Journal articles: 'Feeding ecology of bugs'

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Gaire, Sudip, Coby Schal, Russell Mick, and Zachary DeVries. "The Role of Antennae in Heat Detection and Feeding Behavior in the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (October 31, 2020): 2858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa250.

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Abstract The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite that has significant impacts on human health and well-being. All life stages of bed bugs (except eggs) feed solely on blood, which is required to molt and reproduce. Bed bugs use multiple cues to locate their hosts, including heat, CO2, and body odors. Of these cues, detection of heat appears limited to a short distance of <3 cm. However, it remains unclear if bed bugs can detect radiant heat, what structure(s) are responsible for heat detection, and if heat detection via the antennae is required for feeding. In this study, bed bug response to radiant heat was evaluated using the two-choice T-maze assay with the heat source either in contact with the surface (i.e., conduction) or not in contact (i.e., radiation) in nonantennectomized bed bugs. Further, we systematically ablated the bed bug’s antennal segments (distal tip, first segment, and all four segments) and assessed their responses to heat and feeding in a unique two-choice T-maze assay and individual feeding assays, respectively. Our two-choice assays with contact to or no contact with the surface indicated that bed bugs cannot detect radiant heat. Later, we found that the distal tip of the terminal antennal segment is responsible for orientation toward a heat source. However, >50% of the bed bugs fed even when the entire antenna was removed, suggesting redundancy in sensory cues that drive feeding. These results will be used to better understand the role heat plays in bed bug host attraction and design of traps.

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Meyin A. Ebong, Solange, Gabriel E. García-Peña, Dominique Pluot-Sigwalt, Laurent Marsollier, Philippe Le Gall, Sara Eyangoh, and Jean-François Guégan. "Ecology and Feeding Habits Drive Infection of Water Bugs with Mycobacterium ulcerans." EcoHealth 14, no. 2 (March 17, 2017): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1228-y.

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Degenhardt, David C., Jeremy K. Greene, and Ahmad Khalilian. "Temporal Dynamics and Electronic Nose Detection of Stink Bug-Induced Volatile Emissions from Cotton Bolls." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/236762.

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Management decisions for stink bugs (Pentatomidae) inBtcotton are complicated by time-consuming sampling methods, and there is a need for more efficient detection tools. Volatile compounds are released from cotton bolls in response to feeding by stink bugs, and electronic nose (E-nose) technology may be useful for detecting boll damage. In this study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of volatile emissions in response to feeding by stink bugs and tested the ability of E-nose to discriminate between odors from healthy and injured bolls. Feeding by stink bugs led to an approximate 2.4-fold increase in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Principal components analysis of E-nose sensor data showed distinct (100%) separation between stink bug-injured and healthy bolls after two days of feeding. However, when E-nose was used to randomly identify samples, results were less accurate (80–90%). These results suggest that E-nose is a promising technology for rapid detection of stink bug injury to cotton.

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Young, S. Y., J. K. Greene, and G. M. Lorenz. "Damage to Soybean by Acrosternum hilare (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.3.257.

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A series of field-cage experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in southeast Arkansas to measure the impact of feeding by green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say), on soybean yield and seed damage. Stink bugs were collected from local soybean fields and released in 1.8 × 1.8 × 1.8 m walk-in screen cages at densities of 0, 3, 9, and 18 bugs per row-m on maturity group (MG) IV and MG V soybean at different stages of crop phenological development. Damaged seed at harvest was significantly related to caged density of A. hilare in most of the cage experiments. Yield loss was associated with density of caged bugs in 7 of 11 different experiments and ranged from 13.4–60.5 kg/ha (0.2–0.9 bu/a) lost per bug per row-m. MG IV and MG V soybean were similarly impacted by density of A. hilare when exposed at the same stage of crop development. Feeding by small and large nymphs at early (R2–R3) and mid (R5–R6) reproductive stages resulted in significant yield loss. Feeding damage was apparent on late reproductive stage soybean (R7–R8), but no measurable impact on yield was observed. This suggested that thresholds could be raised or control efforts could be terminated for stink bugs infesting R7–R8 stage soybean. Damage due to feeding by stink bugs is related to various factors, but crop phenology, density of bugs, and length of infestation time are consistent and predictable influences that are interrelated, and all should be considered in determining the need to control field populations.

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Foster, Jarryd D., Allan G. Ellis, Llewellyn C. Foxcroft, Scott P. Carroll, and Johannes Le Roux. "The potential evolutionary impact of invasive balloon vines on native soapberry bugs in South Africa." NeoBiota 49 (July 25, 2019): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.49.34245.

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Following their establishment in new communities, invasive species may cause evolutionary changes in resident native species. This is clearly true for phytophagous insects, which may adapt rapidly when utilising abundant and widespread introduced hosts. The balloon vines Cardiospermumhalicacabum and C.grandiflorum were introduced to South Africa approximately 100 years ago and are classified as minor and major weeds, respectively. Here we assess the potential evolutionary impact of these vines on native Leptocoris soapberry bug populations in Kruger National Park (KNP), using phylogenetic and morphometric analyses. We found that soapberry bugs associated with C.halicacabum are genetically and morphologically distinct from those associated with C.grandiflorum. This suggests that native soapberry bugs in KNP exhibit some degree of host preference, indicating that these vines may have had significant evolutionary consequences for these insects. The proboscis length of soapberry bugs feeding on C.halicacabum closely matched fruit size, often being longer than fruit size at the population level. These soapberry bugs are therefore well-suited to feeding on this introduced plant species.

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Talbot, Benoit, Nusha Keyghobadi, and Brock Fenton. "Bed bugs: The move to humans as hosts." FACETS 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0038.

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Cimicid insects, bed bugs and their allies, include about 100 species of blood-feeding ectoparasites. Among them, a few have become widespread and abundant pests of humans. Cimicids vary in their degree of specialization to hosts. Whereas most species specialize on insectivorous birds or bats, the common bed bug can feed on a range of distantly related host species, such as bats, humans, and chickens. We suggest that association with humans and generalism in bed bugs led to fundamentally different living conditions that fostered rapid growth and expansion of their populations. We propose that the evolutionary and ecological success of common bed bugs reflected exploitation of large homeothermic hosts (humans) that sheltered in buildings. This was a departure from congeners whose hosts are much smaller and often heterothermic. We argue that interesting insights into the biology of pest species may be obtained using an integrated view of their ecology and evolution.

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Lucini, Tiago, and Antônio R. Panizzi. "Electropenetrographic Comparison of Feeding Behavior of Dichelops furcatus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on Soybean and Spring Cereals." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 1796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa114.

