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Journal articles on the topic 'Fem transferases'
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Maillard, Antoine P., Sabrina Biarrotte-Sorin, Régis Villet, Stéphane Mesnage, Ahmed Bouhss, Wladimir Sougakoff, Claudine Mayer, and Michel Arthur. "Structure-Based Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the UDP-MurNAc-Pentapeptide-Binding Cavity of the FemX Alanyl Transferase from Weissella viridescens." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 3833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.11.3833-3838.2005.
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ABSTRACT Weissella viridescens FemX (FemXWv) belongs to the Fem family of nonribosomal peptidyl transferases that use aminoacyl-tRNA as the amino acid donor to synthesize the peptide cross-bridge found in the peptidoglycan of many species of pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. We have recently solved the crystal structure of FemXWv in complex with the peptidoglycan precursor UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and report here the site-directed mutagenesis of nine residues located in the binding cavity for this substrate. Two substitutions, Lys36Met and Arg211Met, depressed FemXWv transferase activity below detectable levels without affecting protein folding. Analogues of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide lacking the phosphate groups or the C-terminal d-alanyl residues were not substrates of the enzyme. These results indicate that Lys36 and Arg211 participate in a complex hydrogen bond network that connects the C-terminal d-Ala residues to the phosphate groups of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and constrains the substrate in a conformation that is essential for transferase activity.
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Sherif, Lobna S., Randaa K. Abdel Raouf, Rokaya M. El Sayede, Amany S. El Wakkadd, Ashraf R. Shoaib, Hanan M. Ali, and Amira S. El Refay. "Glutathione Transferase as a Potential Marker for Gut Epithelial Injury versus the Protective Role of Breast Milk sIgA in Infants with Rota Virus Gastroenteritis." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 4 (November 26, 2015): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.125.
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BACKGROUND: Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays an important protective role in the recognition and clearance of enteric pathogens.AIM: This study was designed to assess if mucosal integrity “measured by secretory IgA (SIgA)” is a protective factor from more epithelial alteration “measured by glutathione transferase” in infants with Rota gastroenteritis and its relation to infantsꞌ feeding pattern.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 79 infants aged 6 months and less from those diagnosed as having gastroenteritis and admitted to Gastroenteritis Department in Abo El Rish Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University. Plasma glutathione s-transferases and Stool SIgA were measured using ELISA technique. Rota virus detection was done by Reverse transcriptase PCR.RESULTS: SIgA was found to be significantly positive in exclusive breast fed infants, Glutathione transferase was significantly more frequently positive in Rota positive cases than Rota negative cases by Reverse transcriptase PCR. A significant negative correlation between Glutathione transferase and Secretory IgA was found, (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Breast feeding should be encouraged and highly recommended in the first two years of life as it provides Secretory IgA to breast fed infants who in turn protect them against epithelial damage caused by Rota viral gastroenteritis.
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K, Anantha Babu, and Anjaly Mary Varghese. "EVALUATION OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL, AMINO TRANSFERASES, GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE AND CREATIVE KINASE IN RED YEAST RICE (MONACUS PURPUREUSFERMENTED RICE) FED RATS." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/3.
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Makinde, O. J., A. Aremu, O. J. Alabi, E. Z. Jiya, M. S. Tamburawa, and S. K. Omotugba. "Evaluation of differently processed African star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito ) kernel meal as feed for growing rabbits." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.572.
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A 12-week study was carried out to examine the effect of substituting dietary maize with differently processed African star apple kernel meal (ASAKM) on growth performance, blood indices and economic benefits of growing rabbits. A total of 60 weaner rabbits (mixed breed, average weight, 590g) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments comprising of 10% each of boiled, fermented, roasted and soaked African star apple kernel meal as substitute for dietary maize. Diet 1 (0%ASAKM) served as the control diet. Each of the five treatments was replicated thrice. Each replicate had four rabbits in a Completely Randomized Design. Rabbits fed diets containing 10 % boiled and 10 % roasted ASAKM gained weight (P<0.05) faster than those fed other diets. Feed conversion ratio was significantly better (P<0.05) for rabbits fed BASAKM and RASAKM diets. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the blood parameters measured except the white blood cell (WBC), alkaline phosphate(ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferases (ALT) (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed significant differences (P<0.05) in all the parameters measured. Cost of feed/kg was significantly reduced (P<0.05) with inclusion of ASAKM in rabbit diets. Production cost and revenue (₦) were better (P<0.05) among rabbits fed Boiled ASAKM diet. It was concluded that either BASAKM or Roasted ASAKM can replace 10 % dietary maize in the diets of growing rabbits without compromising growth performance, blood profiles and economic benefits of growing rabbits.
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Bauman, P. F., T. K. Smith, and T. M. Bray. "The effect of dietary protein and sulfur amino acids on hepatic glutathione concentration and glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1048–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-171.
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Hepatic glutathione concentration and glutathione-dependent enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, are important for protection against toxic compounds. Rats were fed diets containing 4, 7.5, 15, or 45% protein for 2 weeks. Glutathione and cysteine concentrations in rats fed the 4 and 7.5% protein diets were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in rats fed the 15 and 45% protein diets. Glutathione S-transferase activity increased with increasing dietary protein. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in rats fed 4 and 7.5% protein compared with rats fed 15 and 45% protein, whereas the activity of glutathione reductase was higher in rats fed 4 and 7.5% protein then in rats fed 15 or 45% protein. Dietary sulfur amino acids alone could account for the increase in glutathione concentration resulting from the increase in dietary protein from 7.5 to 15%. The limited availability of glutathione in animals fed the low protein diets could reduce the potential for detoxification of xenobiotics.
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Levchenko, Silivanova, Shumilova, Sennikova, and Kinareikina. "BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MUSCA DOMESTICA UNDER SELECTION WITH FIPRONIL." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.295-300.
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Insect resistance to insecticides is one of the main issues of veterinary, medicine, and horticulture around the world. Knowledge of insecticidal resistance mechanisms is crucial for the development of insect control programs. The aim of the present study was to assess some biological parameters and enzyme activities in the house fly Musca domestica L. under selection with fipronil. The selection of M. domestica with fipronil was conducted by non-choice feeding when adults in each generation were fed with sugar that was pre-treated with insecticide solution. In even-numbered year generation, we evaluated the duration of individual development stages, the weight of individuals, fertility, and activity of the main detoxification enzymes (monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases) in larvae and adults. The assessment of insect susceptibility to fipronil showed that larvae in the tenth generation of the fipronil-selected strain were more susceptible to fipronil than the individuals in the laboratory strain, and adults did not differ from the control as per this indicator. In the tenth generation of the fipronil-selected strain, we found that the duration of the development period from the egg stage to the emergence of adults lasted longer (by 18%) compared to the laboratory line. We noted that the activity of monooxygenases and glutathione-S-transferase in larvae and adults varied in certain generations of the fipronil-selected strain.
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Dinischiotu, A., D. Dinu, M. Rebedea, G. Stoian, I. Taranu, D. Marin, and M. Costache. "Biochemical effects induced by deoxynivalenol intoxication in piglets." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-2 (2007): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702245d.
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Thirty-5 weeks-old pigs were fed corn-soybean diets containing 0.5 ppm and 1.5 ppm. deoxynivalenol. Sera samples were collected from ten piglets in each group at the end of 35 days of the trial to study the effect of certain serum biochemical parameters. Highly significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed for serum urea and gamma glutamyl transferase between control and mycotoxin treated groups. Mycotoxin treated groups did not reveal any significant difference for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate transferase and alanine transferase.
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Esquivel, Carlos J., Bryan J. Cassone, and Peter M. Piermarini. "Ade novotranscriptome of the Malpighian tubules in non-blood-fed and blood-fed Asian tiger mosquitoesAedes albopictus: insights into diuresis, detoxification, and blood meal processing." PeerJ 4 (March 10, 2016): e1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1784.
