Journal articles: 'Feedstock pretreatment'

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Partridge, Anna, Ekaterina Sermyagina, and Esa Vakkilainen. "Impact of Pretreatment on Hydrothermally Carbonized Spruce." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112984.

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Upgrading biomass waste streams can improve economics in wood industries by adding value to the process. This work considers use of a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process for the residual feedstock after lignin and hemicelluloses extraction. Batch experiments were performed at 200–240 °C temperatures and three hours residence time with an 8:1 biomass to water ratio for two feedstocks: Raw spruce and spruce after lignin extraction. The proximate analysis and heating value showed similar results for both feedstocks, indicating that the thermochemical conversion is not impacted by the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses; the pretreatment processing slightly increases the heating value of the treated feedstock, but the HTC conversion process produces a consistent upgrading trend for both the treated and untreated feedstocks. The energy yield was 9.7 percentage points higher for the treated wood on average across the range temperatures due to the higher mass yield in the treated experiments. The energy densification ratio and the mass yield were strongly correlated with reaction temperature, while the energy yield was not. Lignocellulosic composition of the solid HTC product is mainly affected by HTC treatment, the effect of lignin extraction is negligible.

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Nahar, Nurun, Ramsharan Pandey, Ghasideh Pourhashem, David Ripplinger, and Scott W. Pryor. "Life Cycle Perspectives of Using Non-Pelleted vs. Pelleted Corn Stover in a Cellulosic Biorefinery." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092518.

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Cellulosic biorefineries have attracted interest due to the growing energy security and environmental concerns related to fossil fuel-based energy and chemicals. Using pelleted biomass as a biorefinery feedstock can reduce their processing inputs while improving biomass handling and transportation. However, it is still questionable whether energy and emission savings from feedstock transportation and processing can justify pelletization. A life cycle assessment approach was used to compare energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pelleted and non-pelleted corn stover as a biorefinery feedstock. Operations considered were pelleting, transportation, and soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment. Despite greater GHG emissions (up to 25 times higher than the transportation) generated from the pelleting process, the model showed a significant opportunity to offset and even reduce overall GHG emissions considering the pretreatment process benefits. Our process energy analysis showed that SAA pretreatment of pelleted biomass required significantly lower energy inputs (56%) due to the lower-severity pretreatment’s effectiveness. Higher pretreatment solid loadings are allowed when pelleted biomass is used and this reduces the process chemicals and water requirements by 56% and 49%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the SAA pretreatment of pelleted biomass might be a feasible option as the cellulosic biorefinery feedstock.

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Vasco-Correa, Juliana, and Ajay Shah. "Techno-Economic Bottlenecks of the Fungal Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass." Fermentation 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5020030.

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Fungal pretreatment is a biological process that uses rotting fungi to reduce the recalcitrance and enhance the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic feedstocks at low temperature, without added chemicals and wastewater generation. Thus, it has been presumed to be low cost. However, fungal pretreatment requires longer incubation times and generates lower yields than traditional pretreatments. Thus, this study assesses the techno-economic feasibility of a fungal pretreatment facility for the production of fermentable sugars for a 75,700 m3 (20 million gallons) per year cellulosic bioethanol plant. Four feedstocks were evaluated: perennial grasses, corn stover, agricultural residues other than corn stover, and hardwood. The lowest estimated sugars production cost ($1.6/kg) was obtained from corn stover, and was 4–15 times as much as previous estimates for conventional pretreatment technologies. The facility-related cost was the major contributor (46–51%) to the sugar production cost, mainly because of the requirement of large equipment in high quantities, due to process bottlenecks such as low sugar yields, low feedstock bulk density, long fungal pretreatment times, and sterilization requirements. At the current state of the technology, fungal pretreatment at biorefinery scale does not appear to be economically feasible, and considerable process improvements are still required to achieve product cost targets.

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Wongsurakul, Peerawat, Mutsee Termtanun, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Jun Wei Lim, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Prasert Pavasant, Izumi Kumakiri, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15092986.

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Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can replace fossil fuel, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and represent a renewable building block for biochemical production. Ethanol can be produced from various feedstocks. First-generation ethanol is mainly produced from sugar- and starch-containing feedstocks. For second-generation ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a feedstock. Typically, ethanol production contains four major steps, including the conversion of feedstock, fermentation, ethanol recovery, and ethanol storage. Each feedstock requires different procedures for its conversion to fermentable sugar. Lignocellulosic biomass requires extra pretreatment compared to sugar and starch feedstocks to disrupt the structure and improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Many pretreatment methods are available such as physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological methods. However, the greatest concern regarding the pretreatment process is inhibitor formation, which might retard enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The main inhibitors are furan derivatives, aromatic compounds, and organic acids. Actions to minimize the effects of inhibitors, detoxification, changing fermentation strategies, and metabolic engineering can subsequently be conducted. In addition to the inhibitors from pretreatment, chemicals used during the pretreatment and fermentation of byproducts may remain in the final product if they are not removed by ethanol distillation and dehydration. Maintaining the quality of ethanol during storage is another concerning issue. Initial impurities of ethanol being stored and its nature, including hygroscopic, high oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility, influence chemical reactions during the storage period and change ethanol’s characteristics (e.g., water content, ethanol content, acidity, pH, and electrical conductivity). During ethanol storage periods, nitrogen blanketing and corrosion inhibitors can be applied to reduce the quality degradation rate, the selection of which depends on several factors, such as cost and storage duration. This review article sheds light on the techniques of control used in ethanol fuel production, and also includes specific guidelines to control ethanol quality during production and the storage period in order to preserve ethanol production from first-generation to second-generation feedstock. Finally, the understanding of impurity/inhibitor formation and controlled strategies is crucial. These need to be considered when driving higher ethanol blending mandates in the short term, utilizing ethanol as a renewable building block for chemicals, or adopting ethanol as a hydrogen carrier for the long-term future, as has been recommended.

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Hren, Robert, Aleksandra Petrovič, Lidija Čuček, and Marjana Simonič. "Determination of Various Parameters during Thermal and Biological Pretreatment of Waste Materials." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092262.

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Pretreatment of waste materials could help in more efficient waste management. Various pretreatment methods exist, each one having its own advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, a certain pretreatment technique might be efficient and economical for one feedstock while not for another. Thus, it is important to analyze how parameters change during pretreatment. In this study, two different pretreatment techniques were applied: thermal at lower and higher temperatures (38.6 °C and 80 °C) and biological, using cattle rumen fluid at ruminal temperature (≈38.6 °C). Two different feedstock materials were chosen: sewage sludge and riverbank grass (Typha latifolia), and their combinations (in a ratio of 1:1) were also analyzed. Various parameters were analyzed in the liquid phase before and after pretreatment, and in the gas phase after pretreatment. In the liquid phase, some of the parameters that are relevant to water quality were measured, while in the gas phase composition of biogas was measured. The results showed that most of the parameters significantly changed during pretreatments and that lower temperature thermal and/or biological treatment of grass and sludge is suggested for further applications.

