Relevant bibliographies by topics / Feedstock pretreatment

Academic literature on the topic 'Feedstock pretreatment'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Feedstock pretreatment"

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Partridge, Anna, Ekaterina Sermyagina, and Esa Vakkilainen. "Impact of Pretreatment on Hydrothermally Carbonized Spruce." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112984.

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Upgrading biomass waste streams can improve economics in wood industries by adding value to the process. This work considers use of a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process for the residual feedstock after lignin and hemicelluloses extraction. Batch experiments were performed at 200–240 °C temperatures and three hours residence time with an 8:1 biomass to water ratio for two feedstocks: Raw spruce and spruce after lignin extraction. The proximate analysis and heating value showed similar results for both feedstocks, indicating that the thermochemical conversion is not impacted by the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses; the pretreatment processing slightly increases the heating value of the treated feedstock, but the HTC conversion process produces a consistent upgrading trend for both the treated and untreated feedstocks. The energy yield was 9.7 percentage points higher for the treated wood on average across the range temperatures due to the higher mass yield in the treated experiments. The energy densification ratio and the mass yield were strongly correlated with reaction temperature, while the energy yield was not. Lignocellulosic composition of the solid HTC product is mainly affected by HTC treatment, the effect of lignin extraction is negligible.
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Nahar, Nurun, Ramsharan Pandey, Ghasideh Pourhashem, David Ripplinger, and Scott W. Pryor. "Life Cycle Perspectives of Using Non-Pelleted vs. Pelleted Corn Stover in a Cellulosic Biorefinery." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092518.

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Cellulosic biorefineries have attracted interest due to the growing energy security and environmental concerns related to fossil fuel-based energy and chemicals. Using pelleted biomass as a biorefinery feedstock can reduce their processing inputs while improving biomass handling and transportation. However, it is still questionable whether energy and emission savings from feedstock transportation and processing can justify pelletization. A life cycle assessment approach was used to compare energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pelleted and non-pelleted corn stover as a biorefinery feedstock. Operations considered were pelleting, transportation, and soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment. Despite greater GHG emissions (up to 25 times higher than the transportation) generated from the pelleting process, the model showed a significant opportunity to offset and even reduce overall GHG emissions considering the pretreatment process benefits. Our process energy analysis showed that SAA pretreatment of pelleted biomass required significantly lower energy inputs (56%) due to the lower-severity pretreatment’s effectiveness. Higher pretreatment solid loadings are allowed when pelleted biomass is used and this reduces the process chemicals and water requirements by 56% and 49%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the SAA pretreatment of pelleted biomass might be a feasible option as the cellulosic biorefinery feedstock.
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Vasco-Correa, Juliana, and Ajay Shah. "Techno-Economic Bottlenecks of the Fungal Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass." Fermentation 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5020030.

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Fungal pretreatment is a biological process that uses rotting fungi to reduce the recalcitrance and enhance the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic feedstocks at low temperature, without added chemicals and wastewater generation. Thus, it has been presumed to be low cost. However, fungal pretreatment requires longer incubation times and generates lower yields than traditional pretreatments. Thus, this study assesses the techno-economic feasibility of a fungal pretreatment facility for the production of fermentable sugars for a 75,700 m3 (20 million gallons) per year cellulosic bioethanol plant. Four feedstocks were evaluated: perennial grasses, corn stover, agricultural residues other than corn stover, and hardwood. The lowest estimated sugars production cost ($1.6/kg) was obtained from corn stover, and was 4–15 times as much as previous estimates for conventional pretreatment technologies. The facility-related cost was the major contributor (46–51%) to the sugar production cost, mainly because of the requirement of large equipment in high quantities, due to process bottlenecks such as low sugar yields, low feedstock bulk density, long fungal pretreatment times, and sterilization requirements. At the current state of the technology, fungal pretreatment at biorefinery scale does not appear to be economically feasible, and considerable process improvements are still required to achieve product cost targets.
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Wongsurakul, Peerawat, Mutsee Termtanun, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Jun Wei Lim, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Prasert Pavasant, Izumi Kumakiri, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15092986.

