Academic literature on the topic 'Feeling of relative deprivation'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Feeling of relative deprivation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Feeling of relative deprivation"
1
Kliuchnyk, Ruslan, and Olha Oleynik. "Relative deprivation and political protest." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 5, no. 5 (December 30, 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-5-42-47.
Full textAbstract:
The article reveals political protest as one of the major factors of political system development in society. In particular, possibilities of methodological synthesis, deprivation theory in terms of political protest development are considered. Deprivation phenomenon's psychological nature is stressed. Distinc-tions between relative deprivation and absolute one are considered. The authors prove the deprivation's influence on mobilization of protest movements providing examples. The relative deprivation's classifica¬tion including progressive, aspirational and decremental deprivation is used. The relative deprivation theory refers to the ideas that frustration and feelings of discontent de¬pend on purposes of a person or a group of people. Relative deprivation feelings emerge when important tagets of people tunr out to be unreal or blocked by political elites or society. As the central concept in the explanation of protest movements relative deprivation is often considered as well as the central concept in when explaining protest movements also it is used to describe and give understanding to the factors that trigger social movements. Protest activity appears from relative deprivation collective feelings. Absolute deprivation is a key factor of protest movements in poor countries, unlike relative deprivation.
2
Poczta-Wajda, Agnieszka. "Feeling of Relative Deprivation as a Driver for Higher Agricultural Subsidies." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2015.15.4.64.
Full textAbstract:
Because people tend to compare themselves with others from their own surroundings, even a person rich in absolute terms can feel poor in relative terms, if people from their reference group are richer. This phenomenon is called relative deprivation. Farmers in developed economies claim to be poor, because they compare themselves not with farmers from poor economies, but rather with other members of their own society who work outside of agriculture and whose incomes are usually higher. Feeling relatively deprived, farmers in developed economies demand stronger financial support and act intensively to convince policymakers to support them. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the relation between relative deprivation of farmers and support for farmers in countries with different development levels. Results of this study prove that levels of support for farmers are positively related with the average level of relative deprivation of farmers dependent on the size of farmer groups. Hence the idea of relative deprivation might provide additional political explanation of different levels of support for farmers in countries with different development levels.
3
Korotayev, Andrey V., and Alisa R. Shishkina. "Relative Deprivation as a Factor of Sociopolitical Destabilization: Toward a Quantitative Comparative Analysis of the Arab Spring Events." Cross-Cultural Research 54, no. 2-3 (November 5, 2019): 296–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397119882364.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes relative deprivation as a possible factor of sociopolitical instability during the Arab Spring events using the methods of correlation and multiple regression analysis. In this case, relative deprivation is operationalized in two ways: (a) through the indicator of subjective feeling of happiness on the eve of the events of the Arab Spring, and (b) through the scale of decrease of the subjective feeling of happiness on the eve of the events of Arab Spring. It is shown that the change in the level of subjective feeling of happiness between 2009 and 2010 is a powerful, statistically significant predictor of the level of destabilization in Arab countries in 2011. The next most powerful predictor is the mean value of the subjective feeling of happiness in the corresponding country for 2010. At the same time, the fundamental economic indicators we tested, while controlling for them, have turned out to be extremely weak and at the same time statistically insignificant predictors of the level of sociopolitical instability in the Arab countries in 2011.
4
Jiang, Changbing, Jiaming Xu, Shufang Li, Yulian Fei, and Yao Wu. "Profit Allocation Problem and Algorithm of Network Freight Platform under Carbon Trading Background." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 15031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215031.
Full textAbstract:
With the gradual popularization of carbon trading, individual carbon emission behavior will come with carbon costs, which will have a significant impact on the network freight platform carrier drivers. Therefore, in order to improve the stability within the network freight platform, this paper considers the fairness of benefit distribution among network freight carriers and aims to offset the impact of carbon cost to a greater extent by reducing the relative deprivation of the network freight platform carrier group, so as to finally realize the benign operation of network freight. This paper introduces a number of indicators such as contribution value, expectation realization degree, and relative deprivation feeling, and establishes a dynamic benefit distribution optimization model oriented by relative deprivation feeling. Based on the basic characteristics of the problem, the ant colony labor division model is extended, and the corresponding algorithm is designed to solve the problem. By introducing the contribution value, contribution rate and expected return to reset the stimulus value of the environment and the response threshold of agent, the relative deprivation sense is used to quantify the degree of unfair benefit distribution, which is used as a benchmark to dynamically coordinate the benefit distribution of the carrier group and optimize the benefit distribution scheme. The experimental results show that the extended model and algorithm designed in this paper can significantly reduce the relative deprivation perception of the carrier group in the online freight platform at a low cost.
5
Ozdemir, Fatih. "Development and Validation of the '˜Relative Deprivation Scale for Financial Possibilities'." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES 2, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jah.v2i2.6977.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a new scale which measures relative deprivation level of university students toward financial possibilities. According to egoistical relative deprivation model (Crosby, 1976), five preconditions must be met to feel deprived. Depending on these preconditions, 71 items were written. Item pool was conducted 310 (Nfemale = 208; Nmale = 102) university students who study in different universities of Turkey (Mage = 22.84; SD = 2.44). Participants rated items on a 6 point Likert-type response set. Findings indicated a five-dimensional, 22-item scale which is called Relative Deprivation Scale for Financial Possibilities (?=.77); factors were (1) adverse effects of relative deprivation (?=.88), (2) feasibility of obtaining better financial possibilities (?=.78), (3) responsibility for failure to possess better financial possibilities (?=.84), (4) feeling to deserve better financial possibilities (?=.71) and (5) wanting toward better financial possibilities (?=.75). Also, these dimensions were tested with demographic information of participants.