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Predojevic, Zlatica. "Pretreatments of lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production." Chemical Industry 64, no. 4 (2010): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100217016p.

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The use of renewable energy sources (biofuels), either as a component in the conventional fossil fuels, gasoline and diesel, or as a pure biofuel, contributes to energy saving and decrease of total CO2 emission. The use of bioethanol mixed with gasoline significantly decreases gasoline consumption and contributes to environment protection. One of the problems in the production of bioethanol is the availability of sugar and starch based feedstock used for its production. However, lignocellulosic feedstocks are becoming more significant in the production of bioethanol due to their availability and low cost. The aim of this study is to point out the advantages and shortcomings of pretreatment processes and hydrolyses of lignocellulosic feedstocks that precede their fermentation to bioethanol.

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Shi, Jian, Vicki S. Thompson, Neal A. Yancey, Vitalie Stavila, Blake A. Simmons, and Seema Singh. "Impact of mixed feedstocks and feedstock densification on ionic liquid pretreatment efficiency." Biofuels 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bfs.12.82.

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Pattranan Junluthin, Tipsukhon Pimpimol, and Niwooti Whangchai. "Efficient conversion of night-blooming giant water lily into bioethanol and biogas." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 3, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v3i2.245901.

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This study aimed to characterize and evaluate an inedible giant water lily as a bioenergy feedstock. The conversion of giant water lily organics to bioenergy can produce renewable energy. Composition study indicated that giant water lily is an excellent feedstock for bioethanol and biogas production. Fermentation effluent wastes from anaerobic digestion were transformed directly into ethanol using an alkali pretreatment. Under mild operating conditions, alkaline pretreatment with NaOH enhanced ethanol and biogas output. Anaerobic digestion of giant water lily yielded a methane content of 62.44% digestion with cow dung inoculum. The highest ever achieved was an ethanol yield of 4.82 g/L of digested effluent after only 24 hours of fermentation. The pretreated materials were then enzymatically hydrolyzed, fermented to ethanol. Furthermore, co-digestion in biogas plants may be economically advantageous for biorefineries because the by-products (digestate) are obtained within the biorefinery itself and are acceptable for external feedstocks for ethanol fermentation.

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Saleem, Muhammad, Muhammad Usman Hanif, Ali Bahadar, Hamid Iqbal, Sergio C. Capareda, and Adeel Waqas. "The Effects of Hot Water and Ultrasonication Pretreatment of Microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata) on Biogas Production in Anaerobic Co-Digestion with Cow Manure." Processes 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121558.

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Anaerobic co-digestion provides a promising solution for converting inexpensive carbon from wastes to biogenic methane. We used microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata) with cow manure and sludge to produce a better quantity and quality of biogas. To further improve the gas production, microalgae were pretreated with ultrasonication, hot water, and a combination of both. Interestingly, the results showed that the pretreatment of microalgae decreased biogas production by 5 to 30%. The no-pretreatment runs produced a maximum of 118 L of biogas. The relative content of biogenic methane was higher in the pretreated feedstock (48 to 52%) in comparison with the no-pretreatment runs (44%). The conversion of volatile suspended solids present in the feedstock to total biogenic methane production was highest in hot-water-treated runs. The carbon content in the gas produced by the pretreated microalgae peaked (38%) in the middle of the experiment (i.e., at 45 days), whereas for no-pretreatment runs, the content remained constant from the start to the middle and declined (from 36 to 34%) at the end of the experiment (i.e., at 90 days). We also report the chemical structure of microalgae with and without pretreatments.

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Wood, Ian P., Enriqueta Garcia-Gutierrez, Nikolaus Wellner, and Keith W. Waldron. "Feedstock selection for polymer and chemical production: feedstock-specific recalcitrance." Faraday Discussions 202 (2017): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00044h.

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Plant cell wall materials derived from a range of waste biomass sources have great potential as a source of sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals. Perhaps the most straightforward way of realising this potential would be to hydrolyse the most efficiently fermentable polymers into their constituent sugars and use yeast to ferment these into useful chemicals. However, it also makes sense to pre-extract components which have a greater value in polymeric form. This is particularly true for non-cellulosic polymers, which are rich in poorly-fermentable pentose sugars. Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment can be used to extract non-cellulosic carbohydrates in a cost-effective manner, leaving a cellulose-rich substrate which is easier to hydrolyse using commercial cellulases. However, inherent differences in the plant cell wall structure and composition mean that some biomass sources may be more suitable for exploitation than others. Here, we examine eight different feedstocks (two each from hardwood, softwood, cereal straws and dicotyledonous crops), expose them to 26 different LHW pretreatment conditions and hydrolyse the entire pretreated slurry with a commercial cellulase. This enables side-by-side comparisons, in terms of saccharification yield, of the feedstocks. The results clearly demonstrate considerable differences in suitability between the feedstocks, in relation to the quantity of products released and the processes needed to obtain them.

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Zanellati, Andrea, Federica Spina, Luca Rollé, Giovanna Cristina Varese, and Elio Dinuccio. "Fungal Pretreatments on Non-Sterile Solid Digestate to Enhance Methane Yield and the Sustainability of Anaerobic Digestion." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 8549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208549.

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Fungi can run feedstock pretreatment to improve the hydrolysis and utilization of recalcitrant lignocellulose-rich biomass during anaerobic digestion (AD). In this study, three fungal strains (Coprinopsis cinerea MUT 6385, Cyclocybe aegerita MUT 5639, Cephalotrichum stemonitis MUT 6326) were inoculated in the non-sterile solid fraction of digestate, with the aim to further (re)use it as a feedstock for AD. The application of fungal pretreatments induced changes in the plant cell wall polymers, and different profiles were observed among strains. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in the cumulative biogas and methane yields with respect to the untreated control were observed. The most effective pretreatment was carried out for 20 days with C. stemonitis, causing the highest hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose reduction (59.3%, 9.6%, and 8.2%, respectively); the cumulative biogas and methane production showed a 182% and 214% increase, respectively, compared to the untreated control. The increase in AD yields was ascribable both to the addition of fungal biomass, which acted as an organic feedstock, and to the lignocellulose transformation due to fungal activity during pretreatments. The developed technologies have the potential to enhance the anaerobic degradability of solid digestate and untap its biogas potential for a further digestion step, thus allowing an improvement in the environmental and economic sustainability of the AD process and the better management of its by-products.

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Nghiem, Nhuan P., and Matthew J. Toht. "Pretreatment of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse for Ethanol Production Using Na2CO3 Obtained by NaOH Absorption of CO2 Generated in Sweet Sorghum Juice Ethanol Fermentation." Fermentation 5, no. 4 (October 24, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5040091.