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Background.In adult female mosquitoes, the renal (Malpighian) tubules play an important role in the post-prandial diuresis, which removes excess ions and water from the hemolymph of mosquitoes following a blood meal. After the post-prandial diuresis, the roles that Malpighian tubules play in the processing of blood meals are not well described.Methods.We used a combination of next-generation sequencing (paired-end RNA sequencing) and physiological/biochemical assays in adult female Asian tiger mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus) to generate molecular and functional insights into the Malpighian tubules and how they may contribute to blood meal processing (3–24 h after blood ingestion).Results/Discussion.Using RNA sequencing, we sequenced and assembled the firstde novotranscriptome of Malpighian tubules from non-blood-fed (NBF) and blood-fed (BF) mosquitoes. We identified a total of 8,232 non-redundant transcripts. The Malpighian tubules of NBF mosquitoes were characterized by the expression of transcripts associated with active transepithelial fluid secretion/diuresis (e.g., ion transporters, water channels,V-type H+-ATPase subunits), xenobiotic detoxification (e.g., cytochrome P450 monoxygenases, glutathioneS-transferases, ATP-binding cassette transporters), and purine metabolism (e.g., xanthine dehydrogenase). We also detected the expression of transcripts encoding sodium calcium exchangers, G protein coupled-receptors, and septate junctional proteins not previously described in mosquito Malpighian tubules. Within 24 h after a blood meal, transcripts associated with active transepithelial fluid secretion/diuresis exhibited a general downregulation, whereas those associated with xenobiotic detoxification and purine catabolism exhibited a general upregulation, suggesting a reinvestment of the Malpighian tubules’ molecular resources from diuresis to detoxification. Physiological and biochemical assays were conducted in mosquitoes and isolated Malpighian tubules, respectively, to confirm that the transcriptomic changes were associated with functional consequences. In particular,in vivodiuresis assays demonstrated that adult female mosquitoes have a reduced diuretic capacity within 24 h after a blood meal. Moreover, biochemical assays in isolated Malpighian tubules showed an increase in glutathioneS-transferase activity and the accumulation of uric acid (an end product of purine catabolism) within 24 h after a blood meal. Our data provide new insights into the molecular physiology of Malpighian tubules in culicine mosquitoes and reveal potentially important molecular targets for the development of chemical and/or gene-silencing insecticides that would disrupt renal function in mosquitoes.
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Nikolova-Karakashian, Mariana N., Nadja J. Gavrilova, Diana H. Petkova, and Milka S. Setchenska. "Sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes and protein kinase C activity in liver plasma membranes of rats fed with cholesterol-supplemented diet." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o92-094.
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The effect of cholesterol-supplemented diet on the activities of rat liver plasma membrane sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes and protein kinase C was studied. Protein kinase C, phosphatidylcholine:ceramide-phosphocholine transferase, and phosphatidylethanolamine:ceramide-phosphoethanolamine transferase activities were found to increase continuously and almost in parallel during the experimental period on cholesterol diet (days 10, 20, and 30). Linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between these activities with correlation coefficients r = 0.959 for protein kinase C and phosphatidylcholine:ceramide-phosphocholine transferase, and r = 0.998 for protein kinase C and phosphatidylethanolamine:ceramide-phosphoethanolamine transferase. On the other hand, protein kinase C activation does not correspond to sphingomyelinase activity changes. These data suggest that protein kinase C activation observed in cholesterol-enriched plasma membranes is due to increased production of diacylglycerol and increased acylation of sphingosine to ceramide.Key words: protein kinase C, sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes, cholesterol, plasma membranes.
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Vorobets, M. Z., R. V. Fafula, A. S. Besedina, O. K. Onufrovych, and D. Z. Vorobets. "Glutathione s-transferase as a marker of oxidative stress in human ejaculated spermatozoa from patients with pathospermia." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021842.
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It is believed that the most common causes of male infertility are impairment of spermatogenesis and sperm functions. Glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18) play an important role in sperm physiology, specifically in antioxidant protection against oxidative damage. The catalase decomposition of lipid hydro-peroxides forms as a result of oxidative stress. We used a model of superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate or H2O2-induced stress to study the activity of glutathione s transferase in human ejaculated spermatozoa from patients with pathospermia and products of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as a marker of oxidative stress. In the present study, dose dependent increase in the level of lipid peroxidation was observed for treatment with Fe3+/ascorbate or H2O2. The TBARS level was higher for sperm cells incubated with superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate than for H2O2. GSTs activity increased in spermatozoa treated with increasing concentration of superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate and H2O. We found that both Fe3+/ascorbate and H2O2 displayed similar inhibitory effects on sperm GSTs activity, however H2O2 at low concentrations activated enzyme activity only in normozoospermic samples, which can be explained as a defence response to oxidative stress. The time course of incubation with 100 μM H2O2 showed a sharp decrease in the enzyme activity during the first 5 min of incubation for both normozoospermic and pathozoospermic men. Preincubation of spermatozoa with GSH completely prevented the ROS-induced inhibition on GSTs only in normozoospermic samples. On the other hand, in pathospermic samples protectory effect of GSH was observed only against non-radical (H2O) radical, but not against radical (superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate) species. The results of our study showed higher oxygen-free radical production, evidenced by increased TBARS level in spermatozoa obtained from infertile men than normozoospermic men. The inhibitory effect of the radical (superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate) species on sperm GSTs activity and products of lipid peroxidation in sperm cells of fertile and infertile men were more expressed compared to non-radical (H2O) species. Our results indicate that estimation of sperm GSTs enzyme assays can be used as a bioindicator for impaired male fertility. The obtained results argue for a biological role of sperm GSTs in susceptibility of spermatozoa to oxidative damage and maintaining sperm antioxidant status.
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Bhattacharjee, Nandini, Surajit Pathak, and Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh. "Amelioration of Carcinogen-Induced Toxicity in Mice by Administration of a Potentized Homeopathic Drug, Natrum Sulphuricum 200." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, no. 1 (2009): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem067.
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To examine if a potentized homeopathic drug, Natrum Sulphuricum 200 (Nat Sulph-200) has protective potentials against hepatocarcinogenesis, liver tumors were induced in mice through chronic feeding ofP-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB; initiator of hepatocarcinogenesis) and phenobarbital (PB; promoter). Mice were divided into five sub-groups: fed normal low protein diet (Gr. I, normal control); fed normal low protein plus alcohol-200 (vehicle of the homeopathic remedy) (Gr. II); fed diet mixed with 0.06% p-DAB plus 0.05% PB (Gr. III); fed diet and carcinogens like Gr.III, plus alcohol 200 (positive control for drug fed mice) (Gr. IV) and fed diet and carcinogens like Gr. III, plus Natrum Sulphuiricum-200 (Gr. V; drug fed). Mice were sacrificed at day 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and day 120 for study of cytogenetical endpoints like chromosome aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN), mitotic index (MI) and sperm head anomaly (SHA) and biochemical toxicity parameters like aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), acid (AcP) and alkaline (AlkP) phosphatases, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Less number of liver tumors were observed in Gr. V (drug fed) mice. Administration of Nat Sulph 200 reduced genomic damage, activities of AcP, AlkP, AST, ALT, LPO and increased GSH content. Therefore, independent replication of the study by others is encouraged.
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Rafei-Tari, Ali, Ali Asghar Sadeghi, and Seyed Naser Mousavi. "Inclusion of vegetable oils in diets of broiler chicken raised in hot weather and effects on antioxidant capacity, lipid components in the blood and immune responses." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (April 23, 2021): e50587. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.50587.
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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vegetable oils on the antioxidant capacity, blood lipid components and immune responses in chickens raised in hot climate. In a completely randomized design, 300 chicks were assigned to four treatments and five replicates with 15 chicks per each. The highest concentration of malondialdehyde was found in broilers fed palm oil (p < 0.05). Chickens fed corn oil had the lowest and those fed flaxseed oil had the highest antioxidant enzymes activities (p < 0.05). The highest hepatic Alanine-transferase and Aspartate-transferase was found in chickens fed corn oil and the lowest levels in those received flaxseed and olive oils (p < 0.05). The highest hypersensitivity was in chickens fed palm oil and the lowest was for olive oil. The highest antibody titer against sheep red blood cells was found in chickens fed flaxseed oil and the lowest titer was for those received palm oil (p < 0.05). The highest triglyceride, cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein and the lowest high density lipoprotein was found in chickens fed palm oil and vice versa for flaxseed and olive oils. Olive and flaxseed oils had beneficial effects on antioxidant activity and lipid attributes and palm oil had detrimental effects on these parameters that related to the poultry health.