6
Ohno, Hiroshi, Kyung-Tae Lee, and Takashi Maeno. "Feelings of Personal Relative Deprivation and Subjective Well-Being in Japan." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13020158.
Full textAbstract:
Personal relative deprivation (PRD) refers to emotions of resentment and dissatisfaction caused by feeling deprived of a deserved outcome compared to some reference. While evidence suggests that relative deprivation based on objective data such as income affects well-being, subjective PRD has been less explored, especially in the East. This study evaluated the relationship between PRD and subjective well-being based on various aspects in the context of Japan. An online questionnaire survey, including the Japanese version of the Personal Relative Deprivation Scale (J-PRDS5) and various well-being indices, was administered to 500 adult participants, balanced for sex and age. Quantitative data analysis methods were used. PRD significantly correlated with subjective well-being as assessed by various aspects. Through mediation analysis, we found that a strong tendency to compare one’s abilities with others may undermine subjective well-being through PRD. The results also indicated that well-developed human environments may be associated with the maintenance of subjective well-being levels, even when PRD is high. Toward developing future interventions to improve well-being and health, efforts must be undertaken in Japan to monitor PRD and further clarify the mechanism of the association between PRD and the factors that showed a strong relationship in this study.
7
Nadler, Jonah, Martin V. Day, Shadi Beshai, and Sandeep Mishra. "The Relative Deprivation Trap: How Feeling Deprived Relates to Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 39, no. 10 (December 2020): 897–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.10.897.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: How income inequality associates with poorer mental health remains unclear. Personal relative deprivation (PRD) involves appraising oneself as unfairly disadvantaged relative to similar others and has been associated with poorer mental health and negative cognitive appraisals. As generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with negative cognitive appraisals, PRD may relate to the experience of GAD and its cognitive predictors, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), positive beliefs about worry (PBW), negative beliefs about worry (NBW), and experiential avoidance (EA). Method: In two observational studies (Study 1, N = 588; Study 2, N = 301) participants completed measures of PRD, cognitive predictors and symptoms of GAD, subjective socioeconomic status (SES), self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Results: A relationship between PRD and GAD was found across studies, which was simultaneously mediated by IU and NBW. These results remained when controlling for subjective SES but were weakened when controlling for self-concept factors. Discussion: This research supports the possibility that the experience of deprivation may “trap” people in thinking patterns that contribute to anxious symptomology.
8
Adebusuyi, Adeola Samuel, and Olubusayo Foluso Adebusuyi. "Predicting hybrid entrepreneurship among secondary school teachers in Nigeria." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 12, no. 4 (October 18, 2021): 516–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-04-2021-0152.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate how degree-holding secondary school teachers cope in a recessive economy by embracing hybrid entrepreneurship (HE). Specifically, we investigated how comparison with referent others, underemployment and relative deprivation led to HE.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a cross-sectional research design. We used snowball and purposive sampling techniques to recruit 303 bachelor’s degree holders teaching in Nigerian public secondary schools in two states of the federation (Ondo and Ekiti states). We analyzed the data with regression path analysis and controlled for age and gender.FindingsThe results of this study showed the following. First, teachers were high in the feeling of pay underemployment and relative deprivation. Second, pay underemployment and relative deprivation directly led to HE. Third, teachers were indirectly high in HE through either pay underemployment or relative deprivation. Finally, underemployment and relative deprivation serially mediate the relationship between referent others and HE.Research limitations/implicationsOverall, the results suggest that teachers’ involvement in HE is necessity-driven to cope with the recessive Nigerian economy. However, future research should focus on a more experimental approach to determine the cause-effect relationship.Originality/valueThis is the first study to investigate how workers embrace HE to cope with the consequences of a recessive economy.
9
Rezya Agnesica Helena Sihaloho, Margaretha Hanita, and Cahyo Pamungkas. "Papua Conflict Resolution Challenges: The Linkage Of Relative Deprivation With The Spirit Of Separatism Of Indigenous Papuans." Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture 34 (June 19, 2023): 4429–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/jns.v34i.2130.
Full textAbstract:
For many years, the Land of Papua has experienced bloody battles as separatist parties fought for independence from the Indonesian government. Understanding how relative hardship contributes to complaints and drives violent action is one of the critical obstacles to resolving these disputes. Indigenous people in Papua have long felt exploited and marginalized by the national government and international businesses that take resources out of the area. Compared to others in a social group or society, the sense of unfair disadvantage is called relative deprivation. This feeling of relative deprivation has fostered demands for independence and violent confrontations with security forces. In order to analyze a specific phenomenon, this research study employs a qualitative methodology that includes a thorough literature review of reliable papers. The result of this study is that the Papuan people experience relative deprivation because they have lost what previously belonged to them, such as land and resource rights, political representation, cultural identity, human rights, and fair social services. This sense of loss has caused deprivation in the Papuan people. At the same time, this deprivation fosters a separatist spirit channelled through acts of violence that cause casualties. The central government's lack of concern exacerbates the relative deprivation conditions of the Papuan people. Thus, the people of Papua are increasingly marginalized by the central government.
