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1
GRITTI, ALICE. "Sequential MCA approach to aid worker's talk: the interactional negotiation of gender identity." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/75392.
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This study contributes to the literature on international aid workers, which is still in its infancy. It highlights an area of research that has not hitherto been studied: aid workers’ gendered identities. It had several aims; the broader was to gain insight into the professional category of international aid workers; others were to understand whether the international aid sector is undergoing a process of feminisation, to study if/how the professional experiences of women and men aid workers might differ, and to analyse the professional benefits and/or disadvantages that could arise from one’s gender identity. Data were collected through an online survey (188 respondents) and interviews (69 participants). Participants included women and men of different ages, working for a range of aid organizations (private, government run, UN agencies, INGOs, NGOs) in both development and emergency contexts. Data were analysed with a sequential Membership Categorisation Analysis (Stokoe, 2012), and revealed how aid workers female identity was used by the participants to account for problematic situations as well as for positive ones. Gender resulted to be more relevant for female aid workers than for their male colleagues, and a gender disparity in the number of stressors was confirmed, in line with the literature (Curling & Simmons, 2010). Findings also testify to managers of aid organisations the need to invest more in offering a psychosocial preventative and proactive approach, with the goals of prevention, training, support and mentoring.
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Andersson, Fanny. "Male or female, does it matter? : A qualitative study on Swedish aid workers and gender." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100898.
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Aid workers are one of the corner stones in development and consist of both female and male employees in the sector. Female aid workers have been studied within the “Women in Development” agenda but since the agenda shift to “Gender and Development” male aid workers have been concluded more in the study of aid workers and gender. Despite the shift, there is still an inaccurate image of aid workers and gender since there is a lack of the illustration on positive and negative attributes aid workers face because of their gender. The objective of this study is to remove prejudice of aid workers and their gender by exploring advantages and disadvantages that male and female aid workers encounter in their work. By using the theoretical framework hegemonic masculinity of Raewyn Connell concepts such as gender roles and gender norms are discussed in order to explore aid workers perception on gender. The thesis is conducted as an abductive field study of Swedish aid workers, working within the international sphere. The data have been collected through semi-structured interviews with both female and male aid workers. The data emerging display five main themes; characteristics of aid work, advantages and disadvantages, norms and norm- breaking, other factors and safety, to be the ground for aid workers and their perception on gender.
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Enkhbold, Sereenen, Sovd Tugsdelger, Satoshi Morita, Junichi Sakamoto, and Nobuyuki Hamajima. "HIV/AIDS Related Knowledge and Risk Behaviors Among Female Sex Workers in Two Major Cities of Mongolia." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9194.
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Chang, Chun Oratai Rauyajin. "HIV/AIDS preventive behavior (Condom use) and its determinants among female commercial sex workers in Beijing, China /." Abstract, 1999. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2542/42E-ChangC.pdf.
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Nguyen, Thi Minh Tam Orapin Pitakmahaket. "Condom use related to HIV/AIDS prevention among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam /." Abstract, 2004. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2547/cd368/4638495.pdf.
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Bwalya, Clement Mudala. "Retention in HIV care among female sex workers on antiretroviral treatment in Lusaka, Zambia: A retrospective cohort study." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8045.
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Master of Public Health - MPHBackground: HIV/AIDS remains a major public health issue that is affecting all population groups and communities in Zambia. Among the most affected groups are key populations (KPs) such as female sex workers. KPs are considered at high risk of contracting HIV but have limited access to HIV services and retention in care due to internalized stigma, discrimination, criminalization, and negative attitudes towards HIV treatment. Under the USAID Open Doors project in Zambia, KPs access comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment services. The test and treat strategy is implemented by the project in support of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets by 2020 to diagnose 90% of people living with HIV, put 90% of them on treatment, and for 90% of them to have suppressed viral load. Aim: This study aimed to determine retention in care among female sex workers (FSWs) in the first six months after ART initiation using the HIV care cascade. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all new HIV positive female sex workers (FSWs) initiated on ART between October 2018 and June 2019 (9 months period) based on the electronic records. Data were extracted from SmartCare, an electronic health record system used by the ART clinic. Microsoft Excel and Epi-Info 7 software were used for data entry and analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted to examine differences in retention rates. Results: A total of 205 FSWs were initiated on ART, out of which 180 were active on ART (36 youths and 144 adults) and 25 were lost to follow-up (four youths and 21 adults) during the 9 months study period. Of the 180 FSWs active on ART, 36 were FSWs aged 18 – 24 years (youths) representing 90% retained in care while 144 were FSWs aged 25 – 42 years (adults) with 87% being retained on ART treatment. Retention in ART care was not significantly different in the survival curves between the age groups of FSW youths and FSW adults during the study period (p-value = 0.637). Retention in ART care was not statistically significant for education (p-value = 0.481), marital status (p-value = 0.545), and occupation (p-value = 0.169). Conclusion: Retention in ART care among FSWs was 88%. However, there were no significant differences by age group identified in this study. While this study shows 88% retention rate among FSWs, it will be used as a baseline in meeting the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals.