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Hayes, J. D., L. A. Kerr, S. D. Peacock, A. D. Cronshaw, and L. I. McLellan. "Hepatic glutathione S-transferases in mice fed on a diet containing the anticarcinogenic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole. Isolation of mouse glutathione S-transferase heterodimers by gradient elution of the glutathione-Sepharose affinity matrix." Biochemical Journal 277, no. 2 (July 15, 1991): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2770501.
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Induction of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) is believed to represent an important mechanism whereby butylated hydroxyanisole inhibits chemical carcinogenesis. The soluble hepatic GSTs expressed by mice fed on normal diets are all homodimers comprising Ya3 (Mr 25,800), Yb1 (Mr 26,400) and Yf (Mr 24,800) subunits. In addition to these constitutively expressed GSTs, we have identified enzymes containing Ya1 (Mr 25,600), Ya2 (Mr 25,600), Yb2 (Mr 26,200) and Yb5 (Mr 26,500) subunits from the livers of Balb/c mice fed on diets containing butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Gradient affinity elution of GSH-Sepharose has been used to resolve the mouse liver enzymes into several discrete pools of activity from which GSTs were purified by cation-exchange chromatography. The inducible Mu-class Yb2 and Yb5 subunits were separately isolated as the heterodimers GST Yb1Yb2 and GST Yb1Yb5 and their catalytic properties are described; this showed that 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and trans-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one are marker substrates for the mouse Yb1 and Yb2 subunits respectively, but no discriminating model substrate was found that allows the identification of the Yb5 subunit. Individual GST subunits were resolved by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. and their amino acid compositions were determined. Certain subunits (Yb1, Yb2, Yb5 and Yf) were also subjected to automated amino acid sequence analysis, and this demonstrated that the Yb5 subunit has a blocked N-terminus. The mouse Yb1, Yb2 and Yb5 subunits from the major inducible Mu-class heterodimers were cleaved with CNBr and purified peptides from the Yb2 and Yb5 subunits were sequenced. These data show that the Yb2 subunit is distinct from the GSTs that are encoded by the cDNAs that have been cloned from mouse liver cDNA libraries but possesses identity with the protein that is encoded by pmGT2, a cDNA isolated from a mouse fibroblast cell line by Townsend, Goldsmith, Pickett & Cowan [(1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264. 21582-21590]. The sequence data also show that the cDNA encoding the mouse Yb5 subunit has not, to date, been cloned, and the relationship between this subunit and Mu-class GSTs in other species that possess a blocked N-terminus (e.g. rat GST YoYo) is discussed.
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Kim, Min-Sun, Sung-Sik Chun, Sang-Hun Kim, and Jung-Hwa Choi. "Effect of Tumeric (Curcuma longa) on Bile Acid and UDP-glucuronyl Transferase Activity in Rats Fed a High-fat and -cholesterol Diet." Journal of Life Science 22, no. 8 (August 30, 2012): 1064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2012.22.8.1064.
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Bardales, R. H., A. Carrato, M. Fleischer, M. K. Schwartz, and B. Koziner. "Detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) by flow cytometry in leukemic disorders." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 4 (April 1989): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.4.2647840.
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We applied a new technique to the detection of intracellular TdT in 26 leukemic patients, including 16 non-T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), four T-ALL, one T-lymphoblastic lymphoma in leukemia phase, one undifferentiated leukemia, one de novo lymphoblastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia, and three acute monocytic leukemias (AMOL). Mononuclear cell suspensions were incubated in saponin to permeabilize the cell membrane. The cells were then stained by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) using anti-human TdT monoclonal antibodies and were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The TdT results were compared with those obtained by biochemical TdT assay (26 cases), immunoperoxidase determination (PAP) (12 cases), and fluorescence microscopy (seven cases). The results obtained by PAP and fluorescence microscopy were 100% concordant with those obtained by FCM and biochemical assay. TdT determination by FCM allows the analysis of large numbers of cells in a fast, objective, and reliable manner, as compared with biochemical assay, PAP, and fluorescence microscopy determinations.
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Van den Ende, W., and A. Van Laere. "Induction of 1-FEH in Mature Chicory Roots Appears to be Related to Low Temperatures Rather than to Leaf Damage." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.857.
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Large-scale inulin production from chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.) is hampered by the induction of 1-FEH activity (fructan 1-exohydrolase) and concomitant fructose production in autumn, coincident with a period with low night temperatures that cause leaf damage. To understand whether leaf damage per se is sufficient for 1-FEH induction and fructan breakdown, we defoliated mature chicory plants at a preharvest stage (September 10) and investigated the changes in carbohydrate levels and 1-FEH activities. Also, the activities of 1-SST (sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase, EC 2.4.1.99), 1-FFT (fructan:fructan 1-fructosyl transferase, EC 2.4.1.100), and acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) were determined. Defoliation did not result in a prompt fructan breakdown and increase in 1-FEH activity, but after 10 days fructan breakdown and 1-FEH activities became higher in the defoliated plants. Defoliation resulted in a sharp decrease in 1-SST activity over the first 24 h. Afterwards, root 1-SST activities of defoliated plants remained at a lower level than in control plants. 1-FFT and invertase activities were not affected by defoliation. It can be concluded that defoliation of plants at the preharvest stage by itself did not induce the same rapid changes as observed in naturally induced October roots by low temperature (harvest stage). Taken together with our finding that 1-FEH is not induced in chicory roots when plants are transferred to the greenhouse early autumn (minimal temperature 14°C), we conclude that low temperatures might be essential for 1-FEH induction.
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McLellan, L. I., L. A. Kerr, A. D. Cronshaw, and J. D. Hayes. "Regulation of mouse glutathione S-transferases by chemoprotectors. Molecular evidence for the existence of three distinct Alpha-class glutathione S-transferase subunits, Ya1, Ya2, and Ya3, in mouse liver." Biochemical Journal 276, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2760461.
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Liver cytosol from mice fed on a normal diet contains Alpha-class glutathione S-transferase (GST) subunits of Mr 25,800, Mu-class GST subunits of Mr 26,400 and Pi-class GST subunits of Mr 24,800. Feeding female mice with a diet containing the anticarcinogenic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) causes induction of the constitutively expressed Mu-class and Pi-class subunits. BHA also induces an Alpha-class GST comprising subunits of Mr 25,600, which is not expressed at detectable levels in normal mouse liver [McLellan & Hayes (1989) Biochem. J. 263, 393-402]. Data are now presented that show that administration of the anticarcinogen beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), like BHA, induces the Alpha-class 25,600-Mr subunits but not the constitutive Alpha-class GST with subunits of Mr 25,800. The effects of BNF on expression of hepatic GST were studied in both DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice; these studies revealed a preferential induction of the Alpha-class 25,600-Mr subunits and of the Pi-class 24,800-Mr subunits in those mice in possession of a functional Ah receptor. The BHA/BNF-inducible Alpha-class GST can be resolved into two separate, non-interconvertible peaks by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. Automated amino acid sequence analysis of CNBr-derived peptides from each of these h.p.l.c.-purified peaks showed that the peaks contained at least two very similar subunits. These have been named Ya1 and Ya2. The amino acid sequence of the Ya1 subunit was compared with sequences deduced from a genomic clone, lambda mYa1 (Daniel, Sharon, Tichauer & Sarid (1987) DNA 6, 317-324], and a cDNA clone, pGT41 [Pearson, Reinhart, Sisk, Anderson & Adler (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 13324-13332]. Our data suggest that the Ya1 subunit represents the subunit encoded by the genomic clone, lambda mYa1. Sequence analysis of the constitutive Alpha-class Ya3 subunit (Mr 25,800) shows that, although it is a member of the same gene family as the Ya1 and Ya2 subunits, it represents a distinct sub-family of Alpha-class GST, containing subunits that are more similar to rat Yc. Our data indicate that, of these Alpha-class GST subunits, the two with Mr 25,600 (Ya1 and Ya2) are selectively induced by BHA or BNF in mouse liver; neither BHA nor BNF induces significantly the GST subunit with Mr 25,800 (Ya3).
