of construct validity. Findings Exploratory factor analysis supported a 17-item scale assessing four factors: work-life interference, productivity, organisational trust and flexibility. Individual well-being was measured and a pattern of significant correlations against four factors as indicators of general health were found, including mental health and vitality. Research limitations/implications A new sample would confirm the strength of the EWL scale alongside further tests of validity. Coping strategies related to the scale would aid mapping of individual competencies for remote e-working to promote e-workers’ self-management, management style and organisational policy. Practical implications The EWL scale helps organisations to evaluate and support the well-being of remote e-workers. It provides measurement on three levels: individual, supervisory and organisational, whereby practical strategies for improvement can be linked to the scale. Originality/value The EWL scale completes a gap in the research by providing a measure aiding organisations to evaluate and support remote e-worker well-being.
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Aslam, Maleeha. "Burned Alive." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i4.1591.
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Burned Alive is the true story of Souad, a young Palestinian woman whosurvived an attempted honor killing carried out by her brother-in-law. Thisautobiography, documented by Marie-Thérèse Cuny and translated fromthe French by Judith S. Armbruster, is narrated in such a way that the readerscan develop a familiarity with the complicated dimension of genderroles, the prevalence of asymmetrical standards of male and female morality in misogynistic societies, and their impact on women. The plot developsin a way designed to inform the reader that honor killing, although outwardlypracticed as a customary punishment for an illicit sexual relationship,is, in reality, a brutal form of female suppression.The book, divided into five parts, covers two different stages of Souad’slife. Now forty-five, the first phase of her life took place in a small WestBank village where, at the age of eighteen, she experienced the atrocity ofan attempted honor killing because she had had premarital sexual relationshipswith a man. Through an aid worker named Jacqueline, Souad miraculouslysurvived and was moved to Europe, where she began the secondphase of her life. She now lives with a loving husband and three children,following her tryst with death, twenty-four operations, and innumerableexcruciatingly painful recovery procedures ...
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Latysheva, L. "Worker support groups: The ranks of female workers." Metallurgist 34, no. 8 (August 1990): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00748642.
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Sari, Devi Retno, Nyayu Neti Arianti, and Basuki Sigit Priyono. "THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTATION FEMALE WORKER INCOME DETERMINANT." Agric 33, no. 1 (September 14, 2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2021.v33.i1.p29-42.
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This research was conducted to: 1) analyze the contribution of female worker income to household income, and 2) analyze the factors that influence the female worker income of plantation female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate). The number of female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate) was 297. Therefore, by using the Slovin formula, the counted number respondents was 75. The contribution of female worker’s income to household income was counted with the percentage of female worker’s income contribution to the total of household income. Meanwhile, the factors that influenced to the income of female worker was analyzed using multiple linear regression model. The results indicate that the average income of female worker is Rp 1,481,680/month with an average contribution of 55.17% to household income. Female worker ages and husband’s income had negative effect on the female worker income, while formal education, number of family dependents, and working experience had positive effect. Other family member’s income had no effect.
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A. Taher, Mohammed, Salim A.Hammadi, and Ali A.Ali. "The Chages in Sex Hormones in Female Working in Battries Manufacturing Plant." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 15, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol15iss2pp23-28.
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Lead has toxic effects on reproduction of both male and female. It can cause decreased sex drive , infertility and abnormal menstrual cycle in women. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of exposure to lead in batteries female workers on sex hormones level in the serum.Thirty nine (39) female workers (volunteers) in Iraqi Batteries Manufacturing Plants, Al-Waziriya / Baghdad were participated in this study. They are classified into 3 groups, first group included fourteen (14) female that have been employed for 1-7 years , second group included thirteen (13) female that have been employed for 8-14 years , third group included twelve (12) female have been employed for15-22 years and and fourteen females were included as the control . Blood lead level, serum FSH, LH, prolactin and total testosterone were measured and compared for all subjects.The results indicated that mean of blood lead levels (BLL), testosterone levels were highly significant in all worker groups compared to the control (p<0.005).Prolactin levels in group I and FSH in group III were significantly higher than that in control ( P< 0.005) and (P<0.05) respectively. LH levels in groups II and III were significantly higher than that in control (P<0.05, P<0.005 respectively). High incidence of hirsutism (48%) and miscarriages (50%) were observed in worker groups compared to control (11%). The results indicated that there are hormonal changes in female workers exposed to lead associated with increased incidence of hirsutism and miscarriages compared to non exposed females .
Key words: Lead , Sex hormones hyperandrogenemia
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Bae, Sung-Heui. "Work Hours of Immigrant Versus U.S.-Born Female Workers." Workplace Health & Safety 65, no. 10 (May 9, 2017): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079916686358.
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This study was a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data extracted from the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey. Data from 8,931 full-time (i.e., 21 hours or more per week) women workers aged 18 to 85 years were analyzed to examine the nature and prevalence of immigrant female workers’ work hours, overtime, and related factors in the United States compared to U.S.-born female workers. Results showed that foreign-born female workers did not work longer hours than U.S.-born female workers. Foreign-born female workers who reported poor health worked longer hours than did their U.S.-born counterparts. Foreign-born female workers who were self-employed or worked in family businesses tended to work longer hours than did those women who worked for private companies or nonprofit organizations.
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Ahmad, Khabir. "Taliban relents stance on female aid workers." Lancet 356, no. 9226 (July 2000): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)73609-6.
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Lee, Charlotte T., Clarelle L. Gonsalves, Jenny Gao-Kang, Brittney Jayne McKay, Wyatt G. Pickrell, Tara Sabzvari, Sandra Yalda, and Ruth F. Barker. "Characteristics of caregiving: A prospective, observational study of lung cancer patients and their informal caregivers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.31_suppl.18.