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(1) Background: Commercial production of fuel ethanol currently uses sugarcane and corn as feedstocks. Attempts to develop other renewable feedstocks that are more abundant have led to lignocellulosic biomass, which requires pretreatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis to generate fermentable sugars. One of the largest cost components of pretreatment is chemical cost. Ethanol fermentation also produces large quantities of CO2 as a co-product contributing to global warming. (2) Methods: Sweet sorghum has emerged as a potential new feedstock for ethanol production. In the present study, the CO2 produced in sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) fermentation was captured by absorption in 5 M NaOH. The resultant Na2CO3 solution was used for pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), which is the solid residue in SSJ extraction. The pretreated SSB was fermented in SSJ to produce additional ethanol. (3) Results: CO2 absorption efficiency of 92.0% was observed. Pretreatment of SSB by the obtained Na2CO3 solution resulted in no loss of glucan and only 8.1 wt% loss of xylan. Ethanol yield from glucan in the pretreated SSB was 81.7% theoretical. (4) Conclusions: CO2 from SSJ fermentation captured as Na2CO3 could be used for efficient SSB pretreatment. Further study focusing on pretreatment process optimization is needed.

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Varrone, Cristiano, Lei Zhao, Guang Li Cao, Tao Sheng, Nan Qi Ren, and Ai Jie Wang. "Comparison of Different Pretreatment Methods to Increase Hydrogen Production from Cornstalk." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.216.

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Lignocellulosic biomass can be an ideal feedstock for fermentative hydrogen production if properly pretreated and hydrolyzed. In this research, to enhance hydrogen production from cornstalk, acid and alkali pretreatments were performed. Alkali pretreatment was conducted at 80°C for 60 min and room temperature for 7 days with the addition of 4% NaOH; acid pretreatments at 190°C, and 120°C for 10 min and 120 min, respectively, with the addition of 1.7% H2SO4. All the chemical components change of the substrates was detected. The highest lignin reduction of 75.6%, compared to untreated samples, was found at 80°C with 4% NaOH dosage. Under this pretreatment condition, highest increase in reducing sugar and hydrogen yield (up to 11.8 g/L and 71.8 ml/g-pretreated cornstalk) was obtained. The present results suggested an efficient pretreatment method to increase hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass.

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Maitz, S., M. Siebenhofer, and M. Kienberger. "Kraft black liquor as biorefinery feedstock: Hydrothermal pretreatment." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 92, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.202055356.

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Hernández-Beltrán, Javier Ulises, Inty Omar Hernández-De Lira, Mónica María Cruz-Santos, Alexia Saucedo-Luevanos, Fernando Hernández-Terán, and Nagamani Balagurusamy. "Insight into Pretreatment Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Increase Biogas Yield: Current State, Challenges, and Opportunities." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183721.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant due to its heterogeneous structure, which is one of the major limitations for its use as a feedstock for methane production. Although different pretreatment methods are being used, intermediaries formed are known to show adverse effect on microorganisms involved in methane formation. This review, apart from highlighting the efficiency and limitations of the different pretreatment methods from engineering, chemical, and biochemical point of views, will discuss the strategies to increase the carbon recovery in the form of methane by way of amending pretreatments to lower inhibitory effects on microbial groups and by optimizing process conditions.

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Guragain, Yadhu N., and Praveen V. Vadlani. "Renewable Biomass Utilization: A Way Forward to Establish Sustainable Chemical and Processing Industries." Clean Technologies 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3010014.

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Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks are promising alternatives to fossil fuels for meeting raw material needs of processing industries and helping transit from a linear to a circular economy and thereby meet the global sustainability criteria. The sugar platform route in the biochemical conversion process is one of the promising and extensively studied methods, which consists of four major conversion steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and product purification. Each of these conversion steps has multiple challenges. Among them, the challenges associated with the pretreatment are the most significant for the overall process because this is the most expensive step in the sugar platform route and it significantly affects the efficiency of all subsequent steps on the sustainable valorization of each biomass component. However, the development of a universal pretreatment method to cater to all types of feedstock is nearly impossible due to the substantial variations in compositions and structures of biopolymers among these feedstocks. In this review, we have discussed some promising pretreatment methods, their processing and chemicals requirements, and the effect of biomass composition on deconstruction efficiencies. In addition, the global biomass resources availability and process intensification ideas for the lignocellulosic-based chemical industry have been discussed from a circularity and sustainability standpoint.

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Premjet, Duangporn, Suwanan Wongleang, and Siripong Premjet. "Enhancing Glucose Recovery from Hibiscus cannabinus L. through Phosphoric Acid Pretreatment." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 7573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207573.

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Non-food lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive source owing to its abundance as a renewable resource and cost-effectiveness. Hibiscus cannabinus L., commonly known as kenaf, is a fiber-producing plant with high cellulose yield and non-food biomass. This study aimed to enhance the glucose recovery (GR) of kenaf biomass (KB). The bark and core fibers of KB are rich in glucan content and low in lignin content. Based on its glucan and lignin contents, KB has considerable potential as a feedstock for synthesizing monomer sugars, which can produce biofuel and high-value compounds. Therefore, the bark and core fibers were treated at a moderate temperature with various concentrations of phosphoric acid, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. After pretreatment, the chemical composition of both feedstocks was changed. Phosphoric acid substantially affected the elimination of partial lignin and hemicellulose, which led to enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum hydrolysis efficiency (HE) and GR of bark and core fibers were achieved when both feedstocks were treated with 75% phosphoric acid. Compared with untreated feedstocks, HE increased by approximately 5.6 times for bark and 4.7 times for core fibers. However, GR was enhanced approximately 4.9-fold for bark and 4.3-fold for core fibers.

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Iram, Attia, Deniz Cekmecelioglu, and Ali Demirci. "Integrating 1G with 2G Bioethanol Production by Using Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as the Feedstock for Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120705.

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First-generation (1G) bioethanol is one of the most used liquid biofuels in the transport industry. It is generated by using sugar- or starch-based feedstocks, while second-generation (2G) bioethanol is generated by using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of first-generation bioethanol production with a current annual production of 22.6 million tons in the USA. DDGS is rich in fiber and valuable nutrients contents, which can be used to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases for 2G bioethanol production. However, DDGS needs a pretreatment method such as dilute acid, ammonia soaking, or steam hydrolysis to release monosaccharides and short-length oligosaccharides as fermentable sugars for use in microbial media. These fermentable sugars can then induce microbial growth and enzyme production compared to only glucose or xylose in the media. In addition, selection of one or more suitable microbial strains, which work best with the DDGS for enzyme production, is also needed. Media optimization and fermentation process optimization strategies can then be applied to find the optimum conditions for the production of cellulases and hemicellulases needed for 2G bioethanol production. Therefore, in this review, a summary of all such techniques is compiled with a special focus on recent findings obtained in previous pieces of research conducted by the authors and by others in the literature. Furthermore, a comparison of such techniques applied to other feedstocks and process improvement strategies is also provided. Overall, dilute acid pretreatment is proven to be better than other pretreatment methods, and fermentation optimization strategies can enhance enzyme production by considerable folds with a suitable feedstock such as DDGS. Future studies can be further enhanced by the technoeconomic viability of DDGS as the on-site enzyme feedstock for the manufacture of second-generation bioethanol (2G) in first-generation (1G) ethanol plants, thus bridging the two processes for the efficient production of bioethanol using corn or other starch-based lignocellulosic plants.

