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Journal articles on the topic 'Feeding assays'
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1
Shen, Ping. "PreparingDrosophilaLarvae for Feeding Assays." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2012, no. 5 (2012): pdb.prot069302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot069302.
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Peters, Brenton C. "Xylophagous insects: developments in feeding assays." Australian Journal of Entomology 44, no. 2 (2005): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2005.00477.x.
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Kröber, Thomas, and Patrick M. Guerin. "In vitro feeding assays for hard ticks." Trends in Parasitology 23, no. 9 (2007): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.010.
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Zavala H., Andrea, Emilio Hormazabal U., Gloria Montenegro R., et al. "Effects of extracts from Maytenus on Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 43, no. 2 (2017): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v43i2.5948.
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The insecticidal effects of five ethanolic extracts produced from three species of the genus Maytenus: M. boaria leaf (MBL), M. boaria bark (MBB), M. boaria seed (MBS), M. disticha leaf (MDL) and M. magellanica leaf (MML) were evaluated on the lady beetle Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and on the pest of berry Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The anti-feeding effects of the extracts on the latter were also evaluated. Residual application was used, with five concentrations for each species of insect and ten replications of each assay. To evaluate anti-feeding action in adult A. superciliosus, choice (C) and no-choice (NC) experiments were established to determine the percentage of leaf area consumed. The assays lasted for 120 hours, with the mortality and anti-feeding effect monitored every 24 hours. The highest percentage of mortality in the two insect species was recorded with the MBS ethanolic extract: H. convergens presented 82 %, with LC50: 32 mg/ml; while A. superciliosus presented 85 % in the choice assay and 86 % in the no-choice assay, with LC50: 23 mg/ml. In both assays, the mortality increased with exposure time, reaching its highest at 120 hours. The lowest mortality was obtained with MBB extract in choice (C) and with MML extract in no-choice (NC) assays. In the choice assay, the highest percentage of leaf area consumed was recorded with MBB extract, while in the no-choice assay the highest percentage of consumed was with MML extract, which presented higher values even than the control with no application. The lowest leaf percentage consumed, in both assays, was recorded with MBS extract at the highest concentrations (20 and 30 % w/v).
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TRITTEN, LUCIENNE, OLIVIER BRAISSANT, and JENNIFER KEISER. "Comparison of novel and existing tools for studying drug sensitivity against the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum in vitro." Parasitology 139, no. 3 (2012): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001934.
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SUMMARYThe motility assay is the current gold standard for evaluating drug effects on hookworm larvae and adults, however, among other drawbacks the assay is time consuming, and prone to individual subjectivity. We evaluated six alternative in vitro assays, namely the feeding inhibition assay, the colourimetric AlamarBlue®, MTT formazan and acid phosphatase activity assays, as well as isothermal calorimetry and the xCELLigence System using Ancylostoma ceylanicum third-stage larvae, stimulated third-stage larvae and adults. The performances of the assays were compared to the motility assay using three standard drugs: albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin (100–1 μg/ml). None of the assays investigated offered an advantage over the motility assay, because they were all inapplicable to third-stage larvae, which were presumably metabolically and physically too inactive. Among all assays tested the xCELLigence System performed best on adult worms as the test was accurate, simple, required a minimal number of worms and offered the possibility for conducting a medium-throughput screening.
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Klingeman, William E. "Bagworm Survival and Feeding Preferences as Indicators of Resistance among Maples." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20, no. 3 (2002): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-20.3.138.
