Academic literature on the topic 'Feeding War'
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Journal articles on the topic "Feeding War"
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Torisky, Danielle M., Reginald R. Foucar-Szocki, and Jacqueline B. Walker. "Quantity Feeding During the American Civil War." Marriage & Family Review 28, no. 1-2 (October 5, 1998): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v28n01_04.
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Ogórek, Bartosz. "Feeding the City, Feeding the Fortress: Cracow’s Food Supply in World War I." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 4 (March 30, 2018): 747–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218766015.
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Lewis, Martin W. "Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850–1945." AAG Review of Books 7, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2325548x.2019.1579562.
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John Morgan. "War Feeding War?: The Impact of Logistics on the Napoleonic Occupation of Catalonia." Journal of Military History 73, no. 1 (2008): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.0.0183.
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Barber, Ben. "Feeding Refugees, or War? The Dilemma of Humanitarian Aid." Foreign Affairs 76, no. 4 (1997): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20048117.
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Serbaeva, Olga. "Feeding the Enemy to the Goddess: War Magic in Śaiva Tantric Texts." Religions 13, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13040278.
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This article deals with the war magic as described in Sanskrit Śaiva tantric texts written between the 5th and the 12th Century A.D. This period marks a shift from the invocation of Aghora/Bhairava as the main war-helping god to the rituals invoking terrible goddesses, mātṛkās, yoginīs. At the same time, tantric religious specialists were invited to exchange their magical knowledge for kings’ patronage in such contexts as war, drought, epidemics and such. The original presupposition was that the rituals related to war shall be most violent and transgressive in the texts of the tantric initiated, compared to the Śaiva purāṇas written for broader public, and that of the “mixed” literature (that is one written by the initiated for the kings). However, this was contradicted by the text-based evidence, and it is the “mixed” literature that proposes the most violent rituals, while the whole subject of war happened to be of minor importance in the tantric literature. The war-prayogas were included to attract attention of the kings, but the aim of that was for the internal ritual use. The explanation of this contradiction is based on the fact that somewhere between the 10th and the 12th century, the tantric specialists working for the kings actually duped them into performing violent war-magic rituals, while the real intent of those procedures is actually calling the yoginīs in order to achieve a higher state in religious practice for the initiated himself. The article includes the materials from the Jayadrathayāmala and the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā edited and translated for the first time.
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Dawson, Joseph G. "Civil War Supply and Strategy: Feeding Men and Moving Armies." Journal of American History 108, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaab274.
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Smith Fawzi, Mary C., Walid Aldoori, Wafaie W. Fawzi, and Nagib Armijo-Hussein. "The Gulf War, child nutrition and feeding practices in Iraq." Nutrition Research 17, no. 5 (May 1997): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00047-x.
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donofrio, gregory alexander. "Feeding the City." Gastronomica 7, no. 4 (2007): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2007.7.4.30.
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The food system has, until recently, been conspicuously absent from city and regional planning practice, education, and research. Earlier in the twentieth century, food issues were a central concern of the nascent planning profession. Primary and archival source materials examined for this paper indicate that the planning profession's interest in the sources of food and the efficiency of its route to consumers evolved through three stages. During the height of the City Beautiful movement between 1900 and 1909, planners like Charles Mulford Robinson saw urban markets as public nuisances best eliminated from city centers and residential districts. From 1909 to roughly World War I, planners such as George B. Ford embraced a more scientific approach to researching and addressing food distribution problems. In the interwar period, Clarence Stein and other notable regional planners began to consider the food system in its entirety. The modern food system planning movement is largely unaware of this important early legacy. In conclusion, two possible explanations are offered for why, despite a promising start, the food system failed to become a core discipline within the larger planning profession. Planners' earlier experiences with food industry executives and high-ranking officials of government agricultural agencies may offer meaningful insights into contemporary food system planning challenges and goals.
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Oyebade, Adebayo. "Feeding America's War Machine: The United States and Economic Expansion in West Africa during World War II." African Economic History, no. 26 (1998): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601693.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Feeding War"
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Bardon, Elizabeth A. "Infant feeding practices, a case study of post-world war two Kingston, Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ27478.pdf.
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Cohen, Jared. "The Ethical Application of Force-Feeding: a Closer Look at Medical Policy Involving the Treatment of Hunger-Striking POWs and Detainees." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/379427.
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Urban BioethicsM.A.
Hunger strikes are used as a method of protest to call attention to grievances or political positions and galvanize support for a cause. Historical examples from pre-Christian Europe through Guantanamo Bay have demonstrated various motives, interventions, and outcomes to this unique form of protest. Starvation causes life-threatening damage to the body, and to intervene on an unwilling subject involves invasive medical procedures. As scholars have debated how to approach this medical-ethical dilemma, a tug-of-war exists between autonomy, beneficence, and social justice with regard to the rights of prisoners of war (POWs) and detainees. International documents, legislation, and case law demonstrate vast support for and place precedence on the prisoners right to make their own autonomous, informed medical decisions, and many in the international community lean towards abstaining from intervention on hunger strikes on the basis of patient autonomy. However, there are notable arguments both for and against force-feeding that have been well documented. Despite the vast international dialogue, there is a key component that seems to have been forgotten—the environment within which the prisoner or detainee resides is immersed with coercive and manipulative activity and interrogation on a regular basis. This environment may impede the ability for the POW or detainee to make an autonomous decision and then leads to the refusal of life-saving, medical intervention on the basis of a decision that is markedly coerced or manipulated. It is therefore noted that a different lens must be used to analyze hunger strike situations for this specific population.
Temple University--Theses
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Boggs, Teresa, and Neina Ferguson. "A Little PEP Goes a Long Way in the Treatment of Pediatric Feeding Disorders." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1504.