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Maisonet, Mildred, Antonia M. Calafat, Michele Marcus, Jouni J. K. Jaakkola, and Hany Lashen. "Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Serum Testosterone Concentrations at 15 Years of Age in Female ALSPAC Study Participants." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1.
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Background: Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) or to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increases mouse and human peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor alpha (PPARα) subtype activity, which influences lipid metabolism. Because cholesterol is the substrate from which testosterone is synthesized, exposure to these substances has the potential to alter testosterone concentrations.
Objectives: We explored associations of total testosterone and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations at age 15 years with prenatal exposures to PFOS, PFOA, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluoronanoic acid (PFNA) in females.
Methods: Prenatal concentrations of the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were measured in serum collected from pregnant mothers at enrollment (1991–1992) in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The median gestational age when the maternal blood sample was obtained was 16 weeks (interquartile range, 11–28 weeks). Total testosterone and SHBG concentrations were measured in serum obtained from their daughters at 15 years of age. Associations between prenatal PFAAs concentrations and reproductive outcomes were estimated using linear regression models (n = 72).
Results: Adjusted total testosterone concentrations were on average 0.18-nmol/L (95% CI: 0.01, 0.35) higher in daughters with prenatal PFOS in the upper concentration tertile compared with daughters with prenatal PFOS in the lower tertile. Adjusted total testosterone concentrations were also higher in daughters with prenatal concentrations of PFOA (β = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.43) and PFHxS (β = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.35) in the upper tertile compared with daughters with concentrations in the lower tertile. We did not find evidence of associations between PFNA and total testosterone or between any of the PFAAs and SHBG.
Conclusions: Our findings were based on a small study sample and should be interpreted with caution. However, they suggest that prenatal exposure to some PFAAs may alter testosterone concentrations in females.
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Manivone, Viengthong Luechai Sringernyuang. "Gender and sexuality, and their implications on sexual reproductive health including HIV/AIDS : a case study of young female factory workers in Vientiane, Laos /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd376/4637980.pdf.
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Johansson, Matilda. "Social Marketing : A way to reach and empower vulnerable people through prevention work against the spread of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Ethiopia." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-1783.
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Millions of people in the world are infected by HIV/AIDS or/and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, STIs. Ethiopia is, with its population on almost 94 million people, one of the worst affected countries. One of the methods that are used in the prevention work in order to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS and STIs in Ethiopia is Social Marketing, a concept that adopts traditional marketing techniques in order to obtain social change. This inductive study explores how three various Ethiopian organizations are utilizing Social Marketing in their HIV/AIDS and STI prevention work throughout Ethiopia, how the concept can be used to achieve attitudinal- and behavioral change by people, as well as if the organization’s various Social Marketing projects strive to provide vulnerable groups of the Ethiopian society with empowerment, and if so, in what ways. The empirical material was collected through six qualitative interviews and two focus group discussions during an eight-week long stay in Ethiopia during March-May, 2012. The findings of this study have been analyzed through theories about human behavior with a focus on behavior change, as well as various definitions and concepts of empowerment. The study’s result shows that Social Marketing can be utilized in several ways in the HIV/AIDS and STI prevention work in Ethiopia to obtain attitudinal- and behavior changes, for instance by using various commercial techniques, street campaigns, information/education/behavioral change materials, as well as trainings, outreach work and peer education, which aims to educate people about HIV/AIDS, STIs, condoms and condom use. The organization’s joint Social Marketing project “Wise Up-program” includes Drop In Centers and Cooperative Activity for sex workers. The findings of this essay shows that these projects do strive to provide vulnerable groups of the Ethiopian society with empowerment, psychologically as well as economically.