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Abstract The bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth)) is a polyphagous, native pest of numerous deciduous and evergreen ornamental plants. Bagworm larvae were used to investigate host plant susceptibility among ten species and cultivars of maples that are economically important and commonly encountered in landscapes in the eastern United States. Data analyses from 48-hour choice assays, conducted in the laboratory during 2000 and 2001, indicated that differences existed among maples for bagworm feeding preferences and host plant susceptibility. Results from the 48-hour trials were not as accurate as seasonal no-choice assays, however. No-choice assays during both seasons quantified resistance among maples that limited larval bagworm survival and development. Measurements of larval feeding injury demonstrated resistance in paperbark maple (Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax) and trident maple (A. buergerianum Miq.) when compared with other maples. Laboratory results were corroborated during 2001 by a no-choice field assay, in which early instar bagworm larvae performed well on the majority of maples. In contrast, paperbark maple and trident maple were resistant to bagworm feeding, while ‘Autumn Blaze’ Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray), a hybrid cross obtained by breeding A. rubrum with A. saccharinum, showed moderate resistance.
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Tanne, E., E. Boudon-Padieu, D. Clair, M. Davidovich, S. Melamed, and Meir Klein. "Detection of Phytoplasma by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Insect Feeding Medium and Its Use in Determining Vectoring Ability." Phytopathology® 91, no. 8 (2001): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.8.741.
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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed for the detection of phytoplasma in insect feeding medium (sucrose). A correlation was established between the transmissibility of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in the experimental leafhopper vector Euscelidius variegatus and its detection by PCR in the insect feeding medium. However, phytoplasma were detected in the insects' bodies 3 weeks before they began to transmit. Hence, PCR assays of the sucrose medium reflected phytoplasma vectoring ability probably by detecting it in the insect saliva, whereas detection of phytoplasma in the insect's body did not identify it as a vector. The assay was applied to two field-collected leafhoppers suspected of being phytoplasma vectors in Israel (Orosius albicinctus and Anaceratagallia laevis). The presence of phytoplasma in the body of specimens of the latter species was assayed by PCR in 1999. Phytoplasmas were detected in insects' bodies throughout the year, with no specific seasonal pattern. In the saliva, however, no phytoplasma could be detected in the autumn. This seasonal pattern supported the validity of the feeding-medium tests and their correlation to the insect's ability to transmit phytoplasma. Transmission assays indicated, to our knowledge for the first time, that O. albicinctus and A. laevis are vectors of phytoplasma in Israel. A simple PCR-based assay is thus provided, circumventing the need for tedious biological assays and enabling epidemiological studies of phytoplasma transmissibility on a large scale.
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Grace, J. Kenneth. "Oral Toxicity of Barium Metaborate to the Eastern Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 25, no. 1 (1990): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.1.112.
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The oral toxicity of barium metaborate monohydrate (Busan 11-Ml) to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) was evaluated in no-choice assays by feeding termite workers for 15 and 30 days on filter papers treated with concentrations of 500–40,000 ppm (weight/weight). In the 15 day assay, 30,000 ppm resulted in 92 ± 17% termite mortality and a concomitant 86% reduction in paper consumption. Feeding for 30 days on 1,500 ppm resulted in 100% mortality. Reduced paper consumption was associated with termite mortality, and feeding on low concentrations did not differ from that on control papers. Concentrations ≥ 20,000 ppm provided protection from termite feeding, while concentrations ≤ 5,000 ppm may be applicable in developing baits for subterranean termite control.
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Lait, Cameron G., Daniel R. Miller, Sarah L. Bates, John H. Borden, and Allison R. Kermode. "Biochemical Assay Detects Feeding Damage to Loblolly Pine Seeds Caused by the Leaffooted Pine Seed Bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 4 (2003): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.4.644.
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A large number of proteins in salivary gland extracts of the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus Say, were strongly recognized by a polyclonal antibody-based assay developed for detecting saliva of the western conifer seed bug. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, seeds. An average of approximately 85% of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., seeds exposed to feeding by L. corculus for 1 to 4 weeks in the laboratory contained detectable amounts of salivary proteins when the antibody assays were performed weekly on samples (n = 10) of seed. In comparison, radiography of exposed seed detected an average of approximately 63% damaged seed over the same 4-wk period, indicating that the antibody assay increased sensitivity of damage detection by approximately one-third. Depletion of insoluble polypeptides and proliferation of soluble polypeptides ≤23.5 kDa was apparent after SDS-PAGE and quantitative assays were performed on proteins extracted from seeds that were damaged by exposure to L. corculus feeding. Our data suggest that the antibody-based test could be used to obtain accurate estimates of seed losses attributable to L. corculus feeding in southern pine seed orchards.