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18 Background: Cancer self-management involves active partnership between patients and their informal caregivers (ICs). There is a dearth of literature on ICs to lung cancer patients. Multi-modality treatment and profound challenges in symptom management and lifestyle adjustment are hallmarks of this population. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of, and resources utilized by ICs to lung cancer patients and examine the association between symptom severity and a) caregiver burden and b) perceived support. Methods: This study was conducted at a cancer centre north of Toronto, Canada. Dyads of lung cancer patients receiving outpatient treatment and their self-identified ICs (N = 39) were recruited. Upon consent, participants completed a one-time survey which assessed study variables employing previously validated instruments, including: patient’s functional status, caregiver burden, caregiver’s perceived social support and utilization of resources to enhance self-management. Descriptive analysis was used to describe our sample and frequency of resource utilization. Pearson’s correlation was used to examine the association between symptom severity and a) caregiver burden and b) perceived support. Results: The study sample consisted of middle-aged patients and caregivers (median 55-64 years). A majority of caregivers were female (76.2%), received education above college level (56.1%) and were immediate family members (80.9%). The most frequently utilized resources were the lung cancer patient handbook (48.8%), followed by personal support worker (29.3%). Caregiver support group was the least utilized (10%) resource. Patient’s symptom severity was negatively correlated with one aspect of caregiver burden, caregiver’s self-esteem (r = -0.36, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Findings indicated similarities in caregiver demographics to carers of other patient populations. Informational support and material aid appeared to be the most important resources. Patients’ well-being had the greatest impact on caregivers’ self-esteem, indicating implications on person-centred care and collaborative patient-provider relationships to support patient self-management.
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Potter, Kathleen, Judy Martin, and Sarah Romans. "Early Developmental Experiences of Female Sex Workers: A Comparative Study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 6 (December 1999): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00655.x.
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Objective: The aim of this paper is to explore the early family environment of a sample of female sex workers and compare the findings with a large community data set of similarly aged women. Method: Sex workers recruited by a snowball method were given a semi-structured interview, which included the Parental Bonding Instrument. These results were compared to those from the Otago Women's Child Sexual Abuse (OWCSA) study. Results: The sex workers' families were of lower socioeconomic status and had experienced more parental separation than had the OWCSA families. The mothers of sex workers were more frequently the family's main wage earner. Sex workers described both parents as less caring than did the OWCSA women. They were significantly more likely than the OWCSA women to report childhood sexual abuse. The sex workers were more likely to have left home early, to have become pregnant before the age of 19 years and to not have completed tertiary study. Conclusions: The sex workers studied came from families with more interpersonal difficulties during childhood and adolescence than did a control community sample of similarly aged women. The relevance and generalisability of this conclusion to the wider sex worker population is difficult to determine, given the non-random selection of this sex worker sample.
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Kuhn, Alexandre, Hugo Darras, and Serge Aron. "Phenotypic plasticity in an ant with strong caste–genotype association." Biology Letters 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 20170705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0705.
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Caste determination in social Hymenoptera (whether a female egg develops into a reproductive queen or a sterile worker) is a remarkable example of phenotypic plasticity where females with highly similar genomes exhibit striking differences in morphology and behaviour. This phenotypic dichotomy is typically influenced by environmental factors. However, recent studies have revealed a strong caste–genotype association in hybridogenetic ants: workers are all interlineage hybrids while queens are all purebred, suggesting that female caste fate is genetically determined. Using the hybridogenetic ant Cataglyphis mauritanica , we show that under laboratory conditions, purebred offspring develop into reproductive queens but occasionally give rise to workers. Moreover, while hybrids typically become workers, juvenile hormone treatment can switch their developmental pathway to the reproductive caste. These results indicate that phenotypic plasticity has been retained in an ant with a strong caste–genotype association, despite its lack of expression in natural conditions.
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Lee, Jea-Yong, Mo-Yeol Kang, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, and Jun-Pyo Myoung. "P.1.20 Trends in prevalence of obesity according to occupational group: the korean national health and nutrition examination survey." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A82.3—A82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.223.
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ObjectivesThis study was designed to provide recent trends of obesity among workers in Korea, and identify whether there was difference across occupational group.MethodsWe used data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination survey phase I to VI (1998–2015) to analyze trends in prevalence of obesity in Korean adult workers. Obesity was defined as a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher. Occupation was classified into 3 groups; a) non-manual worker, b) service/sales worker, c) manual worker.ResultDuring the period from KNHANES phase I to VI, the prevalence of obesity in male workers increased in all occupations as a whole (31.1% to 39.5% in manual worker, 32.3% to 38.2% in service/sales worker, 25.3% to 39.7% in manual worker). In contrast, female workers did not show a particular tendency except for a significantly decreasing in the prevalence rate in service/sales workers (30.8% to 23.9%, p for trend 0.0048).ConclusionsThe trends of obesity prevalence by gender and occupation were different. Especially for male manual-workers, the prevalence rate has increased steadily during the period, while it has decreased steadily in female sales/service workers. These results can be used to select vulnerable groups that can be applied to obesity prevention programs first.
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Risaldi, Risaldi, Ratih Wirapuspita, and Iriyani Kamarudin. "Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Tingkat Produktivitas Pekerja Wanita di PT. Idec Abadi Wood Industries Tarakan." Jurnal Kesehatan 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/j-kes.v5i1.43.