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Wilson, Janice. "Gender-based issues in aviation, attitudes towards female pilots a cross-cultural analysis /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03302005-094856.
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Standberry, Adriann D. "An exploratory study: the relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS, perception of risk, and condom use among African-American female college students." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2005. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1851.
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This study examines knowledge and perception of risk of HIV I AIDS as it relates to condom use among African-American female college students. The terms "preventive sexual behavior" and "risky sexual behavior" are used interchangeably with the term "condom use." Perceived monogamy, intimacy and trust are discussed as barriers to condom use and, more specifically, as they relate to the contraction ofHIV/AIDS.
The predictor variable, knowledge and perception of risk of contracting HIV I AIDS, is defined as the extent to which one knows about the causes, effects, preventive methods and the extent to which one feels personal risk of contracting HIV, while the criterion variable, condom use, is defined as the extent to which one uses a condom each and every time one engages in sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal).
Forty African-American female graduate and undergraduate participants from Clark Atlanta University were chosen, during the week of March 15-19, 2004 between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m., through convenience sampling and asked to complete a 22 item survey related to their knowledge of HIV I AIDS and personal practices of condom use/non-use. Demographic information was gathered using an 8-item form and consent forms were also completed. The design is non-probable, cross-sectional, and was conducted at one point in time.
The data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The statistical tests utilized were Pearson's r in order to determine a correlation between predictor and criterion variables; and coefficient alpha which determines the level of reliability of the measurement. The results of Pearson's r yielded a correlation between knowledge ofHIV/AIDS and condom use ofr = .122, p> .05 (onetailed hypothesis) which indicated the presence of a statistically insignificant positive correlation between the two variables. The reliability coefficient (alpha = .1563) indicated that the measure utilized was inconsistent. The null hypothesis, which states that a high level of knowledge and perception of risk of contracting HIV I AIDS will not result in higher condom usage among African-American female college students, was accepted and the research hypothesis was rejected.
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Spruille, Twania Makita. "An exploratory study of the knowledge of AIDS, sexual attitudes and sexual behavior of African American male and female high school students." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1998. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1976.
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This was an exploratory/descriptive study to explore the relationship of knowledge, attitudes and sexual behaviors among African American high school students regarding AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Thirty students from Port Gibson High School, located in Port Gibson, MS were surveyed to determine levels of knowledge of AIDS, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors. Attitude and knowledge are necessary to identify specific consequences following the behavior.
A descriptive and exploratory design was used in this study. A self administered questionnaire was administered to African American male and female high school students.
The study was an attempt to provide a clear understanding of the knowledge of AIDS, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors of the African American male and female high school students. The results indicated no significant differences between the groups in the areas explored.
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Elaman, Sevinc. "A feminist dialogic reading of the new woman : marriage, female desire and divorce in the works of Edith Wharton and Halide Edib Adıvar." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-feminist-dialogic-reading-of-the-new-womanmarriage-female-desire-and-divorce-in-the-works-of-edith-wharton-and-halide-edib-advar(40c93772-81fa-4c80-af7e-4b3fd6c1ae80).html.