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Ethaib, Saleem, Rozita Omar, Mustapa Kamal Siti Mazlina, Awang Biak Dayang Radiah, and Salah L. Zubaidi. "Toward sustainable processes of pretreatment technologies of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic production of biofuels and chemicals: A review." BioResources 15, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 10063–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.ethaib.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a class of sustainable material that can be utilized as a raw feedstock in biofuel and chemical production. However, the complex matrix structure of lignocellulosic materials complicates conversion processes, such as enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, an efficient pretreatment process is required to disrupt the plant cell wall structure and maximize the recovery of valuable soluble components from lignocellulosic biomass during hydrolysis. In addition, an effective pretreatment method should use the minimum necessary amounts of energy and chemicals to minimize the cost of the end product. Further, it should reduce the formation of inhibitory compounds that affect enzymes and microorganisms during hydrolysis and fermentation, and it should be applicable to a wide variety of feedstocks. The research presented in this review has highlighted the pros and cons of the current technologies employed in pretreatment processes. Further study should be done to optimize and improve these technologies to enhance the efficiency of the production of biofuels and other valuable components.

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Ko, Jae-Heung, Won-Chan Kim, Jong Hee Im, Joo-Yeol Kim, Sara Patterson, and Kyung-Hwan Han. "Pathway-specific genetic pretreatment strategy to improve bioenergy feedstock." Biomass and Bioenergy 115 (August 2018): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.05.005.

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Ko, K. H., J. O. Choi, and H. Lee. "Pretreatment effect of Cu feedstock on cold-sprayed coatings." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214, no. 8 (August 2014): 1530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.02.020.

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Yoon, H. H., Z. W. Wu, and Y. Y. Lee. "Ammonia-recycled percolation process for pretreatment of biomass feedstock." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 51-52, no. 1 (September 1995): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02933407.

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Haider, Syed Zeeshan. "Investigating the effect of temperature gradient on biogas production from pretreated maize straw and rice husk using multistage anaerobic bioreactor." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58, no. 04 (September 1, 2021): 1339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1521.

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The share of biogas in renewable energy sources is increasing as variety of feedstocks are now used for biogas production among which lignocellulosic biomass is emerging feedstock that can be used after proper pretreatment under best suited temperature. Although lot of pretreatments and temperature combinations have been tested but still there is a gap that can be filled by the current study focused on the effect of the temperature gradient (mesophilic and thermophilic) on biogas production potential of maize straw and rice husk using a modified Gompertz equation. Pretreatment was done by using alkali (NaOH and Ca(OH)2) and acids (HCl and H2SO4) each at 2, 4 and 6%.The pretreatment of crop residue with 6% NaOH degraded lignin contents significantly. The pretreated crop residue was further used for biogas production. A multistage anaerobic bioreactor containing three diagonally inline reactors provided with one water bath connected to reactors for better utilization of energy was used for biogas production. The temperature of water bath was adjusted to that the first reactor achieved 37°C and 55 °C for different experiments. The working temperatures found to be 31-37°C and 46-55°C were achieved to maintain the internal temperature of the reactors within mesophilic and thermophilice temperature ranges, respectively. The 36 days incubation time was equally divided for three reactors. The biogas production rate was297 mL/g-VSadded and 244.07 mL/g-VSadded from maize straw and rice husk under mesophilic conditions, respectively. The results showed an increased biogas yield for both feedstocks under mesophilic conditions as compared to thermophilic conditions. The central reactor showed better production as compared to other two rectors in all experiments.

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Hamouda, Ragaa A., Mervat H. Hussein, and Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar. "Potential value of red and brown seaweed for sustainable bioethanol production." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 44, no. 4 (October 21, 2018): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i4.38571.

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Algae are renewable sources of feedstock for bioethanol that can be grown on non arable lands, non productive water sources and inexpensive culture systems. Red seaweed Laurencia obtusa and brown seaweeds Cystoseira compressa, Colpomenia sinuosa were analysed by determining sugar content by HPLC and converted into suitable fermentable feedstock by NaOH, H2SO4, HCl and H3PO4 at concentrations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% at 21°C of 20 minutes. The efficiency of hydrolysis significantly improved by 5% HCl for Laurencia obtusa at 42.84 g sugar/100 g dry biomass. Pretreatment of Cystoseira compressa and Colpomenia sinuosa with 3 and 5% H3PO4 gave higher sugar content of 30.51 and 41.34 g/100 g dry biomass, respectively. A relatively high level ethanol of 0.146 g/g dry biomass of Laurencia obtusa was produced. Results indicate that Cystoseira compressa and Laurencia obtusa can be good feedstocks for bioethanol production.

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Raud, Merlin, and Timo Kikas. "Perennial Grasses as a Substrate for Bioethanol Production." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0052.

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AbstractOne of the possible choices as a biomass for lignocellulosic bioethanol production are different perennial grasses. Cultivating this type of biomass has many advantages in terms of natural diversity and landscape protection. In this study, mixture of red clover and timothy grass was used as a feedstock to investigate its potential as a substrate for bioethanol production. Traditional three step bioethanol production process was used in combination with NED pretreatment. The results show at all pretreatment temperatures similar glucose concentrations and hydrolysis efficiencies, which varied from 4.3 to 5.1 g/l and 15.2 % to 17.7 %, respectively. The ethanol yield, on the other hand, decreased as the pretreatment temperature increased. However, the mass balance revealed that when using this kind of feedstock, 3.3-4.0 g ethanol could be produced from 100 g of biomass. The overall efficiency and yield of the process was lower than expected due to pretreatment, which might not have been suitable for soft biomass.

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Sinha, G., S. Tiwari, and S. K. Jadhav. "Simultaneous Sachharification and Fermentation of Rice Residues and its Comparative Analysis for Bioethanol Production." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.14188.

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Energy consumption has inflated steadily over the last century because the world population has fully grown and additional countries became industrialised. Bioethanol is an alcohol produced by fermentation of plant biomass, containing carbohydrate and its production depends upon feedstock availability, variability, and sustainability. The selection of feedstock and its pretreatment is an important part of bioethanol production process. In present work, the exploration of the potential of agro-waste rice residues such as, rice bran and rice husk was done, because it contains sufficient amount of carbohydrate which can be ferment into bioethanol. The aim of the research was also to investigate how different pretreatment methods with moderate conditions differ in hydrolysis and fermentation efficiencies. Pretreatment plays an important role in the hydrolysis of cellulose and lignocellulose. It was found that biological pretreatment was a most effective method in terms of production of bioethanol and it enhances the production as well as fermentation efficiency.