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Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can replace fossil fuel, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and represent a renewable building block for biochemical production. Ethanol can be produced from various feedstocks. First-generation ethanol is mainly produced from sugar- and starch-containing feedstocks. For second-generation ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a feedstock. Typically, ethanol production contains four major steps, including the conversion of feedstock, fermentation, ethanol recovery, and ethanol storage. Each feedstock requires different procedures for its conversion to fermentable sugar. Lignocellulosic biomass requires extra pretreatment compared to sugar and starch feedstocks to disrupt the structure and improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Many pretreatment methods are available such as physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological methods. However, the greatest concern regarding the pretreatment process is inhibitor formation, which might retard enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The main inhibitors are furan derivatives, aromatic compounds, and organic acids. Actions to minimize the effects of inhibitors, detoxification, changing fermentation strategies, and metabolic engineering can subsequently be conducted. In addition to the inhibitors from pretreatment, chemicals used during the pretreatment and fermentation of byproducts may remain in the final product if they are not removed by ethanol distillation and dehydration. Maintaining the quality of ethanol during storage is another concerning issue. Initial impurities of ethanol being stored and its nature, including hygroscopic, high oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility, influence chemical reactions during the storage period and change ethanol’s characteristics (e.g., water content, ethanol content, acidity, pH, and electrical conductivity). During ethanol storage periods, nitrogen blanketing and corrosion inhibitors can be applied to reduce the quality degradation rate, the selection of which depends on several factors, such as cost and storage duration. This review article sheds light on the techniques of control used in ethanol fuel production, and also includes specific guidelines to control ethanol quality during production and the storage period in order to preserve ethanol production from first-generation to second-generation feedstock. Finally, the understanding of impurity/inhibitor formation and controlled strategies is crucial. These need to be considered when driving higher ethanol blending mandates in the short term, utilizing ethanol as a renewable building block for chemicals, or adopting ethanol as a hydrogen carrier for the long-term future, as has been recommended.
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Hren, Robert, Aleksandra Petrovič, Lidija Čuček, and Marjana Simonič. "Determination of Various Parameters during Thermal and Biological Pretreatment of Waste Materials." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092262.

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Pretreatment of waste materials could help in more efficient waste management. Various pretreatment methods exist, each one having its own advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, a certain pretreatment technique might be efficient and economical for one feedstock while not for another. Thus, it is important to analyze how parameters change during pretreatment. In this study, two different pretreatment techniques were applied: thermal at lower and higher temperatures (38.6 °C and 80 °C) and biological, using cattle rumen fluid at ruminal temperature (≈38.6 °C). Two different feedstock materials were chosen: sewage sludge and riverbank grass (Typha latifolia), and their combinations (in a ratio of 1:1) were also analyzed. Various parameters were analyzed in the liquid phase before and after pretreatment, and in the gas phase after pretreatment. In the liquid phase, some of the parameters that are relevant to water quality were measured, while in the gas phase composition of biogas was measured. The results showed that most of the parameters significantly changed during pretreatments and that lower temperature thermal and/or biological treatment of grass and sludge is suggested for further applications.
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Predojevic, Zlatica. "Pretreatments of lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production." Chemical Industry 64, no. 4 (2010): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100217016p.

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The use of renewable energy sources (biofuels), either as a component in the conventional fossil fuels, gasoline and diesel, or as a pure biofuel, contributes to energy saving and decrease of total CO2 emission. The use of bioethanol mixed with gasoline significantly decreases gasoline consumption and contributes to environment protection. One of the problems in the production of bioethanol is the availability of sugar and starch based feedstock used for its production. However, lignocellulosic feedstocks are becoming more significant in the production of bioethanol due to their availability and low cost. The aim of this study is to point out the advantages and shortcomings of pretreatment processes and hydrolyses of lignocellulosic feedstocks that precede their fermentation to bioethanol.
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Shi, Jian, Vicki S. Thompson, Neal A. Yancey, Vitalie Stavila, Blake A. Simmons, and Seema Singh. "Impact of mixed feedstocks and feedstock densification on ionic liquid pretreatment efficiency." Biofuels 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bfs.12.82.

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Pattranan Junluthin, Tipsukhon Pimpimol, and Niwooti Whangchai. "Efficient conversion of night-blooming giant water lily into bioethanol and biogas." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 3, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v3i2.245901.

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This study aimed to characterize and evaluate an inedible giant water lily as a bioenergy feedstock. The conversion of giant water lily organics to bioenergy can produce renewable energy. Composition study indicated that giant water lily is an excellent feedstock for bioethanol and biogas production. Fermentation effluent wastes from anaerobic digestion were transformed directly into ethanol using an alkali pretreatment. Under mild operating conditions, alkaline pretreatment with NaOH enhanced ethanol and biogas output. Anaerobic digestion of giant water lily yielded a methane content of 62.44% digestion with cow dung inoculum. The highest ever achieved was an ethanol yield of 4.82 g/L of digested effluent after only 24 hours of fermentation. The pretreated materials were then enzymatically hydrolyzed, fermented to ethanol. Furthermore, co-digestion in biogas plants may be economically advantageous for biorefineries because the by-products (digestate) are obtained within the biorefinery itself and are acceptable for external feedstocks for ethanol fermentation.
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Saleem, Muhammad, Muhammad Usman Hanif, Ali Bahadar, Hamid Iqbal, Sergio C. Capareda, and Adeel Waqas. "The Effects of Hot Water and Ultrasonication Pretreatment of Microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata) on Biogas Production in Anaerobic Co-Digestion with Cow Manure." Processes 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121558.