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Anjos, F. R. Dos, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, and M. Chimonyo. "Efficacy of Mozambican bentonite and diatomaceous earth in reducing the toxic effects of aflatoxins in chicks." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1842.
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The effectiveness of diatomaceous earth (DE) and bentonite clay (BC) in reducing the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chicks was assessed. A total of 150 day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to six dietary treatments, with 5 replicate pens of five chicks per treatment. Dietary treatments were: (1) a positive control basal diet (BD) containing no AFB1, no BC and no DE; (2) BD + 0.50% BC but with no AFB1 and DE; (3) BD + 0.50% DE but with no AF and BC; (4) BD + 2 mg AFB1/kg diet but with no BC and DE; (5) BD + 0.50% BC + 2 mg AFB1/kg diet but with no DE; and (6) BD + 0.50% DE + 2 mg AFB1/kg diet but with no BC. Compared with controls, feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were depressed (P<0.05) in chicks fed AFB1, with greater reduction in FI and BWG observed in birds fed the AFB1 plus 0.50% DE diet. Feed conversion ratio was similar. Chicks fed AFB1 alone had increased (P<0.05) relative liver weights compared to all other dietary treatments except for chicks fed AFB1+ DE. Chicks fed AFB1 alone and those fed AFB1+ DE had heavier (P<0.05) relative kidney weights compared to chicks fed other treatments. Compared with the control chicks, livers from birds fed dietary AFB1 and AFB1 plus DE were similar. Liver lesion score of chicks fed AFB1 plus BC was lower (P<0.05) than that of chicks fed AFB1 but higher (P<0.05) than that of control chicks. Compared to controls, serum concentrations of glucose, albumin, total protein globulin, and calcium were decreased (P<0.05) in chicks fed AFB1 alone, whereas serum concentrations of aspartate amino transferase and gamma glutamyl transferase were increased (P<0.05). It can be concluded that this concentration of BC was partially effective in reducing the toxic effects of 2 mg/kg AFB1, whereas DE at the same concentration was not effective in reducing the toxic effects of 2 mg/kg AFB1.
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Ankley, Gerald T., Vicki S. Blazer, Steven M. Plakas, and Robert E. Reinert. "Dietary Lipid as a Factor Modulating Xenobiotic Metabolism in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-148.
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Adult channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were fed diets containing menhaden oil (MHO), soybean oil (SBO), or beef tallow (BFT) as lipid sources for 116 d. The effects of these diets on two important hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme systems, cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases (MOs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), were evaluated. Microsomal MO and cytosolic GST activities were consistently greater in fish fed MHO than in those receiving SBO or BFT. Generally, enzyme activities in fish fed SBO and BFT were similar. The different diets also markedly influenced the fatty acid composition of the liver, particularly with respect to the relative abundance of specific fatty acid families. These data demonstrate that dietary lipid does affect the activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in fishes, and thereby could influence the sensitivity of fishes to certain organic toxicants.
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Adam, S. E. I., A. A. Al-Qarawi, and E. A. Elhag. "Effects of various levels of dietary Artemisia abyssinica leaves on rats." Laboratory Animals 34, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367700780384744.
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Artemisia abyssinica leaves, a traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders, were fed to male Wistar rats at 2% and 10% of the standard diet for 6 weeks. A 2% A. abyssinica leaf diet was not toxic to rats. Depression in growth, hepatopathy and nephropathy were observed in rats fed a diet containing 10% of A. abyssinica leaves. These findings were accompanied by leukopenia, anaemia and alterations of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities with changes in concentrations of total protein, albumin, cholesterol and urea.
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Olusola, Sunday Emmanuel, Igbekele Joshua Ajiwoju, and Benjamin Obukowho Emikpe. "Efficacy of Tamarind Tamarindus indica Leaves and Mango Mangifera indica Leaves as Feed Additives on Growth, Blood Status and Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2020-0002.
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AbstractThis study investigated the efficacy of Tamarind Leaves (TL) and Mango Leaves (ML) with Oxytetracycline (OXY) on growth performance, haematoimmunological and disease resistance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles against Aeromonas hydrophila. Experimental diets consist of control (0%), TL2 (1%), TL3 (2%), ML4 (1%), ML5 (2%), OXY6 (30mg/kg diet), (TL+ML) 7, (TL+OXY) 8, (ML+OXY) 9 and (TL+ML+OXY) 10. The fish (3.02±0.01g) were replicated twice with 20 fish per replicate and were fed twice daily at 3% body weight of 40% crude protein for twelve weeks (8 weeks for feeding trial and 4 weeks for challenge test). Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Lymphocytes (LYM), Globulin (GLO), Amino Alanine Transferase (ALT) and Aspertate Amino Transferase (AST) contents were ascertained using standard technique. The fish were infected with A. hydrophila at 5.94 log10 CFU/ml interperitoneally and fed different diets to evaluate their Relative Percent of Survival (RPS). Data was subjected to descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance at P=0.05. Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed treated diets had higher growth rates than the control diet but C. gariepinus fed (TL+ML+OXY) 10 had a significantly higher MWG and SGR of 7.74±0.69 g and 0.97±0.01 g, respectively. The PCV (44.0±2.00%), Hb (14.7±2.00 g/dl), LYM (37.0±2.00), GLO (42.0 ±2.00 g/dl) were higher in the C. gariepinus fed (TL+ML+OXY) 10 than the control diet. The AST and ALT values among the treated groups were lower than the values in the control at the post-challenge test. The RPS against A. hydrophila was higher in the treated groups (100%) than in the control (0%). Fish fed tamarind and mango leaves had enhanced mean weight gain and were more resistant to A. hydrophila infection.
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Kempaiah and Srinivasan. "Antioxidant Status of Red Blood Cells and Liver in Hypercholesterolemic Rats Fed Hypolipidemic Spices." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.3.199.
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Animal studies were carried out to examine the beneficial influence of known hypolipidemic spice principles – curcumin, capsaicin, and garlic – on the antioxidant status of red blood cells and liver under induced hypercholesterolemic conditions. Groups of experimental rats rendered hypercholesterolemic were maintained on curcumin (0.2%)/capsaicin (0.015%)/garlic (2.0% dry powder)-containing diets for eight weeks. Erythrocytes isolated at the end of the study were analyzed for intracellular antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes. Intracellular thiols and glutathione content in red blood cells were significantly depleted (by about 35%) in hypercholesterolemic rats. This depletion in intracellular thiols and glutathione was effectively countered by dietary spice principles – curcumin, capsaicin, and garlic. Glutathione reductase activity that was lowered in hypercholesterolemic conditions (by 25%) was completely countered by dietary spice principles and garlic. Activities of glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in erythrocytes remained unchanged under hypercholesterolemic conditions. Although hemoglobin levels of erythrocytes were not affected, methemoglobin concentration was significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic rats. This alteration was partially countered by dietary spice principles. Significant fall in hepatic total thiols in the hypercholesterolemic situation was partially corrected by dietary spice treatment. Similarly, the lowered activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes – glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase – in hypercholesterolemic rats were effectively countered by the dietary spices treatment.
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Manafi, M., B. Umakantha, H. Narayana Swamy, and K. Mohan. "Evaluation of high-grade sodium bentonite on performance and immune status of broilers, fed ochratoxin and aflatoxin." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2009.1136.
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An experimental trial with 2×2×2 factorial design was conducted to assess the individual and combined effects of mycotoxins including ochratoxin A (OTA) (0 and 1.0 mg/kg), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (0 and 0.5 mg/kg) and high-grade sodium bentonite (HGSB) (0 and 1.0%) in broilers. Significant depression of body weight, feed consumption, serum protein and serum albumin were noticed due to OTA, AFB1 and OTA+AFB1. The relative weights of pancreas, spleen and bursa were not altered significantly either by inclusion of OTA, AFB1, OTA+AFB1 or HGSB. Increases in the relative weights of liver and gizzard were observed in OTA, AFB1 and OTA+AFB1. Decreases in serum protein levels and increases in gamma glutamyl transferase were noticed in the OTA+AFB1 group. Also decreases in serum protein levels for alanine amino transferase and thymus were observed. The antibody titres against Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all the treatment groups compared to control. HGSB reduced the toxicity of aflatoxin and marginally ameliorated the effect of OTA+AFB1 on some parameters.