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Tang, Shangyuan, Chunming Xu, Linh Tran Khanh Vu, Sicheng Liu, Peng Ye, Lingci Li, Yuxuan Wu, et al. "Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pennisetum alopecuroides by Dilute Acid, Alkaline and Ferric Chloride Pretreatments." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 2, 2019): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091715.

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In this study, effects of different pretreatment methods on the enzymatic digestibility of Pennisetum alopecuroides, a ubiquitous wild grass in China, were investigated to evaluate its potential as a feedstock for biofuel production. The stalk samples were separately pretreated with H2SO4, NaOH and FeCl3 solutions of different concentrations at 120 °C for 30 min, after which enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted to measure the digestibility of pretreated samples. Results demonstrated that different pretreatments were effective at removing hemicellulose, among which ferric chloride pretreatment (FCP) gave the highest soluble sugar recovery (200.2 mg/g raw stalk) from the pretreatment stage. In comparison with FCP and dilute acid pretreatment (DAP), dilute alkaline pretreatment (DALP) induced much higher delignification and stronger morphological changes of the biomass, making it more accessible to hydrolysis enzymes. As a result, DALP using 1.2% NaOH showed the highest total soluble sugar yield through the whole process from pretreatment to enzymatic hydrolysis (508.5 mg/g raw stalk). The present work indicates that DALP and FCP have the potential to enhance the effective bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass like P. alopecuroides, hence making this material a valuable and promising energy plant.

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Feng, RuiZhe, QiaoYan Li, Asad A. Zaidi, Hao Peng, and Yue Shi. "Effect of Autoclave Pretreatment on Biogas Production through Anaerobic Digestion of Green Algae." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 4 (August 26, 2021): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.18064.

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Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is one of the most widely used methods in the field of sustainable bioenergy production from various feedstock. One such feedstock is algae waste which has become an increasingly serious environmental problem. AD of algal biomass is hindered by the presence of resistant cell walls; hence a pretreatment step is usually required to decompose the cell wall structure. This study uses green algae (Enteromorpha) and anaerobic sludge as raw materials to explore the impact of autoclave (AC) pretreatment on biogas production. AC pretreatment was performed at 120 °C and 80 °C. The cumulative biogas production of the 120 °C AC pretreatment, 80 °C AC pretreatment and control group were 600 mL, 450 mL and 400 mL, respectively. The results showed that AC pretreatment improved the biodegradability of biomass as 120 °C AC pretreatment group achieved higher degradation rate of cells (95.99 %). The energy evaluation showed that the net energy ratio of the 120 °C AC pretreatment group was 1.07, indicating high overall energy gain via AD process. The experimental data is further modeled by using Modified Gompertz Model (MGM) and Logistic Function Model (LFM). To check the applicability of better model for this AD process, an Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) test was performed. AIC showed that the MGM is basically consistent with the experimental data and more reliable for prediction modeling of Enteromorpha AD.

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Jia, Yuyao, Deepak Kumar, Jill K. Winkler-Moser, Bruce Dien, and Vijay Singh. "Recoveries of Oil and Hydrolyzed Sugars from Corn Germ Meal by Hydrothermal Pretreatment: A Model Feedstock for Lipid-Producing Energy Crops." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226022.

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Vegetable oil is extracted from oil rich seeds, such as soybeans. Genetic engineering of green plants to accumulate oil in vegetative tissue is a future source of oil that promises increased land productivity and the use of marginal lands. However, the low concentration of lipids in current engineered plant biomass samples makes the oil extraction process challenging and expensive. In this study, liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment was investigated to enhance oil recovery from the solids and increase enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of such feedstocks. Corn germ meal was chosen as a model feedstock representing lipid-producing energy crops. Germ meal was pretreated at 160 and 180 °C for 10 and 15 min at 20% w/w solids loading. Enzymatic hydrolysis on the pretreated solid was performed. After pretreatment, the oil concentration increased by 2.2 to 4.2 fold. The most severe pretreatment condition of LHW, at 180 °C for 15 min, gave the maximum oil concentration (9.7%, w/w), the highest triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the extracted oil (71.6%), and the highest conversions of glucose and xylose (99.0% and 32.8%, respectively). This study demonstrates that the optimal pretreatment condition for corn germ meal is 180 °C LHW for 15 min. Pretreatment improves lipids recovery from oil bearing biomass with little or no effect on the lipid profile.

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Chen, Xiangxue, Xinchuan Yuan, Sitong Chen, Jianming Yu, Rui Zhai, Zhaoxian Xu, and Mingjie Jin. "Densifying Lignocellulosic biomass with alkaline Chemicals (DLC) pretreatment unlocks highly fermentable sugars for bioethanol production from corn stover." Green Chemistry 23, no. 13 (2021): 4828–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01362a.

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Adewuyi, Adewale, Paul O. Awolade, and Rotimi Ayodele Oderinde. "Hura crepitans Seed Oil: An Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production." Journal of Fuels 2014 (August 10, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/464590.

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Oil was extracted from the seed of Hura crepitans using hexane in a soxhlet extractor and analyzed for iodine value, saponification value and free fatty acid content. The dominant fatty acid in the oil was C18:2 (52.8±0.10%) while the iodine value was 120.10±0.70 g iodine/100 g. Biodiesel was produced from the oil using a two-step reaction system involving a first step of pretreatment via esterification reaction and a second step via transesterification reaction. The pretreatment step showed that free fatty acid in Hura crepitans seed oil can be reduced in a one-step pretreatment of esterification using H2SO4 as catalyst. The biodiesel produced from Hura crepitans seed oil had an acid value of 0.21±0.00 mg KOH/g, flash point of 152 ± 1.10°C, copper strip corrosion value of 1A, calorific value of 39.10±0.30 mJ/kg, cetane number of 45.62±0.30, and density of 0.86±0.02 g cm−3. The process gave a biodiesel yield of 98.70±0.40% with properties within the recommended values of EN 14214.