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Factors that affect worker producktivity is the intake level of nutrient of worker who can be seen from their nutritional status. The need for workers nutrition must be in accordance with the job. A worker with a good nutritional state will have a better working capacity and endurance, on the other hand a worker with a poor nutritional state will accelerate exhaustion and this can disrupt productivity. This study aims to know the correlation of nutritional status that consists of body mass index, energi intake, protein intake, and intake of iron to the productivity of female workers in PT. Idec Abadi Wood Industries. This study uses cross sectional study design. The sample in this study was a female worker at the wholesale totaling 50 people, by measured the body mass index (BMI) and recall 24 hours. Data analysis technique used is multiple linier regression. Result from the study showed an association between nutrional status (BMI) and productivity (0,001 < 0,05), energy intake with productivity (0.008 < 0,05), intake of iron with productivity (0.045 < 0.05). And there was no significant association between protein intake and productivity (0,243 < 0,05). Companies were advised to make a special program for the monitoring process and the adequacy of nutrient intake of workers. The company needs to add medical personel especially in the field of nutrition. Dissemination of information through sosialization, posters or leflets on the pattern of balanced nutrition for workersKeywords : Productivity, Nutritional Status
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Hassan, Hanan Elzeblawy. "Study Females' Intention to Practice Female Genital Mutilation for their Daughters at Beni-Suef." Public Health Open Access 6, no. 2 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/phoa-16000224.
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Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting practice became documented within the 28 countries of the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland as a result of migrations of females. The WHO originally prohibited the medicalization of FGM/C in 1979, at the first international conference on the subject. Aim: The present study was carried out to assess Females' Intention to practice Female Genital Mutilation for their Daughters at Beni-Suef. Subject & Methods: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study carried out in family health centers (FHCs) in different sitting at BeniSuef Governorate. А Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet which includes knowledge regarding complications Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, Intention to practice FGM/C, and Causes for intention or not to practicing FGM/C. Results: About 64% and 59.6% of females knew that FGM/C causes psychological and social problems, respectively, 56% had a misconception that FGM/C does not affect the woman's sexual satisfaction. About 29.7% are suffering from complications after FGM. About 47.9% of females had the intention to mutilate their daughters and support the continuation of FGM for young generations, 39.8% had already mutilated their daughters or sisters. The procedures were performed by physicians (61.1%), and 6.9% had complications. Conclusion: Most of females knew that FGM/C causes psychological problems and social problems; however most of them had misconception that FGM/C does not affect the woman's sexual satisfaction. Most the study sample had the intention to mutilate their daughters and support the continuation of FGM for young generations. The highest percent of procedures were performed by physicians. Recommendations: Motivations and behavior change of females and health care workers to perform FGM/C.
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Elcacho, Lisard Palau. "A Short Note on Women's Work in the Textile Industrial Colonies of Inland Catalonia in the Early Twentieth Century." Local Population Studies 107 (2021): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps107.2021.68.
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Industrial colonies were one of the most characteristic phenomena of the industrial revolution in Catalonia. They first appeared in the 1870s, developing their own labour and social model, and eventually totalled more than 70 in number. Taking 11 cotton textile colonies as its point of reference, the aim of this paper is to analyse, based on local sources such as municipal enumerators' books and worker censuses, the labour force participation of the women who lived and worked in the Catalan textile company towns in the early twentieth century. Once the rate of female activity is calculated, the article analyses the determining factors of female participation in these labour markets and the family strategies adopted to combine productive and reproductive work. Furthermore, it also examines workforce composition and employment structure, observing the behaviours of female workers in the labour market, the occupations that women performed, and the job stability that they enjoyed.
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Fields, Judith, and Edward N. Wolff. "Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap." ILR Review 49, no. 1 (October 1995): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504900107.
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Using data from the March 1988 Current Population Survey, the authors find that the wages of female workers differ significantly by industry, even when the analysis controls for workers' productivity-related characteristics. Although these interindustry wage differentials are at least as large as men's and are highly correlated with them as well, there are statistically significant differences between the two. Of the overall gender wage gap (the average female worker earns about 65% as much as the average male worker), 12–22% can be explained by differences between the patterns of interindustry wage differentials of men and women and 15–19% by differences in the distribution of male and female workers across industries. Thus, the combined industry effects explain about one-third of the overall gender wage gap.
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Shasta Pratomo, Devanto. "Does minimum wage affect hours worked of paid employment in Indonesia?" International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 5 (May 6, 2014): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2013-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of a change in minimum wage on hours worked of paid employment in Indonesia. This study used the Indonesian Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) data from 1996 to 2003. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurgand two-step procedure of sample selection corrections based on a multinomial logit model for a potential selection bias from a non-random sample. This study extends the specification by examining the effects of minimum wage on hours worked of paid employment separately across individuals in different groups of gender (male-female workers) and residences (urban-rural areas). Findings – This study generally found that an increase in the minimum wage increases hours worked of the existing paid employees. The effects of the minimum wage on hours worked are stronger for female workers than male workers particularly in urban areas due to that female workers, particularly in urban areas, are mostly employed in industries which contain more low-wage workers. Comparing residences, the minimum wage coefficient in rural areas is slightly higher because of the structural transformation in Indonesia marked by a shift in employment from the agriculture sector to the other sectors that require more working hours. Originality/value – The empirical studies of the effect of minimum wage on hours worked in developing countries are very limited. This study contributes to the literature by employing the sample selection corrections based on a multinomial logit for a potential selection bias from a non-random sample This study also extends the hours worked specification by analyzing the effects of minimum wage on hours worked separately across individuals in different groups of workers, in terms of gender (male-female workers) and their residences (urban-rural areas).
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Slavish, Danica, Jessica Dietch, Heidi Kane, Joshua Wiley, Yang Yap, Kimberly Kelly, Camilo Ruggero, and Daniel Taylor. "Daily Stress and Sleep Associations Vary by Work Schedule: A Between- and Within-Person Analysis in Nurses." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.433.