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Iwabuchi, Takuya, Chiharu Yoshimoto, Hiroshi Shigetomi, and Hiroshi Kobayashi. "Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Endometriosis and Its Malignant Transformation." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/848595.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of redox status in endometriosis and its malignant transformation. A search was conducted between 1990 and 2014 through the English language literature (online MEDLINE PubMed database) using the keywords endometriosis combined with malignant transformation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense. In benign endometriosis, autoxidation and Fenton reaction of hemoglobin from the ferrous Fe2+(oxyhemoglobin) state to the ferric Fe3+(methemoglobin) state lead to production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) such asO2-andOH∙. Hemoglobin, heme, and iron derivatives in endometriotic cysts cause distortion in the homeostatic redox balance. Excess oxidative stress could trigger DNA damage and cell death. In contrast, endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) might be associated with an effective antioxidant defense, including heme oxygenases, cytochrome P450 family, and glutathione transferase family. The pattern of redox balance supports that enhanced antioxidants may be involved in the pathogenesis of malignant transformation. In conclusion, oxidant/antioxidant balance function is a double-edged sword, promoting cell death or carcinogenesis. Upregulation of antioxidant functions in endometriotic cyst may result in restoration of cell survival and subsequent malignant transformation.
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Kawalek, Joseph C., and Kathleen R. El Said. "Comparison of maturation of drug-metabolizing enzymes in calves with functioning or nonfunctioning rumen." American Journal of Veterinary Research 55, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.11.1579.
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Summary Drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were measured in livers from calves fed commercial milk replacer (nonfunctioning rumen [veal]), and those fed milk replacer supplemented with whole grain and hay from the first week of age (functioning rumen [ruminating calves ]). After birth, cytochrome P450 and its nadph-dependent reductase activities remained unchanged in veal calves; in ruminating calves they increased almost 50%. Cytochrome P450- mediated reactions, such as aniline hydroxylase activity, tripled in ruminating calves, but remained unchanged in veal calves. In both groups of calves, coumarin hydroxylase and 7- ethoxycoumarin 0 -deethylase activities increased after birth, but maturation rates and activity values in ruminating calves were considerably greater than those of veal calves. The aminopyrine N-demethylase activity for veal calves was equal to that of calves with functioning rumen. Uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid glucuronyl transferase and glutathione - S-transferase activities also were higher in calves with functioning rumen than in veal calves. This increased activity in calves with functioning rumen probably represents a response to environmental exposure to xenobiotics. Compared with rumen-functional calves, bob veal (0 to 3 weeks old) and fancy veal (15 to 19 weeks old) calves fed commercial milk replacer have a significantly (P = 0.05) diminished capacity for metabolizing drugs and other xenobiotics. From a regulatory perspective, the variance in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities within these different market classes of calves suggests that specific studies designed to determine drug residue-depletion times in veal calves may be needed.
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Tugbobo Oladimeji Samuel, Idowu Kayode Solomon, and Apata Dasola Airat. "Effect of dimercaptosuccinic acid against lead-induced clastogenicity and enzyme activity in mice in-vivo." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 26, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.26.1.0522.
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Indiscriminate exposure of humans to heavy metal contamination via occupation and enviro nmental pollution has been reported with its attendant health burdens including genetic mutation and cancer. This study examined effect of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) a metal chelator against lead-induced mutagenicity in mice and resultant effect on proper formation of erythrocyte cells. Lead acetate (2.5 mg/kg b.wt) and DMSA (25 mg/kg b.wt) were fed to the mice via oral gavage for 14 consecutive days. Clastogenic effects were observed in the bone marrow cells using micronucleus assay while activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (ý-GT) in both serum and liver was evaluated and the hematologic state of the mice was also monitored. The results obtained indicate that group B animals fed with lead acetate only, significantly (P<0.05) induced the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (mPCEs) in bone marrow of mice compared with control. However, in group C animals fed simultaneously with lead acetate and DMSA, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was significantly (P<0.05) reduced while there was marked reduction in levels of hematologic parameters in group D animals. Results from enzyme assay showed that treatment with DMSA resulted in decrease activities for both liver and serum gamma glutamyl transferase with highest mean values of 5.02 U/L and 4.38 U/L respectively. This study underscores the cytotoxicity of lead acetate and ameliorative effect of DMSA with great respite from organic alternative therapy.
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Adebiyi, O. A., and O. A. Oshinowo. "Effect of replacing concentrates with plantain peels and maize stalk on performance and serum biochemistry of weaned pigs." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i1.779.
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A total of 36 pigs were randomly allotted into three dietary treatments to evaluate the effects of feeding concentrates, plantain peels and maize stalk on the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, high density lipoprotein, Aspartate amino transferase, Alanine amino transferase, glucose, total protein, triglycerides and cost of production of weaned pigs. Treatment 1 (T1) contained 100% concentrate; Treatment 2 (T2) contained Plantain peels supplemented concentrate diet, while Treatment 3 (T3) had Maize stalk supplemented concentrate diet. The diets were fed in a ratio of 40:60 (concentrates: supplement). Each treatment had 12 weaned pigs with three replicates of four pigs per replicate in a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted for six weeks. Results showed significant variations in the feed intake of all the experimental animals. Pigs fed concentrate (T1) consumed 5.04kg/pig/week compared to 5.57kg/pig/week and 5.11kg/pig/week that were consumed by pigs in T2 and T3 respectively. However, pigs fed on 100% concentrate (T1) had better feed conversion ratio (3.09) compared to their counterparts fed plantain peels (T2) supplemented concentrate diet (5.69) and maize stalk supplemented concentrate diet (4.91). Although, it cost more to feed pigs T1 diet (N100/week) compared to T2 (N59.00) and T3 (N65.00), the cost/ gain ratio was however better with pigs in TI having value of N309.00 compared to N355.70 and N319.15 recorded for pigs in T2 and T3, respectively. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides of the weaners across the treatments. However, pigs fed T2 had AST value of 57.77mg/dl which was significantly higher than 49.05 mg/dl and 26.00 mg/dl observed for pigs fed T3 and T2 respectively. The results further revealed 47.64 mg/dl as the ALT value recorded for pigs that were fed T1 which was significantly lower compared with 59.81md/dl recorded for pigs fed T2. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that feeding plantain peel and maize stalk as supplement to weaned pigs might be cheaper. The cost/weight gain was not encouraging. Furthermore, the plantain peels and maize stalk supplementation did not confer any additional benefit in the serum profile of the weaners. They should therefore be discouraged in weaners diet.
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Enyidi, U. D., and C. Oyazi. "Substitution of fishmeal with solid-state fermented pigeon pea and effects on growth and gut microbiomes of Nile Tilapia." Journal of Aquatic Sciences 36, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v36i1.4.
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Solid state fermented pigeon pea meal (FPP) was used in substituting fish meal (FM) in diets of Oreochromis niloticus. Five diets varying in inclusion levels of FM: FPP as followed: Feed 1, 250:50; Feed 2, 200:100; Feed 3, 150:150; Feed 4, 100:200 and Feed 5, 50:250 were made. A commercial feed (Feed 6), was used as a control. Triplicate groups of tilapia fingerling were stocked in plastic aquaria at six fish per unit and fed ad libitum for 60days. Results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) of tilapia fed Feed 5 (2.60±0.12% day-1) was better (p<0.05) than those recorded in Feed 1 (2.36±.07 % day-1). Similarly, food conversion ratio (FCR) (1.13±0.01) and mean weight gain (60.00±0.04g) were higher (p<0.05) in Feed 5 when compared with those in Feed 1 where FCR was 1.19±0.02 and MWG (50.96±0.04g). The results of Aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) decreased with increasing inclusion level of FPP. Gut microbial load increased with increasing level of FPP. The fish group fed Feed 5 had the highest foregut (2.60 x 10-5 CFU/ml), midgut (3.98 x 10-5 CFU/ml) and hindgut (4.52 x 10-5 CFU/ml) micrbiota. In general, gut microbiomes were dominated by cellulose and carbohydrate utilizing bacteria: Citrobacter fruendi, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Inference from the study revealed that O. niloticus was able to utilize the diets due to the presence of probiotics in them.