10
Elchardus, Mark, and Bram Spruyt. "The contemporary contradictions of egalitarianism: an empirical analysis of the relationship between the old and new left/right alignments." European Political Science Review 4, no. 2 (August 11, 2011): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773911000178.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the often-observed complex relationship between the so-called old, ‘economic’ left/right alignment (egalitarianism) and the new, ‘cultural’ alignment. Many authors have observed that the less educated members of society occupy an apparently contradictory position, combining a leftist stand in favor of more equality and government intervention, with a rightist stand on minority rights, the treatment of criminals, and other aspects of democratic citizenship. Various explanations have been offered for this paradox. This paper proposes an explanation in terms of vulnerability and the way in which it is culturally processed. Less educated people are often vulnerable and long for more equality. The stronger their desire for equality, the greater their frustration when feeling vulnerable, and the greater the need to cope with that vulnerability. They do so, using particular narrative-coping strategies that create an affinity with the attitudes that form the new left/right alignment. One such coping strategy is based on feelings of relative deprivation. In the empirical part of the paper it is shown that relative deprivation completely explains the paradoxical position of the less educated, and that, when taking feelings of deprivation into account, the two left/right dimensions are in fact independent of each other at all levels of education, creating a situation that leads to tensions within parties that pursue egalitarian policies. The mechanism uncovered in this analysis reveals a tension at the heart of egalitarianism: the stronger the longing for equality among the vulnerable members of society, the more likely they are to opt for right wing positions on the new left/right dimension.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feeling of relative deprivation"
1
Gul, Birsen. "Les effets de la privation relative sur l’engagement scolaire et l'estime de soi des adolescents : étude du rôle des facteurs sociaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAL010.
Full textAbstract:
Partant du Modèle de Désengagement Psychologique (MDP) (e.g., Martinot et al., 2020; Tougas et al., 2005, 2010; Tougas & Beaton, 2008), ce travail de thèse examine les conséquences d’un contexte de privation relative sur le désengagement psychologique (discrédit des notes et dévaluation de l’école), les différentes dimensions d’engagement scolaire et l'estime de soi chez les adolescents. Notre hypothèse de départ est que les élèves vivant une expérience de privation relative (égoïste, personnelle ou fraternelle), en raison du comportement défavorable de l’enseignant (études 1 et 4), de leur appartenance à un milieu social défavorisé (étude 2) ou d’un rejet social de la part de leurs pairs (étude 3), devraient davantage se désengager psychologiquement et scolairement que les élèves ne vivant pas cette expérience ce qui en retour devrait nuire à leur estime de soi. L’étude 1 montre qu’une expérience imaginaire de privation relative en lien avec le comportement défavorable de l’enseignant, peut conduire à dévaluer l’école. L’étude 2 montre qu’une expérience de privation relative en lien avec l’appartenance à un milieu social défavorisé conduit au désengagement scolaire, via une diminution de la perception de contrôle. Le désengagement scolaire, en retour, affecte négativement l'estime de soi des adolescents. L’étude 3 montre l’expérience d’une privation relative en lien avec le rejet social par les pairs conduit au désengagement scolaire via une diminution du sentiment d’affiliation sociale. Le désengagement scolaire, en retour, affecte négativement l'estime de soi des adolescents. Enfin, l’étude 4 montre qu’une expérience de privation relative en lien avec le comportement défavorable de l’enseignant conduit au désengagement scolaire via une diminution de la perception de soutien social de la part des pairs. Le désengagement scolaire, en retour, affecte négativement l'estime de soi des adolescents. A travers ces 4 études, nous avons également pu mettre en évidence que toutes les expériences de privation relative n’ont pas les mêmes effets délétères. Ce sont les expériences de privation relative égoïste et personnelle qui conduisent à plus de désengagement et de baisse de l'estime de soi comparativement à une expérience de privation relative fraternelle. Enfin, une expérience imaginaire d’égalité entre tous les élèves est la situation qui permet le plus de protéger les élèves du désengagement scolaire ainsi que leur estime de soi. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats ouvrent des pistes de réflexions intéressantes autour des ressources que peut procurer l’appartenance à un groupe, même si défavorisé, et notamment la présence de pairs lorsque les élèves font face à un contexte de de privation relative mais aussi autour des bienfaits d’un contexte égalitaire à l’écoleBased on the Psychological Disengagement Model (PDM) (e.g., Martinot et al., 2020; Tougas et al., 2005, 2010; Tougas & Beaton, 2008), the present research program examines the consequences of a context of relative deprivation on psychological disengagement (discounting of academic grades and devaluing of school), different dimensions of school engagement, and self-esteem among adolescents. Our main hypothesis is that students experiencing relative deprivation (egoistic, personal, or fraternalistic), due to unfavorable teacher behavior (studies 1 and 4), belonging to a disadvantaged social background (study 2), or social rejection by peers (Study 3), should disengage more psychologically and academically than students not experiencing such deprivation. This should in turn should be detrimental to their self-esteem. Study 1 shows that an imagined experience of relative deprivation in conjunction with unfavorable teacher behavior can lead to devaluing of school. Study 2 shows that an experience of relative deprivation related to belonging to a disadvantaged social background leads to disengagement from school via a decrease in perceived control. Disengagement from school, in turn, negatively affects adolescents' self-esteem. Study 3 shows the experience of relative deprivation in conjunction with social rejection by peers leads to academic disengagement via a decreased sense of social affiliation. Disengagement from school, in turn, negatively affects adolescents' self-esteem. Finally, Study 4 shows that an experience of relative deprivation in conjunction with unfavorable teacher behavior leads to school disengagement via a decrease in perceived social support from peers. Disengagement from school, in turn, negatively affects adolescents' self-esteem. Through these 4 studies, we were also able to highlight that not all experiences of relative deprivation have the same deleterious effects. It is the experiences of egoistic and personal relative deprivation that lead to more disengagement and lower self-esteem compared to an experience of fraternalistic relative deprivation. Finally, an imagined experience of equality among all students is the situation that most protects students from academic disengagement as well as their self-esteem. Overall, our results open up interesting avenues for reflection on the advantages that belonging to a group can provide, even if the group is disadvantaged, and in particular the benefical presence of peers when students are faced with a context of relative deprivation. The same can be said for the benefits of an egalitarian context at school
2
Teng, Fei, and 滕飛. "Feeling deprived : sexual objectification increases women's desire for money." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196016.