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Abstract Nurses experience poor sleep and high stress due to demanding work environments. Night shift work may exacerbate stress-sleep associations. We examined bidirectional associations between daily stress and sleep, and moderation by shift worker status and daily work schedule. 392 nurses (92% female, mean age = 39.54) completed 14 days of sleep diaries and actigraphy, plus daily assessments of stress and work schedule upon awakening. Nurses were classified as recent night shift workers if they worked 1+ night during the past 14 days. Greater daily stress predicted shorter diary sleep duration and lower diary sleep efficiency. Shorter diary and actigraphy sleep duration and lower diary sleep efficiency predicted higher next-day stress. Compared to recent night workers, day workers had higher stress after nights with shorter sleep. Associations did not vary by daily work schedule. Sleep disturbances and stress may unfold in a toxic cycle and are prime intervention targets among nurses.
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Bednar, Steven, and Dora Gicheva. "Career Implications of Having a Female-Friendly Supervisor." ILR Review 71, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 426–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917703973.
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The authors study how variations in supervisors’ attitudes toward working with females generate gender differences in workers’ observed career outcomes. The employment records of athletic directors and head coaches in a set of NCAA Division I programs provide longitudinal matched employer–worker data. Supervisors are observed at multiple establishments, which allows the authors to construct a measure of revealed type and to examine its role for the performance and turnover of lower-level employees. The authors observe that the careers of male and female workers progress differently depending on supervisor type in a way that is consistent with a type-based mentoring model. The results suggest that more focus should be placed on managerial attitudes revealed through actions in addition to observable attributes such as gender.
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Allsopp, M. H., and R. F. A. Moritz. "LACK OF WORKER POLICING IN THE CAPE HONEYBEE (APIS MELLIFERA CAPENSIS)." Behaviour 136, no. 9 (1999): 1079–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501766.
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AbstractIn honeybees (Apis mellifera) laying worker offspring is rare. One mechanism to suppress worker reproduction is through worker policing, i.e. workers remove unfertilised eggs laid by other workers. This behaviour has been shown to be adaptive as soon as the queen performs polyandrous matings. The average relatedness to the queen's drones is higher than to the worker laid offspring. In the Cape honeybee (A. m. capensis) reproductive workers lay fertilised eggs which develop into females. In this case the average worker relatedness to sexual reproductives reared from worker or queen offspring is identical. Worker policing has been predicted by evolutionary theory to be less expressed in A. m. capensis colonies than in other honeybees. We found genetic evidence that worker policing is not common in the Cape honeybee. Laying worker offspring was identified in queen right colonies using microsatellite DNA analysis.
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Suwandi, Nurfaizi. "The migration behavior model of Indonesian female migrant domestic workers in Egypt." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 1 (2015): 774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i1c7p5.
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This paper examines the migration behavior model of Indonesian female migrant domestic workers in Egypt. I develop a model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) combined with the Theory of Migration. Samples of 209 respondents are collected using convenience sampling technique. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is employed to analyze the empirical model. The findings indicate that respondents who do not have a previous employment status tend to have a better perception or attitude towards the profession of migrant domestic worker. Encouragement from the surrounding environment, including family and friends, who agree, hope, recommend, or persuade them to work as a migrant worker is a significant factor in improving the intention to become a migrant worker, especially in Egypt.
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Kilembe, William, Mubiana Inambao, Tyronza Sharkey, Kristin M. Wall, Rachel Parker, Constance Himukumbwa, Amanda Tichacek, et al. "Single Mothers and Female Sex Workers in Zambia Have Similar Risk Profiles." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 35, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2019.0013.
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Mao, Wenfu, Mary A. Schuler, and May R. Berenbaum. "A dietary phytochemical alters caste-associated gene expression in honey bees." Science Advances 1, no. 7 (August 2015): e1500795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500795.
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In the eusocial honey bee Apis mellifera, with reproductive queens and sterile workers, a female larva’s developmental fate depends on its diet; nurse bees feed queen-destined larvae exclusively royal jelly, a glandular secretion, but worker-destined larvae receive royal jelly for 3 days and subsequently jelly to which honey and beebread are added. RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that p-coumaric acid, which is ubiquitous in honey and beebread, differentially regulates genes involved in caste determination. Rearing larvae in vitro on a royal jelly diet to which p-coumaric acid has been added produces adults with reduced ovary development. Thus, consuming royal jelly exclusively not only enriches the diet of queen-destined larvae but also may protect them from inhibitory effects of phytochemicals present in the honey and beebread fed to worker-destined larvae.
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Bargum, Katja, and Liselotte Sundström. "Multiple breeders, breeder shifts and inclusive fitness returns in an ant." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1617 (April 17, 2007): 1547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0295.
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In social insects, colonies may contain multiple reproductively active queens. This leads to potential conflicts over the apportionment of brood maternity, especially with respect to the production of reproductive offspring. We investigated reproductive partitioning in offspring females (gynes) and workers in the ant Formica fusca , and combined this information with data on the genetic returns gained by workers. Our results provide the first evidence that differential reproductive partitioning among breeders can enhance the inclusive fitness returns for sterile individuals that tend non-descendant offspring. Two aspects of reproductive partitioning contribute to this outcome. First, significantly fewer mother queens contribute to gyne (new reproductive females) than to worker brood, such that relatedness increases from worker to gyne brood. Second, and more importantly, adult workers were significantly more related to the reproductive brood raised by the colony, than to the contemporary worker brood. Thus, the observed breeder shift leads to genetic benefits for the adult workers that tend the brood. Our results also have repercussions for genetic population analyses. Given the observed pattern of reproductive partitioning, estimates of effective population size based on worker and gyne samples are not interchangeable.
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Munasinghe, Thiloma, Richard D. Hayes, Jane Hocking, Jocelyn Verry, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Prevalence of sexual difficulties among female sex workers and clients attending a sexual health service." International Journal of STD & AIDS 18, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207781568592.