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This thesis examines the depiction of female characters as New Women in a comparative analysis of the fiction of two authors from fin-de-siècle United States of America and late Ottoman/early Republican Turkey: Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth (1905), The Custom of the Country (1913) and The Age of Innocence (1920), and Halide Edib Adıvar’s Raik’in Annesi (Raik’s Mother, 1909), Handan (Handan, 1912) and Kalp Ağrısı (Heartache, 1924). It argues that these novels can be read as examples of New Woman fiction, with their challenge to conventional fictional treatments of womanhood and their depiction of complex female heroines struggling against restrictive social roles, conventions and moral codes. Examining these texts together opens up a hitherto unexplored area of comparison into how the construct of New Womanhood was perceived and dealt with differently (and similarly) in the American and Turkish societies of the era. The thesis brings a new approach to the analysis of the novels under question not only by reading Wharton’s and Adıvar’s fiction in a comparative perspective but also by approaching New Woman fiction by means of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of dialogism, complemented by the work of feminist critics such as Dale M. Bauer, Gail Cunningham, Luce Irigaray and Lyn Pykett. A feminist dialogic approach informs my reading of the novels as texts that present a pluralistic exchange between multiple discourses and that resist a singular interpretation - instead offering multiple “readings”, with a surface narrative and counter narrative: whilst the surface narrative appears as authoritative and seeks to maintain the status quo (through voices that attempt to stabilise the New Woman and assert the authority of conventions and moral codes), this is disrupted and destabilised by the subversive marginal voices of the counter narrative. By attending in this way to the juxtaposition of a multiplicity of conflicting voices on the New Woman question in the texts - particularly as these are expressed in the heroines’ inner dilemmas and conflicts and around the issues of marriage, divorce and sexuality - I attempt to go beyond a reading of the texts as reflections of the biography of the authors or their views regarding a certain model of female identity, instead emphasising the problematisation and unfixing of identity in the novels and their depiction of New Women that are complex, fragmented and contradictory. Furthermore, influenced by the ideas of feminist thinkers such as Judi M. Roller and Elizabeth Bronfen, I propose that the unhappy endings of Wharton’s and Adıvar’s novels can be read as critiques of the oppressive effects of hegemonic discourses about women and a recognition of female agency and struggle. By examining these aspects of the novels, this comparative thesis aims to contribute to feminist studies focused upon the “woman question” and to the growing body of scholarly work on the New Woman.
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Williams, Larry D. "A comparative study of HIV/AIDS risk factors between HIV positive and negative African-American females in the Metropolitan Atlanta area." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2005. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/486.
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Due to the phenomenal increase in the number of African-American women currently affected by HIV/AIDS, and the risk factors that gave rise to this disease, indeed this situation has become a serious social problem. This comparative study seeks to examine some of these risk factors that cause HIV positive women to encounter psychological distress as compared to HTV negative women who do not have this disease. Based on the data collected from this purposive sample of 100 (50 positive, 50 negative) who live in the greater Atlanta area, significant differences between these groups were found. Personal characteristics and sources of supports are discussed in detail and social service programs and implementation strategies are suggested.
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Fraser, Marisa. "Factors affecting the career advancement of female air traffic controllers in the South African air traffic control industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28556.
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Research shows that although the representation of women in the workforce has increased over the past couple of decades, there are many industries that still remain male dominated. In addition, it is generally known that such male-dominated industries have minimal female representation at their managerial levels. One such male-dominated industry in South Africa is the air traffic control (ATC) industry. Women represent about 30 percent of the industry, which suggest their status in the industry is still quite low. The purpose of this study was to examine male and female air traffic controllers’ perceptions of factors that facilitate and constrain women’s career advancement, and to determine whether there were any significant differences in their opinions. The study also identified what male and female air traffic controllers (ATCOs) think the industry can do to help prepare women for leadership positions in the industry, and how to eliminate barriers that may exist to women’s career advancement. Data for this study were collected through an online questionnaire adapted from Zhong’s (2006) study on a convenience sample (N = 147) of male and female ATCOs in South Africa. The data analysis was executed by using factor analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Content analysis was used to analyse the two open-ended questions. The findings from the ANOVA suggest that there were four significant gender differences in perceptions of the Personal effort/External support, Attitude/Internal character, Equity, and Family issues. There also were significant differences in opinion on External support/Personal effort, Attitude/Internal character, Equity and Family issues, depending on the number of children the respondents had, and significant differences of marital status on the External support/Personal effort and Family issues. Finally, significant differences were found in the years’ experience variable for Attitude/Internal character. In response to the open-ended questions, most of the respondents suggested that the ATC industry should offer training programmes to improve awareness of possible barriers within the industry, as well as to offer advice on how to overcome them and improve their leadership skills. This could be done by creating programmes on the knowledge and skills needed to advance one’s career or by providing mentors or role models. Future research could compare the perceptions of employees from different race groups and their perceptions of women’s career advancement in male-dominated industries. It is also recommended that researchers conduct in-depth qualitative interviews together with the current questionnaire to evaluate perceptions of the career advancement of women more critically.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Human Resource Management
unrestricted
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Morgan, M. K., Phillip R. Scheuerman, C. S. Bishop, and Rebecca A. Pyles. "Teratogenic Potential of Atrazine and 2,4-D Using Fetax." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2871.