Full textAbstract:
Sexual objectification occurs when women’s participation in the society is represented merely by their bodies and thus women are deemed as mere tools to meet other’s desires (Bartkey, 1990). Sexual objectification happens frequently in women’s daily lives through media portrayals (e.g. Harper, & Tiggemann, 2008; Harrison & Fredrickson, 2003) and interpersonal encounters (e.g. Calogero, 2004; Tiggemann, & Boundy, 2008). Sexual objectification causes many negative outcomes to women. For example, objectified women suffer from negative emotions (e.g., shame and depression; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Quinn, Kallen, & Cathey, 2006), impaired intellectual performances (Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll, Quinn, & Twenge, 1998), and decreased well-being and life satisfaction (Breines, Crocker, & Garcia, 2008; Mercurio & Landry, 2008).
In the present investigation, I hypothesized that sexual objectification would lead women to feel that their personal growth and development are deprived which triggers an enhanced desire for financial resources as money. Consistent with my predictions, Study One showed that women’s trait self-objectification correlated positively with their materialism orientation. In Study Two, sexual objectification was manipulated by delivering appearance-related comments to female participants; and women’s desire for money was indexed by their donation intention to a student fund. It was found that sexual objectification increased women’s desire for money by decreasing the amount of money that women were willing to donate. In Study Three, a different paradigm was adopted to induce the feeling of objectification, specifically, participants viewed pictures that depicted women in a sexually objectified way. Then participants’ sense of deprivation as well as desire for money was directly measured to test the hypothesized relationship between objectification, deprivation and money desire. The results showed that women who viewed the pictures of objectified women reported stronger money desire and this effect was mediated by the perceived deprivation of personal growth and development. Study Four replicated the findings of Study Three by using a different paradigm (i.e. recalling past experience of being objectified) to induce the feeling of being objectified and thus provided further evidences for the hypothesized effect. Finally, using the same paradigm of objectification as Study Two, Study Five further substantiated the predicted relationship between sexual objectification, perceived deprivation and women’s money desire by showing that framing objectification experiences as beneficial to women’s personal growth and development was sufficient to remove the effect of sexual objectification on women’s desire for money.
The five studies consistently demonstrated that sexual objectification induces a feeling of being deprived of personal growth and development in women, which further triggers a strong desire for money in women victims. These findings were discussed in terms of their implications on understanding women’s self-perception, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations as well as general mental health and well-being.published_or_final_version
Psychology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
3
Toizer, Barbara. "Perceived Essentialism, Group Relative Deprivation, and Collective Action." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1486743133258512.
Full text
4
Villasenor, Lopez Adrian. "Inequality, relative deprivation and human development outcomes in Mexico." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/56887/.
Full text
5
Willis, Michael Anthony. "Relative deprivation and political conflict : a Northern Irish case study." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302764.
Full text
6
Mohapatra, Siddharth <1969>. "Earnings management, human rationality, and relative deprivation : some critical assessments." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1051.
Full textAbstract:
Although lawful, the widespread use of earnings management in financial reporting, as noted by Arthur Levitt (the former Chairman of the US SEC), gives reasons to believe that companies may be indulging in illegally manipulating earnings in stead of managing them prudently. What motivate it are not straightforward because the nature of human motivation is complex. Although, earnings management is deemed an intentional action, wherein company decision-makers use managerial discretions and judgements to achieve desired earnings numbers; yet nothing has been said beyond this. In this empirical study, based on a real case, using vignettes in a Web-survey as the method of investigation (i.e., a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches); we have attempted to study relative deprivation – i.e., people’s reaction to objective situations depends on their subjective comparisons – as one of the causes behind decision-makers’ reasoning process to manipulate earnings. Our findings are mixed in the sense that while answering if relative deprivation causes earnings management to stray into earnings manipulations, the respondents have rendered varied levels of support to it under two different situations. Notwithstanding, we have some interesting findings as regards relative deprivation effecting manipulative earnings management practices that can potentially set the roadmap for future research on causal correlates behind managing earnings, including manipulating them.Sebbene permesso, il diffuso ricorso all’”earnings management” nell’informazione di bilancio, come sostenuto da Arthur Levitt (former chairman US-SEC), porta a ritenere che le società possano indulgere in manipolazioni illegali dei profitti invece che gestirli con prudenza. Non è chiaro cosa causi questo comportamento perché la natura della motivazione umana è complessa. Earnings Management è considerata un’azione intenzionale in cui i decision-makers delle società usano giudizi e valutazioni manageriali per conseguire i valori di profitto desiderati, oltre questo niente è ancora stato detto. In questo studio empirico, basato su un caso reale, il metodo investigativo utilizza un approccio quali-quantitativo e si basa una web-survey che impiega “vignettes”; si è voluto indagare la ‘relative deprivation’ (la reazione delle persone a situazioni oggettive dipende dalle loro comparazioni soggettive) come una delle cause che nei processi decisionali conducono alla manipolazione dei profitti. Le nostre conclusioni sono incerte nel senso che gli intervistati nel rispondere se la ‘relative deprivation’ porta l’Earning Management verso la manipolazione dei profitti, hanno dato vari livelli di supporto ad essa in due diverse situazioni. Ciò nonostante ci sono conclusioni interessanti per quanto attiene all’influenza della ‘relative deprivation’ sulla prassi della manipolazione dei profitti che possono tracciare la strada per una future ricerca sulle correlazioni causali del management dei profitti, inclusa la loro manipolazione.
7
Neuwenhuis, Bridgitte. "Relative deprivation and relative gratification as predictors of intergroup discrimination: can prejudice be reduced by equality?" Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/147.