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The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of sex workers and non-sex workers with sexual difficulties. Consenting female sex workers (93) and non-sex worker clients (178) attending the Melbourne Sexual Health self-answered an anonymous questionnaire about demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour, prevalence of sexual difficulties with private partners, distress regarding one's sex life, and physical pleasure, emotional satisfaction with sex and overall satisfaction with life. The demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, prevalence of painful sex (34% versus 42%), orgasmic difficulty (43% versus 40%), vaginal dryness (45% versus 36%) and performance anxiety (28% versus 37%), physical pleasure and emotional satisfaction with sex and overall life satisfaction among sex workers was similar to that of non-sex workers, respectively. Sex workers were more likely to experience sexual disinterest (odds ratio 1.9, (95% confidence interval 1.1, 3.2) and less likely to report being distressed about their sex life ( P = 0.04). The prevalence of sexual difficulties, other than desire was similar to those of non-sex workers. These findings may be relevant only to sex workers operating in a highly regulated sex industry.
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Odonkor, Stephen T., and Kwasi Frimpong. "Burnout among Healthcare Professionals in Ghana: A Critical Assessment." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 21, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1614968.
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Health workers are prone to burnout, which can have an adverse effect on their person and the patients to whom care is offered. The goal of this paper was to assess the levels of burnout experienced by healthcare workers in Accra, Ghana. The study was conducted using the cross-sectional study design. Questionnaires were used to obtain data from 365 respondents who worked in 12 major healthcare facilities. Data obtained were analyzed with SPSS version 23. Majority of the respondents were females (56.7%) as against males (43.3%). The total score for all burnout variables among health worker groups ranged from good (71.50%), alarming (12.60%), acute crisis (6.02%), and burnout (9.90%). Among the health worker groups, nurses had the highest percentage score values for all burnout variables. There was an association between burnout and these sociodemographic characteristics: age (p<0.001), gender (p=0.003), educational qualification (p<0.001), occupation (p<0.001), years of work experience (p<0.001), marital status (p<0.001), and parenthood (having children) (p<0.001). It is recommended that measures should be put in place in Ghanaian hospitals to assess stress and burnout levels to ensure people who are going through such situations are properly cared and supported.
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Nath, Suman K., Asankur S. Das, Sutapa Datta, and Wankupar Wankhar. "Malnutrition and Anemia: A Health Burden among Tea Garden Workers in West Tripura District, Tripura, India." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2022.9.1.40.
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Introduction: The tea garden workers are an underestimated group of our society and are considered to be the most nutritionally vulnerable community. This study was undertaken to study the nutritional status of the male and female tea garden workers of West Tripura district, Tripura, India. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 409 tea garden workers including both sexes (males: 197; females: 212) of age group 18–60 years were selected. A questionnaire for on-ground data collection was administered along with the assessment of dietary intake and dietary quality, anthropometric data measurements, physiological measurements, hematological and biochemical estimation. Results: Most of the workers were vegetarian, and about two-thirds of the participants consumed two meals per day. None of the subjects was in the habit of taking packed lunch in routine, and maximum respondents (males: 84.26%; female: 83.96%) were in the habit of keeping fast. Skipping meals was also common in a vast number of the participants (males: 83.24%; females: 84.90%). A maximum number of participants complained of anorexia, headache, breathlessness on exertion, lethargic feeling, pale conjunctiva, pale skin, and flat nails. A very high prevalence of anemia (males: 94.91%; females: 99.04%) was observed among the workers. The present study also revealed dietary inadequacies, particularly regarding protein, energy, calcium, and all micronutrients (iron, β-carotene, folic acid) except vitamin C. A positive significant (P < 0.05) correlation was observed between hemoglobin and various daily dietary intakes of blood-forming nutrients. Conclusion: The present study reveals the prevalence of anemia among tea garden workers, especially female workers. Nutritional insufficiency might be one of the important factors in this process. This study suggests that a comprehensive public health policy should be developed so that the tea garden workers’ health and nutritional needs can be addressed.
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Crain, Marion. "Gender and Union Organizing." ILR Review 47, no. 2 (January 1994): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700205.
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Analyzing survey and interview data gathered in 1990 and 1991, the author assesses the influence of worker gender on the union organizing philosophy and strategies adopted by union organizing directors and field organizers. The results suggest that although most of those sampled did not view worker gender as influential in shaping organizing style, some service sector union organizers and organizers of “pink-collar” workers (who are predominantly female) were using organizing styles different from the conventional style. Further, the approaches of female organizers, particularly those organizing for occupationally targeted divisions of manufacturing unions, appeared to be explicitly gender-conscious.
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Carrington, William J., and Kenneth R. Troske. "Sex Segregation in U.S. Manufacturing." ILR Review 51, no. 3 (April 1998): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805100305.
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This study of interplant sex segregation in the U.S. manufacturing industry improves on previous work by using more detailed information on the characteristics of both workers and firms and adopting an improved measure of segregation. The data source is the Worker-Establishment Characteristics Database (a U.S. Census Bureau database) for 1990. There are three main findings. First, interplant sex segregation in the U.S. manufacturing industry is substantial, particularly among blue-collar workers. Second, even in analyses that control for a variety of plant characteristics, the authors find that female managers tend to work in the same plants as female supervisees. Finally, they find that interplant sex segregation can account for a substantial fraction of the male/female wage gap in the manufacturing industry, particularly among blue-collar workers.
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Robertson, Margaret, and Andy Clark. "‘We Were the Ones Really Doing Something About It’: Gender and Mobilisation against Factory Closure." Work, Employment and Society 33, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785861.
