Academic literature on the topic 'Fem transferases'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fem transferases"
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Maillard, Antoine P., Sabrina Biarrotte-Sorin, Régis Villet, Stéphane Mesnage, Ahmed Bouhss, Wladimir Sougakoff, Claudine Mayer, and Michel Arthur. "Structure-Based Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the UDP-MurNAc-Pentapeptide-Binding Cavity of the FemX Alanyl Transferase from Weissella viridescens." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 3833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.11.3833-3838.2005.
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ABSTRACT Weissella viridescens FemX (FemXWv) belongs to the Fem family of nonribosomal peptidyl transferases that use aminoacyl-tRNA as the amino acid donor to synthesize the peptide cross-bridge found in the peptidoglycan of many species of pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. We have recently solved the crystal structure of FemXWv in complex with the peptidoglycan precursor UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and report here the site-directed mutagenesis of nine residues located in the binding cavity for this substrate. Two substitutions, Lys36Met and Arg211Met, depressed FemXWv transferase activity below detectable levels without affecting protein folding. Analogues of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide lacking the phosphate groups or the C-terminal d-alanyl residues were not substrates of the enzyme. These results indicate that Lys36 and Arg211 participate in a complex hydrogen bond network that connects the C-terminal d-Ala residues to the phosphate groups of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and constrains the substrate in a conformation that is essential for transferase activity.
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Sherif, Lobna S., Randaa K. Abdel Raouf, Rokaya M. El Sayede, Amany S. El Wakkadd, Ashraf R. Shoaib, Hanan M. Ali, and Amira S. El Refay. "Glutathione Transferase as a Potential Marker for Gut Epithelial Injury versus the Protective Role of Breast Milk sIgA in Infants with Rota Virus Gastroenteritis." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 4 (November 26, 2015): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.125.
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BACKGROUND: Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays an important protective role in the recognition and clearance of enteric pathogens.AIM: This study was designed to assess if mucosal integrity “measured by secretory IgA (SIgA)” is a protective factor from more epithelial alteration “measured by glutathione transferase” in infants with Rota gastroenteritis and its relation to infantsꞌ feeding pattern.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 79 infants aged 6 months and less from those diagnosed as having gastroenteritis and admitted to Gastroenteritis Department in Abo El Rish Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University. Plasma glutathione s-transferases and Stool SIgA were measured using ELISA technique. Rota virus detection was done by Reverse transcriptase PCR.RESULTS: SIgA was found to be significantly positive in exclusive breast fed infants, Glutathione transferase was significantly more frequently positive in Rota positive cases than Rota negative cases by Reverse transcriptase PCR. A significant negative correlation between Glutathione transferase and Secretory IgA was found, (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Breast feeding should be encouraged and highly recommended in the first two years of life as it provides Secretory IgA to breast fed infants who in turn protect them against epithelial damage caused by Rota viral gastroenteritis.
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K, Anantha Babu, and Anjaly Mary Varghese. "EVALUATION OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL, AMINO TRANSFERASES, GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE AND CREATIVE KINASE IN RED YEAST RICE (MONACUS PURPUREUSFERMENTED RICE) FED RATS." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/3.
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Makinde, O. J., A. Aremu, O. J. Alabi, E. Z. Jiya, M. S. Tamburawa, and S. K. Omotugba. "Evaluation of differently processed African star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito ) kernel meal as feed for growing rabbits." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.572.
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A 12-week study was carried out to examine the effect of substituting dietary maize with differently processed African star apple kernel meal (ASAKM) on growth performance, blood indices and economic benefits of growing rabbits. A total of 60 weaner rabbits (mixed breed, average weight, 590g) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments comprising of 10% each of boiled, fermented, roasted and soaked African star apple kernel meal as substitute for dietary maize. Diet 1 (0%ASAKM) served as the control diet. Each of the five treatments was replicated thrice. Each replicate had four rabbits in a Completely Randomized Design. Rabbits fed diets containing 10 % boiled and 10 % roasted ASAKM gained weight (P<0.05) faster than those fed other diets. Feed conversion ratio was significantly better (P<0.05) for rabbits fed BASAKM and RASAKM diets. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the blood parameters measured except the white blood cell (WBC), alkaline phosphate(ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferases (ALT) (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed significant differences (P<0.05) in all the parameters measured. Cost of feed/kg was significantly reduced (P<0.05) with inclusion of ASAKM in rabbit diets. Production cost and revenue (₦) were better (P<0.05) among rabbits fed Boiled ASAKM diet. It was concluded that either BASAKM or Roasted ASAKM can replace 10 % dietary maize in the diets of growing rabbits without compromising growth performance, blood profiles and economic benefits of growing rabbits.