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Feeding disorder in young children is a growing concern, particularly feeding challenges with sensory and/or behavioral underpinning. These feeding disorders are characterized by food refusal, anxiety when presented with novel foods, failure to advance to textured foods, and inappropriate mealtime behaviors. The Positive Eating Program (PEP) was developed to remediate feeding disorders by providing rich experiences in food vocabulary, positive sensory nonfood and food activities, and structured and predictable through trials.
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Agetsuma, Naoki. "Feeding ecology of Yakusima macaques (Macaca Fuscata yakui) in warm-temperate forest of Yakushima island, Japan." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/86222.
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Begum, Musammat Nazema. "Varietal resistance to insects in rice : influence on feeding and detoxifying enzymes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata Lugens Stal." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245081.
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Börjesson, Lisa, and Louise Chapman. "Omvårdnad och amningsutfall hos barn som inte går upp i vikt de första levnadsveckorna : En retrospektiv journalgranskningsstudie." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för omvårdnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48867.
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Bakgrunden till examensarbetet var att vårdpersonal ska arbeta för att främja amning och för detta arbete behövs tydliga riktlinjer. Syftet med examensarbetet var att beskriva och jämföra omvårdnad och amningsutfall hos ammande barn som inte gick upp i vikt under sina första levnadsveckor. Metoden för arbetet var en retrospektiv journalgranskningsstudie där ett extraktionsprotokoll användes för att komma fram till resultatet. I studien inkluderades totalt 144 barn som vårdats inneliggande på barn- eller neonatalavdelning under perioden juli 2016 till juli 2019. Resultatet från studien visade att de flesta barn tillmatades med bröstmjölk och modersmjölksersättning via antingen bröst eller ventrikelsond samt att andelen barn som helammade var låg. Vidare visade studien att faktorer som minskade oddsen för helamning i samband med utskrivning var tillmatning med nappflaska, användande av modersmjölksersättning eller om barnen om barnets kön var en pojke. Slutsatsen var att barnen i första hand bör tillmatas via ventrikelsond då behov av tillägg utöver amning finns och att bröstmjölk bör vara förstahandsval vid tillmatning eftersom det främjar den fortsatta amningen. Barnsjuksköterskans roll för att främja amningen är att ge en god omvårdnad av barnet och fngera som ett stöd för mamman.
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Seminoff, Jeffrey Aleksandr. "Biology of the East Pacific green turtle, Chelonia mydas agassizii, at a warm temperature feeding area in the Gulf of California, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284231.
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I studied the East Pacific green turtle, Chelonia mydas agassizii , at the Bahia de los Angeles foraging grounds of the Gulf of California from July 1995 to October 1999. Entanglement nets were used to capture 153 green turtles among 16 capture sites. Pooled straight carapace length (SCL; mean ± SE) was 75.1 ± 0.79 cm. Though there was no significant variation in mean SCL among years, there was evidence of a difference in mean SCL among capture sites. Most of the population (58%) consisted of immature turtles but did not differ significantly from a 1:1 immature:adult ratio. Pooled adult sex ratio (F:M) was biased toward probable females (2.70:1.00) and differed substantially from a 1:1 ratio. Approximately 5% of the population showed signs of anthropogenic-derived injuries ranging from missing flippers to boat impact scars. I collected gastric lavage samples from 101 green turtles and fecal samples from a subset of 45 turtles. Digestive tract contents were analyzed from seven stranded carcasses. The primary alga recovered in diet samples was Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Other major diet items included the green algae Codium sp. and Ova lactuca. Animal matter was found in all sample types. Tube worms (Sabellidae), sponges (Porifera), sea hares (Aplysia vaccaria), and sea pens ( Ptilosarcus undulatus) were the most commonly ingested invertebrates. I studied home range sizes and movements of 23 C. m. agassizii . Mean minimum convex polygon home range area was 1,801 ha. Kernel density estimates (95%) of home range area had a mean of 1,545 ha. Home range length averaged 7,548 m. Mean 24-h vagility was 9,535 m. Diurnal and nocturnal movements were evident. Turtles exhibited a bimodal pattern in which they foraged in nearshore algae pastures during evening and night hours and moved to offshore and/or insular resting sites by midmorning. This study indicates that Bahia de los Angeles is an important foraging and developmental habitat for C. m. agassizii. Management efforts should focus on reducing human disturbance and the use of entanglement nets in the entire bay. In such efforts it is essential that local inhabitants are provided with alternatives that encourage sustainable marine resource use and economic progress.
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Heydrich, Joana. "Padrão de prescrição, preparo e administração de medicamentos em usuários de sondas de nutrição enteral internados em um hospital universitário." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8210.