Full textAbstract:
It has long been identified that relative deprivation increases prejudice. Guimond and Dambrun (2002) demonstrated that relative gratification, as the opposite of relative deprivation, is also an important variable in predicting intergroup discrimination. Guimond and Dambrun (2002), further suggest that in order to prevent destructive conflicts between groups, such as intergroup discrimination, the goal of equality rather than economic improvements has to be kept in mind. The present paper will report three experiments which aimed to replicate Guimond and Dambrun’s (2002) findings on relative deprivation and relative gratification and which further aimed to test their proposal that equality would reduce prejudice. The results of the three experiments confirmed the predicted effects of relative deprivation and relative gratification on intergroup discrimination. However, the results did not confirm that equality reduces prejudice. Methodological and theoretical reasons for these results are provided and discussed in detail.
8
Beaton, Ann Marie. "Perceptions of women in management: Tokenism, relative deprivation and social change." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9584.
Full textAbstract:
Statistics indicate that women in management remain concentrated in junior levels while underrepresented in senior positions (Employment and Immigration Canada, 1992). Researchers have pointed to the effects of sex discrimination as responsible for women's slow progress into upper-management (Morrison & Von Glinow, 1990). Given this disadvantageous situation, the question remains: What activities do women managers initiative to improve their conditions in the organization? The purpose of the present study is to examine this issue while considering a significant situational factor: women's proportional representation. Moreover, the concept of relative deprivation was used to account for women's motivation to take an active role in the promotion of their personal and collective situation. Reactions from a total of 253 women managers were solicited. Univariate and multivariate analyses of variance uncovered four noteworthy findings: (1) greater personal deprivation was expressed among women managers who either perceived themselves as underrepresented or perceived the entrance of no new female recruits in their work group; (2) greater collective relative deprivation was reported among women who held high, rather than low personal relative deprivation scores; (3) the preferred group enhancement activity for women who expressed high, rather than low levels of collective deprivation was endorsement of employment equity programmes and (4) priority was given to the individual strategy, intention to leave, for women who expressed high, rather than low personal deprivation. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
9
Horne, Adrienne. "The Effect of Relative Deprivation on Delinquency: An Assessment of Juveniles." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3667.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the impact of relative deprivation on juvenile delinquency. Though this topic has been explored by several researchers, there has not been much consistency in the research due to the operationalization of key variables. Traditionally, relative deprivation has been referenced in relation to Merton's Classic Strain Theory, using economic indicators to measure relative deprivation. Webber and Runciman however, expanded upon Merton's original premise and integrated more diverse measures of relative deprivation into their research. The current study utilizes Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) as a means to measure relative deprivation as a broader and more subjective topic. This unique approach in the study of relative deprivation utilizes aspirations as a primary measure of relative deprivation.M.A.
Department of Sociology
Sciences
Applied Sociology MA
10
Itashiki, Michael Robert. "Explaining “Everyday Crime”: A Test of Anomie and Relative Deprivation Theory." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103334/.
Full textAbstract:
Every day, individuals commit acts which are considered immoral, unethical, even criminal, often to gain material advantage. Many people consider cheating on taxes, cheating on tests, claiming false benefits, or avoiding transport fare to be wrong, but they do them anyway. While some of these acts may not be formally illegal, they are, at best, considered morally dubious and is labeled “everyday crime.” Anomie theory holds that individuals make decisions based on socialized values, which separately may be contradictory but together, balances each other out, producing behavior considered “normal” by society. When one holds an imbalanced set of values, decisions made on that set may produce deviant behavior, such as everyday crime. RD theory holds that individuals who perceive their own deprivation, relative to someone else, will feel frustration and injustice, and may attempt to ameliorate that feeling with deviant behavior. Data from the 2006 World Values Survey were analyzed using logistic regression, testing both constructs concurrently. An individual was 1.55 times more likely to justify everyday crime for each calculated unit of anomie; and 1.10 times more likely for each calculated unit of RD. It was concluded from this study that anomie and relative deprivation were both associated with the tendency towards everyday crime.
Books on the topic "Feeling of relative deprivation"
1
Deaton, Angus. Relative deprivation, inequality, and mortality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
Find full text
2
Robson, B. T. Relative deprivation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Policy, Planning and Research Unit, Department of Finance and Personnel, 1994.
Find full text
3
1953-, Olson James M., Herman C. Peter 1946-, and Zanna Mark P, eds. Relative deprivation and social comparison. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1986.
Find full text
4
Ravallion, Martin. Who cares about relative deprivation ? [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.
Find full text
5
D'Ambrosio, Conchita. Subjective well-being and relative deprivation: An empirical link. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.
Find full text
6
Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., ed. Neighbourhood inequality, relative deprivation and self-perceived health status. [Ottawa]: Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 2004.
Find full text
7
Stark, Oded. Relative deprivation and migration: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW, Washington 20433): Population and Human Resources Dept., 1991.
Find full text
8
Willis, Michael Anthony. Relative deprivation and political conflict: A Northern Irish case study. [s.l: The Author], 1991.
Find full text
9
Abrams, Dominic. Political identity: Relative deprivation, social identity and the case of Scottish nationalism. London: Social Statistics Research Unit, City University, 1989.
Find full text
10
C, Masters John, and Smith William P. 1936-, eds. Social comparison, social justice, and relative deprivation: Theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Feeling of relative deprivation"
1
Kumar, Rashmi. "Addressing Feelings of Relative Deprivation of Muslim Minority for Inclusive Development." In Psychological Perspectives on Diversity and Social Development, 37–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3341-5_3.
Full text
2
Dubé-Simard, Lise. "Relative Deprivation." In Social Problems and Mental Health, 127–29. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003261919-38.
Full text
3
Schulze, Michaela, and Rabea Krätschmer-Hahn. "Relative Deprivation Theory." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5443–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2457.
Full text
4
Schulze, Michaela, and Rabea Krätschmer-Hahn. "Relative Deprivation Theory." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2457-2.