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Bauman, P. F., T. K. Smith, and T. M. Bray. "The effect of dietary protein and sulfur amino acids on hepatic glutathione concentration and glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1048–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-171.
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Hepatic glutathione concentration and glutathione-dependent enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, are important for protection against toxic compounds. Rats were fed diets containing 4, 7.5, 15, or 45% protein for 2 weeks. Glutathione and cysteine concentrations in rats fed the 4 and 7.5% protein diets were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in rats fed the 15 and 45% protein diets. Glutathione S-transferase activity increased with increasing dietary protein. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in rats fed 4 and 7.5% protein compared with rats fed 15 and 45% protein, whereas the activity of glutathione reductase was higher in rats fed 4 and 7.5% protein then in rats fed 15 or 45% protein. Dietary sulfur amino acids alone could account for the increase in glutathione concentration resulting from the increase in dietary protein from 7.5 to 15%. The limited availability of glutathione in animals fed the low protein diets could reduce the potential for detoxification of xenobiotics.
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Levchenko, Silivanova, Shumilova, Sennikova, and Kinareikina. "BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MUSCA DOMESTICA UNDER SELECTION WITH FIPRONIL." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.295-300.
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Insect resistance to insecticides is one of the main issues of veterinary, medicine, and horticulture around the world. Knowledge of insecticidal resistance mechanisms is crucial for the development of insect control programs. The aim of the present study was to assess some biological parameters and enzyme activities in the house fly Musca domestica L. under selection with fipronil. The selection of M. domestica with fipronil was conducted by non-choice feeding when adults in each generation were fed with sugar that was pre-treated with insecticide solution. In even-numbered year generation, we evaluated the duration of individual development stages, the weight of individuals, fertility, and activity of the main detoxification enzymes (monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases) in larvae and adults. The assessment of insect susceptibility to fipronil showed that larvae in the tenth generation of the fipronil-selected strain were more susceptible to fipronil than the individuals in the laboratory strain, and adults did not differ from the control as per this indicator. In the tenth generation of the fipronil-selected strain, we found that the duration of the development period from the egg stage to the emergence of adults lasted longer (by 18%) compared to the laboratory line. We noted that the activity of monooxygenases and glutathione-S-transferase in larvae and adults varied in certain generations of the fipronil-selected strain.
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Dinischiotu, A., D. Dinu, M. Rebedea, G. Stoian, I. Taranu, D. Marin, and M. Costache. "Biochemical effects induced by deoxynivalenol intoxication in piglets." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-2 (2007): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702245d.
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Thirty-5 weeks-old pigs were fed corn-soybean diets containing 0.5 ppm and 1.5 ppm. deoxynivalenol. Sera samples were collected from ten piglets in each group at the end of 35 days of the trial to study the effect of certain serum biochemical parameters. Highly significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed for serum urea and gamma glutamyl transferase between control and mycotoxin treated groups. Mycotoxin treated groups did not reveal any significant difference for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate transferase and alanine transferase.
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Esquivel, Carlos J., Bryan J. Cassone, and Peter M. Piermarini. "Ade novotranscriptome of the Malpighian tubules in non-blood-fed and blood-fed Asian tiger mosquitoesAedes albopictus: insights into diuresis, detoxification, and blood meal processing." PeerJ 4 (March 10, 2016): e1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1784.