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Liyanage, T. U. Habarakada, and Sandhya Babel. "Enhancement of Methane Production in Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste using Thermal Pretreatment." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 20, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/20/202100063.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an energy production process and food waste is a potential feedstock. The main biochemical reactions are Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Methanogenesis. The hydrolysis step acts as the rate-limiting reaction and the pretreatment of the feedstocks can be used to support this step. In this research, thermal pretreatment was used as a potential method for food waste pretreatment. Six different pretreatment conditions were used: two different temperatures (80oC and 100oC) and three different pretreatment times (30, 60, and 90 min). The Bio-Methane Potential (BMP) test was conducted using 120 mL serum bottles for 20 days to determine the most suitable pretreatment conditions. An experiment was also conducted at the selected optimal conditions (80oC for 90 min) using a small-scale bioreactor against the control with a NaHCO3 buffer solution. The highest Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD) was observed at 100oC for 90 min. The optimal pretreatment was selected as 80oC for 90 min, which produced 14.75 mL/g VS of methane while the control produced 8.64 mL/g VS in BMP test. After a few days, the methane production started to slow down due to a decrease in pH. When a buffer was added, a specific methane yield of 120.13 mL/g VS was observed in the small-scale bioreactor. This was an 11.24% increase compared to the buffered control without thermal pretreatment. In conclusion, thermal pretreatment has a potential to enhance the AD but it is economical to use with less biodegradable waste than food waste.

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Masyutin, Ya A., Yu F. Gushchina, L. A. Ivanova, Yu V. Semenova, and V. A. Vinokurov. "Oxidative and Radiative Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Feedstock for Producing Biofuel." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 53, no. 5 (November 2017): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-017-0844-0.

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Šánek, Lubomír, Jiří Pecha, Karel Kolomazník, and Michaela Bařinová. "Biodiesel production from tannery fleshings: Feedstock pretreatment and process modeling." Fuel 148 (May 2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.084.

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Brosse, Nicolas, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, and Afidah Abdul Rahim. "Biomass to Bioethanol: Initiatives of the Future for Lignin." ISRN Materials Science 2011 (October 17, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/461482.

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Lignin, which is one of the most abundant natural materials, represents a vastly underutilized natural polymer. With the emerging necessity to develop alternative sustainable transportation fuels, bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass is considered as a viable option to petroleum-derived fuels. The effective utilization of biomass feedstock necessitates the development of cost-effective pretreatment technologies that are necessary to separate the three main biopolymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). One of the key issues concerning the pretreatment process is the full recovery of the feedstock through optimum utilization of all lignocellulosic components, including nonsugar compounds, as marketable products. Thus, availability of high-quality lignin in large quantities should stimulate development in new lignin applications in the fields of fibres, biodegradable polymers, adhesives, and surface treatment (rust converter).

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BURA, RENATA, SHANNON EWANICK, and RICHARD GUSTAFSON. "Assessment of Arundo donax (giant reed) as feedstock for conversion to ethanol." April 2012 11, no. 4 (May 1, 2012): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.4.59.

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The focus of this study was to assess the feasibility of using giant reed (Arundo donax) for bioethanol production via pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Sugar and ethanol yields from giant reed were compared with those from hybrid poplar, a well-regarded woody biomass feedstock. Low (L), medium (M), and high (H) severity steam pretreatment conditions were applied to giant reed to select the set of conditions that would allow recovery of the maximum amount of sugars in hydrolysable and fermentable form. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of the combined water insoluble and water soluble fractions from steam pretreated giant reed at the L severity condition of 190°C, 5 min, and 3% SO2 provided the highest ethanol yield − 79% of the theoretical maximum, which corresponds to 0.179 L ethanol/kg of raw material (based on six carbon sugars). Hybrid poplar pretreated at 200°C, 5 min, 3% SO2 produced 0.205 L ethanol/kg raw material after SSF, corresponding to 80% of the theoretical maximum ethanol yield (based on six carbon sugars). Giant reed appears to be a good alternative for biorefineries using poplar or similar hardwood feedstocks.

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Obeng, Abraham, Duangporn Premjet, and Siripong Premjet. "Combining Autoclaving with Mild Alkaline Solution as a Pretreatment Technique to Enhance Glucose Recovery from the Invasive Weed Chloris barbata." Biomolecules 9, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9040120.

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Developing an optimum pretreatment condition to enhance glucose recovery assessed the potential of Chloris barbata, which is a common invasive weed in Thailand, as a feedstock for bioethanol production. Chloris barbata was exposed to autoclave-assisted alkaline pretreatment by using different sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (1% to 4%) and heat intensities (110 °C to 130 °C) that were dissipated from autoclaving. The optimum condition for pretreatment was determined to be 2% NaOH at 110 °C for 60 min. At this condition, maximum hydrolysis efficiency (90.0%) and glucose recovery (30.7%), as compared to those of raw C. barbata (15.15% and 6.20%, respectively), were observed. Evaluation of glucose production from 1000 g of C. barbata based on material balance analysis revealed an estimated yield of 304 g after pretreatment at the optimum condition when compared to that of raw C. barbata (61 g), an increase of five-fold. Structural analysis by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the disruption of the intact structure of C. barbata and an increase in the cellulose crystallinity index (CrI), respectively. The results from this study demonstrate the efficiency of using C. barbata as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production.

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Novia, Novia, Vishnu K. Pareek, Hermansyah Hermansyah, and Asyeni Miftahul Jannah. "Effect of Dilute Acid - Alkaline Pretreatment on Rice Husk Composition and Hydrodynamic Modeling with CFD." Science and Technology Indonesia 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2019.4.1.18-23.

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The high cellulosic content of rice husk can be utilized as a feedstock for pulp and biofuel. Pretreatment is necessary to break the bonds in the complex lignocellulose matrices addressing the cellulose access. This work aims to utilize the rice husk using dilute acid and alkaline pretreatment experimentally and CFD modeling. The study consists of three series of research. The first stage was the dilute acid pretreatment with sulfuric acid concentration of 1% to 5% (v/v) at 85°C for 60 minutes, and alkaline pretreatment with NaOH concentration of 1% to 5% (w/v) at 85oC for 30 minutes separately. The second stage used the combination of both pretreatment. Moreover the last stage of research was hydrodynamic modeling of pretreatment process by CFD (ANSYS FLUENT 16). The experimental results showed that the lowest lignin content after acid pretreatment was about 10.74%. Alkaline pretreatment produced the lowest lignin content of 4.35%. The highest cellulose content was 66.75 % for acid-alkaline pretreatment. The lowest content of lignin was about 6.09% for acid-alkaline pretreatment. The lowest performance of alkaline pretreatment on HWS (hot water solubility) of about 7.34% can be enhanced to 9.71% by using a combination alkaline-acid. The combined pretreatments result hemicellulose of about 9.59% (alkaline-acid) and 9.27% (acid-alkaline). Modeling results showed that the mixing area had the minimum pressure of about -6250 Pa which is vortex leading minimum efficiency of mixing. The rice husk flowed upward to the upper level and mixed with reagent in the perfect mixing.

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Gschwend, Florence J. V., Clementine L. Chambon, Marius Biedka, Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, Paul S. Fennell, and Jason P. Hallett. "Quantitative glucose release from softwood after pretreatment with low-cost ionic liquids." Green Chemistry 21, no. 3 (2019): 692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc02155d.