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Current understandings of worker mobilisation against factory closure and capital migration in Britain are dominated by the perspectives of male industrial workers. The narratives of displaced miners, shipbuilders and steel workers are prominent in the historiography and collective memories of deindustrialisation. There is considerably less understanding of the response of female manufacturing workers to these processes and the ways in which women mobilised in opposition to the free movement of capital. This article presents the testimony of Margaret Robertson, shop steward at the Lee Jeans factory in Greenock, Scotland, where the predominantly female workforce conducted a successful seven-month occupation in opposition to proposed closure beginning in February 1981. The contribution highlights the specific gendered challenges encountered by women workers. The occupation occurred in a period of accelerated factory closure in Britain, yet supporting female unionists resisting job loss was not a priority for the male-dominated union executive.
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Duke, Michael, Luke Bergmann, Carol Cunradi, and Genevieve Ames. "Like Swallowing a Butcher Knife: Layoffs, Masculinity, and Couple Conflict in the United States Construction Industry." Human Organization 72, no. 4 (November 13, 2013): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.72.4.kj54822p0u575637.
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Many construction workers face periods of layoff due to the seasonal nature of the industry, economic fluctuations in the building trades, and the fact that construction jobs tend to be of limited duration. Because this occupation is socially marked as masculine, male and female workers' emotional response to unemployment is likewise expressed in highly gendered terms, which can negatively impact family life. Based on research with unionized building trade workers in California, this paper will explore the ways in which gendered norms and behaviors impact worker stress, and by extension couple conflict, during periods of unemployment. In particular, we will describe the ways in which these conflicts become precipitated by, and expressed through, a habitus of masculinity that affects both male and female construction workers.
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Plowright, R. C., and C. M. S. Plowright. "The laying of male eggs by bumble bee queens: an experimental reappraisal and a new hypothesis." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-072.
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The hypothesis that proximal factors associated with high worker density in a bumble bee (Bombus terricola) colony trigger laying of male eggs by the queen was examined in a series of four experiments. Neither the age of workers, the presence or absence of laying workers, nor the amount of pollen available to the colony affected the date of first male egg laying. Moreover, queens that had begun laying male eggs did not revert to laying female eggs after being removed from their colonies and placed in isolation. Instead, onset of male egg production appeared to be associated with the date of attainment of a critical worker/larva ratio in the colony. Functional considerations lead to the new hypothesis that queens monitor their egg-laying performance and begin to lay male eggs when it can be predicted that their female eggs will be raised as young queens.
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Analoui, Bejan David, and Dinuka B. Herath. "Independent female escorts: Stigmatized, value-adding entrepreneurs." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 20, no. 2 (August 12, 2018): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750318792513.
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In this article we characterize an independent female escort (IFE) as a sex worker who provides sexual services and companionship in exchange for remuneration, makes use of the Internet for the solicitation of her clients, and solicits those clients and organizes her work in a largely independent manner. We draw on the typology of value-adding and value-extracting entrepreneurship to argue that the activities of IFEs can be considered as entrepreneurial activity that has clear individual and societal benefits. Despite undertaking value-adding entrepreneurial activity, IFEs, as with other sex workers, often face social stigma and concomitant social exclusion. We argue that such stigma is not warranted, and highlight the opportunities for undertaking research into the manner in which perceived and experienced social stigma may affect the entrepreneurial activity of IFEs.
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Rakitskii, V. N., L. A. Yatsenko, N. V. Gabbasova, N. P. Mamchik, and Yu S. Kalashnikov. "Socio-economic status and lifestyle of female greenhouse workers." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-11-1244-1249.
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The aim of the study was to assess the socio-economic factors and some components of the lifestyle of female workers in greenhouse farms in the Voronezh region for the period 2018-2019. Materials and methods. The research material was the results of a questionnaire survey of 451 female worker of agricultural enterprises in the Voronezh region. The results were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results. The study showed female workers in greenhouse farms in the area in most cases had a low level of income (less than 8 thousand roubles/family member), only 60.31% of female workers had good living conditions. Most of the female workers (79.82%) had specialized secondary education. Characteristics of the marital status of greenhouse workers in the studied production groups showed that only half of the workers were officially married (55.21%). Informal relationships and divorces were found much more often in vegetable and mushroom female growers. A registered marriage was seen less frequently than in the control group. The income level of fewer than 8 thousand rubles per family member was of decisive importance for the possibility of marriage. It was also associated with a low level of quality of relations between partners. According to the survey, the majority of female workers had good family relations (71.62%). Inappropriate and awful relationships were observed only in families with less than 8 thousand rubles per capita income, and excellent - only at a higher income level. The majority of the surveyed women was found to have bad habits: 88.16 - 90.74% of women indicated alcohol consumption, without significant differences between the studied groups; significantly more often smoking cigarettes was observed among vegetable and mushroom growers in comparison with the control group - 34.29% and 28.57%, respectively, versus 13.89%. Conclusion. The determining factors of the quality of life were the levels of per capita income and education, which influence all aspects of the lifestyle, including bad habits.
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Packer, Laurence. "The social organisation of Lasioglossum (Dialictus) laevissimum (Smith) in southern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-244.
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An aggregation of Lasioglossum (Dialictus) laevissimum was studied in Calgary, Alberta, in the summer of 1988. This species was weakly eusocial, with an average of less than 2.5 workers per nest, 43% males in the worker brood, 63% of workers with well-developed ovaries, 35% of them mated, and a mean queen–worker size dimorphism of 7%. Based upon its average rank for these variables, in comparison with eight other species, L. laevissimum is the most weakly eusocial member of the subgenus Dialictus. Nonetheless, reproductive-brood production averaged around 25 per nest, and this species is clearly well adapted to short-summer environments. There was little evidence that any worker-brood females entered early diapause rather than functioning as workers. A few spring nests were initiated by more than one overwintered foundress. These pleometrotic nests often had worker-brood productivities that exceeded average reproductive-brood size. Brood mortality was low, infection of provision masses after rainfall being the major factor.
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Mulugeta, Kidist, Hone Mandefro, and Ajanaw Alemie. "Vulnerability, Legal Protection, and Work Conditions of Female Domestic Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Social Work 20, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 532–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23674.