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Abstract We used electropenetrography to quantify and compare counts and durations of selected waveforms, produced by adult females of the stink bug Dichelops furcatus (F.). Insects fed on immature soybean pods and immature seed heads of four spring cereals: wheat, black oat, barley, and rye. On all foods, bugs spent over 60% of their plant access time in non-probing activities. This total waveform duration was significantly longer on barley and rye compared to those on soybean and oat; wheat was intermediate. Considering only probing activities, bugs spent longer durations (ca. 2×), on soybean and oat compared to barley, rye, and wheat plants. Bugs produced significantly more pathway events on soybean and rye than on wheat and barley; with a significantly shorter duration per event on rye. The counts and durations of xylem ingestion did not differ among foods. Cell rupturing activities on seeds were longer on soybean (ca. 23%) and oat (ca. 21%), than on barley and rye (ca. 6%). The durations of ingestion events on seeds were significantly shorter on soybean (over 3×) compared to those on barley and wheat; oat and rye were intermediate. However, the ingestion duration per insect did not show significant difference among foods. Results demonstrated that D. furcatus spent more time overall in probing activities on soybean and oat; whereas, rye and barley presented the worst feeding behavior. This study provides important background information for further quantitative studies of stink bugs on different plants, such as development of resistant host plants.

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Culliney, Thomas W., David Pimentel, Ofelia S. Namuco, and Barbara A. Capwell. "NEW OBSERVATIONS OF PREDATION BY PLANT BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 7 (July 1986): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent118729-7.

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During the course of a census of arthropods in a collard crop (Brassica oleraceavar.acephala) (Cruciferae) in central New York State in summer 1985, the authors witnessed frequent incidents of unusual feeding behavior in mirid bugs. In late July and early August, numerous observations were made by three of the authors (TWC, OSN, and BAC) of apparent feeding by nymphal (2nd–4th instar) and adult tarnished plant bugs,Lygus linolaris(Palisot de Beauvois), on cocoons ofApanteles glomeratus(L.), a braconid parasitoid of the imported cabbageworm,Pieris rapae(L.). The predation occurred in a period of unusually highP. rapaepopulation densities (estimated at 150 000 ha−1), whenA. glomeratuscocoons were abundant on collard leaves.

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Holopainen, Jarmo K., Jaana Tuhkalainen, Pirjo Kainulainen, and Heli Satka. "Treating Scots pine seedlings with the herbicide atrazine does not affect shoot chemistry or feeding and oviposition by Lygusrugulipennis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-078.

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Polyphagous Lygus (Heteroptera: Miridae) bugs, which have one of the widest documented host-plant ranges, have accepted nursery-grown conifer seedlings as host plants only recently. One explanation for this adaptation to the conifer nursery environment could be the increased attractiveness of conifer seedlings due to herbicide treatments. In three laboratory experiments, we tested whether atrazine treatments (2 or 4 kg•ha−1) affected shoot chemistry of pine seedlings and the feeding and oviposition behaviour of the European tarnished plant bug, Lygusrugulipennis Popp. Shoot growth of the pine seedlings was decreased by the atrazine treatment (2 kg•ha−1) in only one experiment. The number of feeding lesions caused by Lygus bugs and the number of eggs laid per seedling were not affected by herbicide treatments, nor was the proportion of seedlings damaged. Concentrations of total amino acids were not affected by the herbicide in any of the experiments. In one experiment, the level of lysine was increased in the atrazine treatment. Terpenes and resin acids were analysed only in one experiment, and total concentrations of these defence compounds were not affected by atrazine. Dominant monoterpenes were α-pinene and 3-carene, the latter varying strongly between individual seedlings. Abietic acid and neoabietic acid were the dominant abietane and pimarane resin acids. The results suggest that applications of atrazine are not likely to reduce the resistance of pine seedlings to Lygus bugs. Herbicides may have an indirect effect by reducing the availability of alternative host plants for bugs. Other potential causes for increased numbers of Lygus bugs on nursery-grown conifer seedlings are discussed.

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Karban, Richard, and Gregory Lowenberg. "Feeding by seed bugs and weevils enhances germination of wild Gossypium species." Oecologia 92, no. 2 (November 1992): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317364.

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Tillman, Glynn. "Observations of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Ovipositing and Feeding on Peanuts." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.4.447.

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Panizzi, Antônio R., Cintia C. Niva, and Edson Hirose. "Feeding Preference by Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) for Seeds Within Soybean Pods." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.3.333.

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Studies were conducted in the laboratory and in growth chambers to determine if the location of particular seeds within soybean pods were preferred by adult Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus heros (F.), and Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Results demonstrated that feeding frequency, as indicated by the number of punctures (i.e., stylet sheaths), was significantly greater (P < 0.05) on the proximal seed, than on other seeds, both for detached pods and pods on plants. In general, the number of punctures on the proximal seed was 2–3X greater than punctures observed in the medial or distal region. Of the three species studied, N. viridula showed the greatest feeding activity and P. guildinii the least. No significant differences in feeding activity between sexes were observed. N. viridula fed more frequently at 22 than at 29°C, while no significant temperature effect was observed for E. heros.

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Brennan, S. A., O. E. Liburd, J. E. Eger, and E. M. Rhodes. "Species Composition, Monitoring, and Feeding Injury of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Blackberry." Journal of Economic Entomology 106, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 912–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec12415.

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Hernowo, Kukuh, Kathy Kamminga, and Jeffrey A. Davis. "Evaluating Behavioral Responses of Selected Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Spinosad." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (September 4, 2020): 2732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa191.

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Abstract Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) and redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) are two of the most important seed sucking pests affecting Louisiana soybean production and rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.) is an important late season pest in Louisiana rice. Exploration of chemicals that exhibit attraction or repellent activities toward major stink bug species would be beneficial in developing push–pull strategies. Spinosad is a commercially available natural insecticide that may have arrestant, attractant, or phagostimulant properties against stink bugs. To test this, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the tactile, olfactory, and feeding responses of these stink bugs toward two commercial spinosad products (Entrust and Tracer) and technical grade spinosad. In tactile assays, female and male redbanded stink bug were arrested by Entrust, Tracer, and technical grade spinosad, whereas only rice stink bug and southern green stink bug males were arrested by Entrust. Y-tube assays revealed no attraction to any of the products by either male or female rice stink bug, redbanded stink bug, or southern green stink bug. In paired (treated or untreated soybean seed) feeding preference experiments, southern green stink bug showed no preference for any treatment, whereas redbanded stink bug fed more on Entrust- and Tracer-treated seed. From these results, spinosad appears to have an arrestant and phagostimulant effect on redbanded stink bug in the laboratory.