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Background.In adult female mosquitoes, the renal (Malpighian) tubules play an important role in the post-prandial diuresis, which removes excess ions and water from the hemolymph of mosquitoes following a blood meal. After the post-prandial diuresis, the roles that Malpighian tubules play in the processing of blood meals are not well described.Methods.We used a combination of next-generation sequencing (paired-end RNA sequencing) and physiological/biochemical assays in adult female Asian tiger mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus) to generate molecular and functional insights into the Malpighian tubules and how they may contribute to blood meal processing (3–24 h after blood ingestion).Results/Discussion.Using RNA sequencing, we sequenced and assembled the firstde novotranscriptome of Malpighian tubules from non-blood-fed (NBF) and blood-fed (BF) mosquitoes. We identified a total of 8,232 non-redundant transcripts. The Malpighian tubules of NBF mosquitoes were characterized by the expression of transcripts associated with active transepithelial fluid secretion/diuresis (e.g., ion transporters, water channels,V-type H+-ATPase subunits), xenobiotic detoxification (e.g., cytochrome P450 monoxygenases, glutathioneS-transferases, ATP-binding cassette transporters), and purine metabolism (e.g., xanthine dehydrogenase). We also detected the expression of transcripts encoding sodium calcium exchangers, G protein coupled-receptors, and septate junctional proteins not previously described in mosquito Malpighian tubules. Within 24 h after a blood meal, transcripts associated with active transepithelial fluid secretion/diuresis exhibited a general downregulation, whereas those associated with xenobiotic detoxification and purine catabolism exhibited a general upregulation, suggesting a reinvestment of the Malpighian tubules’ molecular resources from diuresis to detoxification. Physiological and biochemical assays were conducted in mosquitoes and isolated Malpighian tubules, respectively, to confirm that the transcriptomic changes were associated with functional consequences. In particular,in vivodiuresis assays demonstrated that adult female mosquitoes have a reduced diuretic capacity within 24 h after a blood meal. Moreover, biochemical assays in isolated Malpighian tubules showed an increase in glutathioneS-transferase activity and the accumulation of uric acid (an end product of purine catabolism) within 24 h after a blood meal. Our data provide new insights into the molecular physiology of Malpighian tubules in culicine mosquitoes and reveal potentially important molecular targets for the development of chemical and/or gene-silencing insecticides that would disrupt renal function in mosquitoes.
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Nikolova-Karakashian, Mariana N., Nadja J. Gavrilova, Diana H. Petkova, and Milka S. Setchenska. "Sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes and protein kinase C activity in liver plasma membranes of rats fed with cholesterol-supplemented diet." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o92-094.
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The effect of cholesterol-supplemented diet on the activities of rat liver plasma membrane sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes and protein kinase C was studied. Protein kinase C, phosphatidylcholine:ceramide-phosphocholine transferase, and phosphatidylethanolamine:ceramide-phosphoethanolamine transferase activities were found to increase continuously and almost in parallel during the experimental period on cholesterol diet (days 10, 20, and 30). Linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between these activities with correlation coefficients r = 0.959 for protein kinase C and phosphatidylcholine:ceramide-phosphocholine transferase, and r = 0.998 for protein kinase C and phosphatidylethanolamine:ceramide-phosphoethanolamine transferase. On the other hand, protein kinase C activation does not correspond to sphingomyelinase activity changes. These data suggest that protein kinase C activation observed in cholesterol-enriched plasma membranes is due to increased production of diacylglycerol and increased acylation of sphingosine to ceramide.Key words: protein kinase C, sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes, cholesterol, plasma membranes.
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Vorobets, M. Z., R. V. Fafula, A. S. Besedina, O. K. Onufrovych, and D. Z. Vorobets. "Glutathione s-transferase as a marker of oxidative stress in human ejaculated spermatozoa from patients with pathospermia." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021842.
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It is believed that the most common causes of male infertility are impairment of spermatogenesis and sperm functions. Glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18) play an important role in sperm physiology, specifically in antioxidant protection against oxidative damage. The catalase decomposition of lipid hydro-peroxides forms as a result of oxidative stress. We used a model of superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate or H2O2-induced stress to study the activity of glutathione s transferase in human ejaculated spermatozoa from patients with pathospermia and products of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as a marker of oxidative stress. In the present study, dose dependent increase in the level of lipid peroxidation was observed for treatment with Fe3+/ascorbate or H2O2. The TBARS level was higher for sperm cells incubated with superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate than for H2O2. GSTs activity increased in spermatozoa treated with increasing concentration of superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate and H2O. We found that both Fe3+/ascorbate and H2O2 displayed similar inhibitory effects on sperm GSTs activity, however H2O2 at low concentrations activated enzyme activity only in normozoospermic samples, which can be explained as a defence response to oxidative stress. The time course of incubation with 100 μM H2O2 showed a sharp decrease in the enzyme activity during the first 5 min of incubation for both normozoospermic and pathozoospermic men. Preincubation of spermatozoa with GSH completely prevented the ROS-induced inhibition on GSTs only in normozoospermic samples. On the other hand, in pathospermic samples protectory effect of GSH was observed only against non-radical (H2O) radical, but not against radical (superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate) species. The results of our study showed higher oxygen-free radical production, evidenced by increased TBARS level in spermatozoa obtained from infertile men than normozoospermic men. The inhibitory effect of the radical (superoxide anion-generating system Fe3+/ascorbate) species on sperm GSTs activity and products of lipid peroxidation in sperm cells of fertile and infertile men were more expressed compared to non-radical (H2O) species. Our results indicate that estimation of sperm GSTs enzyme assays can be used as a bioindicator for impaired male fertility. The obtained results argue for a biological role of sperm GSTs in susceptibility of spermatozoa to oxidative damage and maintaining sperm antioxidant status.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fem transferases"
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Rietmeyer, Lauriane. "Étude fonctionnelle et structurale des transférases de la famille Fem de Staphylococcus aureus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03935194.