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Domestic workers are one of the most vulnerable groups of workers. In Ethiopia, however, the vulnerability, legal protection, and work conditions of female domestic workers are not well-documented and researched. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the vulnerability, legal protection, and work conditions of female domestic workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional qualitative research design was employed using in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The study participants were 15 domestic workers, three officials from the Office of Labor and Social Affairs, and five brokers of domestic workers. Findings indicate that female domestic workers experienced abuse in various forms including verbal or psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual assault. Female domestic workers in the study area had few or no labor rights or protection. They rarely had clear contractual relations, worked long hours for low pay, and had little or no privacy. There is neither a proper state institution to promote the rights of domestic workers nor a strong viable movement among or on behalf of domestic workers. Hence, a relevant legislative framework developed by the city and national governments, and strong advocacy efforts to expose their working conditions are needed to improve the work conditions of female domestic workers.
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Richards, M. H. "Nesting biology and social organization of Halictus sexcinctus (Fabricius) in southern Greece." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-184.
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Halictus sexcinctus is a large halictine bee species widely distributed across central Europe and into the Middle East. Although its behaviour had not previously been studied in detail, it is known to exhibit solitary behaviour in central Europe. An aggregation nesting beside the seashore at Pyla-Daimonia, Demos Molai, in the southeastern Peloponnesos, Greece, was studied during the summers of 1997 and 1998. In southern Greece, H. sexcinctus exhibits weakly eusocial colonies, based on a partially bivoltine colony cycle, so across its range it is socially polymorphic. Weak eusociality in this Mediterranean population is characterized by haplometrotic nest-founding, a relatively high degree of queenworker size dimorphism, high rates of worker mating and ovarian development, relatively short queen life-spans, and relatively low second-brood productivity. Overall, the sex ratio of the first brood is highly female-biased, while that of the second brood is variable, the proportions of males and females varying significantly in the 2 years. An unusual characteristic of nest foundresses in this population is that some are un-inseminated and produce all-male first broods rather than workers.
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Holland, Jacob G., Florian S. Guidat, and Andrew F. G. Bourke. "Queen control of a key life-history event in a eusocial insect." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20130056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0056.
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In eusocial insects, inclusive fitness theory predicts potential queen–worker conflict over the timing of events in colony life history. Whether queens or workers control the timing of these events is poorly understood. In the bumble-bee Bombus terrestris , queens exhibit a ‘switch point’ in which they switch from laying diploid eggs yielding females (workers and new queens) to laying haploid eggs yielding males. By rearing foundress queens whose worker offspring were removed as pupae and sexing their eggs using microsatellite genotyping, we found that queens kept in the complete absence of adult workers still exhibit a switch point. Moreover, the timing of their switch points relative to the start of egg-laying did not differ significantly from that of queens allowed to produce normal colonies. The finding that bumble-bee queens can express the switch point in the absence of workers experimentally demonstrates queen control of a key life-history event in eusocial insects. In addition, we found no evidence that workers affect the timing of the switch point either directly or indirectly via providing cues to queens, suggesting that workers do not fully express their interests in queen–worker conflicts over colony life history.
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Sengupta, Satarupa, Smarajit Jana, Kamalesh Sarkar, Sujit K. Bhattacharya, and Sekhar Chakrabarti. "Determination of Gag Subtypes of HIV Type 1 Detected among Female Sex Workers in Calcutta, India." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 21, no. 9 (September 2005): 806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2005.21.806.
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Scheinberg, Ellen. "The Tale of Tessie the Textile Worker: Female Textile Workers in Cornwall during World War II." Labour / Le Travail 33 (1994): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143792.
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Hoque, Mojahidul, Pobitra Halder, Sumon Rahman, Tazim Ahmed, and Tamas Szecsi. "Garments furniture design for Bangladeshi workers considering ergonomic principles." Work 70, no. 2 (October 26, 2021): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213601.
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BACKGROUND: In Bangladesh, workers typically spend at least eight hours a day at garment factories in sitting and/or standing position. Prolonged sitting on ergonomically unfit furniture causes back, neck, and shoulder pain, which reduces the working efficiency and leading to low productivity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to design ergonomically correct furniture for Bangladeshi garment workers considering multivariate analysis on the anthropometric data. METHODS: Twelve anthropometric measures and five furniture dimensions were measured. The sample comprised of 600 volunteer workers from different garment industry. The furniture dimensions were compared with the relevant anthropometric characteristics and found a high level of mismatch (e.g. seat height (male 18%, female 94.25%), seat depth (male 96%, female 63.50%), seat width (male 9.50%, female 36.25%), sewing table height (male 56.50%, female 50%), and desk height for inspection, cutting and ironing table (male 100%, female 100%). RESULTS: New design specifications were proposed of the worker which improved the match percentage. The multivariate anthropometric analysis generated 8 cases and for each case the ranges of anthropometric measurements have been identified. CONCLUSION: The results will help to design robust ergonomic garments furniture.
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Yu, Yeon Jung, Christopher McCarty, and James Holland Jones. "Flexible Labors: The Work Mobility of Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Post-Socialist China." Human Organization 77, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259-77.2.146.
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This paper examines the flexible labor of Chinese female sex workers (FSWs) by looking at their job mobility. We show the women's flexible job mobility as an active strategy in addition to a direct response to the marketplace. Drawing upon in-depth interview data (n=175) during twenty-six months of ethnographic fieldwork in post-socialist China, we demonstrate the workers' spatial mobility (i.e., holding jobs in multiple locations) and temporal mobility (i.e., changing jobs frequently), which are critical features of the women's lived experiences. Our analysis shows that the women in the sex trade have high job mobility and that their multiple occupations include a wide range of work – from sex work to formal sectors. Their high job mobility stems from inventive negotiation that generates greater profits, increased stability, and reputational advantages. The findings pose three distinct challenges to the way sex work in China has been portrayed: (1) female sex workers can be excluded from the “general population”; (2) female sex workers can be labeled as a member of a particular sex worker category; and (3) the exclusive categorization between “commercial sex work” (e.g., xiaojie or prostitutes) and “transactional sex” (e.g., ernai or “second wife.”) The research demonstrates the strong agency of female sex workers even within adverse structural restraints, which contributes to existing discussions of whether sex work is voluntary or coerced.