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As sondas de alimentação constituem uma via alternativa para a administração de medicamentos em pacientes cuja situação clínica impede a utilização da via oral. É sabido que a utilização de medicamentos nesses pacientes requer cuidados especiais, tanto na seleção da forma farmacêutica quanto no preparo e na administração dos mesmos. Para se conhecer as características dos pacientes internados usando sondas de nutrição enteral (SNE) no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, bem como os medicamentos prescritos e utilizados via SNE, foram analisados 315 prontuários médicos na primeira etapa do estudo. A maioria dos pacientes era formada por adultos (51%) do sexo masculino (59%), com diagnóstico de câncer (32%) ou doença neurológica (21%). A média de uso da SNE foi de 15 dias. Noventa e cinco por cento dos pacientes utilizaram algum fármaco na forma farmacêutica sólida, principalmente comprimidos (72%), cápsulas (12%) e drágeas (9%). A taxa de troca de sonda correspondeu a 32%. Na segunda etapa do estudo, auxiliares de enfermagem foram observados em suas rotinas de trabalho no hospital, visando analisar o processo de preparo e administração dos medicamentos aos pacientes. Foi observado que esses profissionais não utilizavam técnicas adequadas nos momentos de preparo dos medicamentos e administração dos mesmos aos pacientes com SNE. A alta incidência do uso de formas farmacêuticas sólidas, o número de medicamentos prescritos, os dias de uso da sonda e a diversidade de métodos de trabalho utilizados no momento da derivação, diluição e administração dos medicamentos pelos auxiliares de enfermagem mostram que, apesar da ampla informação disponível na literatura sobre o uso de medicamentos em pacientes com SNE, a prática clínica está sendo realizada de modo inconsistente em relação aos dados disponíveis, trazendo assim dificuldades para o tratamento dos pacientes.The tube feeding constitutes an alternative way for patients with a clinic situation that the oral way is hindered. It is known that these patients require particular methods in the drug utilization process, even in the selection of the pharmaceutical form of the medicine as in the preparation and administration of these drugs. To understand the patient characteristics using enteral tube feeding (ETF) in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre as well as the drugs prescribed by ETF way, the medical records of 315 interned patients were analyzed in the first stage of the research. The majority of patients was adults (51%) of male gender (59%) with cancer (32%) or neurological disease (21%) diagnostic. The ETF using average was 15 days. Ninety five per cent of the analyzed patients used some kind of drug in the solid pharmaceutical form, mainly tablets (72%), capsule (12%) and coated tablet (9%). The ETF using average was 15 days. Ninety five per cent of the analyzed patients used some kind of drug in the solid pharmaceutical form, mainly tablets (72%), capsule (12%) and coated tablet (9%). The average of ETF changing was 32%. In the second stage of this research, nurse assistants were observed in their routine of working in the hospital to analyze the process of preparation and administration of the drugs to patients with ETF. It was observed that the nurses assistant neither use proper techniques in the moment of the drugs preparation nor in the administration of these drugs to patients with ETF. The high incidence of using solid pharmaceutical forms; the number of drugs prescribed, the using days of ETF and the diversity of working methods used in the derivation, dilution and administration moment by the nurse assistants showed that despite good amount of information in the literature about the administration of drugs in patients using ETF, the clinical practice is being carried out in a way that is inconsistent with the data available, causing difficulties for the patient treatment.
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Harchaoui, Souhil. "Modélisation des transitions en agriculture : énergie, azote, et capacité nourricière de la France dans la longue durée (1882-2016) et prémices pour une généralisation à l'échelle mondiale." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=3874&f=24611.
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Face aux enjeux de changement climatique et de transition énergétique associés aux prévisions de croissance démographique au cours du XXIème siècle, l’agriculture doit se transformer pour produire plus de nourriture tout en réduisant sa dépendance aux ressources non-renouvelables et en préservant les écosystèmes. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse s’intéresse à examiner les impacts des contraintes biophysiques et des transformations sociotechniques sur le métabolisme agricole, les transitions et la capacité nourricière de l’agriculture. Le métabolisme agricole est modélisé par les flux d’énergie et d’azote que le système agricole mobilise et transforme pour fonctionner et fournir de la biomasse. Ce cadre analytique permet d’une part de positionner l’agriculture dans les enjeux de la transition énergétique et, d’autre part, de quantifier conjointement la capacité nourricière atteignable et son impact sur la biogéochimie planétaire. Nous examinons le métabolisme agricole à deux niveaux d’échelles spatio-temporelles : une modélisation en perspective historique de longue durée (1882-2016) à l’échelle de la France et une modélisation historique (1961-2013) et prospective à l’échelle du monde. L’analyse de l’agriculture en France s’appuie sur la modélisation des données historiques de productions et des moyens de productions. Nous mettons en lumière les mécanismes qui relient les entrées et sorties du système agricole, et les transitions énergétiques et azote associées de manière continue depuis 1882. Nous caractérisons la trajectoire française à l’aide d’indicateurs d’efficacité, de retour sur investissement énergétique, de surplus agricole, d’autosuffisance et de neutralité énergétique du système. La neutralité énergétique est un indicateur clé pour positionner l’agriculture dans la transition énergétique à venir. Nous retraçons l’impact des transformations sociotechniques sur les transitions qui ont fait quadrupler le surplus alimentaire des fermes et ont réduit presque à zéro leur autosuffisance énergétique. L’agriculture produisait en énergie deux fois ce qu’elle consommait en temps préindustriels contre quatre fois aujourd’hui, or elle est passée d’un système énergétiquement autonome nourri de biomasse à un système quasi-exclusivement nourri d’énergies fossiles. Exprimée en équivalent biomasse, la consommation actuelle d’énergie de l’agriculture est égale à sa production, ce qui en fait un système énergétiquement inintéressant. Le défi pour l’agriculture est de contribuer à la transition énergétique sans empiéter sur sa production alimentaire. Relever ce défi, qui est peu compris par la société, passe par l’amélioration de la performance énergétique de l’agriculture et implique l’amélioration de l’efficacité d’utilisation de l'azote ainsi que la réduction de l’élevage surtout des monogastriques, la valorisation énergétique d’une majorité des résidus agricoles et la réduction du travail au champ. La modélisation à l’échelle mondiale permet de caractériser la trajectoire de l’agriculture en termes de capacité nourricière et d’impact environnemental et d’évaluer sa capacité limite de production sur la base des contraintes biophysiques. Cette modélisation est un premier module centré sur le métabolisme azote et ne tient pas compte du mode de fonctionnement énergétique de l’agriculture. Nous examinons les limites de production alimentaire mondiale conjointement avec les pertes d’azote en fonction des degrés d’autosuffisance en azote. Nous montrons que la population humaine maximale supportable sur Terre peut varier de 6 à 17 milliards de personnes en fonction de la part de la production totale de grain utilisée dans l’alimentation animale, l’efficacité d’utilisation de l’azote et le régime de fertilisation azotée. Cette analyse permet de confronter, comme c’est rarement fait, les projections démographiques officielles pour le XXIe siècle à des contraintes biophysiques planétaires et discuter leurs conditions de