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La résistance aux antibiotiques constitue aujourd’hui l’une des plus graves menaces de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale et nécessite le développement urgent de nouveaux antibiotiques. La biosynthèse du peptidoglycane (PG), un composant majeur de la paroi bactérienne, est la cible des deux familles d’antibiotiques utilisées en thérapeutique humaine, les β-lactamines et les glycopeptides. Le PG est constitué de chaînes glycanes liées à des tiges peptidiques branchées entre elles par des ponts interpeptidiques. Chez de nombreuses bactéries à Gram positif, les chaînes latérales constituant ces ponts, sont synthétisées par les transférases de la famille Fem. Ces enzymes ont la particularité d’utiliser des ARNt aminoacylés comme substrats, qui sont des molécules également utilisées dans d’autres mécanismes biologiques importants, comme par exemple la synthèse des protéines via le ribosome. S. aureus possède trois transférases de la famille Fem (FmhB, FemA et FemB) qui catalysent le transfert séquentiel de cinq résidus glycyles des Gly-ARNtGly vers les précurseurs cytoplasmiques du peptidoglycane (lipide II). Ces enzymes, qui sont essentielles à la viabilité de la bactérie et qui n’ont pas d’équivalent chez les cellules eucaryotes, constituent des cibles thérapeutiques de choix pour le développement de nouvelles molécules antibactériennes actives sur des souches résistantes aux antibiotiques. De façon à comprendre le fonctionnement de ces enzymes, nous avons développé des méthodes de semi-synthèse d’ARNt aminoacylés, d’analogues de lipides II et de molécules bi-substrats. Ces outils, associés à des études structurales par rayons X et des tests enzymatiques in vitro nous ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes catalytiques de ces enzymes, de comprendre le mode de reconnaissance des transférases Fem pour leurs substrats (ARNt et lipides) et enfin de synthétiser des inhibiteurs puissants de ces enzymesAntibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing global health issues and urgently requires the development of new antibiotics. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan (PG), a major component of the bacterial wall, is targeted by two families of antibiotics used in humans, the β-lactams and the glycopeptides. PG is composed of glycan strands bearing peptide stems which are crosslinked by interpeptide bridges. In many Gram-positive bacteria, interpeptide bridges are synthesized by Fem transferases whose substrates comprise aminoacylated tRNAs which are broadly implicated in cellular metabolism e.g. protein synthesis. S. aureus produces three Fem transferases (FmhB, FemA and FemB) which catalyze the sequential transfer of five glycyl residues from Gly-tRNAGly to cytoplasmic precursors of peptidoglycan (lipid II). These enzymes are essential and specific to bacteria which makes them prime targets for the development of new antibiotics active against resistant strains. In order to explore the function of Fem transferases, we have developed methods for semi-synthesis of aminoacylated tRNAs, lipid II analogues and bi-substrate molecules. Using these molecular tools in X-ray crystallography and in vitro enzymatic assays, we were able to better understand the Fem catalytic mechanisms, to explore substrate recognition of Fem transferases (tRNAs and lipids) and finally, to synthesize a potent Fem inhibitor
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Desmots, Fabienne. "Caracterisation d'un nouveau gene codant une glutathion transferase de la classe alpha, la gsta4, etude de sa regulation au cours de la regeneration hepatique et de la surcharge en fer." Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10109.