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Norrrahim, Mohd Nor Faiz, Muhammad Roslim Muhammad Huzaifah, Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Siti Shazra Shazleen, Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Jesuarockiam Naveen, et al. "Greener Pretreatment Approaches for the Valorisation of Natural Fibre Biomass into Bioproducts." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 2971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172971.

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The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in various applications has a promising potential as advanced technology progresses due to its renowned advantages as cheap and abundant feedstock. The main drawback in the utilization of this type of biomass is the essential requirement for the pretreatment process. The most common pretreatment process applied is chemical pretreatment. However, it is a non-eco-friendly process. Therefore, this review aims to bring into light several greener pretreatment processes as an alternative approach for the current chemical pretreatment. The main processes for each physical and biological pretreatment process are reviewed and highlighted. Additionally, recent advances in the effect of different non-chemical pretreatment approaches for the natural fibres are also critically discussed with a focus on bioproducts conversion.

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HIDALGO BARRIO, MARIA DOLORES, JUAN CASTRO BUSTAMANTE, JESUS MARIA MARTIN MARROQUIN, FRANCISCO CORONA ENCINAS, and SERGIO SANZ BEDATE. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PRETREATMENT STRATEGIES ON THE BIODEGRADABILITY OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS." DYNA 97, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10179.

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When lignocellulosic biomass is used as a substrate in anaerobic digestion processes, a pretreatment stage is always required to break the hard structure of the material and facilitate the attack of microorganisms and, with it, their degradation. Numerous methods have been developed to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass. Four of them: torrefaction, cavitation, pelletizing and extrusion have been comparatively evaluated in this article as ways to increase methane production through anaerobic digestion of two raw materials with different lignin content: barley straw and vine shoot. In addition, it was examined how these pretreatments and the nature of the feedstock influence the volatile fatty acid profiles that are generated during the digestion process. The cavitation of biomass milled at 0.25 mm was revealed as the most efficient pretreatment among those tested, increasing by 360% and 240%, respectively, the methane production for vine shoots and barley straw.

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Qureshi, N., X. Lin, S. Liu, B. C. Saha, A. P. Mariano, J. Polaina, T. C. Ezeji, et al. "Global View of Biofuel Butanol and Economics of Its Production by Fermentation from Sweet Sorghum Bagasse, Food Waste, and Yellow Top Presscake: Application of Novel Technologies." Fermentation 6, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6020058.

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Worldwide, there are various feedstocks such as straws, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), grasses, leaves, whey permeate, household organic waste, and food waste (FW) that can be converted to valuable biofuels such as butanol. For the present studies, an economic analysis was performed to compare butanol production from three feedstocks (SSB; FW; and yellow top presscake, YTP or YT) using a standard process and an advanced integrated process design. The total plant capacity was set at 170,000–171,000 metric tons of total acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) per year (99,300 tons of just butanol per year). Butanol production from SSB typically requires pretreatment, separate hydrolysis, fermentation, and product recovery (SHFR). An advanced process was developed in which the last three steps were combined into a single unit operation for simultaneous saccharification, fermentation, and recovery (SSFR). For the SHFR and SSFR plants, the total capital investments were estimated as $213.72 × 106 and $198.16 × 106, respectively. It was further estimated that the minimum butanol selling price (using SSB as a feedstock) for the two processes were $1.14/kg and $1.05/kg. Therefore, SSFR lowered the production cost markedly compared to that of the base case. Butanol made using FW had an estimated minimum selling price of only $0.42/kg. This low selling price is because the FW to butanol process does not require pretreatment, hydrolysis, and cellulolytic enzymes. For this plant, the total capital investment was projected to be $107.26 × 106. The butanol selling price using YTP as a feedstock was at $0.73/kg and $0.79/kg with total capital investments for SSFR and SHFR of $122.58 × 106 and $132.21 × 106, respectively. In the Results and Discussion section, the availability of different feedstocks in various countries such as Brazil, the European Union, New Zealand, Denmark, and the United States are discussed. Additionally, the use of various microbial strains and product recovery technologies are also discussed.

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Arif, Abdur Rahman, Andi Evi Erviani, Hasnah Natsir, Ilham Haidir, and Maudy Audina Affandy. "Optimasi Pretreatment melalui Metode Hydrothermal Pressure dan Pelarut Alkali pada Produksi Bioetanol dari Lemna minor." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 14, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.1.15986.95-106.

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Produk bioetanol dengan bahan dasar biomassa lignoselulosa perlahan banyak dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Tantangan utama dalam produksi lignoselulosa etanol berada pada tahap pretreatment. Pretreatment merupakan tahap yang memegang peranan penting dalam mendegradasi lignoselulosa menjadi selulosa. Pada penelitian ini digunakan Lemna minor yang merupakan gulma perairan dengan kombinasi dua tahap pretreatmen untuk melihat efektivitas degradasi lignoselulosa dalam sampel. Tahap pertama dengan metode hydrothermal pressure pada suhu pemanasan uap 121 °C dan tekanan 15-20 psi dengan variasi waktu proses selama 5, 15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit. Tahap kedua pretreatment dengan metode kimiawi menggunakan NaOH dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; dan 2,5 M. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 60 menit merupakan waktu optimum dari metode hydrothermal pressure pada sampel L. minor dengan kadar lignin 11,32%, kadar selulosa 17,39%, kadar hemiselulosa 16,73% dan kadar gula total 0,82%. Untuk tahapan pretreatment dengan pelarut alkali (NaOH) kandungan kadar lignin L. minor setelah pretreatment dengan NaOH 2,0 M sebesar 5,36%, kadar. Kandungan kadar selulosa, hemiselulosa dan gula total optimum diperoleh pada konsentrasi 2,5 M dengan nilai kadar 31,03%; 5,57% dan 1,74%. Efektivitas penurunan kadar lignin pada pretreatment hydrothermal pressure sebesar 37,04% sedangkan pretreatment dengan NaOH sebesar 70,18%. Kombinasi proses pretreatment memberikan hasil yang cukup baik terhadap proses degradasi lignin yang terkandung dalam sampel Lemna minor sehingga sangat efektif digunakan dalam proses pembuatan bioetanol dengan bahan dasar biomassa. Optimization Pretreatment through Hidrothermal Preassure and Alkaline Solvent Methods in Bioethanol Production from Lemna minor. Bioethanol products with lignocellulosic biomass feedstock have been developed as an alternative energy source. The main challenge in the production of lignocellulosic ethanol is on the pretreatment stage. Pretreatment is a stage that plays an important role in degrading lignocellulose into cellulose. In this study, we used a Lemna minor which is a water weed with a combination of two stages of pretreatmentt to see the effectiveness of lignocellulosic degradation in the sample. The first stage is hydrothermal pressure method of steam heating temperature 121 °C and pressure 15-20 psi with variation of processing time for 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The second stage of pretreatment with chemical methods using NaOH with a concentration variation of 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 and 2.5 M. The results showed that 60 minutes was the optimum time of the hydrothermal pressure method in the L. minor sample with the lignin content of 11.32%, the cellulose 17.39%, the hemicellulose 16.73% and the total sugar 0.82%. For the pretreatment stage with alkaline solvent (NaOH) the content of L. minor lignin after pretreatment with 2.0 M NaOH was 5.36%. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose and total sugars was obtained at a concentration of 2.5 M with a grade value of 31.03%, 5.57%, and 1.74%. The effectiveness of lignin decrease in pretreatment hydrothermal pressure was 37.04% while pretreatmentt with NaOH was 70.18%. The combination of pretreatment process gives a good result to the lignin degradation process contained in the L. minor sample in order that it is very effective in the process of making bioethanol with biomass feedstock.