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Anaerobic co-digestion provides a promising solution for converting inexpensive carbon from wastes to biogenic methane. We used microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata) with cow manure and sludge to produce a better quantity and quality of biogas. To further improve the gas production, microalgae were pretreated with ultrasonication, hot water, and a combination of both. Interestingly, the results showed that the pretreatment of microalgae decreased biogas production by 5 to 30%. The no-pretreatment runs produced a maximum of 118 L of biogas. The relative content of biogenic methane was higher in the pretreated feedstock (48 to 52%) in comparison with the no-pretreatment runs (44%). The conversion of volatile suspended solids present in the feedstock to total biogenic methane production was highest in hot-water-treated runs. The carbon content in the gas produced by the pretreated microalgae peaked (38%) in the middle of the experiment (i.e., at 45 days), whereas for no-pretreatment runs, the content remained constant from the start to the middle and declined (from 36 to 34%) at the end of the experiment (i.e., at 90 days). We also report the chemical structure of microalgae with and without pretreatments.
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Wood, Ian P., Enriqueta Garcia-Gutierrez, Nikolaus Wellner, and Keith W. Waldron. "Feedstock selection for polymer and chemical production: feedstock-specific recalcitrance." Faraday Discussions 202 (2017): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00044h.

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Plant cell wall materials derived from a range of waste biomass sources have great potential as a source of sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals. Perhaps the most straightforward way of realising this potential would be to hydrolyse the most efficiently fermentable polymers into their constituent sugars and use yeast to ferment these into useful chemicals. However, it also makes sense to pre-extract components which have a greater value in polymeric form. This is particularly true for non-cellulosic polymers, which are rich in poorly-fermentable pentose sugars. Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment can be used to extract non-cellulosic carbohydrates in a cost-effective manner, leaving a cellulose-rich substrate which is easier to hydrolyse using commercial cellulases. However, inherent differences in the plant cell wall structure and composition mean that some biomass sources may be more suitable for exploitation than others. Here, we examine eight different feedstocks (two each from hardwood, softwood, cereal straws and dicotyledonous crops), expose them to 26 different LHW pretreatment conditions and hydrolyse the entire pretreated slurry with a commercial cellulase. This enables side-by-side comparisons, in terms of saccharification yield, of the feedstocks. The results clearly demonstrate considerable differences in suitability between the feedstocks, in relation to the quantity of products released and the processes needed to obtain them.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feedstock pretreatment"

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Burkhardt, Sabrina Jane. "Forest residues as a potential feedstock for a biorefinery : material balance and pretreatment strategies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45019.

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Forest residues represent an abundant and potentially sustainable source of biomass which could be used as a feedstock for a biomass-to-chemicals-and-fuels process (biorefinery). However, due to the heterogeneity of forest residues, one of the expected challenges will be to obtain an accurate material balance of both the starting and pretreated material. As current compositional analysis methods have been developed to quantify more homogenous feedstocks such as whitewood and agricultural crops, it is likely that they will have difficulty in providing a complete material balance for these more diverse substrates. The research work initially assessed the robustness of established methods to quantify a variety of forest residues (bark, hog fuel, forest thinnings, logging residue, disturbance wood) before and after steam pretreatment. It was anticipated that the diverse chemistry and heterogeneity of forest residues would make it difficult to obtain an accurate material balance. Although the NREL recommended methods provided a reasonable estimate of carbohydrate components of the various feedstocks, method revision was necessary to accurately quantify the non-carbohydrate components and thus obtain an acceptable summative mass closure. This was particularly evident for high-extractive containing residues such as bark. After steam pretreatment, the incomplete removal of extractives from the pretreated material proved to be more problematic. The refined material balance methods were subsequently used to evaluate the potential of using pretreated forest residues as a biorefinery feedstock. Acid catalysed steam pretreatment was not as effective on forest residues and poor sugar yields were obtained despite using high enzyme loadings. It was likely that, in the acidic medium resulting from SO₂ catalysed steam pretreatment, the extractives reacted with the lignin and consequently restricted enzyme accessibility to the cellulose. In contrast, an alkaline pretreatment effectively removed most of the extractives and lignin from cellulosic components of the bark. The resulting cellulose-rich, water insoluble component could be almost completely hydrolyzed. It was apparent that established analytical methods will have to be modified to obtain a representative material balance of both the starting and pretreated material and that, even with “tailoring” pretreatment/fractionation strategies, forest residues will prove to be challenging feedstocks for any potential bioconversion process.
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Hu, Zhoujian. "Utilization of switchgrass as a biofuel feedstock." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44088.