réalisationTo overcome the challenges of climate change and energy transition, combined with the projected population growth in the 21st century, agriculture must transform itself to produce more food while reducing its dependence on non-renewables sources and preserving ecosystems. This thesis examines the impacts of biophysical constraints and socio-technical transformations on agricultural metabolism, transitions and feeding capacity of agriculture. Agricultural metabolism is modelled through both energy and nitrogen flows that the agricultural system mobilizes and converts to operate and to supply biomass. This analytical framework allows us, on the one hand, to position agriculture within the energy transition challenges and, on the other hand, to jointly quantify the achievable feeding capacity and its impact on global biogeochemical cycles. Agricultural metabolism is examined at two spatial and temporal scales: a long-term historical perspective modelling (1882-2016) at the scale of France and a historical (1961-2013) and prospective modelling at the global scale. The analysis of French agriculture is based on the modelling of historical production data and means of production. We explore the mechanisms that link the inputs and outputs of the agricultural system, together with the associated energy and nitrogen transitions continuously since 1882. We characterize the French trajectory on the basis of efficiency indicators, energy return on energy investment, farm surplus, self-sufficiency and energy neutrality of the system. Energy neutrality is a key indicator for positioning agriculture in the future energy transition. We quantify the impact of socio-technical transformations on transitions that have quadrupled the farm surplus and reduced its energy self-sufficiency to almost zero. Agriculture produced twice as much energy as it did in pre-industrial times, compared to four times today, but it has gone from an energy self-sufficient system fed by biomass to a system almost exclusively dependent on fossil fuels. Expressed in biomass equivalent, agriculture's current energy consumption is equal to its production, therefore a system that is not energetically viable. The challenge for agriculture is to contribute to the energy transition without encroaching on its food production. Meeting this challenge, which is little understood by society, requires improving the energy performance of agriculture and involves improving nitrogen use efficiency, as well as reducing livestock production, especially from monogastrics, decreasing farm labor needs, together with a high energy recovery from agricultural residues. Global-scale modelling allows us to describe the agriculture trajectory in terms of feeding capacity and environmental impact and to assess its food production limits on the basis of biophysical constraints. This modeling is a first module focused on the nitrogen metabolism and does not take into consideration the energy operating regime of agriculture. We examine the limits of world food production along with nitrogen losses according to degrees of nitrogen self-sufficiency. We show how maximum supportable human population on Earth can range from 6 to 17 billion people depending on the share of total grain production used in animal feed, the nitrogen use efficiency and the nitrogen fertilization regime. This analysis allows comparing, as it is rarely done, official population projections for the 21st century with planetary biophysical constraints and discuss the conditions under which these projections can be achieved
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Steiner, Alexis K. "3D Digitization and Wear Analysis of Sauropod Teeth." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1525990888624381.
Full textBooks on the topic "Feeding War"
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Feeding the enemy. Virginia Beach, VA: Köehlerbooks, 2016.
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Druelle, Clotilde. Feeding Occupied France during World War I. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9.
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Walworth, George. Feeding the nation in peace and war. New York: Garland Pub., 1985.
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Feeding Manila in peace and war, 1850-1945. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2016.
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Virginia's private war: Feeding body and soul in the Confederacy, 1861-1865. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
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Edson, John Thomas. Ranch War. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.
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Tuyll, Hubert P. Van. Feeding the bear: American aid to the Soviet Union, 1941-1945. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989.
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E, Ericson Edward. Feeding the German eagle: Soviet economic aid to Nazi Germany, 1933-1941. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1999.
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Lawrence, Ruth A. Breastfeeding, a guide for the medical profession. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1985.
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1941-, McDowell L. R., ed. Nutrition of grazing ruminants in warm climates. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Feeding War"
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Druelle, Clotilde. "Herbert C. Hoover: The American Epic." In Feeding Occupied France during World War I, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9_1.
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Druelle, Clotilde. "The Occupation of Belgium and Northern France." In Feeding Occupied France during World War I, 23–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9_2.
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Druelle, Clotilde. "The Significance of the Royal Navy’s Blockade of Europe." In Feeding Occupied France during World War I, 79–125. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9_3.
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Druelle, Clotilde. "The Progressive Coordination of the Supply." In Feeding Occupied France during World War I, 127–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9_4.
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Druelle, Clotilde. "Occupied France: Administration, Protection, and Validation." In Feeding Occupied France during World War I, 187–248. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9_5.
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Druelle, Clotilde. "Time of Contradictions: Supply in the Heart of the Total War Spring 1917–Fall 1918." In Feeding Occupied France during World War I, 249–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9_6.
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Druelle, Clotilde. "The “End of Innocence,” 1918–1919." In Feeding Occupied France during World War I, 301–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05563-9_7.
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Miller, Ian. "‘I’ve Heard o’ Food Queues, but This Is the First Time I’ve Ever Heard of a Feeding Queue!’: Hunger Strikers, War, and the State, 1914–61." In A History of Force Feeding, 125–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31113-5_5.
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Sprenger-Seyffarth, Jenny. "Public Feeding in the First World War: Berlin’s First Public Kitchen System." In Food, Culture and Identity in Germany's Century of War, 75–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27138-1_4.
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de Zwarte, Ingrid J. J. "Fighting Vulnerability: Child-Feeding Initiatives During the Dutch Hunger Winter." In Coping with Hunger and Shortage under German Occupation in World War II, 293–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77467-1_15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Feeding War"
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REA, MARINA FERREIRA. "HIV AND INFANT FEEDING: SITUATION IN BRAZIL." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 25th Session. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797001_0022.