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LEHTO, JONI, MARKO HUTTUNEN, MARYAM GHALIBAF, and RAIMO ALÉN. "FAST PYROLYSIS OF SULFUR-FREE LIGNIN FROM ALKALINE PULPING WITH A HOT-WATER PRETREATMENT STAGE." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 56, no. 5-6 (June 21, 2022): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2022.56.52.

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"The pyrolytical conversion of birch (Betula pendula/pubescens) lignin fractions separated from hot-water pretreatment/sulfur-free delignification black liquors was investigated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Based on pyrolytical data, the main condensable compounds were organized into respective component groups, and the relative mass portions of the pyrolysis products (mainly monomer-related fragmented products) formed during pyrolysis of various feedstocks were determined. It could be concluded that relatively pure aromatic fractions, mainly of guaiacol and syringol origin, without carbohydrate impurities, could be produced by this integrated biorefinery approach, in which all biomass fractions can be utilized for manufacturing biobased chemicals and chemical precursors. It could be determined that the formation of the individual pyrolytical components was characteristically dependent on the utilized production conditions (i.e., alkali charge, temperature, pretreatment), creating the possibility for adjustment of the process parameters for pronounced production of desired product fractions. Hence, it could be concluded that this sulfur-free concept facilitated the environmentally friendly production of aromatics, without the need for removing sulfur or carbohydrates-derived impurities from the liquid feedstocks. The practical importance of the approach presented in this manuscript lies in the development of rapid and reliable characterization tools for various lignocellulosics-originated feedstocks possessing potential for thermochemical conversion and for creating novel biorefinery concept alternatives for producing aromatics and chemical precursors from currently underutilized feedstock, lignin."

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Pasha, Shaik Muzammil, P. Navya, Shaik Musfera, Y. S. Goutham, and Chand Pasha. "Bioethanol Production from Ammonia Pretreated Rice Straw." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 5 (December 10, 2022): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.5.13.

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Rice straw is produced in large quantity throughout the world. Rice straw is a leading feedstock for bioethanol production. Diluted ammonia pretreatment for one week at room temperature was found to be effective pretreatment. This pretreated rice straw was acid hydrolyzed and subsequently fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae CP11 strain. 1.5% ammonia pretreatment at room temperature for one week resulted 82.4% delignification and 78.49% of acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysate was fermented with maximum ethanol concentration 5.70 % with an ethanol yield of 0.46g/g and fermentation efficiency of 90.6%. Diluted ammonia pretreatment at higher temperature has reduced delignification, saccharification and fermentation efficiency with more phenols and furfurals.

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Ramos-Suarez, Maria, Yue Zhang, and Victoria Outram. "Current perspectives on acidogenic fermentation to produce volatile fatty acids from waste." Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 20, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 439–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-021-09566-0.

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AbstractVolatile fatty acids (VFAs) are key platform chemicals used in a multitude of industries including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture. The current route for VFA production is petrochemical based. VFAs can be biologically produced using organic wastes as substrate, therefore directly contributing to a sustainable economy. This process is commonly known as acidogenic fermentation (AF). This review explores the current research on the development of AF processes optimized for VFA production. Three process steps are considered: feedstock pretreatment, fermentation, and primary product recovery with a focus on in situ recovery. Pretreatment is required for recalcitrant feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic substrates. Different pretreatment techniques for AF application have not been studied in depth. The operational parameters of AF (temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time, substrate concentration, etc.) highly influence microbial activity, VFA yields and product distribution. Optimum conditions are ultimately dependent on substrate composition, however, there is indication that certain operational ranges are beneficial for most feedstocks. VFA recovery and purification are necessary for chemical applications. When recovery is performed in situ, it can help relieve product-induced inhibition and keep alkalinity levels stable enabling further waste degradation. Many techniques have been tested, but none are directly compatible with the fermentation conditions tested. Bio-VFAs have the potential to aid in developing a circular economy, but further development is required. Processes need to be developed with the product market in mind, considering both process integration and systematic process optimization.

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Bach, Quang-Vu, Khanh-Quang Tran, and Øyvind Skreiberg. "Hydrothermal pretreatment of fresh forest residues: Effects of feedstock pre-drying." Biomass and Bioenergy 85 (February 2016): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.11.019.

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Verma, Sumit Kumar, F. Fenila, and Yogendra Shastri. "Sensitivity analysis and stochastic modelling of lignocellulosic feedstock pretreatment and hydrolysis." Computers & Chemical Engineering 106 (November 2017): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.05.015.

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Nanda, Sonil, Ajay K. Dalai, and Janusz A. Kozinski. "Butanol and ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock: biomass pretreatment and bioconversion." Energy Science & Engineering 2, no. 3 (July 24, 2014): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.41.

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Negro, Maria José, Cristina Álvarez, Pablo Doménech, Raquel Iglesias, and Ignacio Ballesteros. "Sugars Production from Municipal Forestry and Greening Wastes Pretreated by an Integrated Steam Explosion-Based Process." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174432.

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Abstract:

Increasing awareness of resource sustainability and waste management has led to the search for solutions while promoting circular economy principles. Among all kinds of lignocellulosic biomass available, one with growing interest is municipal forestry and greening waste (MFGW). MFGW makes up an important part of waste streams of municipal solid waste and is a potential feedstock for biological conversion in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. This work studied the fermentable sugars production from MFGW after steam explosion (SE) pretreatment combined with other pretreatments such as dilute acid, organosolv, and metal salts. A range of pretreatment conditions was evaluated according to different parameters: sugars recovery, degradation product generation, and enzymatic hydrolysis yield. At selected pretreatment conditions (diluted acid plus SE, 195 °C, 10 min, and 60 mg H2SO4/g MFGW), 77% of potential sugars content in MFGW was obtained. The effect of solids loading and enzyme dose on glucose release and glucose yield on enzymatic hydrolysis were also determined. Up to 70% of the main sugars in the MFGW were recovered for the coupled pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis (45 FPU/g glucan enzyme loading and 20% dry matter solid consistency), resulting in 80 g/L glucose that could be further utilized for ethanol production.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Feedstock pretreatment'

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