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Bundy, C. S., R. M. McPherson, and G. A. Herzog. "An Examination of the External and Internal Signs of Cotton Boll Damage by Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.4.402.

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Small- and medium-sized bolls were exposed to stink bugs, primarily Nezara viridula (L.), Acrosternum hilare (Say), and Euschistus servus (Say), for a 48-h feeding period. Bolls were then examined for external and internal evidence of feeding 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d later. No relationship was documented between numbers of external feeding marks and internal warts that form when the interior of the boll is pierced. In fact, approximately 20% of damaged bolls with internal warts lacked external marks. Therefore, external marks cannot be used to accurately estimate the occurrence or amount of internal boll damage by stink bugs. Neither size nor number of external marks or warts increased significantly among the five post-feeding sampling dates. All visual signs of damage were present by the second day. There were significantly more damaged bolls with the combination of external marks, stylet sheaths, and warts (approximately 70%) than any other combination of feeding signs. There was a significant increase in lint and seed damage through time. Finally, a strong relationship existed between the presence of a feeding stylet sheath and wart number. A regression equation was generated to predict the presence of internal wart damage (warts) based on the number of stylet sheaths observed. A sampling program based on the incidence of stylet sheaths could potentially be used in a cotton pest management program to effectively assess stink bug injury to cotton bolls without destroying the developing bolls.

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Jung, Sunghoon, and Seunghwan Lee. "Molecular phylogeny of the plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and the evolution of feeding habits." Cladistics 28, no. 1 (September 8, 2011): 50–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00365.x.

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Wise, I. L., and R. J. Lamb. "SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF PLANT BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON OILSEED FLAX (LINACEAE) AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 3 (June 2000): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132369-3.

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Plant bugs, Lygus Kelton, damage many crops in western Canada (Kelton 1980; Wise and Lamb 1998; Wise et al. 2000), the common species in Manitoba being Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Lygus borealis (Kelton), and Lygus elisus Van Duzee (Gerber and Wise 1995). Reports of plant bugs on flax, Linum usitatissimum L., are limited to an oviposition study (Painter 1927) and anecdotal descriptions of feeding damage in Canada (Beirne 1972) and Europe (Ferguson and Fitt 1991). In western Canada, flax is grown as an oilseed crop on about 600 000 ha annually (Canada Grains Council 1999). The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the species of plant bugs in oilseed flax, (ii) their ability to complete development in flax, (iii) the number of generations they complete, and (iv) the yield loss they cause.

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Blatt, S. E., and J. H. Borden. "INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE DOUGLAS-FIR SEED CHALCID, MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUS (HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), AND THE WESTERN CONIFER SEED BUG, LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALIS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 6 (December 1998): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130775-6.

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AbstractIn two laboratory experiments, adult western conifer seed bugs, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, did not feed on seed infested by the Douglas-fir seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. When presented with seed lots containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% chalcid-infested seed, seed bugs fed on uninfested seed only when the percent chalcid infestation was ≤ 40% (Exp. 1), ≤ 20% (Exp. 2, females), or ≤ 60% (Exp. 2, males). In a third experiment, nymphs exposed to similar seed lots did not feed on M. spermotrophus when sound seeds were present. However, when exposed to 100% chalcid-infested seed, nymphs in two of 10 replicates fed on M. spermotrophus. Feeding by seed bugs caused seeds to lose 51% of their weight on average, but 18% of 43 test seeds on which seed bugs had fed germinated. In three Douglas-fir orchards surveyed, both species exhibited a clonal preference, but the ranking of clones preferred by each species was not the same. These results suggest that the impacts of L. occidentalis and M. spermotrophus are segregated and additive.

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BARROS, LURDIANA D., MARCELO R. PAIM, VERÔNICA KREIN, VICTOR CARABAJAL, MARCELA N. BRANDÃO, PAULA DE O. BERNARDES, and MARIANA F. LINDNER. "Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil." Zootaxa 4958, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 430–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27.

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Several stink bugs in the subfamily Pentatominae are crop pests or have the potential to damage plants of economic importance. In the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, where agriculture plays a major role in the economy, the knowledge about pest stink bugs is fragmented and, in some instances, outdated. This work provides a summary of Pentatominae species recorded in Rio Grande do Sul feeding on the four most important grain crops for the state, i.e. soybean, rice, maize, and wheat, plus canola, an emerging crop. This survey is enhanced with new records from scientific collections, a short diagnosis for each species, distribution maps, an identification key, and carefully illustrated to allow for species recognition in the field. With this work, we aim to reunite the scattered knowledge of the group in one single revision, and provide a useful tool for identifying the pest stink bugs of Rio Grande do Sul.

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Glover, James P., Enrique G. Medrano, Thomas Isakeit, and Michael J. Brewer. "Transmission of Cotton Seed and Boll Rotting Bacteria by the Verde Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz334.

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Abstract Field experiments and supporting laboratory work were conducted to characterize the ability of the verde plant bug, Creontiades signatus (Distant), a boll-feeding sucking bug, to transmit a cotton seed and boll rot bacterial pathogen, Serratia marcescens (Bizio) (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). Serratia marcescens was originally isolated from bolls infested with verde plant bug in south Texas, and a Rifampicin resistant S. marcescens strain was used in transmission and retention experiments. Serratia-exposed and nonexposed adult verde plant bugs from a laboratory colony were placed individually on 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-d-old bolls (postanthesis). The bacterial acquisition process did not apparently affect insect vigor based on similar average boll injury ratings observed across both exposed and nonexposed bugs. Cotton bolls caged with Serratia-exposed verde plant bugs had significantly greater presence of S. marcescens and cotton boll rot symptoms than bolls caged without bugs (no-insect controls) or nonexposed bugs. Transmission of the disease agent by verde plant bug was confirmed across all boll ages assayed. Incidence of diseased locules on 5- and 6-d-old bolls was the same or greater than on 7- and 8-d-old bolls. Verde plant bug was able to harbor the disease agent from 24- to 96-h postinfection, and transmission efficiency rates ranged from 54 to 62% during initial transmission and retention (transmission across two bolls fed upon consecutively) studies. Along with photographic evidence, the experimental data supported that boll damage associated with verde plant bug infestations was magnified when insects transmitted the cotton pathogen S. marcescens as demonstrated in this 2-yr field experiment.

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Pineda, Vanessa, Edilma Montalvo, Dayra Alvarez, Ana María Santamaría, Jose Eduardo Calzada, and Azael Saldaña. "Feeding sources and trypanosome infection index of Rhodnius pallescens in a Chagas disease endemic area of Amador County, Panama." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 50, no. 2 (April 2008): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652008000200009.