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Secondary generation biofuels such as cellulosic biofuels rely on large portions of cellulosic bioresources, which may include forests, perennial grasses, wood and agricultural residues. Switchgrass is one promising feedstock for biofuel production. In the present study, thesis work focused on the chemical and structural profiles and hydrothermal pretreatment of switchgrass. Four populations of switchgrass were investigated for their chemical properties among populations and morphological portions, including the compositions of lignin and carbohydrates, extractives content, higher heating value (HHV), and syringyl:guaiacyl (S:G) ratio. The results demonstrate similar chemical profiles and lignin structure among the four populations of switchgrass. Morphological fractions of switchgrass including leaves, internodes, and nodes differ significantly in chemical profiles and S:G ratios of lignin. The structure of isolated cellulose from switchgrass SW9 is similar between leaves and internodes. The structure of isolated lignin from leaves and internodes of switchgrass SW9 differs in S:G ratio and molecular weight. Hydrothermal pretreatment of leaves and internodes indicates that a similar chemical composition and chemical structure for pretreated leaves and internodes. The degree of polymerization (DP) for cellulose of the pretreated internodes is 23.4% greater than that of the pretreated leaves. The accessibility of pretreated leaves measured by Simons' Staining technique is greater than that of pretreated internodes. Pretreated leaves have a 32.5-33.8% greater cellulose-to-glucose conversion yield than do pretreated internodes.
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Srinivasan, Narayanan. "Pretreatment of Guayule Biomass Using Supercritical CO2-based Method for Use as Fermentation Feedstock." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1289782016.

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Chang, Chen-Wei. "Bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse and soybean hulls for the production of a generic microbial feedstock." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bioconversion-of-sugarcane-bagasse-and-soybean-hulls-for-the-production-of-a-generic-microbial-feedstock(0144bdd8-5444-468d-9f0f-50613a79be67).html.

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Lignocellulose, mostly from agricultural and forestry resources, is a potential renewable material for sustainable development of biorefineries. From previous studies, reducing sugar production through biological pretreatment involves two steps: solid-state fermentation (SSF) for delignification, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis by adding celluloytic enzymes (cellulase and xylanase etc.). In the process described in this thesis, the necessary enzymes are produced in-situ and the hydrolysis proceeds directly after the solid-state fermentation. Enzyme hydrolysis releases free amino nitrogen (FAN), reducing sugar and many other potential nutrients from the fermented materials. This method additionally avoids the need for removal of inhibitors compared with conventional chemical pretreatment processes. A range of solid-state fermentations were carried out to investigate the effect of washing procedure, particle size and nitrogen supplement on Trichoderma longibrachiatum growth. From these preliminary studies it was concluded that nitrogen supplementation is a crucial factor to improve significantly the fungi growth and production of feedstock using sugarcane bagasse as raw material. In order to evaluate the influence of environmental humidity on petri dish experiments, moist environments were investigated, with over 75% relative humidity to limit water evaporation from solid-state fermentation. The results showed that moist environments gave approximately 1.85 times the reducing sugar yield than dry environments. The process of simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis of substrates and fungal autolysis were also studied. The degree of hydrolysis was affected by initial fermented solid to liquid ratio, temperature and pH range. The optimal conditions for subsequent hydrolysis of fermented solids were determined. The optimal solid to liquid ratio, 4% (w/w), temperature 50°C and pH 7 were established. The highest final reducing sugar, 8.9 g/L and FAN, 560 mg/L, were measured after 48 h. The fungal autolysis was identified by image analysis as well as by the consumption of nutrient and the release of free amino nitrogen and phosphorous. Solid state fermentation in a multi-layer tray bioreactor and a packed-bed bioreactor were also developed, with moist air supply for oxygen provision and heat removal. Fermented solids in the multi-layer bioreactor led to the highest subsequent hydrolysis yield on reducing sugar, FAN and Inorganic Phosphorous (IP), 222.85 mg/g, 11.56 mg/g and 19.9 mg/g, respectively. These series of fermentation experiments illustrate the feasibility for the application of consolidated bioprocessing, through simultaneous pretreatment and enzyme production as a more economic and environment-friendly process compared with those reported for chemical pretreatment followed by commercial enzyme process. A growth kinetic model regarding both growth and respiration is also proposed. Ethanol production was studied using the generic feedstock produced from sugarcane bagasse and soybean hulls. Total ethanol yield reached 0.31 mg g-1 (61.4% of theoretical yield) after 30 h of submerged fermentation. The result of subsequent fermentation has already shown the potential of the generic microbial feedstock to be used to produce varied products depending on the microorganism utilised.
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Du, Bowen Chambliss C. Kevin. "Effect of varying feedstock-pretreatment chemistry combinations on the production of potentially inhibitory degradation products in biomass hydrolysates." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5319.

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Baral, Nawa Raj. "Techno-economic Analysis of Butanol Production through Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480501106426567.

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Hosseini, Majid. "Sustainable Pretreatment/Upgrading of High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1386749821.