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ONYENEKE, E. Chukwu, E. Olisa ALUMANAH, and Ikpendu C. ONONOGBU. "Changes in Plasma Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyl Transferase Activity in Rats Fed a Cholesterol Diet." Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 10, no. 1 (1991): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.10.27.
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Ruan, Tao, Lingjun Li, Yingnan Lyu, Qin Luo, and Bangyuan Wu. "Effect of methionine deficiency on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the small intestine of broilers." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 66, no. 1 (March 2018): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2018.006.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methionine (Met) deficiency on antioxidant functions (in the duodenal, jejunal and ileal mucosa) and apoptosis in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of broiler chickens. A total of 120 one-day-old Cobb broilers were divided into two groups and fed a Metdeficient diet and a control diet, respectively, for six weeks. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the ability to inhibit hydroxyl radicals, and glutathione (GSH) content were significantly decreased in the Met-deficient group compared to the control. In contrast, malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly higher in the Met-deficient group. As measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2’-deoxyuridine 5’- triphosphate dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry (FCM), the percentages of apoptotic cells were significantly increased. In conclusion, dietary Met deficiency can cause oxidative stress and then induce increased apoptosis in the intestine. Oxidative stress contributes to intestinal apoptosis. This results in the impairment of local intestinal mucosal immunity due to oxidative stress and apoptosis in the small intestine. The results of this study provide new experimental evidence for understanding the negative effects of Met deficiency on mucosal immunity or the functions of other immune tissues.
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& Bashi, Mohammad. "EFFECT OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION SPIRULINA INSTEAD OF SOYBEAN MEAL IN COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO L. DIET ON SOME BLOOD PICTURE AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL CRITERIA." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, no. 6 (December 23, 2020): 1740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i6.1202.
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This study conducted to find the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal by Spirulina Arthospira platensis on some blood picture and biochemical criteria in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fish were fed on five experimental diets contained spirulina with ratio 1.45%, 2.90%, 3.54% and 6.10% of the total diet as well as control ( without spirulina) for 56 days . Results of the statistical analysis showed a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in the concentration of hemoglobin in treated fish fed on spirulina diets, meanwhile a significantly differences (p≤0.05) for stress index and the albumin criteria for fish fed at fifth diet comparing with control diet. The aspartate amino transferase for fish fed on the control diet increased significantly (p≤ 0.05) compared for other experimental diets. The results of the current study show that replacing the soybean meal with spirulina by 11.8 % (3.54 of the total diet) improved the studied criteria compared to the control diet.
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Zubieta, J., M. Heitzeg, Y. Smith, J. Bueller, K. Xu, Y. Xu, R. Коерре, C. Stohler, and D. Goldman. "Comt val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor (Science. — 2003. —Feb. 21. — 299(5610). — P. 1240—1243: англ.)." Neurology Bulletin XXXV, no. 1-2 (April 20, 2003): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb89679.
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The catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) gene regulates the metabolic processes of the neurotransmitter dopamine and, through it, influences endorphins, which play an important role in the process of pain perception. It was found that the COMT gene with the amino acid valine (val158) is more active than the variant of the gene containing methionine (met158).
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Ankley, Gerald T., and Vicki S. Blazer. "Effects of Diet on PCB-Induced Changes in Xenobiotic Metabolism in the Liver of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-014.
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Effects of nutrition on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in fishes are not well known. We fed three groups of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) either a synthetic, laboratory-prepared diet or one of two commercial catfish rations. After 3 mo on each diet, fish were treated with the enzyme inducer Aroclor 1254. Hepatic microsomal monooxygenase (MO) activity was lower in untreated fish fed a commercial diet than in those fed the laboratory diet. Aroclor 1254 increased MO activity to a lesser degree in fish fed that same commercial diet compared with those receiving the laboratory or other commercial diet. Hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activity was similar in all control fish; however, Aroclor 1254 increased UDPGT activity to differing degrees in the three diet groups. Hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was increased by Aroclor 1254 to a similar extent in all diet groups; however, levels of GST activity generally were higher in fish fed the commercial diets than in those fed the laboratory ration. These data indicate that diet can affect the toxicity of xenobiotics to fishes through alterations in hepatic enzyme systems, and thus should be considered a potential source of variation in toxicological studies with fishes.
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Oluwatosin, B. O., G. O. Sanusi, S. D. Amosu, O. A. Oderinwale, S. E. Onyemenem, P. O. Ajayi, and P. O. Oladipo. "Voluntary intake, digestibility, serology and testosterone level of West African dwarf bucks fed air-dried leaf meal-based diets." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.640.
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Evaluation of blood parameters, testosterone and digestibility serve as an index of general physiology and performance of animals. A total of twenty (20) West African dwarf ( WAD) bucks of about six (6) to eight (8) months of age with an average weight of 7.2±0.11 kg were used in the experiment for a duration of 98 days. The animals were allocated to 0,5, 10 and 15 % Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM)-based diets of three goats per treatment in a completely randomized design experiment. However, in 0, 5, and 15% MOLM, CP contents range from 7.93 to 8.54 %. All the experimental animalshad adequate total dry matterintake (DMI) which ranged from 382.59 to 391.39 g/animal/day (p>0.05). The mean percentage crude protein digestibility value tended to be lowest in 0 % MOLM-based diet and increased with increasing proportion of MOLM in the diets (p<0.05). Total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase, were similar (p>0.05) while Alanine amino transferase was significantly different (p<0.05). In the present study, inclusion level of 10% MOLMcaused the testosterone level to increase from5.16 ng/ml to 5.30 ng/ml which was the highest level. Conclusively, Moringa oleifera leaf meal improved nutrient intake blood, indices and digestibility in WAD bucks. Animal protein intake could be improved by the incorporation of MOLM-based diets for WAD goats.
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Famutimi, Oladoyin Grace, and Isaac Olusanjo Adewale. "Induction and catalytic properties of grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) glutathione transferase fed on different food plants." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 241 (March 2021): 108970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108970.
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Singh, Vijay Kumar, Ashok Kumar Pattanaik, Kusumakar Sharma, and Mohini Saini. "Effect of dietary energy intake on erythrocytic antioxidant defence in growing lambs fed a wheat straw-based diet." Animal Production Science 51, no. 7 (2011): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10098.
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Twenty-four Muzaffarnagari lambs (~8 months, 26.56 ± 2.04 kg), consisting 12 each of male and female, were used for ascertaining the effect of dietary energy restriction on the erythrocytic antioxidant defence including lipid peroxidation. The lambs, allotted randomly into three equal groups, were fed on wheat straw-based diets to provide 100, 80 and 70% of calculated metabolisable energy (ME) requirements. Bodyweight gain and feed intake were recorded. Blood samples were collected at the start and thereafter at 60-day intervals during 180 days of experimental duration and analysed for malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total thiol groups in addition to catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase. Dietary treatments imparted significant (P < 0.001) effects on feed intake and average daily gain. The haemoglobin and haematocrit contents in blood reduced significantly (P < 0.001) on reduction in dietary energy levels. The dietary alterations elicited no change in the activities of SOD, catalase and glutathione S-transferase, but reduced activities of GSH-Px (P < 0.001) and GSH (P = 0.133) were evident on feeding the diet with 70% ME. Concentrations of total thiols decreased (P < 0.001) with reduced energy level. Both the energy-restricted groups exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) increase in MDA, indicative of increased lipid peroxidation. It was concluded that long-term energy malnutrition on a wheat straw-based diet reduces the erythrocytic antioxidant defence in growing lambs.
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SHERRATT, Philip J., Margaret M. MANSON, Anne M. THOMSON, Erna A. M. HISSINK, Gordon E. NEAL, Peter J. van BLADEREN, Trevor GREEN, and John D. HAYES. "Increased bioactivation of dihaloalkanes in rat liver due to induction of class Theta glutathione S-transferase T1-1." Biochemical Journal 335, no. 3 (November 1, 1998): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3350619.