Full text
5
Kessler, Thomas, Amélie Mummendey, and Andreas Klink. "Soziale Identität und relative Deprivation." In Gerechtigkeitserleben im wiedervereinigten Deutschland, 213–62. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-95080-2_9.
Full text
6
Nafziger, E. Wayne, and Juha Auvinen. "Inequality, Exclusivity, and Relative Deprivation." In Economic Development, Inequality and War, 90–100. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403943767_4.
Full text
7
Chakravarty, Satya R. "The Measurement of Relative Deprivation." In Ethical Social Index Numbers, 131–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75502-6_5.
Full text
8
Kakwani, Nanak, and Hyun Hwa Son. "Relative Deprivation and Social Groups." In Social Welfare Functions and Development, 77–109. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58325-3_4.
Full text
9
Ejrnæs, Anders. "Relative deprivation and subjective social position." In Routledge International Handbook of Poverty, 78–95. 1. Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429058103-7.
Full text
10
Pettigrew, Thomas F. "Applying contextual analyses to relative deprivation." In Contextual social psychology: Reanalyzing prejudice, voting, and intergroup contact., 109–20. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000210-007.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Feeling of relative deprivation"
1
Ma, Lu, and Yuanbiao Zhang. "Evaluate House Price with Relative Deprivation Theory." In 2011 International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2011.144.
Full text
2
Lu, Ma, and Hu Kang Kang. "Simulating the Effect of Economic Inequality on Society with Relative Deprivation Theory." In 2011 International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2011.253.
Full text
3
Du, Yifeng. "Research on Community Participation in Zhuhai Airshow Based on the Theory of Relative Deprivation." In 3rd International Conference on Judicial, Administrative and Humanitarian Problems of State Structures and Economic Subjects (JAHP 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jahp-18.2018.97.
Full text
4
Sari, Novieta H. "Exploring Relative Deprivation Theory with Social Identity Theory to Inequalities: Issue of Migrants in Biak, Papua." In 2nd International Indonesia Conference on Interdisciplinary Studies (IICIS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211206.002.
Full text
5
Norton, Thomas T. "Experimental myopia and emmetropization in mammals." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.tuy3.
Full textAbstract:
Studies on developing mammalian as well as avian eyes have suggested the existence of an emmetropization process that matches axial length to focal length. A vision-dependent signal may slow axial elongation to hold the retina in the focal plane: deprivation of clear images on the retina produces an elongated, myopic eye in humans, most monkeys, and in tree shrews. If deprivation is removed in young, experimentally myopic tree shrews, recovery can occur due partially to slowing of axial expansion relative to the continued increase in focal length of the developing eye. In at least some mammals, it seems that a retinal signal is transmitted directly to the choroid and/or sclera; deprivation-induced myopia can develop despite blocking ganglion cell output to central brain structures. In tree shrews, as in avians, this signal seems local: deprivation in part of the visual field produces elongation and myopia selectively in the deprived region of the eye. Although accommodation may participate in normal ocular development, experimental myopia can develop in tree shrews despite atropine sulfate administration. In mammals it is still unclear whether the emmetropization process controls ocular growth, stretch, or both. How emmetropization is disrupted in human myopia also remains uncertain.
6
Arno, Sally, Rachel Forman, Philip Glassner, Ravinder Regatte, and Peter S. Walker. "MRI Analysis of Anteroposterior Stability in the Normal Human Knee." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205549.
Full textAbstract:
During activities the knee experiences compressive forces caused by the weight of the body and muscle forces. However, there is also an anterior shear force pushing the femur forwards on the tibia. It is likely to be important to the feeling of stability that the shear force is resisted so as to limit the anterior femoral displacement. The dished bearing surface of the medial tibial compartment in combination with the medial meniscus may well perform this function. In contrast, the lateral tibial surface is convex in the sagittal plane and the meniscus is too mobile to offer any anteroposterior (AP) restraint. Therefore, we hypothesize that if an anterior or posterior force is applied to the femur relative to the tibia, AP stability is provided by the medial side, while the lateral side allows for femoral rollback to facilitate a high range of flexion. At any flexion angle, rotational laxity will occur about a point on the medial side.
7
Ohka, M., Y. Mitsui, and H. Komura. "Brain Activation Measurement of Velvet Hand Illusion Using Pocket NIRS." In ASME-JSME 2018 Joint International Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems and Micromechatronics for Information and Precision Equipment. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps-mipe2018-8540.
Full textAbstract:
In this research, as a different approach to the conventional one which enhances the performance with hardware of a haptic device, we adopt another approach to make the brain feel as if the person is touching the real thing via an illusion. Thus, we study Velvet Hand Illusion (VHI) which is an illusionary phenomenon concerning tactile touch. In VHI, a hexagonal wire mesh is sandwiched between both hands and rubbing the wire mesh without relative motion between both hands generates a smooth feeling, like velvet. The brain activation at this time is measured by PocketNIRS, which contains two channels measuring the bilateral prefrontal cortex. We obtained the result that the prefrontal cortex was activated to roughly two times larger when VHI occurred than when touching real velvet fabric. Since different responses can be obtained in the prefrontal cortex during brain activation between real velvet and VHI, it is possible to use pocketNIRS for the evaluation of VHI.
8
Mekhilef, Mounib, and Philippe Deshayes. "Knowledge Management: A Concept Review." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48745.
Full textAbstract:
The reality of the Knowledge Management (KM) joins in a multiplicity of ends and situations. In the scientific literature, KM seems to appear as a sort of more or less unified and more or less generative “field of research” of specialists’ community. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of the scientific production relative to the Knowledge Management shows essentially that the management of knowledge and competence became a preoccupation in a big part of sciences and techniques. This is translated by a big number of actors (university, consultant, industrial, etc.) constituting a community of preoccupations. It deals also with a profusion of publications, various networks and a rising offer of specialized trainings. However, the big variety of points of view and interpretations which join to the knowledge and competence management calls up to a lot of caution as for any other scientific discipline, and invites to understand the senses which are given to them. Indeed, no fundamental scientific result appeared really: literature supplies only approaches which hold more feeling than it is important, or very pragmatic applications, sending back mostly to particular cases of companies.