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Setyobudi, Sugeng Iwan, and I. Nengah Tanu Komalyna. "Difference in Acceptability and Level of Preference Between Modified and Standard Supplementary Feeding in Undernourished Toddlers at Janti Community Health Center, Malang." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.59.
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ABSTRACT Background: In East Java, the prevalence of 36% of toddlers did not finish standard supplementary feeding biscuits. Some contributed factors were disfavor of children (66.6%), forgotten to feed (3.9%), incompatible (0.5%), eaten by another family member (23.4%), and others (5.6%). This study aimed to determine the difference in acceptability and level of preference between modified and standard supplementary feeding in undernourished toddlers at Janti Community Health Center, Malang, East Java. Subjects and Method: A quasi-experimental study with one group pretest-posttest design was conducted at Janti Community Health Center, Malang, East Java, in July 2019. A sample of 16 under-five malnourished children aged 12-59 months was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variables were acceptability and the level of preference of under-five malnourished children. The level of preference was categorized into taste, texture, color, and aroma. The independent variables were standard (biscuit) and modified (chocolate ball and chocolate pudding) supplementary feedings. The data were collected by questionnaires. The data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis. Results: The highest level of acceptance obtained in chocolate ball, followed by chocolate pudding and standard biscuit, and it was not statistically significant (p= 0.112). The highest preference for taste was chocolate ball, followed by standard biscuit and chocolate pudding, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.022). The highest preference for texture was chocolate ball, followed by chocolate pudding and standard biscuit, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.025). The highest preference for color was chocolate ball, followed by chocolate pudding and standard biscuit, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.022). The highest preference for aroma was standard biscuit, followed by chocolate pudding and chocolate ball, and it was not statistically significant (p= 0.190). Conclusion: There are no significant differences in the level of acceptance between standard (biscuits) and modified (chocolate ball and pudding) supplementary feedings among undernourished toddlers. The highest preference for taste and texture is in chocolate ball feeding. The highest preference for color is in standard biscuit feeding. Keywords: standard, modified, supplementary feeding, acceptance, preference level Correspondence: Sugeng Iwan S. Nutritional Study Program, School of Health and Sciences, Malang. Jl. Besar Ijen No.77C, Oro-oro Dowo, Klojen, Malang, East Java, 65119. Email: sugengiwan66@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281330200826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.59
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Lin, Sin-Liang, and Fuh-Kuo Chen. "Die Design and Axial Feeding in the Tube-Hydroforming Process." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34113.
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In the present study, the loading path with constant internal fluid pressure during axial feeding to hydroform an automotive structural part with higher expansion ratio was investigated. The axial feedings employed at various internal fluid pressures were simulated by the finite element method. It is found that the axial feeding applied at a favorable internal fluid pressure, the production part with higher expansion ratio still could be made. Compared with other loading paths published in literature, which are mainly linear paths, the proposed loading path provides a simple approach to achieve better performance in the hydroforming process. The factors causing wrinkling fin the hydroforming process were also studied by analyzing the relationship between the die face shape and the material flow in the die cavity. An optimum die face design that avoided pinching at the die closing process was then proposed. The actual hydroforming process for manufacturing the automotive structural part was conducted as well in the present study to validate the proposed loading path and the optimum die face design. The consistent agreement between the production part and the finite element simulation results confirms not only the proposed loading path and die face design, but also the effectiveness of the finite element analysis employed in the tube-hydroforming process.
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Yuan, Shijian, Zejun Tang, and Gang Liu. "Simulation and Experiment on Warm Hydroforming of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Tube." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1084.
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The wrinkling behavior of an AZ31B magnesium alloy tube was investigated by simulation at different loading paths and at different temperatures. The effects of strain rate, internal pressure and temperature on the wrinkles were studied. Stressstrain track was analyzed in the quasi-static strain state graph of the plane stress processing to explain the changing of the wrinkles’ shape, radius and wall thickness. It is shown that shape of the wrinkles wave along the axial direction keeps the sine wave character. The radius and thinning at the top zone of the wrinkles and the width of the wrinkles increased with the temperature, the internal pressure or the axial feeding. Moreover, hydro-formability of wrinkled parts was investigated and the improvement was observed. Finnally, as an application of using wrinkled parts as preform prior to the final calibration, a magnesium alloy tubular part with 50% expansion ratio was formed.
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Tsunoda, Tomoyuki, Daisuke Kitazawa, Takeshi Kinoshita, Sho Ito, Weiguang Bao, Hiroshi Itakura, and Masatoshi Fujino. "Concept of an Offshore Aquaculture System With an Automated Feeding Platform." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57719.
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With the increasing world demand for seafood and environmental problems in coastal aquaculture, offshore area has been increasingly expected to be utilized for aquaculture. The present study proposed the concept of an offshore aquaculture system with an automated feeding platform. The offshore aquaculture system has fewer effects on the surrounding marine environment through the rapid diffusion of organic wastes than the coastal one. The offshore area then provides clean waters for cultured fish. On the other hand, the offshore aquaculture system is subject to the severe natural condition such as typhoon attack. Actually, in the current aquaculture system, the cultured fish is starved during a few days before and after typhoon attack since the feeding ship is not able to approach the offshore sea cages, which is submerged every time around 10m below the sea surface to escape from high waves and strong currents. The automated feeding system should be therefore developed to enable the cultured fish to grow faster under the severe natural condition. The proposed system consists of several submerged fish cages and a feeding platform, which includes fuel tanks, feed storage silos, and an automated feeding machine. The feeding platform was designed by numerical analysis and tank model test in order to suppress its motion as small as possible. The motion of the feeding platform was first predicted by numerical analysis. The unmoved point was formed at each period of the incident wave. It moves upward as the period of the incident wave increases. Consequently, the point at 8m below the sea surface (3m above the bottom of the feeding platform) is the best one to attach the feeding hose. As a result of tank model test, pitch and heave motions of the feeding platform were dominant in the waves with short (1.5 seconds) and long (3.1 seconds) periods, respectively. An unmoved point was observed on the surface of the feeding platform as predicted by the numerical model, while the top of the feeding platform moved more largely. The unmoved point for the feeding hose was specified at above the bottom of the feeding platform.