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A characteristic feature of the class Theta glutathione S-transferase (GST) T1-1 is its ability to activate dichloromethane and dibromoethane by catalysing the formation of mutagenic conjugates. The level of the GSTT1 subunit within tissues is an important determinant of susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of these dihaloalkanes. In the present study it is demonstrated that hepatic GST activity towards these compounds can be elevated significantly in female and male Fischer-344 rats by feeding these animals on diets supplemented with cancer chemopreventive agents. Immunoblotting experiments showed that increased activity towards the dihaloalkanes is associated with elevated levels of the GSTT1 subunit in rat liver. Sex-specific effects were observed in the induction of GSTT1 protein. Amongst the chemopreventive agents tested, indole-3-carbinol proved to be the most potent inducer of hepatic GSTT1 in male rats (6.2-fold), whereas coumarin was the most potent inducer of this subunit in the livers of female rats (3.5-fold). Phenobarbital showed significant induction of GSTT1 only in male rat liver and had little effect in female rat liver. Western blotting showed that class Alpha, Mu and Pi GST subunits are not co-ordinately induced with GSTT1, indicating that the expression of GSTT1 is determined, at least in part, by mechanisms distinct from those that regulate levels of other transferases. The increase in amount of hepatic GSTT1 protein was also reflected by an increase in the steady-state level of mRNA in response to treatment with chemopreventive agents and model inducers. Immunohistochemical detection of GSTT1 in rat liver supported the Western blotting data, but showed, in addition to cytoplasmic staining, significant nuclear localization of the enzyme in hepatocytes from some treated animals, including those fed on an oltipraz-containing diet. Significantly, the hepatic level of cytochrome P-450 2E1, an enzyme which offers a detoxification pathway for dihaloalkanes, was unchanged by the various inducing agents studied. It is concluded that the induction of GSTT1 by dietary components and its localization within cells are important factors that should be considered when assessing the risk dihaloalkanes pose to human health.
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Oriakhi, Kelly, and Patrick Uadia. "Hypolipidemic Activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Seed Oil and Its Mechanism of Action." Planta Medica International Open 07, no. 04 (November 2020): e170-e178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1323-0786.
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AbstractThe present study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum oil and its mechanism(s) of action. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and subjected to column chromatography/spectroscopic techniques. GC-MS analysis was performed on the oil to identify 15 constituents with 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (ω-3 fatty acid or α-linolenic acid) (68%) showing the highest proportion. Isolation and purification of the oil gave three compounds, namely, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stearic acid (octadecanoic acid). Thirty-five rats were used and divided into seven groups for the in vivo hypolipidemic study. Findings from this study showed significant decreases (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats fed a normal diet and receiving T. conophorum oil (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) for 20 days. But there were significant increases (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, malondialdehyde, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and C-reactive protein levels with a decline in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in rats fed the high cholesterol diet when compared to those fed a normal diet. However, oral administration of T. conophorum oil and atorvastatin for 20 days resulted in a significant lowering (p<0.05) of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, malondialdehyde, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and C-reactive protein levels with a rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats nourished with the high cholesterol diet. The study showed that T. conophorum seed oil possesses hypolipidemic and cardioprotective properties.
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Liang, Xinyan, Lin Chen, Xiaoying Lan, Guangrong Liao, Ling Feng, Jitong Li, Wenyan Fan, Shuang Wang, and Jinglan Liu. "Physiological and Population Responses of Nilaparvata lugens after Feeding on Drought-Stressed Rice." Insects 13, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040355.
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Drought stress greatly impacts insect development and population growth. Some studies have demonstrated increased reproductive capacity in drought-stressed insects; however, physiological changes in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), during periods of drought are unclear. In this study, BPH fed on drought- stressed rice had lower population numbers than BPH feeding on non-stressed rice. Water content, osmotic pressure of hemolymph and total amino acid content of BPH were significantly lower when BPH fed on drought-stressed rice compared to the non-stressed control; however, glucose content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were significantly higher in BPH fed on drought-stressed rice. The expression of Vitellogenin and Exuperantia in BPH fed on drought-stressed rice was higher than that in BPH feeding on non-stressed control plants. The size of myofibrils and the abundance of mitochondria in BPH flight muscles were significantly lower in BPH fed on drought-stressed rice compared to non-stressed plants. These results indicate that water management impacts the physiology of BPH, which may be useful in understanding the relationship between drought stress and this damaging herbivore.
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Zhang, Junnan, Jiajing Chen, Jing Yang, Sijia Gong, Jiangxia Zheng, and Guiyun Xu. "Effects of Lard and Vegetable Oils Supplementation Quality and Concentration on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Liver Antioxidant Genes Expression in Hy-Line Brown." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030769.
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This study examined the effects of various types, quality, and levels of dietary oils on laying performance and the expression patterns of antioxidant-related genes in Hy-line brown laying hens. A total of 720 40-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were fed the same corn-soybean basal meals but containing 0.5 or 1.5% normal or oxidized soybean oil or lard, a total of 8 treatments. The results showed that laying rate (LR) and fatty acids of raw yolk were significantly correlated dietary type of oil (p < 0.05). With the increasing concentration of normal oil, it significantly increased LR and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR, feed/egg) and albumen height of laying hens. The oxidized oil significant decreased the production performance of laying hens; and adding 1.5% of oxidized lard into feeds could destroy the integrity of yolk spheres of cooked yolk. mRNA expression of liver antioxidant-related genes increased when dietary oxidized oils were added into feeds. By comparing different qualities oil effect on antioxidant-related genes, the expression of Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1 (GSTT1), Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 3 (GSTA3), Glutathione S-Transferase Omega 2 (GSTO2), and Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2) were increased when dietary oils were oxidized, in which change of the GSTO2 expression was the most with 1.5% of oxidized soybean oil. In conclusion, the ideal type of oil for Hy-line brown layer hens is soybean comparing with lard in a corn-soybean diet, avoiding using of oxidized oil.
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Eksen, Tuncay, and Serpil Mişe Yonar. "Effect of ellagic acid on growth and some antioxidant parameters in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.3.10.
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In the present study, it was investigated the effects of various levels of dietary ellagic acid on growth performance and antioxidant status in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were fed with the control diet and three different experimental diets containing three graded levels of ellagic acid (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 diet) for 60 days. On 30th and 60th days of experiment, the growth performance [live weight gain, relative growth and specific growth rate] and oxidant/antioxidant parameters [malondialdehyde level, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione level] were analysed. There was no statistically significant difference in the live weight gain, relative growth and specific growth rates of the control and ellagic acid treated groups (p > 0.05). When compared to the control group, the liver and kidney malondialdehyde levels of ellagic acid treated groups were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The liver and kidney catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione levels of ellagic acid treated groups were significantly increased when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). It was concluded that ellagic acid can be used as an antioxidant in fish.
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Chang, Pi-Feng, Yu-Cheng Lin, Kevin Liu, Shu-Jen Yeh, and Yen-Hsuan Ni. "Prolonged Unconjugated Hyperbiliriubinemia in Breast-fed Male Infants with a Mutation of Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyl Transferase." Journal of Pediatrics 155, no. 6 (December 2009): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.05.034.
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Tazawa, Junichi, Tetsuya Irie, and Samuel W. French. "Mallory Body Formation Runs Parallel to γ-Glutamyl Transferase Induction in Hepatocytes of Griseofulvin-Fed Mice." Hepatology 3, no. 6 (September 21, 2007): 989–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840030617.
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Hechinger, Mark K., Antonio M. Hernandez, Nancy J. Barr, and John W. Parker. "A clinical laboratory approach to the evaluation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) by flow cytometry (FCM)." Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 8, no. 4 (1994): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcla.1860080406.
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KIRITSY, M. C., M. J. LATTA, and D. W. FITZPATRICK. "EFFECT OF REDUCED FEED INTAKE ON ZEARALENONE METABOLISM AND TOXICITY IN THE RAT." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-052.