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Guragain, Yadhu Nath. "Sustainable bioprocessing of various biomass feedstocks: 2,3-butanediol production using novel pretreatment and fermentation." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20426.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Grain Science and Industry
Praveen V. Vadlani
Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks are a sustainable resource required for rapid growth of bio-based industries. An integrated approach, including plant breeding, harvesting, handling, and conversion to fuels, chemicals and power, is required for the commercial viability of the lignocellulosic-based biorefineries. Optimization of conversion processes, including biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis, is a challenging task because of the distinct variations in composition and structure of biopolymers among biomass types. Efficient fermentation of biomass hydrolyzates comprising of different types of sugars is challenging. The purpose of this doctoral research was to evaluate and optimize the various processing steps in the entire the biomass value chain for efficient production of advanced biofuels and chemicals from diverse biomass feedstocks. Our results showed that densification of bulky biomass by pelleting to better streamline the handling and logistic issues improved pretreatment and hydrolysis efficiencies. Alkali pretreatment was significantly more effective than acid pretreatment at same processing conditions for grass and hardwood. The ethanol-isopropanol mixture, and glycerol with 0.4% (w/v) sodium hydroxide were the promising organic solvent systems for the pretreatment of corn stover (grass), and poplar (hardwood), respectively. None of the pretreatment methods used in this study worked well for Douglas fir (softwood), which indicates a need to further optimize appropriate processing conditions, better solvent and catalyst for effective pretreatment of this biomass. The brown midrib (bmr) mutations improved the biomass quality as a feedstock for biochemicals production in some sorghum cultivars and bmr types, while adverse effects were observed in others. These results indicated that each potential sorghum cultivar should be separately evaluated for each type of bmr mutation to develop the best sorghum line as an energy crop. Development of an appropriate biomass processing technology to generate separate cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolyzates is required for efficient 2,3-butanediol (BD) fermentation using a non-pathogenic bacterial strain, Bacillus licheniformis DSM 8785. This culture is significantly more efficient for BD fermentation in single sugar media than Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724. Though K. oxytoca is a better culture reported so far for BD fermentation from diverse sugars media, but it is a biosafety level 2 organism, which limits its commercial potential.
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Agbor, Valery. "Processing of lignocellulosics feedstocks for biofuels and co-products via consolidated bioprocessing with the thermophilic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum strain DSMZ 1237." Biotechnology Advances / ELSEVIER, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30647.

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Processing of lignocellulosic biomass for transportation fuels and other biocommodities in integrated biorefineries has been proposed as the future for emerging sustainable economies. Currently bioprocessing strategies are all multi-step processes involving extensive physicochemical pretreatments and costly amounts of exogenous enzyme addition. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), or direct microbial conversion, is a strategy that combines all the stages of production into one step, thus avoiding the use of expensive pretreatments and exogenous enzymes that reduce the economic viability of the products produced. With a growing trend towards increased consolidation, most of the reported work on CBP has been conducted with soluble sugars or commercial reagent grade cellulose. For CBP to become practical fermentative guidelines with native feedstocks and purified cellulose need to be delineated through specific substrate characterization as it relates to possible industrial fermentation. By carefully reviewing the fundamentals of biomass pretreatments for CBP, a comparative assessment of the fermentability of non-food agricultural residue and processed biomass was conducted with Clostridium thermocellum DSMZ 1237. Cell growth, and both gaseous and liquid fermentation end-product profiles of C. thermocellum as a CBP processing candidate was characterised. Batch fermentation experiments to investigate the effect of cellulose content, pretreatment, and substrate concentration, revealed that higher yields were correlated with higher cellulose content. Pretreatment of native substrates that increased access of the bacterial cells and enzymes to cellulose chains in the biomass substrate were key parameters that determined the overall bioconversion of a given feedstock to end-products. The contribution of amorphous cellulose (CAC) in different biomass substrates subjected to the same pretreatment conditions was identified as a novel factor that contributed to differences in bioconversion and end-product synthesis patterns. Although the overall yield of end products was low following bioaugmentation with exogenous glycosyl hydrolases from free-enzyme systems and cellulosome extracts. Treatment of biomass substrates with glycosyl hydrolase enzymes was observed to increase the rate of bioconversion of native feedstocks in biphasic manner during fermentation with C. thermocellum. A “quotient of accessibility” was identified as a feedstock agnostic guideline for biomass digestibility.
October 2015
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Liu, Enshi. "FRACTIONATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN STREAMS FROM GENETICALLY ENGINEERED SWITCHGRASS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/49.