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Dandona, Rakhi, Lalit Dandona, G. Anil Kumar, Juan Pablo Gutierrez, Sam McPherson, and Stefano M. Bertozzi. "HIV testing among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India." AIDS 19, no. 17 (November 2005): 2033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000191921.31808.8c.
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Fujiwara, Yoshinori, Satoshi Seino, Yu Nofuji, Yuri Yokoyama, Takumi Abe, Toshiki Hata, Shoji Shinkai, and Akihiko Kitamura. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN JAPANESE COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2495.
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Abstract It is well known that social contribution such as working maintains the functional health and prevents frailty of older adults. However, the effect of employment in old age with frailty on health outcomes is not well-established.This 3.6-year prospective study examined the influence of working on all-cause mortality in urban community-dwelling Japanese older adults. Participants were 10,591 initially non-disabled residents (5,180 men; 5,411 women) aged 65–84 years of Ota City, Tokyo, Japan. We applied the Cox proportional hazard model by gender and with/without frailty, controlling for age, years of education, equivalent income, number of chronic diseases, body mass index, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), smoking and drinking status, exercise habits, social activities, and social interaction for evaluating the predictive value of working status (full-time worker, part time worker, occasional worker and non-worker) at baseline for all-cause mortality.During a follow-up of 3.6 years, 328 (3.1%) individuals died. Compared with non-workers, independent multivariate-hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of part-time workers for all-cause mortality in men with/without frailty were 0.35 (0.13–0.97) and 0.54 (0.28–1.01), respectively. Corresponding female multivariate-adjusted HRs with/without frailty were 1.21 (0.34–4.34) and 0.23 (0.05–0.99). Also, for both genders, full-time workers and occasional workers did not have significantly lower adjusted hazard ratios of all-cause mortality, compared to non-workers, regardless of frailty. In conclusion, moderate employment resulted in lower risk of all-cause mortality, even in frail older men.
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Tsuchida, Koji, Takaharu Saigo, Kazuyuki Asai, Tomoko Okamoto, Masaki Ando, Tetsu Ando, Ken Sasaki, et al. "Reproductive workers insufficiently signal their reproductive ability in a paper wasp." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 577–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz212.
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Abstract Why workers forfeit direct reproduction is a crucial question in eusocial evolution. Worker reproduction provides an excellent opportunity to understand the mechanism of kin conflict resolution between the queen and workers. We evaluated behavioral and physiological differences among females in the paper wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis to examine why some workers reproduce under queenright conditions. Reproductive workers were old and foraged less early in the season; their cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles overlapped with those of queens but were significantly different. The distinct CHC profile of the eggs of the queen likely represented a cue for policing against those by workers. Juvenile hormone (JH) and dopamine seemed to be associated with gonadotropic function, and the JH level of reproductive workers was similar to that of the queen. The high JH level of reproductive workers likely facilitated their reproduction even under queenright conditions. Gene expression levels of the queen and reproductive workers differed only in vitellogenin. These results suggest that worker reproduction is facilitated by an increase in JH level; however, CHC is not a fertility-linked signal, but a queen-linked signal; consequently, reproductive workers without a queen-linked signal might be allowed to stay within the colony.
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Ahmed, Nurilign, Etienne Karita, Rachel Parker, Rosine Ingabire, Julian Nyombayire, Robertine Sinabamenye, Jean Nduwamungu, et al. "Prior HIV Testing and ARV Use among HIV Positive Female Sex Workers in Kigali Rwanda." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 30, S1 (October 2014): A131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.5259.abstract.
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Kotlewski, Jennifer A., Linda Kimaru, Tyronza Sharkey, Marydale A. Oppert, William Kilembe, Mubiana Inambao, Hervette Nkwihoreze, et al. "HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Testing among Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Urban Zambia." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 30, S1 (October 2014): A134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.5267.abstract.
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Bourke, Andrew F. G. "Sex ratios in bumble bees." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1364 (December 29, 1997): 1921–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0179.
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The median proportion of investment in females among 11 populations of seven bumble bee ( Bombus ) species was 0.32 (range 0.07 to 0.64). By contrast, two species of workerless social parasites in the related genus Psithyrus had female–biased sex allocation, the reasons for which remain unclear. Male–biased sex allocation in Bombus contradicts the predictions of Trivers and Hare's sex ratio model for the social Hymenoptera, which are that the population sex investment ratio should be 0.5 (1:1) under queen control and 0.75 (3:1 females:males) under worker control (assuming single, once–mated, outbred queens and non–reproductive workers). Male bias in Bombus does not appear to be either an artefact, or purely the result of symbiotic sex ratio distorters. According to modifications of the Trivers—Hare model, the level of worker male–production in Bombus is insufficient to account for observed levels of male bias. There is also no evidence that male bias arises from either local resource competition (related females compete for resources) or local mate enhancement (related males cooperate in securing mates). Bulmer presented models predicting sexual selection for protandry (males are produced before females) in annual social Hymenoptera and, as a consequence (given some parameter values), male–biased sex allocation. Bumble bees fit the assumptions of Bulmer's models and are protandrous. These models therefore represent the best current explanation for the bees' male–biased sex investment ratios. This conclusion suggests that the relative timing of the production of the sexes strongly influences sex allocation in the social Hymenoptera.