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The sylvatic triatomine Rhodnius pallescens is considered to be the most important and widespread vector of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in Panama. However, its behavior and biological characteristics have only been partially investigated. Thus, to achieve sustainable and efficient control over Chagas disease in Panama, a better understanding of the ecology and biology of R. pallescens is essential. In this study we evaluated R. pallescens host feeding sources using a dot-blot assay, and the trypanosome infection index by PCR analysis in a Chagas disease endemic area of central Panama. It was found that in peridomestic palm trees, 20.3% of the examined bugs had fed on opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). However, we observed an increased anthropophagy (25.4%) for those bugs collected inside houses. Considering the domestic and peridomestic habitats as a whole, the proportion of collected R. pallescens infected with trypanosomes was 87.4%. In the two habitats the predominant infection was with T. cruzi (80-90%). Between 47-51% of the analyzed triatomines were infected with T. rangeli. Mixed infections (40-51%) were also detected. These findings provide a better basis for the implementation of a rational control and surveillance program for Chagas disease in regions where R. pallescens is endemic.

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Soroka, Juliana J., and Dorothy C. Murrell. "THE EFFECTS OF ALFALFA PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) FEEDING LATE IN THE SEASON ON ALFALFA SEED YIELD IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 5 (October 1993): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125815-5.

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AbstractA 4-year field cage study was conducted to determine what effects feeding of alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), late in the season had on alfalfa seed yields. When zero, one, two, or four alfalfa plant bugs were placed in sleeve cages containing stems of alfalfa at the green pod stage of growth, there was a significant decrease in the number of pods per cage and per raceme, the number of healthy seeds, and the weight of seeds with two or four bugs per cage. Increasing the duration of infestation resulted in significant increases in the number of damaged seeds per cage. An insecticide field trial was conducted in north central Saskatchewan in 1988 to determine what effects the occurrence of plant bugs had on seed yields of alfalfa. Alfalfa plant bug, lygus bug (Lygus spp.), pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], and beneficial arthropod populations were monitored from 23 June to 1 September 1988. Seed yields were significantly greater in plots that were treated with trichlorfon in June and in June and August than in plots that were treated in August alone. The implications of a large alfalfa plant bug population late in the season to alfalfa seed production in the area are discussed.

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Di Giulio, Manuela, and Peter J. Edwards. "The influence of host plant diversity and food quality on larval survival of plant feeding heteropteran bugs." Ecological Entomology 28, no. 1 (February 2003): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.00488.x.

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Arnqvist, Göran, Therésa M. Jones, and Mark A. Elgar. "The extraordinary mating system of Zeus bugs (Heteroptera:Veliidae:Phoreticovelia sp.)." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 2 (2007): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06090.

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Wingless female Zeus bugs (genus: Phoreticovelia) produce a secretion from dorsal glands that males feed upon when riding on females. This unique form of sex-role-reversed nuptial feeding may have set the stage for an unusual mating system. Here, we provide natural history details of the mating behaviour for two Zeus bug species. While these species have many mating behaviours in common, the wing morphs within species exhibit entirely different mating strategies. Adult wingless females are ridden permanently by adult wingless males. In the wild, adult sex-ratios among the wingless morph are male-biased; few unmounted adult females exist and many males instead ride immature females who also produce glandular secretions. In contrast, sex-ratios among the winged morph is not male-biased, sexual size dimorphism is less pronounced, females have no dorsal glands and are, consequently, not ridden by males. Field and laboratory observations show that mating is strongly assortative by wing morph. This assortment may allow evolutionary divergence between the two morphs. We discuss the implications of this mating system and suggest that it adds to those studies showing that sexually antagonistic coevolution can be a driver of mating system evolution.

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Zink, Andrew G., and Jay A. Rosenheim. "Stage-dependent feeding behavior by western tarnished plant bugs influences flower bud abscission in cotton." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 117, no. 3 (December 2005): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00356.x.

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Klingeman, W. E., S. K. Braman, and G. D. Buntin. "Feeding Injury of the Azalea Lace Bug (Heteroptera: Tingidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.3.213.

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Azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott), feeding rates were investigated in controlled laboratory bioassays. Individual newly-eclosed nymphs were transferred to cut stems of ‘Girard's Rose’ azaleas and maintained at either 20°C for 26°C for the duration of their lifetimes. Feeding rates, determined using computer assisted image area analysis, were calculated for both nymphs and adults. In both trials, females caused significantly more feeding injury per day than males. However, the overall amount of injury inflicted during lace bug lifetimes was similar for males and females at both temperatures. During adulthood, feeding injury by individual lace bugs resulted in a mean (±SD) of 6.35 ± 4.61 cm2 leaf area injury at 20°C and 3.93 ± 2.06 cm2 leaf area injury at 26°C. Nymphal feeding was a small fraction of the injury inflicted by the adults and averaged 0.43 ±0.15 cm2 at 20°C and 0.30 ±0.10 cm2 at 26°C. The determination of azalea lace bug feeding-injury potential is critical to the development of decision-making guidelines.

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Chapin, Jay W., Timothy H. Sanders, Lisa O. Dean, Keith W. Hendrix, and James S. Thomas. "Effect of Feeding by a Burrower Bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say) (Heteroptera: Cydnidae), on Peanut Flavor and Oil Quality." Journal of Entomological Science 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.1.33.

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A burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say) (Heteroptera: Cydnidae), is known to feed extensively on peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., pods; particularly under certain reduced tillage production conditions. These bugs produce a strong odor when infested peanuts are uprooted, and previous anecdotal evidence indicated that burrower bug feeding is detrimental to peanut flavor. Various levels of burrower bug kernel feeding (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% of seed by weight) were evaluated for effects on peanut flavor and oil quality. Burrower bug feeding had no detrimental effect on flavor as determined by trained panelists using descriptive sensory analysis. There was a slight, but measurable effect on oil quality as determined by a decrease in oxidative stability and an increase in peroxide values with increased levels of feeding. There was no measurable effect on free fatty acid content or fatty acid profile at the feeding levels tested. The data indicate that incidental feeding (<20% of seed) by this pest is unlikely to be detrimental to peanut flavor. At higher feeding incidence levels, the potential risks of direct yield loss, grade reductions, and aflatoxin contamination are of greater significance than concern for relatively minor reductions in oil quality.

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Choe, Dong-Hwan, and Kathleen Campbell. "Effect of Feeding Status on Mortality Response of Adult Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to Some Insecticide Products." Journal of Economic Entomology 107, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 1206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec13478.