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Nie, Chao, Xiaojun Yan, and Xia Chen. "Influence of Gas Feeding Position on the Performance of Radial-Inflow Hydrostatic Gas Ultra-Short Journal Bearings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57709.
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To investigate the influence of gas feeding position on the performance of radial-inflow hydrostatic gas ultra-short (with a L/D value as 0.1) journal bearing two rotor-bearing system test rigs with two different feeding positions (central feeding and bottom feeding) for the journal bearing were designed. A rotor measurement system with an original rotational speed measurement program is built. Rotation experiments to measure the maximum rotational speed of rotors under different inlet pressure of journal bearing were conducted. It was found that, the rotor supported by the central feeding journal bearing worked better, and achieved a maximum rotational speed of 40000 rpm, (83.74m/s for the tip speed). While the test rig with bottom feeding journal bearing could not function well. To verify the reasons behind the failure mentioned above, the flow condition in the journal clearance and the rotor bottom clearance was analyzed by the CFD simulation. It shows that most of the journal bearing gas “leaks” into the rotor bottom clearance in the bottom feeding bearing test rig, disarranging the axial stability of the rotor and the normal functioning of the thrust bearings. In conclusion, the central feeding radial-inflow journal bearing is better than the bottom feeding one, for the better operability and higher maximum speed. And an ideal feeding position is supposed to make the journal bearing does not influence the axial stability of the rotor and the functioning of the thrust bearings.
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Fa’ni, Renidya Asyura Muttabi’ Deya, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi, and Isna Qadrijati. "Path Analysis on the Determinants of Complementary Feeding Practice." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.103.
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ABSTRACT Background: Complementary feeding practice is needed to be optimized to maximize children’s potential for growth and development. However, there are still many obstacles in provide complementary feeding practice. This study aimed to examine the determinants of complementary feeding practice. Subjects and Method: A cross sectional study was conducted in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from October to November 2019. A sample of 200 mothers who had infants aged 6-24 months was selected by probability sampling. The dependent variable was complementary feeding practice. The independent variables were birthweight, child nutritional status, maternal knowledge toward complementary feeding, maternal education, and family income. The data were collected by infant weight scale, infantometer, and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13. Results: Complementary feeding practice increased with birthweight ≥2500 g (b= 2.67; 95% CI=0.59 to.89; p= 0.008), child nutritional status (WHZ) -2.0 to 2.0 SD (b= 2.72; 95% CI=o.75 to 4.61; p= 0.006), high maternal knowledge toward complementary feeding (b= 2.27; 95% CI= 0.27 to 3.79; p= 0.023), maternal education ≥Senior high school (b= 2.19; 95% CI= 0.23 to 4.25; p= 0.028), and family income ≥Rp 1,571,000 (b= 2.42; 95% CI= 0.39 to 3.77; p= 0.015). Conclusion: Complementary feeding practice increases with birthweight ≥2500 g, good child nutritional status, high maternal knowledge toward complementary feeding, high maternal education, and high family income. Keywords: complementary feeding, path analysis Correspondence: Renidya Asyura Muttabi’ Deya Fa’ni. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: renidyamdf@gmail.com. Mobile: +62 815 3934 0421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.103
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Saidah, Halimatus, and Rahma Kusuma Dewi. "Relationship between Basic Feeding Rule Applied by Parents and Eating Difficulties of Children Under Five Years of Age in Kediri, East Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.81.
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ABSTRACT Background: Difficulty eating in children is a problem faced by parents. However, adequate nutritional intake is required for the growth and development of children. Basic feeding rules can be used as guidelines for parents to overcome the feeding problems in children. This study aimed to examine the relationship between basic feeding rule applied by parents and eating difficulties of children under five years of age in Kediri, East Java. Subjects and Method: A cross sectional study was conducted at Semampir, Kediri, East Java. A sample of 32 children under five years of age was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was eating difficulty of children. The independent variable was basic feeding rule applied by parents. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Spearman rho. Results: Basic feeding rule applied by parents showed positive correlation with eating difficulties in children under five years of age (r= 0.51, p= 0.003). Conclusion: Basic feeding rule applied by parents shows positive correlation with eating difficulties in children under five years of age. Keywords: basic feeding rule, difficulties, children under five years of age, Correspondence: Halimatus Saidah. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Kadiri. Jln Selomangleng No 01, Kediri, East Java. Email: halimatus.saidah@unik-kediri.ac.id. Mobile: +6281321784182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.81
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Rizki, Lailatul Khusnul, and Esty Puji Rahayu. "Effect of Complementary Feeding on Stunting and Anaemia in Toddlers in Sidoarjo, East Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.79.
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ABSTRACT Background: Stunting is a chronic malnutritional problem which has the risk of developing degenerative diseases and delay the intelligence of children in the future. Anaemia in children is also a health problem in developing countries. This study aimed to examine the effect of complementary feeding on stunting and anaemia in toddlers in Sidoarjo, East Java. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Integrated Health Post, Community Health Center Porong, Sidoarjo, East Java. A sample of 99 toddlers under three years of age was selected for this study. The dependent variables were stunting and anemia. The height of the toddlers was measured by microtoise. The hemoglobin level was measured by digital hemoglobin test. The independent variable was supplementary feeding. The data were analyzed by chi-square. Results: Supplementary feeding associated with childhood stunting, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.001). Supplementary feeding associated with anemia, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.021). Conclusion: Supplementary feeding associates with childhood stunting and anemia, and it is statistically significant. Keywords: supplementary feeding, stunting, anemia Correspondence: Lailatul Khusnul Rizki. Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. Jl. SMEA No.57, Surabaya, East Java. Email: lailarizki91@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282231660854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.79
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Vivas, Gabriel A., Armando J. Moret, Roberto E. Bello, Luis M. Melian, and Jose R. Carmona. "Assessment of the Influence of Central and Lateral Feed Injection Systems on the Remaining Life of Coke Drums." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65415.