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Bhaskar Gollapudi, B., Rebekah J. Bruce, and Anil K. Sinha. "The role of feeding rejection in Drosophila mutation assays." Mutation Research Letters 144, no. 1 (1985): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(85)90117-4.
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Méndez-Paz, D., F. Omil, and J. M. Lema. "Modeling of the Acid Orange 7 anaerobic biodegradation." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 6 (2003): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0378.
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It was found that 1-amino-2-naphthol, an intermediate generated during the anaerobic degradation of Acid Orange 7, is a redox mediator which plays a significant role in the transport of electrons to the dye, thus giving to the whole process an autocatalytic nature. Evidences of the autocatalytic behaviour were observed in experimental data previously obtained under batch and fed-batch conditions. In this paper, a kinetic model considering all these factors is proposed and validated. In batch assays, this model agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data. In the case of fed-batch assays, the autocatalytic model only can be applied satisfactorily after the first feeding, since the degradation of Acid Orange 7 after the second and third feedings followed a first-order kinetic. This fact can be explained due to the presence of the redox mediator previously generated during the reactions that took place after the first feeding.
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Lippert, H., and K. Iken. "Palatability and nutritional quality of marine invertebrates in a sub-Arctic fjord." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 6 (2003): 1215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008518.
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To investigate the palatability of abundant sub-Arctic sessile or sluggish invertebrates and their value as a food source, in situ experiments with natural consumer assemblages were performed in the Kongsfjord (Spitsbergen). These experiments were complemented with quantitative laboratory assays, using a generalist predatory starfish. Feeding preference and avoidance reactions were similar in both assays. Natural assemblages of predators in situ rejected nine out of ten species tested, and 12 out of 16 species were rejected in laboratory assays, indicating a high percentage of unpalatable invertebrates. Results were compared to the biochemical composition of the investigated species to see whether palatability and feeding preferences coincide with nutritional quality of the prey. Although nutritional quality, expressed as protein, lipid, nitrogen, carbon and water content, may account for some of the feeding preferences found, no overall relationship between nutritional value and palatability or feeding preferences was detected.
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Larson, Nicholas R., Scott T. O’Neal, Ulrich R. Bernier, Jeffrey R. Bloomquist, and Troy D. Anderson. "Terpenoid-Induced Feeding Deterrence and Antennal Response of Honey Bees." Insects 11, no. 2 (2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020083.
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Multiple interacting stressors negatively affect the survival and productivity of managed honey bee colonies. Pesticides remain a primary concern for beekeepers, as even sublethal exposures can reduce bee immunocompetence, impair navigation, and reduce social communication. Pollinator protection focuses on pesticide application guidelines; however, a more active protection strategy is needed. One possible approach is the use of feeding deterrents that can be delivered as an additive during pesticide application. The goal of this study was to validate a laboratory assay designed to rapidly screen compounds for behavioral changes related to feeding or feeding deterrence. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the synthetic Nasonov pheromone and its terpenoid constituents citral, nerol, and geraniol could alter feeding behavior in a laboratory assay. Additionally, electroantennogram assays revealed that these terpenoids elicited some response in the antennae; however, only a synthetic Nasonov pheromone, citral, and geraniol elicited responses that differed significantly from control and vehicle detections.
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Howlader, M. M. R., M. M. I. Hasan, M. Atikuzzaman, S. Paul, and S. Begum. "IMPACT OF DIETARY RESTRICTION ON FOLLICULAR WAVES IN CATTLE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ANOESTRUS." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15, no. 1 (2017): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v15i1.34051.