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Development of biomass feedstocks with desirable traits for cost-effective conversion is one of the main focus areas in biofuels research. As suggested by techno-economic analyses, the success of a lignocellulose-based biorefinery largely relies on the utilization of lignin to generate value-added products, i.e. fuels and chemicals. The fate of lignin and its structural/compositional changes during pretreatment have received increasing attention; however, the effect of genetic modification on the fractionation, depolymerization and catalytic upgrading of lignin from genetically engineered plants is not well understood. This study aims to fractionate and characterize the lignin streams from a wild-type and two genetically engineered switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) species (low lignin content with high S/G ratio and high lignin content) using three different pretreatment methods, i.e. dilute sulfuric acid, ammonia hydroxide, and aqueous ionic liquid (cholinium lysinate). The structural and compositional features and impact of lignin modification on lignin-carbohydrate complex characteristics and the deconstruction of cell-wall compounds were investigated. Moreover, a potential way to upgrade low molecular weight lignin to lipids by Rhodococcus opacus was evaluated. Results from this study provide a better understanding of how lignin engineering of switchgrass influences lignin fractionation and upgrading during conversion processes based on different pretreatment technologies.
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Book chapters on the topic "Feedstock pretreatment"

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Gude, Veera Gnaneswar. "Microwave Pretreatment of Feedstock for Bioethanol Production." In Microwave-Mediated Biofuel Production, 158–205. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis Group, [2017] | “A science publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151892-5.

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Hou, Weiliang, and Jie Bao. "Rheology Characterization of Lignocellulose Feedstock During High Solids Content Pretreatment and Hydrolysis." In Fungal Cellulolytic Enzymes, 257–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0749-2_14.

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O'Hara, Ian M., Zhanying Zhang, William O. S. Doherty, and Christopher M. Fellows. "Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry: Chemical Hydrolysis and Pretreatment Processes." In Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation, 505–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118287705.ch17.

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Ravella, Sreenivas Rao, David J. Warren-Walker, Joe Gallagher, Ana Winters, and David N. Bryant. "Addressing Key Challenges in Fermentative Production of Xylitol at Commercial Scale: A Closer Perspective." In Current Advances in Biotechnological Production of Xylitol, 181–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04942-2_9.

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AbstractXylitol has been recognized by the US Department of Energy (DOE) as one of the top 12 value-added chemicals obtained from biomass, with a world market of 200,000 tonnes per year. The global xylitol market is expected to reach a value of US$ 1 Billion by 2026 growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% during 2021–2026. Historically, the commercial xylitol production process has been dependent on the chemical hydrogenation of xylose. Several xylitol production plants, mainly in China that use the chemical process have had to reduce their production capacity to address regulations governing sustainability and environmental standards. In this chapter, key challenges and possible solutions for fermentative xylitol production at commercial scale are discussed in terms of: (1) Feedstock supply for commercial production plants; (2) Industrial biomass pretreatment; and (3) Lessons learned from industrial operations. These are drawn together to identify technology gaps and scaling-up challenges in light of the capital expenditure required to build a state-of-the art xylitol industrial biotechnology (IB) production facility and the potential to reduce climate change impact and contribute towards achieving net-zero targets.
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Moreno, Antonio D., and Lisbeth Olsson. "Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks." In Extremophilic Enzymatic Processing of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Bioenergy, 31–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54684-1_3.

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Azizan, Amizon, and Nur Amira Aida Jusri. "Mechanical Pretreatment Options on Biofuel Biomass Feedstock Discussing on Biomass Grindability Index Relating to Particle Size reduction—A Review." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 507–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9505-9_45.

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Karunanithy, Chinnadurai, and Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan. "Thermo-Mechanical Pretreatment of Feedstocks." In SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, 31–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6052-3_2.

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Lacey, Jeffrey A. "Mechanical Fractionation of Biomass Feedstocks for Enhanced Pretreatment and Conversion." In Biomass Preprocessing and Pretreatments for Production of Biofuels, 83–100. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] | "A science publishers book.": CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153735-4.

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Earl Aston, John. "Chemical Preprocessing of Feedstocks for Improved Handling and Conversion to Biofuels." In Biomass Preprocessing and Pretreatments for Production of Biofuels, 351–68. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] | "A science publishers book.": CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153735-12.

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Brown, Robert C., Desmond Radlein, and Jan Piskorz. "Pretreatment Processes to Increase Pyrolytic Yield of Levoglucosan from Herbaceous Feedstocks." In ACS Symposium Series, 123–32. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0784.ch010.

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Conference papers on the topic "Feedstock pretreatment"

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Grimes, Chelsea. "Silica adsorbents for biofuel feedstock pretreatment." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/igmv2523.

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Feedstock pretreatment is an essential component of the renewable fuels refining process however it can be quite challenging due to the variety of feedstock sources available. To overcome this challenge, Grace has developed multiple grades of silica adsorbents for removing phosphorus- and metal-based impurities from feedstocks which tend to foul equipment and poison catalysts at refining conditions. Due to its superior adsorption capacity, pretreatment with silica adsorbents allows refiners to protect their catalysts, extend their reactor cycles, minimize operational maintenance, and increase time on-line. Compared to traditional clay and DE adsorbents, Grace's synthetic silica adsorbents can help deliver higher productivity up to 2.5%, operational cost savings up to 90%, and up to 85% less solid waste generated by reducing spent filter cake disposal and associated feedstock losses.
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David E Cook, Kevin J Shinners, Paul J Weimer, and Richard E Muck. "Whole-plant Corn as Biomass Feedstock: Harvest, Storage and Pretreatment." In 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.40916.