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The teratogenic potential of commercial formulations of atrazine (40.8%) and 2,4-D was evaluated using FETAX (frog embryo teratogenic assay--Xenopus). Because these herbicides have been detected in ground and surface water, this study was designed to determine the adverse effects in buffer and natural water for both herbicides. All treatments showed a significant concentration-response effect on exposed embryos, except for the 2,4-D natural water sample. Atrazine (solubility of the commercial formula used 70 mg/L at 20 degrees C), compared to 2,4-D (solubility = 311 mg/L at pH = 1 and 25 degrees C), had a significantly greater teratogenic effect in both the buffer (atrazine EC50 = 33 mg/L, LC50 = 100 mg/L, TI = 3.03; 2,4-D EC50 = 245 mg/L, LC50 = 254 mg/L, TI = 1.04) and natural water samples (atrazine EC50 < 8 mg/L, LC50 = 126 mg/L; 2,4-D EC50 and LC50 > 270 mg/L). The 2,4-D EC50 and LC50 values for the buffer were similar at 245 mg/L and 254 mg/L. These similar values and the teratogenic index (TI) of 1.04 suggested that 2,4-D was more embryotoxic than teratogenic to frog embryos at high concentrations. Atrazine in natural water demonstrated a significantly greater EC50 (100% abnormality at 8 mg/L, the lowest test concentration) to frog embryos than the buffer experiment (EC50 = 33 mg/L). The extrapolated lowest observable adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) for the natural water experiment was 1.1 mg/L. These results suggest that atrazine toxicity is enhanced by the synergistic or additive effects of some component of the water or atrazine was already present in the sample. In contrast to atrazine, 2,4-D was less toxic in natural water than buffer. These results suggest that both atrazine and 2,4-D pose little threat, since their embryotoxicity and teratogenicity to frog embryos occur at high concentrations approaching their maximum solubility levels in water.
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Trout, Clinton. "Reducing HIV transmission among female sex workers in Mali: a retrospective evaluation of prevention interventions among female sex workers in Mali from 2000 to 2013." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/13647.
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Background
Female Sex Workers (FSW) in Mali are highly vulnerable to HIV. Their prevalence in 2009 was nine times higher (24.2%) than that among pregnant women (2.7%). The aim of this study was to document the effectiveness of HIV prevention programming targeting FSW between 2000 and 2013 funded by the U.S. Government (USG) in Mali.
Methods
The content, scope and coverage of interventions were assessed through a document review and key informant interviews with FSW peer educators and program managers. Data from the Integrated Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Prevalence and Behavior Surveys (ISBS) conducted in 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009 were analyzed to measure changes in outcomes over time. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for changes in FSW demographics and to analyze sub-groups.
Results
From 2000 to 2013 the USG was the key partner to the government of Mali (GOM) for HIV testing, surveillance, STI treatment, and behavior change communication (BCC) targeting FSW. The USG spent over $42 million on HIV programming between 2003 and 2013. Since 2001, programming for FSW covered most urban areas and transport hubs in Mali. USG partners exceeded their goals, making over 1.3 million BCC contacts with FSW and their sexual partners. However, outcomes were negatively impacted by frequent stock-outs of medications to treat STIs between 2006 and 2011. Also, evidence suggests that interventions were of insufficient intensity and coverage. Finally, M&E system was rudimentary and inconsistent, which made it impossible to link outcomes with programming with confidence.
Nevertheless, important positive changes in outcomes occurred. Between 2003 and 2009, HIV prevalence dropped from 44.14% to 28.49% (P <0.0001) among Malian FSW, from 21.33% to 12.71% (P =0.0082) among Nigerian FSW, and from 43.42% to 33.67% (P =0.0442) among FSW from other countries. Between 2000 and 2009 HIV testing increased (40% to 76% P <0.0001). Consistent condom use with clients improved for Malian FSW (72.3% to 81.5% P =0.0092). Consistent condom use with boyfriends was low and improved only for Nigerian FSW (9.8% to 28.4% P =0.0003). Factors associated with HIV prevalence in the multivariate model were older age, study year (2003 and 2006), nationality, lack of education, mobility, STI symptoms, gonorrhea prevalence, and younger age at first sex.