9
Stuldreher, Ivo, Linsey Roijendijk, Maarten Michel, and Alexander Toet. "Gaze Behavior as an Objective Measure to Assess Social Presence During Immersive Mediated Communication." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002746.
Full textAbstract:
Immersive communication systems provide increasingly realistic virtual environments, which may afford immersive social interactions that approach the quality of face-to-face (F2F) meetings by eliciting a sense of social presence; the feeling of being physically together with another person and having an affective and intellectual connection. To optimize a system’s ability to convey social presence, there is a need for tools that efficiently and reliably measure the degree to which users experience social presence. Currently, the most widely used tools to measure (social) presence are questionnaires. As their ecological validity is questionable, there is a need for objective and non-intrusive measures to measure social presence during naturalistic social interactions. In our study, we aimed to identify a set of determinants of social presence that enable the assessment of a system’s ability to convey social presence, preferably using easy to use, off-the-shelf tools. Considering eye gaze behavior is modulated by social presence and can be measured with relative ease for both F2F and mediated communication, we propose to use three eye gaze measures as an accessible means to assess the level of social presence a system can elicit.
10
Mohbeddin, Abeer, Nawar Haj Ahmed, and Layla Kamareddine. "The use of Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model Organism to study the effect of Innate Immunity on Metabolism." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0224.
Full textAbstract:
Apart from its traditional role in disease control, recent body of evidence has implicated a role of the immune system in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Owing to the importance of this “immune-metabolic alignment” in dictating a state of health or disease, a proper mechanistic understanding of this alignment is crucial in opening up for promising therapeutic approaches against a broad range of chronic, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders like obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel syndrome. In this project, we addressed the role of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) innate immune pathway in regulating different metabolic parameters using the Drosophila melanogaster (DM) fruit fly model organism. Mutant JAK/STAT pathway flies with a systemic knockdown of either Domeless (Dome) [domeG0282], the receptor that activates JAK/STAT signaling, or the signal-transducer and activator of transcription protein at 92E (Stat92E) [stat92EEY10528], were used. The results of the study revealed that blocking JAK/STAT signaling alters the metabolic profile of mutant flies. Both domeG0282 and stat92EEY10528 mutants had an increase in body weight, lipid deprivation from their fat body (lipid storage organ in flies), irregular accumulation of lipid droplets in the gut, systemic elevation of glucose and triglyceride levels, and differential down-regulation in the relative gene expression of different peptide hormones (Tachykinin, Allatostatin C, and Diuretic hormone 31) known to regulate metabolic homeostasis in flies. Because the JAK/STAT pathway is evolutionary conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, our potential findings in the fruit fly serves as a platform for further immune-metabolic translational studies in more complex mammalian systems including humans.
Reports on the topic "Feeling of relative deprivation"
1
Deaton, Angus. Relative Deprivation, Inequality, and Mortality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8099.
Full text
2
Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Does relative deprivation condition the effects of social protection programs on political attitudes? Experimental evidence from Pakistan. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133270.
Full text
3
Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Does Relative Deprivation Condition the Effects of Social Protection Programs on Political Support? Experimental Evidence from Pakistan. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136438.
Full text
4
Allik, Mirjam, Dandara Ramos, Marilyn Agranonik, Elzo Pereira Pinto Junior, Maria Yury Ichihara, Mauricio Barreto, Alastair Leyland, and Ruth Dundas. Developing a Small-Area Deprivation Measure for Brazil. University of Glasgow, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.215898.
Full textAbstract:
This report describes the development of the BrazDep small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil. The measure uses the 2010 Brazilian Population Census data and is calculated for the smallest possible geographical area level, the census sectors. It combines three variables – (1) percent of households with per capita income ≤ 1/2 minimum wage; (2) percent of people not literate, aged 7+; and (3) average of percent of people with inadequate access to sewage, water, garbage collection and no toilet and bath/shower – into a single measure. Similar measures have previously been developed at the census sector level for some states or municipalities, but the deprivation measure described in this report is the first one to be provided for census sectors for the whole of Brazil. BrazDep is a measure of relative deprivation, placing the census sectors on a scale of material well-being from the least to the most deprived. It is useful in comparing areas within Brazil in 2010, but cannot be used to make comparisons across countries or time. Categorical versions of the measure are also provided, placing census sectors into groups of similar levels of deprivation. Deprivation measures, such as the one developed here, have been developed for many countries and are popular tools in public health research for describing the social patterning of health outcomes and supporting the targeting and delivery of services to areas of higher need. The deprivation measure is exponentially distributed, with a large proportion of areas having a low deprivation score and a smaller number of areas experiencing very high deprivation. There is significant regional variation in deprivation; areas in the North and Northeast of Brazil have on average much higher deprivation compared to the South and Southeast. Deprivation levels in the Central-West region fall between those for the North and South. Differences are also great between urban and rural areas, with the former having lower levels of deprivation compared to the latter. The measure was validated by comparing it to other similar indices measuring health and social vulnerability at the census sector level in states and municipalities where it was possible, and at the municipal level for across the whole of Brazil. At the municipal level the deprivation measure was also compared to health outcomes. The different validation exercises showed that the developed measure produced expected results and could be considered validated. As the measure is an estimate of the “true” deprivation in Brazil, uncertainty exists about the exact level of deprivation for all of the areas. For the majority of census sectors the uncertainty is small enough that we can reliably place the area into a deprivation category. However, for some areas uncertainty is very high and the provided estimate is unreliable. These considerations should always be kept in mind when using the BrazDep measure in research or policy. The measure should be used as part of a toolkit, rather than a single basis for decision-making. The data together with documentation is available from the University of Glasgow http: //dx.doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.980. The data and this report are distributed under Creative Commons Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be freely used by researchers, policy makers or members of public.