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Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of reduced feed intake on the metabolism and toxic expression of zearalenone. Young female rats were fed a standard diet either ad libitum or 75% of ad libitum intake. The enzyme activities of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) and uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDP-G), the zearalenone metabolizing enzymes, were determined after 14 d of feeding. When feed was restricted, 3α-HSD activity increased 28% while UDP-G activity increased 79% compared to fed controls. After 14 d of feeding, animals were orally dosed with 1 mg zearalenone kg−1 body weight; zearalenone and its metabolites were measured in urine and feces. Feed restriction resulted in more conjugated zearalenone being excreted in the urine, with a corresponding decrease in α- and β-zearalenols produced and fecal metabolites compared to fed animals. No conjugated metabolites were found in the feces. Animals were fed the same diet, but 0–150 ppm zearalenone were added for 3 wk and growth and organ weights were determined. Feed restriction ameliorated zearalenone's toxic expression. These results indicate that nutritional regimen effects zearalenone metabolism, excretion and toxicity. Key words: Mycotoxin, zearalenone, feed intake, toxicity
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Liu, Shing-Hwa, Chen-Yuan Chiu, Lin-Hui Huang, and Meng-Tsan Chiang. "Resistant Maltodextrin Ameliorates Altered Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in a High-Fat Diet-Fed Rat Model." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020291.
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Many studies have shown that resistant maltodextrin (RMD) possesses blood cholesterol lowering and anti-obesity effects. In order to investigate the effect of RMD on lipid metabolism in the liver, rats were fed with a high-fat (HF) diet for 7 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia and fatty liver. Normal control rats were fed with a normal diet. HF-diet-fed rats were treated with 5% RMD for 8 weeks. The results showed that the increased plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, the increased hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, and fatty liver in HF-diet-fed rats were significantly decreased after supplementation with RMD. Supplementation with RMD significantly (1) induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation; (2) inhibited the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR); (3) suppressed the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ; (4) increased β-oxidation of fatty acids by increasing the protein expression carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α (CPT-1α) in the livers of HF-diet-fed rats. Taken together, supplementation of RMD was capable of inhibiting lipogenic enzyme activities and inducing fatty acid β-oxidation through increasing AMPK activation, thereby reducing lipid accumulation in the liver.
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Srinivasan, Mukund, Kamlesh Bhopale, Samir Amer, Jie Wan, Lata Kaphalia, Ghulam Ansari, and Bhupendra Kaphalia. "Linking Dysregulated AMPK Signaling and ER Stress in Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in Hepatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase Deficient Deer Mice." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100560.
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Ethanol (EtOH) metabolism itself can be a predisposing factor for initiation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Therefore, a dose dependent study to evaluate liver injury was conducted in hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) deficient (ADH−) and ADH normal (ADH+) deer mice fed 1%, 2% or 3.5% EtOH in the liquid diet daily for 2 months. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC), liver injury marker (alanine amino transferase (ALT)), hepatic lipids and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity were measured. Liver histology, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and cell death proteins were evaluated. Significantly increased BAC, plasma ALT, hepatic lipids and steatosis were found only in ADH− deer mice fed 3.5% EtOH. Further, a significant ER stress and increased un-spliced X-box binding protein 1 were evident only in ADH− deer mice fed 3.5% EtOH. Both strains fed 3.5% EtOH showed deactivation of AMPK, but increased acetyl Co-A carboxylase 1 and decreased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A favoring lipogenesis were found only in ADH− deer mice fed 3.5% EtOH. Therefore, irrespective of CYP2E1 overexpression; EtOH dose and hepatic ADH deficiency contribute to EtOH-induced steatosis and liver injury, suggesting a linkage between ER stress, dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism and AMPK signaling.
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Rana, Satyawati, Chhinder Pal Sodhi, Saroj Mehta, Kim Vaiphei, Ranjan Katyal, Sarita Thakur, and Satish Kumar Mehta. "Protein-energy malnutrition and oxidative injury in growing rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 10 (October 1996): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601501003.
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1 Weaning rats were fed ad libitum isocaloric diets containing 5% and 20% casein based proteins. 5% protein diet was protein deficient diet. Pair fed rats with the 5% protein group were maintained simulta neously on 20% protein diet but the amount restricted to the amount taken up by PEM group. 2 Glutathione, antioxidative enzymes, lipid peroxida tion and histopathological studies in liver and only glutathione and antioxidative enzymes in blood were carried out. 3 Rats fed the 5% protein diet developed a severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) whereas those on pair-fed diet developed mild to moderate PEM. 4 Glutathione related thiols, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione-S- transferase with (1 Chloro 2,4-dinitro benzene (CDNB) substrate) were decreased in liver with concomitant increase of lipid peroxidation in severe PEM. In blood glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were decreased while superoxide dismutase was increased in severe PEM group. 5 Mild to moderate PEM (pair-fed group) also resulted in similar changes in liver except glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation in liver and superoxide dismutase in blood. 6 Hepatic injury was detectable only in the severe PEM group. 7 Oxidative-stress and hepatic injury occurred in severe PEM and to a lesser degree in mild to moderate PEM.
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Le Guennec, Jean-Claude, and Bernard Billon. "Delay in Caffeine Elimination in Breast-Fed Infants." Pediatrics 79, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.2.264.
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Because of a persistently elevated caffeine half-life observed in a breast-fed infant during caffeine maintenance therapy, we conducted this prospective iongitudinal study in two groups of infants (five exclusively breast-fed and 12 formula-fed). After 46 weeks' postconceptional age, all five breast-fed infants had a marked delay in caffeine elimination, compared with one infant in the formula-fed group. Four breast-fed infants had measurements of significantly longer caffeine half-lives compared with 12 formula-fed infants (76 ± 13 hours v 21 ± 28 hours and 54 ± 9 hours v 16 ± 13 hours at 47 to 50 weeks and 51 to 54 weeks postconceptional age, respwxricwly), as well as significantly higher trough blood levels (three- to five-fold) after 46 weeks' postconceptional age. The fifth breast-fed infant accumulated caffeine secondary to a steep increase in caffeine half-life from 102 hours at 44 weeks to 372 hours at 51 weeks. The elevated blood caffeine levels in breast-fed infants was not related to higher daily dosage of caffeine citrate (4.4 mg/kg compared with 8.3 mg/kg in the formula-fed group at 56 weeks' postconceptional age). Daily consumption of caffeine was low or nonexistent in four nursing mothers, and transfer of caffeine to the infant was considered to be trivial. The findings from this study suggest, as does breast milk jaundice due to inhibition of glycuronyl transferase, that some components of human milk (free fatty acid, lipase activity, or other factors) inhibit or repress the postnatal normal maturation process of caffeine metabolism by hepatic cytochrome P-450.
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AVISHEK, BISWAS, DIVYA SHARMA, and MANDAL ASITBARAN. "Laying performance, immune response, serum biochemical parameters and egg quality traits of female turkeys fed diet incorporated with organic selenium." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i2.98812.
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic selenium (Se) supplementation on laying performance, immune response, serum biochemical parameters and egg quality traits of female turkeys. Female turkeys (96; 16 wks old) were randomly distributed into 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates and 6 birds each (4 × 4 × 6) for a period of 24 weeks. The basal diet (T1) contained 0 mg Se/kg diet and the three experimental diets were supplemented with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg Se/kg diet (T2, T3 and T4 respectively). Age at sexual maturity, egg number and egg weight differed significantly in 0.4 mg Se/kg treated group (T3) than the other dietary treatment groups (T2 or T4). Humoral (29th weeks) and in vivo cell mediated immune response (30th weeks) were significantly improved in 0.4 or 0.6 mg Se treated group. Se supplemented groups, i.e. T3 and T4 decreased significantly in serum cholesterol and uric acid concentration whereas significant increase were recorded in total protein, albumin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). No significant differences were observed in serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) concentration among the experimental groups. Egg quality traits, viz. shape, albumin and yolk index, shell thickness did not differ significantly among Se supplemented groups, whereas albumin and yolk weight and Haugh unit score were significantly higher in 0.4 mg Se/kg treated (T3) group. Thus, this study demonstrates that that dietary supplementation of 0.4 mg/Se kg diet has a beneficial effect on laying performance, immune responses, serum biochemical and egg quality traits in laying turkeys.