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29

Bier, Alexander D., Anna K. Wallingford, Ariela I. Haber, Megan V. Herlihy-Adams, and Donald C. Weber. "Trap Cropping Harlequin Bug: Distance of Separation Influences Female Movement and Oviposition." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab022.

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Abstract To evaluate perimeter trap crops for management of harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), we undertook greenhouse and field experiments with mustard greens as trap crop for a collard cash crop. We confirmed that harlequin bugs prefer to immigrate to and reside on mustard. Females, however, in greenhouse cage experiments, ‘commuted’ to collards to lay their eggs. In separate spring and fall field plantings, using replicated 12 m by 12 m collard plots in 1-ha fields, we tested mustard planted as an adjacent perimeter trap crop, or a perimeter trap crop separated by 2 unplanted rows (2.3 m), or with no trap crop. Adults accumulated on the spring mustard crop but overall numbers remained low, with all collards sustaining <1% leaves damaged. In the fall, the separation of 2.3 m reduced oviposition on collards fourfold, and feeding damage approximately 2.5-fold, compared to collards with an adjacent trap crop. Fall control plots with no border trap crop showed even lower foliar damage; likely result of preferential immigration of harlequin bugs to mustard at the field scale, resulting in fewer bugs near the control treatment plots. Thus, the spatial arrangement of the mustard trap crop, and its separation from the cash crop, influences pest abundance and damage. A separated mustard border can reduce bug movement including female commuting and egg-laying, thus better protecting the collard cash crop. Future research should address reduction in area of trap crops, deployment of semiochemicals, and possible changes in timing, to promote trap cropping that is practical for grower implementation.

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Campbell, Bruce C., and Patrick J. Shea. "A SIMPLE STAINING TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING FEEDING DAMAGE BY LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALIS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) ON CONES." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 5 (October 1990): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122963-9.

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AbstractPectinmethylesterase (PME) activity was found in the salivary glands of nymphs and adults of a leaf-footed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann. Puncture wounds in cone scales resulting from PME activity in the saliva of these bugs were seen by staining with a 0.05% aqueous solution of ruthenium red. This staining technique can be used to estimate feeding damage by L. occidentalis on cones of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.), sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco).

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Southwick, L. M., J. Yanes, D. J. Boethel, and G. H. Willis. "LEAF RESIDUE COMPARTMENTALIZATION AND EFFICACY OF PERMETHRIN APPLIED TO SOYBEAN." Journal of Entomological Science 21, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.3.248.

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Permethrin (EC, 0.084 kg AI/ha) was applied to soybean by backpack sprayer and eight determinations of leaf residue compartmentalization and insect mortality were made during the 27 days following application. After 6 days, 40% of the initial surface permethrin residue remained; after 27 days, 8% of the initial residue was left. Below-surface residues almost tripled in the first 4 days after application and then remained at about the same level thereafter. The surface residues disappeared with a half life of 7.7 days, whereas total leaf permethrin content persisted with a half life of 13.9 days. The observed insect control correlated with the known feeding habits of the insects. Velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, which by feeding on foliage is exposed to total leaf insecticide content, was controlled for the entire investigation. Threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), which feeds on petioles and peduncles, was controlled for at least the first 4 days after application. The number of southern green, Nezara viridula (L.), and green, Acrosternum hilare (Say), stink bugs, which feed on pods, also stayed below the check for at least 4 days after treatment. Thus the leaf permethrin content appeared to be available for effective control of threecornered alfalfa hopper and the stink bugs for ca. 0.5 half life of the residues on the surface, even though after this time surface residues were still measurable.

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AAK, A., and B. A. RUKKE. "Bed bugs, their blood sources and life history parameters: a comparison of artificial and natural feeding." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 28, no. 1 (May 22, 2013): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12015.

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Anderton, Laurel K., and Michael J. Jenkins. "Cone entomofauna of whitebark pine and alpine larch (Pinaceae): potential impact of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and a new record of Strobilomyia macalpinei (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 133, no. 3 (June 2001): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133399-3.

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AbstractLaboratory and field feeding tests with Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann demonstrated that both immature and mature seed bugs can use cones and foliage of whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis Engelmann, as a food source for 1- to 2-week periods. Damage to unprotected whitebark pine cones by seed bugs ranged from 0.3 to 2.1% of seeds per cone. Total insect damage ranged from 0.4 to 7.1% of seeds per cone. A seed chalcid, Megastigmus Dalman. sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), was documented for the first time on whitebark pine and was found in 4.7% of examined seeds at one site. The larch cone fly, Strobilomyia macalpinei Michelsen, was reared from cones of alpine larch, Larix lyallii Parl., from the Bitterroot Range of Montana. This is the first record of this species in the United States and the first since its description in 1988. Ninety-four percent of a sample of alpine larch cones were damaged by cone fly larvae and 64% contained larvae or puparia.

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DeVries, Zachary C., Russell Mick, and Coby Schal. "Feel the heat: activation, orientation and feeding responses of bed bugs to targets at different temperatures." Journal of Experimental Biology 219, no. 23 (September 29, 2016): 3773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143487.

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35

Marsollier, Laurent, Tchibozo Sévérin, Jacques Aubry, Richard W. Merritt, Jean-Paul Saint André, Pierre Legras, Anne-Lise Manceau, Annick Chauty, Bernard Carbonnelle, and Stewart T. Cole. "Aquatic Snails, Passive Hosts of Mycobacterium ulcerans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 10 (October 2004): 6296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.6296-6298.2004.

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ABSTRACT Accumulative indirect evidence of the epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections causing chronic skin ulcers (i.e., Buruli ulcer disease) suggests that the development of this pathogen and its transmission to humans are related predominantly to aquatic environments. We report that snails could transitorily harbor M. ulcerans without offering favorable conditions for its growth and replication. A novel intermediate link in the transmission chain of M. ulcerans becomes likely with predator aquatic insects in addition to phytophage insects. Water bugs, such as Naucoris cimicoides, a potential vector of M. ulcerans, were shown to be infected specifically by this bacterium after feeding on snails experimentally exposed to M. ulcerans.

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Schuman, Meredith C., Danny Kessler, and Ian T. Baldwin. "Ecological Observations of NativeGeocoris pallensandG. punctipesPopulations in the Great Basin Desert of Southwestern Utah." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/465108.