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Les glutathion transferases (gst) constituent une superfamille d'enzymes de detoxication de nombreux xenobiotiques ; elles sont divisees en plusieurs classes sur la base de leur sequence en acides amines. Elles inactivent des composes electrophiles toxiques et des produits de la peroxydation lipidique (4-hydroxynonenal) en les conjuguant au glutathion. Celui-ci est degrade essentiellement par la gsta4 qui joue un role dans la protection contre le stress oxydant. La caracterisation du gene humain codant la hgsta4 a ete realisee a partir d'une banque de phages recombinants. Ce gene est localise au niveau du cluster des gst alpha present sur la bande p12 du chromosome 6. L'analyse de la sequence du promoteur a permis de mettre en evidence plusieurs sites de regulation par des facteurs de transcription impliques dans un stress oxydant. La recherche d'autres isoformes gsta4 a partir de la banque de phages a egalement permis d'isoler un pseudogene (hgsta4p). Notre etude a ensuite porte sur l'expression de la gsta4 dans differents tissus humains par immunohistochimie. Cette enzyme etait presente dans tous les tissus testes. La regulation de cette enzyme a ete etudiee au cours de la regeneration et de la surcharge en fer hepatiques chez la souris. Au cours de la regeneration, une augmentation des arnm, de la proteine et de l'activite de la gsta4 correlee a un accroissement de la production d'eao et de l'activite des caspases 3 et 7, a ete observee. L'expression augmentee de la gsta4 etait observee uniquement dans le cytosol, alors que l'enzyme etait localisee a la fois dans les mitochondries et le cytosol. Quant a la surcharge obtenue apres 8 mois de traitement avec du fer-carbonyl, elle est egalement associee a une augmentation des arnm, de la proteine et de l'activite de la gsta4. Une expression biphasique de la gsta4 a ete constatee dans des hepatocytes de souris en culture primaire au cours de la dissociation enzymatique du foie et apres quelques jours de culture.
Book chapters on the topic "Fem transferases"
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Masschelein, C. A., L. Van De Winkel, and A. Debourg. "Optimal ester production by the application of the fed-batch principle to brewery yeast fermentations." In European Brewery Convention, 231–40. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199634668.003.0024.
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Abstract The ester synthesizing activity of alcohol acetyl transferase under batch fermentation conditions is subject to cyclic variations depending upon yeast growth and substrate availability. It is therefore clear that for achieving the full potential of brewing yeast to produce esters we need to conduct the fermentation at a single optimum condition.
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"Major Classes of Natural Product Scaffolds and Enzymatic Biosynthetic Machinery." In Natural Product Biosynthesis, 1–21. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781839165641-00001.
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This introductory chapter defines natural products as conditional metabolites, small molecules from secondary rather than primary metabolic pathways, noting how a few primary metabolites serve as building blocks for specific classes of up to hundreds of downstream conditional metabolites. The major classes of natural products, whose modes of biosynthesis are examined, include polyketides, ribosomal and nonribosomal peptides, isoprenoid scaffolds, purines and pyrimidines, phenylpropanoids, glycosides, and alkaloids. Three major categories of enzymes involved in complexity generation of natural product frameworks are oxygenases, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent transferases that fragment SAM by two-electron and one-electron reaction manifolds, and pericyclases that catalyze concerted pericyclic transition states without any reaction intermediates.
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Calcar, Sandy Van, and Jon Wolff. "Galactosemia." In Pediatric Nutrition In Chronic Diseases And Developmental Disorders, 335–39. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165647.003.0049.
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Abstract Galactose metabolism involves three enzymes: galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) and uridine diphosphate-4-epimerase (Fig. 49–1). Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) have been described for all three enzymes. The most common inborn error in galactose metabolism is deficiency of the GALT enzyme. Its incidence in North America is approximately 1 in 60,000. Galactose levels and/or GALT activity are routinely tested in all infants by newborn screening programs. Infants with elevated galactose and/or decreased enzyme activity should be referred to a biochemical genetics program that specializes in treatment of IEM. This chapter will focus on GALT deficiency since the classical form of the disease requires lifelong dietary treatment. In classical galactosemia, the GALT enzyme is not produced and the affected individual has no enzyme activity. Neonates with untreated classical GALT deficiency present a few days after starting milk-based formula or breast milk feeding. The initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, and jaundice. Failure to thrive, hepatomegaly, edema, splenomegaly, and sepsis can follow. The disease is rapidly fatal if milk feedings continue. For surviving infants, mental retardation and behavioral problems are common.