Conclusions
This study documents progress in the fight against HIV among FSW in Mali, but coverage and intensity must be increased and the quality and diversity of interventions must be expanded. The different vulnerabilities to HIV of different nationality FSW should be addressed in future programming and research. Program adoption of and adherence to Mali’s new M&E plan for key populations would do much to facilitate the necessary improvements.2017-04-02T00:00:00Z
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Musuenge, Beatrice Buduara, and Beatrice Buduara Musuenge. "Female Sex Workers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Related to HIV/AIDS in Burkina Faso." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35323604994538895766.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
公共衛生國際碩士學位學程
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Background: Female sex workers (FSWs) continue to bear a high burden of HIV infection in many Africa countries as Burkina Faso and are an important target population for a public health response to HIV/AIDS. This aims of the study are to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) related to HIV/AIDS, to determine the factors associated with HIV/AIDS KAP among FSW and to find the correlation among HIV/AIDS KAP.
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"Contextualizing Risk Environments in the Dominican Republic (DR): Assessing the Joint Effects of Activity Spaces and Risk Networks on Drug Use among Female Sex Workers (FSWs) Living with HIV." Tulane School of Public Health, 2020.
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archives@tulane.eduBackground: Although engagement and retention in HIV care and treatment is a critical issue across populations, it is of particular importance among female sex workers (FSWs) as they are disproportionately affected by HIV due to high rates of sexual risk behaviors and large sexual networks. Drug use is one of the most consistent and salient barriers to successful engagement in HIV care and treatment. For many FSWs, drug use is a common part of their daily lives. While individual-level factors likely explain a substantial portion of variability in drug use behavior, evidence demonstrates that differences in health behaviors and outcomes cannot be fully explained by individual-level factors alone. Previous explorations of drug-related harms have found that neighborhoods and social networks are two important environments that impact substance use behavior and associated health outcomes; yet, there has been little research on the interacting effects of networks and neighborhoods on drug use among FSWs living with HIV. Objective: Using innovative geospatial and social network methods, the purpose of this pilot study was 1) to characterize the physical and social risk environments of a small cohort of FSWs living with HIV in the Dominican Republic (DR), and 2) to examine the association between their daily activity patterns and social relationships on illicit drug use. Methods: A micro-longitudinal observational study design was employed. Data collection activities included: (1) semi-structured questionnaire, (2) daily activity space mapping, (3) daily behavior diary, (4) social network survey; and (5) secondary data. Statistical analysis included spatial mapping, social network analysis, univariate and bivariate means analysis, generalized estimating equations (GEE) with repeated measures, interaction and effect modification. Results: Findings suggest that social networks, specifically drug networks and sex and drug networks, and daily activity path and location-based risk exposures are independently associated with risk of daily drug use, and that network risk profile modifies the association between location-based risk exposure and daily drug use. Results from Paper 1 show that participants exposed to a higher number of risk outlets within 200 meters of their weekly activity paths weighted by time exposed had an increased risk of daily drug use (RRadj: 2.83, 95%CI: 1.14, 7.03). Similarly, per unit increase in risk outlet exposure within 200 meters of sex work locations was associated with an increased risk of daily drug use (RRadj: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.05). Paper 2 results indicate that participants with more drug using members and sexual partners who were also drug users in their social networks were 8.89 (95%CI: 2.62, 30.33) and 6.08 (95 CI%: 1.20, 30.92) times more likely to use drugs compared to those with fewer drug using members and sexual partners who used drugs. Finally, paper 3 results suggest that the joint effects of networks and activity space are greater than individual effects alone and that drug network and sex and drug network modify the association between sex work location risk environment exposure and daily drug use. No differences were detected among individuals with large drug and sex and drug networks, but among individuals with small drug and sex and drug networks, per unit increase in risk outlet exposure within 200-meters of sex work locations was associated with an increased risk of daily drug use. Conclusions: This research provides significant information on the overlapping and diverging characteristics of the social factors and physical spaces that shape drug use in the broader context of sex work, HIV, and vulnerability in a low-and middle-income country (LMIC) setting. Findings may be used to inform integrated care interventions that are geographically targeted and address the social processes and structures that influence drug harms and HIV treatment in a highly stigmatized and vulnerable population.