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Big-eyed bugs (Geocorisspp. Fallén, Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are ubiquitous, omnivorous insect predators whose plant feeding behavior raises the question of whether they benefit or harm plants. However, several studies have investigated both the potential ofGeocorisspp. to serve as biological control agents in agriculture and their importance as agents of plant indirect defense in nature. These studies have demonstrated thatGeocorisspp. effectively reduce herbivore populations and increase plant yield. Previous work has also indicated thatGeocorisspp. respond to visual and olfactory cues when foraging and choosing their prey and that associative learning of prey and plant cues informs their foraging strategies. For these reasons,Geocorisspp. have become models for the study of tritrophic plant-herbivore-predator interactions. Here, we present detailed images and ecological observations ofG. pallensStål andG. punctipes(Say) native to the Great Basin Desert of southwestern Utah, including observations of their life histories and color morphs, dynamics of their predatory feeding behavior and prey choice over space and time, and novel aspects ofGeocorisspp.’s relationships to their host plants. These observations open up new areas to be explored regarding the behavior ofGeocorisspp. and their interactions with plant and herbivore populations.

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37

Bryant, Tim B., Seth J. Dorman, Dominic D. Reisig, DeShae Dillard, Roger Schürch, and Sally V. Taylor. "Reevaluating the Economic Injury Level for Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) at Various Growth Stages of Maize." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (August 25, 2020): 2250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa173.

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Abstract Economic yield loss and reduction in grain quality from brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), feeding injury in early and late stages of maize, Zea mays (Poales: Poaceae, Linnaeus), development was assessed in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019. Varying levels of stink bug infestations were introduced to seedling maize (V2—early stage), and a range of late-stages of maize, including 1) the last stage of vegetative development (V12/V14), 2) prior to tasseling, 3) at tasseling (VT), and 4) across all tested late growth stages. Euschistus servus infestation levels included 33, 67, and 100% of maize seedlings, and 25, 50, 100, and 200% of plants during later stages. Infestations were maintained on seedling maize for 7 d, and 8 or 16 d in reproductive stages. Infestation level in seedling maize had an impact on grain yield. Infestation level and growth stage both had an impact on grain yield in reproductive maize. The percentage of discolored kernels was also affected by infestation level, but not growth stage. Regression analysis between grain yield and infestation level indicated that the average economic injury level is 7% in seedling maize (7 bugs/100 plants) and 12% (12 bugs/100 plants) from the last vegetative stages (V12/V14) through pollination (VT). The economic injury level in the late vegetative stages is only applicable when infestations are present for an extended period of time (16 d), emphasizing the need for continued scouting of maize throughout the season to make informed management decisions.

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38

Guillebeau, L. P., and J. N. All. "Big-Eyed Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and the Striped Lynx Spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae): Intra- and Interspecific Interference on Predation of First Instar Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.1.30.

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To understand agroecology and to increase the role of entomophages in pest management, it is important to understand interactions among arthropod predators. Laboratory studies were conducted with 1–2 adult big-eyed bugs, (BEB) Geocoris spp., 1–2 striped lynx spiders (SLS), Oxyopes salticus Hentz (lst–3rd instar), or one of each to investigate conspecific and interspecific interference of predation on 1st instar Heliothis zea Boddie in the laboratory. The number of 1st instar H. zea consumed per individual in 24 h fell significantly when two adult BEB were confined together compared with the number consumed by solitary BEB. Placing two juvenile SLS together did not reduce the number of larvae consumed per individual in 24 h. The combined feeding rate of one BEB and one SLS confined together fell well below the sum of the rates for solitary BEB and SLS, but it was unclear to what degree each predator's feeding rate was reduced. These results suggest that exceeding the optimum density of BEB and SLS in the field could reduce the biocontrol of H. zea provided by BEB.

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Leskey, Tracy C., Brent D. Short, Starker E. Wright, and Mark W. Brown. "Diagnosis and Variation in Appearance of Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Injury on Apple." Journal of Entomological Science 44, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-44.4.314.

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Adult brown stink bugs, Euschistus servus (Say), were caged individually on limbs with apple fruit of 6 cultivars in research orchards in West Virginia. Studies were performed to describe specific characteristics of damage that could be used for field and/or laboratory diagnosis of stink bug injury to apple fruit at harvest. These characteristics were separated into surface and subsurface features. On the apple surface, 3 prevailing types of stink bug injury were observed in the field: (1) a discolored dot, i.e., stink bug feeding puncture; (2) a discolored dot with a depression in the fruit; and (3) a discolored dot with a discolored depression in the fruit. Subsurface characters were related to the extent of damage observed on the fruit skin. Common subsurface damage ranged from a stylet sheath to corky tissue of variable color, shape, and size that sometimes was not contiguous with the skin. Laboratory evaluations under a dissecting microscope revealed that the size of the stink bug feeding puncture was ~0.17 mm diam. This character was the only consistent, definitive symptom of stink bug injury present among all observed damage. Due to variability in other surface and subsurface characters, and potential problems with visual apparency of injury in the field, evaluations of suspected stink bug damage should be performed with 40X magnification in the laboratory to confirm the presence of stink bug feeding punctures.

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Rouault, Gaelle, Raffaella Cantini, Andrea Battisti, and Alain Roques. "Geographic distribution and ecology of two species of Orsillus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) associated with cones of native and introduced Cupressaceae in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 4 (August 2005): 450–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-044.

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AbstractIn the Mediterranean Basin, two species of true seed bugs in the genus Orsillus Dallas, O. maculatus Fieber and O. depressus Mulsant et Rey, share the exploitation of seed cones of Cupressaceae for feeding and reproduction and may carry spores of the pathogenic fungus Seiridium cardinale Sutton & Gibson, responsible for the cypress bark canker disease. We compared the life history of the two species. A total of 89 cone collections carried out in 10 Mediterranean countries confirmed that O. maculatus is most closely associated with Cupressus sempervirens L., although it may also infest some other Cupressus L. species and, more rarely, species of Chamaecyparis Spach. Orsillus depressus appears to be less host-specific, being capable of feeding and ovipositing on most of the native and exotic species of Juniperus L., Cupressus, and Chamaecyparis. On C. sempervirens, the abundance of each Orsillus species follows an inverted longitudinal gradient along the Mediterranean Basin, probably corresponding to the pathway of introduction of this tree species from its native eastern range towards western Europe. The dominance of O. maculatus progressively decreases from east to west, whereas O. depressus becomes dominant in the Iberian Peninsula. By contrast, O. depressus is the dominant seed bug on other Cupressaceae all over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In the area in which C. sempervirens has been introducted, both Orsillus species may live on the same tree, but morphological variability of both adults and nymphs often hinders accurate identification of the species. Based on frequency distribution, the relative length of the rostrum compared with that of the body seems to be a diagnostic character for specific identification of nymphs of the last two instars.