5
Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.
Full textAbstract:
This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
6
Rarasati, Niken, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Giving Schools and Teachers Autonomy in Teacher Professional Development Under a Medium-Capability Education System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/050.
Full textAbstract:
A mature teacher who continuously seeks improvement should be recognised as a professional who has autonomy in conducting their job and has the autonomy to engage in a professional community of practice (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010). In other words, teachers’ engagement in professional development activities should be driven by their own determination rather than extrinsic sources of motivation. In this context, teachers’ self-determination can be defined as a feeling of connectedness with their own aspirations or personal values, confidence in their ability to master new skills, and a sense of autonomy in planning their own professional development path (Stupnisky et al., 2018; Eyal and Roth, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000). Previous studies have shown the advantages of providing teachers with autonomy to determine personal and professional improvement. Bergmark (2020) found that giving teachers the opportunity to identify areas of improvement based on teaching experience expanded the ways they think and understand themselves as teachers and how they can improve their teaching. Teachers who plan their own improvement showed a higher level of curiosity in learning and trying out new things. Bergmark (2020) also shows that a continuous cycle of reflection and teaching improvement allows teachers to recognise that the perfect lesson does not exist. Hence, continuous reflection and improvement are needed to shape the lesson to meet various classroom contexts. Moreover, Cheon et al. (2018) found that increased teacher autonomy led to greater teaching efficacy and a greater tendency to adopt intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) instructional goals. In developed countries, teacher autonomy is present and has become part of teachers’ professional life and schools’ development plans. In Finland, for example, the government is responsible for providing resources and services that schools request, while school development and teachers’ professional learning are integrated into a day-to-day “experiment” performed collaboratively by teachers and principals (Niemi, 2015). This kind of experience gives teachers a sense of mastery and boosts their determination to continuously learn (Ryan and Deci, 2000). In low-performing countries, distributing autonomy of education quality improvement to schools and teachers negatively correlates with the countries’ education outcomes (Hanushek et al., 2011). This study also suggests that education outcome accountability and teacher capacity are necessary to ensure the provision of autonomy to improve education quality. However, to have teachers who can meet dynamic educational challenges through continuous learning, de Klerk & Barnett (2020) suggest that developing countries include programmes that could nurture teachers’ agency to learn in addition to the regular content and pedagogical-focused teacher training materials. Giving autonomy to teachers can be challenging in an environment where accountability or performance is measured by narrow considerations (teacher exam score, administrative completion, etc.). As is the case in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, teachers tend to attend training to meet performance evaluation administrative criteria rather than to address specific professional development needs (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). Generally, the focus of the training relies on what the government believes will benefit their teaching workforce. Teacher professional development (TPD) is merely an assignment for Jakarta teachers. Most teachers attend the training only to obtain attendance certificates that can be credited towards their additional performance allowance. Consequently, those teachers will only reproduce teaching practices that they have experienced or observed from their seniors. As in other similar professional development systems, improvement in teaching quality at schools is less likely to happen (Hargreaves, 2000). Most of the trainings were led by external experts or academics who did not interact with teachers on a day-to-day basis. This approach to professional development represents a top-down mechanism where teacher training was designed independently from teaching context and therefore appears to be overly abstract, unpractical, and not useful for teachers (Timperley, 2011). Moreover, the lack of relevancy between teacher training and teaching practice leads to teachers’ low ownership of the professional development process (Bergmark, 2020). More broadly, in the Jakarta education system, especially the public school system, autonomy was never given to schools and teachers prior to establishing the new TPD system in 2021. The system employed a top-down relationship between the local education agency, teacher training centres, principals, and teachers. Professional development plans were usually motivated by a low teacher competency score or budgeted teacher professional development programme. Guided by the scores, the training centres organised training that could address knowledge areas that most of Jakarta's teachers lack. In many cases, to fulfil the quota as planned in the budget, the local education agency and the training centres would instruct principals to assign two teachers to certain training without knowing their needs. Realizing that the system was not functioning, Jakarta’s local education agency decided to create a reform that gives more autonomy toward schools and teachers in determining teacher professional development plan. The new system has been piloted since November 2021. To maintain the balance between administrative evaluation and addressing professional development needs, the new initiative highlights the key role played by head teachers or principals. This is based on assumption that principals who have the opportunity to observe teaching practice closely could help teachers reflect and develop their professionalism. (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). As explained by the professional development case in Finland, leadership and collegial collaboration are also critical to shaping a school culture that could support the development of professional autonomy. The collective energies among teachers and the principal will also direct the teacher toward improving teaching, learning, and caring for students and parents (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010; Hargreaves, 2000). Thus, the new TPD system in Jakarta adopts the feature of collegial collaboration. This is considered as imperative in Jakarta where teachers used to be controlled and join a professional development activity due to external forces. Learning autonomy did not exist within themselves. Hence, teachers need a leader who can turn the "professional development regulation" into a culture at schools. The process will shape teachers to do professional development quite autonomously (Deci et al., 2001). In this case, a controlling leadership style will hinder teachers’ autonomous motivation. Instead, principals should articulate a clear vision, consider teachers' individual needs and aspirations, inspire, and support professional development activities (Eyal and Roth, 2011). This can also be called creating a professional culture at schools (Fullan, 1996). In this Note, we aim to understand how the schools and teachers respond to the new teacher professional development system. We compare experience and motivation of different characteristics of teachers.