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Erica Ann Felker-Kantor
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Woldeeyesus, Bisrate Markos. "The Enneagram : predicting consistent condom use among female sex workers." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19634.
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Given the lack of effective vaccine or medicine, changing an individual's risk behaviours has been crucial in preventing the spread of HIV. Consistent and correct condom use has been considered as the most effective form of HIV prevention among female sex workers. Despite coordinated national level interventions over the last decade, a consistent decline in condom use among female sex workers has been evidenced in the Ethiopian context, particularly with non-paying partners. Thus far, no study has been produced that has illustrated major determinants of consistent condom use among female sex workers which would help in developing effective intervention strategies for the prevention of HIV spread in the country. In other countries, the Information, Motivation and Behaviour (IMB) model has been used to identify individual level determents of condom use. However, the researcher postulated that behaviour emanating from the personality structure of individuals could be the fundamental individual level determents of adherence to condom use and chose to investigate this using the Enneagram theory of personality, which was acknowledged for its heuristic value in explaining and enhancing self-development of at-risk individuals. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa. With the Without Finite Population Correction of the Sample Size Estimation Formula, the sample size of 350 was set and participants were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS). Using trained female sex workers, the Essential Enneagram Test (EET) and an Information-Motivation-Behaviour (IMB) questionnaire were administered to collect data. General Linear Modeling (GLM) Multivariate analysis was carried out to assess the correlation between personality style and consistent condom use among participants in the last seven days before the interview. The finding of this study revealed that personality type, measured by the Essential Enneagram Test (EET), is able to predict adherence to condom use among female sex workers and provided a new dimension for policy makers and practitioners in behavioural intervention programmes, such as Information-Education-Communication, peer-to-peer approaches, as well as health and rehabilitation services by using the Enneagram principles and universal growth process.Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)
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Yang, Chang-Yu, and 楊鎮宇. "The Association with Lead Exposure, Oxidative Damage and Matrix Metalloproteinase among Lead-Acid Battery Factory Female Workers." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19989744168095726685.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
公共衛生學系碩士班
100
Over the past few decades, stroke has been the leading cause of death only after cancer in Taiwan. One main cause for stroke is the vascular blockage caused by arterial lump which was produced by vascular endothelial cells after oxidative damage. Findings from past studies indicate that lead can cause membrane lipid peroxidation in producing oxidative substances, which may increase the risk of stroke. There is yet lack of evidence to support the direct relationship between lead and stroke. The objective of this study is to investigate whether oxidative damage and stroke will be associated with high levels lead exposure. The study was a cross-sectional study,for which a total of 194 lead battery factory female employees were recruited. Their blood samples, physiological data and structured questionnaires were collected for analyses. Blood lead levels were analyzed by ICP-MS using blood. Malondlaldehyde, superoxide dismutase and matrix metalloproteinases concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using serum samples. Results showed that for these 194 subjects, their average age was 46.42 ± 8.77 years, average blood lead concentration was 24.05 ± 13.15 μg / dL, which appeared to be 8-12 times higher than that of the general population. In the multivariate linear regression model for matrix metalloproteinases-9, the effect of malondlaldehyde, superoxide dismutase and lead concentration was adjusted in the model. Indeed, blood lead levels were found to have statistically significant negative correlation and superoxide dismutase have statistically significant positive correlation with matrix metalloproteinases-9 (P = 0.008 and 0.002). Findings of this study indicate that under extremely high blood lead exposure as observed in our sample, the influence of matrix metalloproteinases by blood lead and oxidative damage may act on different mechanisms, which subsequently leads to the unexpected results of our study from previous literature.
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Sharpe, Kimberly. "The role of intimate partners in harm reduction for HIV positive female sex workers in Kibera, Nairobi." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4634.