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Coke drums are thin walled pressure vessels that are subjected to severe thermal cyclic operation, which causes low cycle thermal fatigue. Because of that, they are considered as the vessels with the highest failure rate in a refinery according to API survey conducted in1996. In the last decade, a new technology in bottom blocking valve systems for coke drums has been introduced which induces a change in the traditional center feeding system to lateral feeding system; basically with the main goal to increase operators safety. Taking into account the mechanical integrity and remaining life of coke drums, the central feeding system has traditionally been considered as the best option, however; this hypothesis has not been fully demonstrated. Two central fed coke drums were heavily instrumented with strain gauges and thermocouples in bulged zones identified after performing a bulge severity analysis (BSA). Thermocouple arrays and several strain gauges were installed in eight specific locations of the drums. This instrumentation was installed three months before installing bottom blocking valves in the drums, and consequently, changing their feeding system to lateral. A statistical analysis was performed using 40 thermal cycles of the two coke drums with central feeding system and 120 thermal cycles of the same coke drums after changing to lateral feeding system. The usage factor was estimated for each cycle considering the axial stress amplitude and a fatigue strength reduction factor of 2 for the ASME S-N design curve Fig. KD-320.2. Finally, the remaining life was estimated for each instrumented zone taking into consideration that the coke drums would have the same cumulative damage in the future. The results show that average remaining life at instrumented zones (considering all locations) of one coke drum increased when the lateral feeding system was introduced; while the average remaining life at instrumented zones for the second coke drum remained practically unchanged after the lateral feeding system was put in to service.
Reports on the topic "Feeding War"
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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.
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The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.
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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.
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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.
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Ungar, Eugene D., Montague W. Demment, Uri M. Peiper, Emilio A. Laca, and Mario Gutman. The Prediction of Daily Intake in Grazing Cattle Using Methodologies, Models and Experiments that Integrate Pasture Structure and Ingestive Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568789.bard.
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This project addressed the prediction of daily intake in grazing cattle using methodologies, models and experiments that integrate pasture structure and ingestive behavior. The broad objective was to develop concepts of optimal foraging that predicted ingestive behavior and instantaneous intake rate in single and multi-patch environments and extend them to the greater scales of time and space required to predict daily intake. Specific objectives included: to determine how sward structure affects the shape of patch depletion curves, to determine if the basic components of ingestive behavior of animals in groups differs from animals alone, and to evaluate and modify our existing models of foraging behavior and heterogeneity to incorporate larger scales of time and space. Patch depletion was found to be predominantly by horizon, with a significant decline in bite weight during horizon depletion. This decline derives from bite overlap, and is more pronounced on taller swards. These results were successfully predicted by a simple bite placement simulator. At greater spatial scales, patch selection was aimed at maximizing daily digestible intake, with the between patch search pattern being non-random. The processes of selecting a feeding station and foraging at a feeding station are fundamentally different. The marginal value theorem may not be the most appropriate paradigm for predicting residence time at a feeding station. Basic components of ingestive behavior were unaffected by the presence of other animals. Our results contribute to animal production systems by improving our understanding of the foraging process, by identifying the key sward parameters that determine intake rate and by improving existing conceptual and quantitative models of foraging behavior across spatial and temporal scales.
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Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.
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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
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Koziel, Jacek, Yael Laor, Jeffrey Zimmerman, Robert Armon, Steven Hoff, and Uzi Ravid. Simultaneous Treatment of Odorants and Pathogens Emitted from Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) by Advanced Oxidation Technologies. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592646.bard.
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A feasibility study was conducted, aiming to explore the potential effectiveness of UV/TiO2/O3 photooxidation technologies for simultaneous treatment of odorant and pathogen emissions from livestock and poultry operations. Several key parameters were tested in laboratory (US) and semi-pilot (Israel) scale conditions including: the effects of light energy dose (treatment time and light intensity), relative humidity and air temperature, UV wavelength, presence of photocatalyst (TiO2) and the presence of ozone. Removal and conversion of odor, target gases (sulfur-containing volatile organic compounds S-VOCs, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), phenolics, and ammonia), and airborne pathogens was tested. Up to 100% removal (below method detection level) of S-VOCs, VFAs, and phenolics, the overall odor, and up to 64.5% of ammonia was achieved with optimized treatment. Treatments involving deep UV band (185 nm) and photocatalyst (TiO2) were more efficient in removal/conversion of odorous gases and odor. The estimate of the operational cost of treatment was based on measured emissions of several odorous VOCs from full scale, commercial swine farm ranges from $0.15 to $0.59 per finisher pig. This figure represents significantly lower cost compared with the cost of biofiltration or air scrubbing.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.
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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.