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de Greyt, Wim. "Requirements and Solutions for the Pretreatment of  HVO Feedstocks." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ghem2777.

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Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO) and Hydoprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) are premium quality biofuels that are produced via hydrotreatment of renewable (waste) feedstocks from vegetable and animal origin. HVO/HEFA production is increasing rapidly worldwide and this is supported by several growth drivers. HVO/HEFA has a better functionality compared to classical biodiesel based on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)  and it is fully compatible with mineral diesel. HVO/HEFA fractions can also be used as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). All major (European) airlines have recently announced that they will start using increasing volumes of SAF on voluntary basis in anticipation of a future compulsory SAF proportion. Initially, HVO was mainly produced from food-grade oils (e.g. palm oil, soybean oil). However for sustainability but also economical & political reasons, producers are increasingly looking for alternative (lower quality – non food) feedstocks such as UCO, waste animal fats, by-products from edible/technical oil refining, distillation pitches and even non-glyceride feedstocks. Independent of the applied technology, all HVO feedstocks need to be pre-treated before they can enter the hydrotreatment process. Specific pre-treated feedstock specifications depend on the HVO technology provider. In general, the pre-treatment is necessary to remove impurities such as P and metals but also nitrogen and chlorine containing components in order to increase the HVO catalyst life time and to avoid corrosion problems in the plant. Pre-treatment of ‘good quality’ feedstocks (vegetable oils, used cooking oils, some animal fats) is pretty straightforward and can be accomplished by a series of processes that are already known from the edible oil refining processes. Proper pre-treatment of lower quality feedstocks is much more challenging and requires a more complex, multi-stage process that consists of a series of dedicated unit operations. HVO/HEFA producers are very interested in such efficient pre-treatment processes as their availability and industrial applicability will finally determine if/to which extend a given low quality feedstock can be used which will directly impact the economical viability of their HVO plant.
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Harrington, Patrick. "Renewable diesel pretreatment: Focus on soybean oil." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/rmoh3492.

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Many Pretreatment operations for biofuels have focused on waste fats and oils due to their low carbon intensity, but a new wave of Soybean crushing plants takes aim at producing oil to meet the feedstock demand for the Renewable Diesel (RD) industry. Crown Iron Works, a leader in Soybean crushing and Soybean Oil Pretreatment technology, will explore these technologies and treated oil specifications from past, present, to future as they relate to biofuels and Renewable Diesel. As focus has increased on producing a Renewable-Diesel ready (RD ReadyTM) feedstock, innovations in Pretreatment are boosting process efficiency and yield while also helping shape new market trends.
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Tillmann, W., and A. Brinkhoff. "Influence of Feedstock Pre-Treatment of Dynamic Flowability of HVOF Powders." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, Y. Lau, H. Li, K. Shinoda, F. Toma, J. Veilleux, and C. Widener. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0136.

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Abstract This study investigates the effect of preheating on the dynamic flowability of HVOF powders, including conventional WC-Co, nano WC-Co, WC-FeCrAl, and Cr3C2-NiCr. The results show that the flowability of WC-Co powders can be significantly improved with a two-hour preheat at 200 °C. One explanation for the improvement is that moisture absorbed by the powder is released during pretreatment, but further study is required as it was found that dynamic density influences flow behavior as well.
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Zhang, Qi, P. F. Zhang, Timothy Deines, Z. J. Pei, Donghai Wang, Xiaorong Wu, and Graham Pritchett. "Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Pelleting of Sorghum Stalks: Effects of Pressure and Ultrasonic Power." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34173.

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Cellulosic biofuels can be used to replace traditional liquid transportation fuels. Cellulosic biomass is feedstock in manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels. However, the low density of cellulosic biomass feedstock hinders large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels. Another bottleneck factor in manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels is the low efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass materials resulting in a low sugar yield. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting can increase the density of cellulosic biomass feedstocks via combined effects of mechanical compression and ultrasonic vibration of the tool on the cellulosic biomass. Meanwhile ultrasonic vibration may act as a beneficial pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis, which can possibly increase the efficiency of hydrolysis and obtain a higher sugar yield. The pressure and the ultrasonic power are important parameters in UV-A pelleting. Their effects on pellet quality (density, durability, and stability) and sugar yield (after hydrolysis) are experimentally investigated.
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Kesharwani, Rajkamal, Xiaoxu Song, Yang Yang, Zeyi Sun, Meng Zhang, and Cihan Dagli. "Investigation of Relationship Between Sugar Yield and Particle Size in Biofuel Manufacturing." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2734.