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Reproductive failure (anoestrus) is a one of the major problem in cattle production of Bangladeshdue to under feeding and unavailability of balanced ration. This study was conducted for a period from July 2009 to June 2010 to determine the nutritional impact on the follicular growth using blood hormone assays and the rate of anoestrus in cows following dietary restriction and to develop a feasible feeding technique concerning the available feed ingredients in local market. A uniform group of 2-3 years old 15 heifers were selected and were grouped randomly into three named T1(60% feeding restriction), T2(40% feeding restriction) and T3 (standard feeding). Body condition score (BCS) and body weight were measured by standard method. Hormonal assays were analyzed to determine the impacts of restricted feeding on the ovarian follicular cycle using blood sera. The average BCS and body weight was decreased significantly (p<0.01) in the animals of T1 and T2 compared to control T0. The average values of estrogen and progestrogen was decreased significantly (p<0.01) in restricted feeding heifers (T1& T2) than that of standard feeding heifers (T3). About 50% heifers showed irregular estrus and 50% showed anoestrus signs in the animals of T1 group. In addition, a total of 60% animals showed irregular estrus and 40% showed anoestrus condition in animals of T2 group.. On the other hand, the animals of control group showed regular estrous cycle with good hormonal assays. Standard feeding could improve the cattle production efficiency by overcoming the reproductive failure using available feed ingredients.
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Zhang, C. L., S. S. Hou, Y. H. Wang, F. Z. Liu, and M. Xie. "Feed input and excreta collection time in metabolisable energy assays for ducks." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 12 (2008): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2331-cjas.
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Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimal feed input and excreta collection time by a bioassay of dietary true metabolisable energy (<i>TME</i>) for ducks. In experiment 1 and experiment 2, the time for the unabsorbed feed passage through the alimentary canal was determined by measuring the DM and energy of excreta and feed residues in the alimentary canal at different periods. In experiment 3, the feed input of force-feeding was studied and a total of 70 mature Pekin drakes were allotted to 7 groups, each group containing 10 birds. After fasting for 36 h, one group served as a negative control to measure metabolic faecal energy plus endogenous urinary energy and the drakes of the other 6 groups were force-fed pelleted feed 30 g, 50 g, 70 g, 90 g, 110 g, and 150 g per bird, respectively. Energy excretion of the periods of 16–28 h after force-feeding was significantly higher than that of the periods after 32 h, and the total energy excretion of the periods after 32 h (<i>P</i> < 0.05). When the feed input increased from 30 g to 70 g, the value of <i>TME</i> was constant (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Metabolisable energy decreased significantly with an increase in feed input when the feed input was higher than 70 g (<i>P</i> < 0.05). It was concluded that the optimal time of feed withdrawal before tube-feeding and during excreta collection would be 32–36 h. The optimal feed input was 50 g to 70 g per drake.
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Hartshorn, Jessica A., J. Forest Palmer, and David R. Coyle. "Into the Wild: Evidence for the Enemy Release Hypothesis in the Invasive Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) (Rosales: Rosaceae)." Environmental Entomology 51, no. 1 (2021): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab136.
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Abstract Wild Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) results from a cross between various cultivars of P. calleryana and any other Pyrus individual. While many cultivars of this species are still commercially produced and sold for horticultural purposes in the United States, Callery pear is a detrimental invasive species that encroaches on many managed and natural areas, damages equipment and injures people, pets, and livestock with its thorny branches, and likely causes detrimental ecological impacts. Despite its importance as an invasive species, the mechanisms behind Callery pear’s invasion and spread are unclear. To identify potential drivers of invasion, we quantified feeding of generalist and specialist herbivores on Callery pear and four native tree species, based on insect host ranges, with choice and no-choice experiments followed by field surveys of herbivory on these same tree species. Feeding by all herbivores was lower on Callery pear than on native tree species in no-choice assays. Specifically, feeding on Callery pear was moderate by generalists and very low by specialists. Specialist feeding on Callery pear was comparable to native species in choice assays but was significantly reduced in no-choice assays. Reduced specialist feeding along with moderate generalist feeding on Callery pear in the field provides evidence for the Enemy Release Hypothesis as a potential driving mechanism behind its invasion success.