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Dutcher, J. D., R. E. Worley, Patrick Conner, and Sue Dove. "Pecan Varietal Differences in Hemipteran Kernel Damage." Journal of Entomological Science 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-36.4.445.

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Pecan, Carya illinoensis Wangenh. (K. Koch), is susceptible to feeding by leaffooted bugs (Hemiptera: Coriedae) and stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from fruit set to post harvest. These hemipterans are difficult to control with insecticide sprays. We found that 33 pecan varieties had consistent and significant differences in the incidence of hemipteran kernel damage indicating that host plant resistance may help solve this problem. The rank of varieties for average incidence of damage over 4 yrs, from highest to lowest was: ‘USDA 53-11-139’, ‘USDA 57-7-22’, ‘Shawnee’, ‘Moreland’, ‘USDA 40-9-266’, ‘USDA 49-20-112’, ‘Linberger’, ‘Cape Fear’, ‘Robinson’, ‘Shoshoni’, ‘USDA 64-11-17’, ‘USDA 55-12-17’, ‘Caddo’, ‘USDA 62-5-8’, ‘Sioux’, ‘Melrose’, ‘Tejas’, ‘Pawnee’, ‘Forkert’, ‘Kiowa’, ‘Owens’, ‘Candy’, ‘Gloria Grande’, ‘USDA 49-1-182’, ‘Western Schley’, ‘Creek’, ‘USDA 53-3-36’, ‘USDA 41-19-20’, ‘Maramec’, ‘Sumner’, ‘GraBohls’, ‘Kanza’, and ‘USDA 53-9-1’. Many of the more tolerant varieties have desirable kernel quality and often have good production characteristics, while many of the more susceptible varieties are also not horticulturally desirable. Adults of the southern green stinkbug, Nezara viridula (L.), and the leaffootted bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus (L), when placed in cages on pecan nut clusters by sex, differed in their ability to cause damage to ‘Cape Fear’, ‘Creek’, ‘USDA 64-11-17’, ‘Melrose’, and ‘Shoshoni’. Males of both species caused less damage than females, and N. viridula generally caused more damage than L. phyllopus.

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Williams, Livy, and N. Philip Tugwell. "Histological Description of Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) Feeding on Small Cotton Floral Buds." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.2.187.

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Microscopic features of small cotton floral buds abscised due to Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) feeding and non-insect factors were identified and contrasted with healthy buds. Feeding damage appeared to be most common on staminal columns, developing anthers, and corollas. These tissues exhibited gross enlargement and varying degrees of cellular degradation. Fragmented cell walls were thinner and stained lighter than those that were intact. Desiccation of buds abscised due to Lygus feeding was irregular. Tissues of buds abscised due to non-insect factors stained uniformly and all cells were intact. Uniform basipetal desiccation throughout the bud occurred in non-insect damaged buds, especially in anthers, staminal columns, and carpels. Tissues and cells of healthy buds stained uniformly and consistently and were without structural abnormalities. The biochemical composition of male reproductive tissue of cotton floral buds appears to play an important role in the nutritional physiology of L. lineolaris.

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43

Feng, Ping, and Shichu Liang. "Molecular evolution of umami/sweet taste receptor genes in reptiles." PeerJ 6 (August 24, 2018): e5570. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5570.

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Sensory systems play an important role in animal survival. Changes to these systems may be critical in evolution of species in new environments. Previous studies exploring the correlation between feeding ecology and Tas1r evolution mainly focused on mammals and birds, and found that the relationship was complex. However, in reptiles, the correlation between Tas1r evolution and dietary preferences is still unclear. Here, we attempted to explore this relationship in representative species of the major groups of reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodilians), for which the genome information is known. We first predicted the functionality (intact, partial, or defective) of Tas1r, and then related it to the feeding preferences. As a result, we identified 11 Tas1r1, 12 Tas1r2, and 12 Tas1r3 genes to be partial or intact and another 22 Tas1r genes to be absent or pseudogenized in the 19 reptiles. We found that, as it was revealed in some other vertebrate groups, no correlation existed between feeding ecology and Tas1r evolution in reptiles: genomic prediction indicated that the Tas1r genes possibly have been lost or pseudogenized in snakes, but in crocodylia and testudines Tas1r genes are either intact or partial, regardless of their feeding habits. Thus, we suggest that the driving force of Tas1r evolution in reptiles is complex, and the feeding habit of swallowing food whole without chewing or the absence of taste buds in certain species may account for the possible umami/sweet perception loss. In addition, we propose that caution should be taken when predicting gene functionality from the publicly available genome database.

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Schwarz, Joseph J., and Gerhard Gries. "2-Phenylethanol: context-specific aggregation or sex-attractant pheromone of Boisea rubrolineata (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae)." Canadian Entomologist 142, no. 5 (October 2010): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-027.

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AbstractWestern boxelder bugs, Boisea rubrolineata (Barber), form large aggregations on pistillate boxelder, Acer negundo L. (Aceraceae), host trees with maturing seeds, and cluster on warm, sunlit surfaces prior to overwintering. We have recently shown that B. rubrolineata is attracted to the host-tree semiochemicals phenylacetonitrile and 2-phenethyl acetate. We report results of chemical analyses and laboratory bioassays suggesting that aggregation and sexual communication in B. rubrolineata are mediated by 2-phenylethanol. This compound serves as an aggregation pheromone for females, males, and 5th-instar nymphs in midsummer, and in males it appears to serve as a sex-attractant pheromone in early spring. As an aggregation pheromone, 2-phenylethanol originates from the feces of seed-feeding females and males and (or) the ventral abdominal gland of males. As a sex-attractant pheromone, it originates from the ventral abdominal gland of males that emerge from overwintering diapause. Aggregations of B. rubrolineata in the fall and winter are mediated by other as yet unknown pheromones.

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45

Tonina, Lorenzo, Giulia Zanettin, Paolo Miorelli, Simone Puppato, Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson, and Alberto Grassi. "Anthonomus rubi on Strawberry Fruit: Its Biology, Ecology, Damage, and Control from an IPM Perspective." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080701.