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Biofuel manufacturing consists of two major processes, i.e., feedstock preprocessing and bioconversion. The preprocessing includes size reduction and pelleting. The bioconversion includes pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. Various studies have been implemented for these two processes. Most existing literature focuses on a specific process, while very few of them consider the possible interactions between the two processes. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between the particle size in feedstock preprocessing and the sugar yield (proportional to biofuel yield) in bioconversion. The method of design of experiments was used to design experiments and analyze the experimental results of sugar yield with different particle sizes for three different types of biomass. Critical parameters that significantly influence the sugar yield were identified. The optimal configurations of the particle size were recommended.
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Tillmann, W., L. Hagen, C. Schaak, R. Zielke, M. Schaper, and M. E. Aydinöz. "Pretreatment and Coatability of Additive Manufactured Components Made by Means of Selective Laser Melting." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0581.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has already been evolved into a promising manufacturing technique. In order to achieve the performance of conventionally manufactured components, additively manufactured components must meet at least the same mechanical and physical requirements. Due to the layer-wise building process, the properties of additively manufactured components differ from that of bulk materials. Within the scope of this study, selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to manufacture specimens which serve as substrates for a subsequent coating process. An Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy served as AM feedstock. Mechanical posttreatments were applied to the AM samples and rated with respect to the successive thermal spraying process. The produced AM samples were examined in their initial state as well as under post-treated conditions. In this report, the resulting surface roughness was analyzed. Different AM samples were coated by means of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The interface between the thermally sprayed coating and the AM substrate was metallographically investigated. Adhesion tests were conducted to scrutinize the bond strength of the coating to the AM substrate.
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Tamme, Rainer, Reiner Buck, Michael Epstein, Uriyel Fisher, and Chemi Sugarmen. "Solar-Upgrading of Fuels for Generation of Electricity." In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-162.

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Abstract This paper presents a novel process comprising solar upgrading of hydrocarbons by steam reforming in solar specific receiver reactors and utilizing the upgraded, hydrogen-rich fuel, in high efficiency conversion systems, such as gas turbines or fuel cells. In comparison to conventionally heated processes, about 30 % of fuel can be saved with respect to the same specific output. Such processes can be used in small scale as a stand-alone system for off-grid markets, as well as in large scale to be operated in connection with conventional combined-cycle plants. The solar reforming process has an intrinsic potential for solar/fossil hybrid operation, as well as a capability of solar energy storage to increase the capacity factor. The complete reforming process will be demonstrated in the SOLASYS project, supported by the European Commission in the JOULE/THERMIE framework. The project has been started in June 1998. The SOLASYS plant is designed for 300 kWel output, it consists of the solar field, the solar reformer and a gas turbine, modified to enable operation both on fossil fuel as well as on the product gas from the solar reformer. The SOLASYS plant will be operated at the experimental solar test facility of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Start-up of the pilot plant is scheduled for the end of the year 2000. The midterm goal is to replace fossil fuel feedstock by renewable or non conventional feedstocks in order to increase the share of renewable energy and to establish processes with only minor or no CO2 emissions. Examples are given for solar upgrading of bio-gas from municipal solid waste as well as for upgrading of weak gas resources. With some feedstock pretreatment (removal of sulfur components, adjustment of composition) the product gases after solar reforming can be used for further processing to methanol or other chemical compounds.
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khan, Shoyeb, Probir Das, Mohammed Abdul Quadir, Mahmoud Thaher, and Hareb Al Jabri. "Pretreatment of Cyanobacterial Chroococcidiopsis: Biomass prior to Hydrothermal Liquefaction for Enhanced Hydrocarbon Yield and Energy Recovery." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0024.

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Chroococcidiopsis sp. was grown in 200 L open raceway pond. Biomass density and average biomass productivity were 0.41 g/L and 16.1 g/m2/d. Chroococcidiopsis biomass was harvested by self-settling. Self settled biomass was further subjected to centrifugation to obtain a biomass paste with 25-30% solid content. Centrifuged biomass was dried at 80 °C overnight and used as a feedstock for pretreatment step. Biomass was pretreated in water at 105 °C for 15 minutes. A slurry containing 15 wt% pretreated and untreated biomass (control) in deionized water was prepared and subjected to hydrothermal liquefaction for biocrude oil production. Hydrothermal liquefaction for both pretreated and untreated biomass was conducted at temperatures ranging from (275, 300, 325, 350 °C) in a 500 mL high-pressure PARR reactor for 30-minute reaction holding time. Maximum biocrude yields for pretreated and untreated biomass was 42.4 % and 26.4 % based on ash free dry weight basis. Biocrude oil was characterized for hydrocarbons using GC-MS technique. Biocrude oil obtained from pretreated and untreated biomass contained 58.9% and 41.01% (C8-C19) hydrocarbons. Higher heating values for biomass and biocrude oil were 16.93 and 31.28 MJ/kg, with an energy recovery value of 41.1%.
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