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Coulaud, Romain, Olivier Geffard, Amandine Vigneron, Hervé Quéau, Adeline François, and Arnaud Chaumot. "Linking feeding inhibition with reproductive impairment inGammarusconfirms the ecological relevance of feeding assays in environmental monitoring." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34, no. 5 (2015): 1031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2886.
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Rodriguez, Ruth, Elianna Castillo, and Diana Sinuco. "Validation of an HPLC Method for Determination of Bisphenol-A Migration from Baby Feeding Bottles." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (March 28, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1989042.
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A simple and economic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV-Vis) analytical method was validated for the quantitation of specific Bisphenol-A migration from baby feeding bottles. Overall and specific migration assays were done with different food simulating matrices using the filling method. Good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.01–0.6 mg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.004 and 0.010 mg/kg, respectively. The repeatability of the method (%RSD, n=10) was between 89.5 and 99.0%, while recovery ranged from 83.2 to 98.4%. The method was applied to specific migration assays from baby feeding bottles purchased from different plastic producers in Colombia. The results show that, in a first migration assay, Bisphenol-A was not detectable in all samples. In a second migration test, Bisphenol-A concentrations were higher than the most restricted limit (0.05 mg/kg) with ethanol 95% and isooctane as food simulants.
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Menezes Jr., Ayres Oliveira, Adriana Yatie Mikami, André Keiiti Ide, and Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Feeding preferences of Microtheca punctigera (Achard) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for some Brassicaceae plants in multiple-choice assays." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 1 (2005): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000100014.
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Host plant feeding preference is important basic information for the development of insect management strategies. Multiple-choice feeding preference assays were conducted in the laboratory for the chrysomelid beetle, Microtheca punctigera (Achard). Feeding was assessed 72 h after onset of experiments. With one larva per Petri dish, food items comprised watercress, Nasturtium officinale L., arugula, Eruca sativa L., mustard, Brassica juncea Cosson, Chinese cabbage, B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). Feeding ranking preferences were Chinese cabbage, mustard, wild radish, arugula and watercress (7.97, 1.85, 0.98, 0.36 and 0.11 mm², respectively). Feeding on Chinese cabbage was 4.31 times more intense than on mustard. The same experiment was repeated with one adult per dish. Responses of males and females were quite similar. Feeding was higher on mustard (87.2 and 142.8 for males and females, respectively). Feeding on arugula (51.5 and 132.7) and Chinese cabbage (51.8 and 89.0) were intermediate. Watercress (22.96 and 39.3) and wild radish (12.03 and 28.4) were the least preferred host plants. In a third experiment, ten larvae per dish were used and spinach, Tetragonia expansa Murr., radish, Raphanus sativus L. and collard, B. oleracea var. acephala L., were also included. Daily larval frequencies on each food were also measured. Feeding was similar on Chinese cabbage and mustard (47.89 and 53.78, respectively). Number of insects was greater on mustard, Chinese cabbage and wild radish. Probable explanations for results and proposals for further investigations are discussed.
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Gaire, Sudip, Coby Schal, Russell Mick, and Zachary DeVries. "The Role of Antennae in Heat Detection and Feeding Behavior in the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (2020): 2858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa250.