Full textAbstract:
While female sex workers (FSWs) are often the focus of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) research in Kenya, little else is known about their lives, including their intimate relationships. This thesis explores the relationships between FSWs and their intimate partners in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. As part of the Kenya Free of AIDS (KeFA) project, previous field research found that FSWs with an intimate partner saw over 50% fewer clients per week and were statistically more likely to use a condom with clients. These findings suggested that FSWs' intimate relationships might act as a form of harm and/or use reduction. Sex work harm reduction aims to diminish the occupational harms associated with sex work, such as discrimination, violence and disease, through strategies such as empowerment and education. Use reduction aims to reduce FSWs' frequency of exposure to these occupational risks through a reduction in clients. Specifically, it is proposed that FSW intimate relationships promote harm and/or use reduction in three ways: 1) by reducing the number of clients on a weekly basis, 2) by reducing harm from the virus through adherence to antiretroviral drugs (ARV), and 3) by offering a supportive environment financially, emotionally, and in terms of health and/or childcare.
To test these theories this thesis analyzed interviews with 27 HIV positive FSWs from Kibera. Results showed that HIV was normalized in intimate relationships, whereas sex work was stigmatized. As a result, FSWs in this study were more likely to tell their partners that they were HIV positive than disclose their involvement in sex work. Therefore, rather than genuine use reduction, client reduction was unintentional and, in reality associated with sex work stigmatization that prevents women from disclosing their occupation. Some intimate partnerships were found to be a source of emotional and health-related support for Kibera FSWs. Intimate partners provided support for participants' HIV status and adherence to ARV. They also provided emotional support in the form of advice and comfort. Overall, this study suggested it would be difficult to include intimate partners in interventions with HIV positive Kibera FSWs because of the considerable, continued stigma surrounding sex work but that intimate partners can have a positive and/or protective role to play in HIV positive Kibera FSWs’ lives.Graduate
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kimberly.m.sharpe@gmail.com
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Mutunga, Lillian Ngina. "Perceptions around the role of female health workers in performing male circumcision as an HIV/AIDS prevention strategy in South Africa." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10382.
Full textAbstract:
Male circumcision as a HIV prevention strategy is still a relatively new concept. There is a lot of research on studies on various aspects of it. This study’s focus was the perceptions around female health workers performing male circumcision as part of HIV prevention strategy. The aim of the study was to situate the policy in the social cultural context in which it would be carried out. Most acceptability studies have focused on the acceptability of the procedure as a whole to the community and gender issues in relation to male circumcision have been focused on the effects of male circumcision to women. There has been little focus on gender issues on the part of the health care workers who are the implementers of the strategy; and therefore instrumental to the success of the policy.
The study took place in the peri-urban areas of Midrand; Rabie Ridge and Ivory Park and data was collected through interviews and document analysis. The theories of structuration and the post traditional order were used to understand choice and decision making in the modern society.
Generally, the notion of female health workers performing male circumcision was found to be acceptable to most participants, although this was not without issues. Cultural constructions of gender that depict men as superior to women and masculine identity issues were found to be barriers to female health workers performing male circumcision. The high acceptability of female health workers performing male circumcision and other non traditional aspects of circumcision including medical circumcision and neo natal circumcision was attributed to the nature of decision making in the post traditional order that enables individuals to make decisions from a variety of options without feeling the need to ascribe totally to traditional prescriptions. The barriers uncovered however show that there is still need to engage further with stakeholders if the implementation of the policy is to be successful
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Hwang, Sandra Dong-Hee. "Redefining self and community : understanding the empowerment experiences of female sex workers within the context of HIV/AIDS prevention programs in Karnataka, India." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/29481.
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Ross, Melanie D. "Fractured families: pathways to sex work in Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1085.
Full textAbstract:
The reasons why African women become engaged in sex work have received little attention in academic research. While it is largely acknowledged that there exists a connection between entering the sex trade and poverty, not all women who are poor enter sex work. Through the use of life histories with 21 women between the ages of 18 and 42, this thesis explores the combination of factors that lead women and girls to become commercial sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. This method provides a detailed look at initiation into sex work as it occurs over the life course for women and girls in this context. Additionally, this thesis examines how structural violence impinges on their lives, thereby increasing vulnerability to engagement in sex work. Examining the larger socio-political and economic contexts illustrates how issues such as HIV/AIDS, migrant labour, changing gender roles, the erosion of existing familial structures and gender inequities structure risk for suffering for women. These issues result in many girls losing caregiver support by being orphaned, while additionally, women are burdened with providing total economic and social support for the family in a society that has gendered economic opportunities. Both girls and women are left with few options other than the sex trade to survive.