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The strawberry blossom weevil (SBW), Anthonomus rubi, is a well-documented pest of strawberry. Recently, in strawberry fields of Trento Province (north-east Italy), new noteworthy damage on fruit linked to SBW adults was observed, combined with a prolonged adult activity until the autumn. In this new scenario, we re-investigated SBW biology, ecology, monitoring tools, and potential control methods to develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. Several trials were conducted on strawberry in the laboratory, field and semi-natural habitats. The feeding activity of adult SBW results in small deep holes on berries at different stages, causing yield losses of up to 60%. We observed a prolonged survival of newly emerged adults (>240 days) along with their ability to sever flower buds without laying eggs inside them in the same year (one generation per year). SBW adults were present in the strawberry field year-round, with movement between crop and no crop habitats, underlying a potential role of other host/feeding plants to support its populations. Yellow sticky traps combined with synthetic attractants proved promising for both adult monitoring and mass trapping. Regarding control, adhesive tapes and mass trapping using green bucket pheromone traps gave unsatisfactory results, while the high temperatures provided by the black fabric, the periodic removal of severed buds or adults and Chlorpyrifos-methyl application constrained population build-up. The findings are important for the development of an IPM strategy.

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Cobcroft, J. M., and P. M. Pankhurst. "Sensory organ development in cultured striped trumpeter larvae Latris lineata: implications for feeding behaviour." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 5 (2003): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02105.

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Teleost larvae are reliant on sensory organs for feeding, in particular for the detection and subsequent capture of prey. The present study describes the development of sensory organs in cultured striped trumpeter larvae, Latris lineata. In addition, a short-term feeding trial was conducted to examine the feeding response of larvae with different senses available; streptomycin sulfate was used to ablate the superficial neuromasts, and testing larvae in the dark prevented visually mediated feeding. Some non-visual senses are available to striped trumpeter larvae from an early age, as indicated by the presence of superficial neuromasts at hatching, and innervated olfactory organs and a developed inner ear from Day 3 post hatching. The neuromasts proliferated on the head and body with increasing larval age, and formation of the lateral line canal had commenced by Day 26 post hatching. Oral taste buds were not present in any of the larvae examined, up to Day 26 post hatching. At hatching, the retina was at an early stage in development, but differentiated rapidly and was presumed functional coincident with the onset of feeding on Day 7 post hatching. The ventro-temporal retina was the last to differentiate, and was distorted by the embryonic fissure, such that larval vision in the forward and upward visual field would be compromised. In contrast, the dorso-temporal retina was the first area to differentiate, and presumptive rod and double-cone development occurred in this area from Days 11 and 16, respectively, indicating that the forward and downward directed visual field is most suited for acute image formation. Larvae on Day 18 post hatching demonstrated increased feeding with an increase in the senses available, with 8 ± 3% of streptomycin-treated larvae feeding in the dark (chemoreception and inner ear mechanoreception only) and 27 ± 5% of untreated larvae feeding in the light (all senses available). It remains to be demonstrated whether there is an advantage to larval growth and survival by providing live feed during the dark phase in culture, facilitating feeding 24 hours per day.

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Abudulai, Mumuni, B. M. Shepard, and P. L. Mitchell. "Antifeedant and Toxic Effects of a Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)-Based Formulation Neemix® Against Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.3.398.

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The antifeedant activity of Neemix 4.5 EC, a commercial formulation of azadirachtin from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), was tested against adult Nezara viridula (L.) in the laboratory using a cowpea pod-dip method. A toxicity assay was conducted by dipping fourth-instar nymphs. Feeding by adults was significantly reduced in treated pods compared with controls, based on counts of salivary deposits on pod surfaces, inside pod walls and on seeds. The antifeedant effect of azadirachtin was significantly greater on pods treated with 5% aqueous solution than on those treated with 0.5%, indicating that the antifeedant activity was related to concentration. Bugs were initially repelled by Neemix before approaching treated pods to feed. The LC50 for nymphs was 61% (27450 ppm azadirachtin) at 2 d and ranged from 1.8 to 6.2% (810 to 2790 ppm) at 5 d post-treatment, which indicated that neem was slow acting. Sublethal treatment of nymphs disrupted molting and caused morphological defects in adults. Development time to adulthood also was prolonged, and longevity of females was reduced by neem treatments. Azadirachtin may provide an effective component of a comprehensive management program for N. viridula.

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48

Ni, Xinzhi, Jeffrey P. Wilson, John A. Rajewski, G. David Buntin, and Ismail M. Dweikat. "Field Evaluation of Pearl Millet for Chinch Bug (Heteroptera: Blissidae) Resistance." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.4.467.

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The chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) (Heteroptera: Blissidae), is the most important insect pest of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) production in the southeastern and central United States. Chinch bug feeding causes stunting and leaf sheath necrosis of the young seedlings and loss of crop stand in severe infestations. Sixteen germplasm entries (including hybrids and inbreds) of pearl millet were screened for chinch bug resistance on 2 planting dates. ‘Dove’ proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was interplanted in 2-row strips among experimental plots to attract adult chinch bugs and establish initial chinch bug infestations. Use of a proso millet trap crop strip was effective in establishing chinch bug infestations for screening of pearl millet for chinch bug resistance in the field. Weekly samplings were begun when plants were at the 5-leaf stage. Significant differences in adult and nymph numbers, stunting and necrosis ratings, percent tiller loss, crop stand loss, and chlorophyll content were recorded for the 16 pearl millet germplasm entries. Combining all injury evaluation parameters (i.e., stunting and necrosis ratings, percent tiller loss, and crop stand loss), we identified that ‘TifGrain 102’ had a moderate level of chinch bug resistances e data demonstrated that, millet would aeh resistance. Entries 637 (i.e., 59668A × NM-5B), 639 (59668M × 9Rm/4Rm), 648 (i.e., 02GH973 × Tift 454), and 653 (i.e., NM-5A1 × NM-7R1R5) were the most resistant; whereas, entries 640 (i.e., Tift 99B), 641 (i.e., Tift 454), and 644 (i.e., 02F 289-1) were the most susceptible to chinch bug feeding. The study showed the combination of nondestructive visual ratings (i.e., stunting and necrosis ratings, tiller loss, and stand loss) and chlorophyll content could be used for evaluating chinch bug resistance in pearl millet.

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49

Sugiura, Shinji, and Kazuo Yamazaki. "First record of a psilid fly feeding on cecidomyiid galls." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 2 (April 2006): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-014.

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AbstractWe found larvae of Chylizasplendida Iwasa (Diptera: Psilidae) feeding on galls induced by Asphondyliabaca Monzen (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on the buds of Weigelafloribunda (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch (Caprifoliaceae) in Japan. This is the first confirmed report of cecidophagy in the Psilidae.

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McKibben, G. H., M. J. Thompson, W. L. Parrott, A. C. Thompson, and W. R. Lusby. "Identification of feeding stimulants for boll weevils from cotton buds and anthers." Journal of Chemical Ecology 11, no. 9 (September 1985): 1229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01024111.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Feeding ecology of bugs'

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