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Weinberg, Zwi G., Adegbola Adesogan, Itzhak Mizrahi, Shlomo Sela, Kwnag Jeong, and Diwakar Vyas. effect of selected lactic acid bacteria on the microbial composition and on the survival of pathogens in the rumen in context with their probiotic effects on ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598162.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This research project was performed in context of the apparent probiotic effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants on the performance of ruminants (improved feed intake, faster live-weight gain, higher milk yields and improved feed efficiency). The overall objective was to find out how LAB affect ruminant performance. The project included several “chapters” as follows: 1. The effect of LAB silage inoculants on the survival of detrimental bacteria in rumen fluid, in vitro study (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). An in vitro model was developed to study the interaction between selected LAB and an E. coli strain tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in buffered RF. Results indicated that both LAB inoculants and E. coli survived in the RF for several days; both LAB inoculants and LAB-treated silages did not affect survival of E. coli in rumen fluid in vitro. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the performance of high-lactating cows (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). Treatments included control (no additive), Lacobacillusbuchneri40788 (LB), Lactobacillus plantarumMTD1 40027 (LP) and Pediococcuspentosaceus30168 (PP), each applied at 10⁶ cfu/g FM. The silages were included in the TMR of 32 high milking Holstein cows in a controlled feeding experiment. All baled silages were of good quality. The LB silage had the numerically highest acetic acid and were the most stable upon aerobic exposure. The cows fed the LB silages had the highest daily milk yields, percent milk fat and protein. The microbiome of baled wheat silages and changes during ensiling of wheat and corn (Sela et al., The Volcani Center). Bacterial community of the baled silages was dominated mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Lactobacillus and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 with 300 other genera at very low abundance. Fungal community was composed mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Candida and Monascuswith 20 other genera at very low abundance. In addition, changes in the microbiome during ensiling of wheat and corn with and without addition of L. plantarumMTD1 was studied in mini-silos. Overall 236 bacterial genera were identified in the fresh corn but after 3 months Lactobacillus outnumbered all other species by acquiring 95% of relative abundance. The wheat silage samples are still under analysis. The effect of applying LAB inoculants at ensiling on survival of E. coli O157:H7 in alfalfa and corn silages(Adesogan et al., University of Florida). E. coli (10⁵ cfu/g) was applied to fresh alfalfa and corn at ensiling with or without L. plantarumor L. buchneri. The pathogen was added again after about 3 moths at the beginning of an aerobic exposure period. The inoculants resulted in faster decrease in pH as compared with the control (no additives) or E. coli alone and therefore, the pathogen was eliminated faster from these silages. After aerobic exposure the pathogen was not detected in the LAB treated silages, whereas it was still present in the E. coli alone samples. 5. The effect of feeding corn silage treated with or without L. buchnerion shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by dairy cows (Adesogan et al., UFL). BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 2 of 12 Five hundred cows from the dairy herd of the University of Florida were screened for E. coli shedding, out of which 14 low and 13 high shedders were selected. These cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) which was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 for 21 days. The TMR included corn silage treated with or without L. buchneri. The inoculated silages were more stable upon aerobic exposure than the control silages; the silage inoculant had no significant effect on any milk or cow blood parameters. However, the silage inoculant tended to reduce shedding of E. coli regardless of high or low shedders (p = 0.06). 6. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the rumen microbiome (Mizrahi et al., BGU). Rumen fluid was sampled throughout the feeding experiment in which inoculated wheat silages were included in the rations. Microbial DNA was subsequently purified from each sample and the 16S rRNA was sequenced, thus obtaining an overview of the microbiome and its dynamic changes for each experimental treatment. We observed an increase in OTU richness in the group which received the baled silage inoculated with Lactobacillus Plantarum(LP). In contrast the group fed Lactobacillus buchneri(LB) inoculated silage resulted in a significant decrease in richness. Lower OTU richness was recently associated in lactating cows with higher performance (Ben Shabatet al., 2016). No significant clustering could be observed between the different inoculation treatments and the control in non metric multi-dimentional scaling, suggesting that the effect of the treatments is not the result of an overall modulation of the microbiome composition but possibly the result of more discrete interactions. Significant phylum level changes in composition also indicates that no broad changes in taxa identity and composition occurred under any treatment A more discrete modulation could be observed in the fold change of several taxonomic groups (genus level analysis), unique to each treatment, before and after the treatment. Of particular interest is the LB treated group, in which several taxa significantly decreased in abundance. BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 3 of 12
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Homan, H. Jeffrey, Ron J. Johnson, James R. Thiele, and George M. Linz. European Starlings. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207737.ws.
Full textAbstract:
European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, Figure 1)are an invasive species in the United States. The first recorded release of the birds was in 1890 in New York City’s Central Park. Because starlings easily adapt to a variety of habitats, nest sites and food sources, the birds spread quickly across the country. Today, there are about 150 million starlings in North America. Conflicts between people and starlings occur mostly in agricultural settings. Starlings damage apples, blueberries, cherries, figs, grapes, peaches, and strawberries. Starlings gather at concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) during late fall and winter. Starlings also cause human health problem, airplane hazards, and nuisance problems. European starlings are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA).
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Huber, John Tal, Joshuah Miron, Brent Theurer, Israel Bruckental, and Spencer Swingle. Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568748.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This research project entitled "Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows" had the following objectives: a) Determine effects of feeding varying amounts of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) on efficiency of milk and milk protein production; and 2) Investigate digestive and metabolic mechanisms relating to lactation responses to diets varying in ruminal and total starch degradability. Four lactation studies with high producing cows were conducted in which steam-flaked (~ 75% RDS) was compared with dry-rolled sorghum (~ 50% RDS) grain. All studies demonstrated increased efficiency of conversion of feed to milk (FCM/DMI) and milk protein as amount of RDS in the diet increased by feeding steam-flaked sorghum. As RDS in diets increased, either by increased steam-flaked sorghum, grinding of sorghum, or increasing the proportion of wheat to sorghum, so also did ruminal and total tract digestibilities of starch and neutral-detergent soluble (NDS) carbohydrate. Despite other research by these two groups of workers showing increased non-ammonia N (NAN) flowing from the rumen to the duodenum with higher RDS, only one of the present studies showed such an effect. Post-absorptive studies showed that higher dietary RDS resulted in greater urea recycling, more propionate absorption, a tendency for greater output of glucose by the liver, and increased uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen by the mammary gland. These studies have shown that processing sorghum grain through steam-flaking increases RDS and results in greater yields and efficiency of production of milk and milk protein in high producing dairy cows.
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.