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Abstract The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite that has significant impacts on human health and well-being. All life stages of bed bugs (except eggs) feed solely on blood, which is required to molt and reproduce. Bed bugs use multiple cues to locate their hosts, including heat, CO2, and body odors. Of these cues, detection of heat appears limited to a short distance of &lt;3 cm. However, it remains unclear if bed bugs can detect radiant heat, what structure(s) are responsible for heat detection, and if heat detection via the antennae is required for feeding. In this study, bed bug response to radiant heat was evaluated using the two-choice T-maze assay with the heat source either in contact with the surface (i.e., conduction) or not in contact (i.e., radiation) in nonantennectomized bed bugs. Further, we systematically ablated the bed bug’s antennal segments (distal tip, first segment, and all four segments) and assessed their responses to heat and feeding in a unique two-choice T-maze assay and individual feeding assays, respectively. Our two-choice assays with contact to or no contact with the surface indicated that bed bugs cannot detect radiant heat. Later, we found that the distal tip of the terminal antennal segment is responsible for orientation toward a heat source. However, &gt;50% of the bed bugs fed even when the entire antenna was removed, suggesting redundancy in sensory cues that drive feeding. These results will be used to better understand the role heat plays in bed bug host attraction and design of traps.
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Miura, Kazutoyo, Bingbing Deng, Gregory Tullo, et al. "Qualification of Standard Membrane-Feeding Assay with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria and Potential Improvements for Future Assays." PLoS ONE 8, no. 3 (2013): e57909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057909.
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Mikami, Adriana Yatie, and Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Repellent, antifeedant and insecticidal effects of neem oil on Microtheca punctigera." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, no. 6 (2008): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000600006.
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The effects of concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%) of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica - Meliaceae) oil emulsion on the behavioral and biological parameters of M. punctigera were investigated in the laboratory. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) host plant was used. Multiple and no-choice feeding preference assays were conducted which shown multiple effects. The males were repelled by the neem oil in multiple-choice assay. The adult (multiple-choice) and larvae (multiple and no-choice) feeding were deterred. The larvae mortality was higher in the neem oil treated than the control leaves. Further investigations are suggested to test neem oil in the management of the pest in the field.
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Weissling, Thomas J., Tamera M. Lewis, Les M. McDonough, and David R. Horton. "REDUCTION IN PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) OVIPOSITION AND FEEDING BY FOLIAR APPLICATION OF VARIOUS MATERIALS." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 4 (1997): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129637-4.
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AbstractSeveral horticultural oils, an insecticidal soap, neem, garlic extract, a sugar ester, and a synthetic insect growth regulator were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their ability to inhibit pear psylla’s [Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)] feeding and oviposition. Supreme oil significantly reduced winterform oviposition rates in both choice and no-choice assays and reduced feeding rates in no-choice assays. Supreme oil also reduced oviposition rates of summerform females in choice tests but not in no-choice tests. In addition, summerform oviposition rates were reduced significantly by application of several mineral oils (Orchex 796E, 692, and WS2928) and garlic barrier to pear foliage in no-choice tests, and by all oils, garlic barrier, and M-Pede in choice tests. Summerform feeding rates were reduced by application of mineral oils. Data suggest that "summer type" oils and other compounds may have utility in pear psylla management programs by decreasing feeding and oviposition.
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Pineda-Ríos, José Manuel, Juan Cibrián-Tovar, Luis Martín Hernández-Fuentes та ін. "α-Terpineol: An Aggregation Pheromone in Optatus palmaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Pascoe, 1889) Enhanced by Its Host-Plant Volatiles". Molecules 26, № 10 (2021): 2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102861.
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The Annonaceae fruits weevil (Optatus palmaris) causes high losses to the soursop production in Mexico. Damage occurs when larvae and adults feed on the fruits; however, there is limited research about control strategies against this pest. However, pheromones provide a high potential management scheme for this curculio. Thus, this research characterized the behavior and volatile production of O. palmaris in response to their feeding habits. Olfactometry assays established preference by weevils to volatiles produced by feeding males and soursop. The behavior observed suggests the presence of an aggregation pheromone and a kairomone. Subsequently, insect volatiles sampled by solid-phase microextraction and dynamic headspace detected a unique compound on feeding males increased especially when feeding. Feeding-starvation experiments showed an averaged fifteen-fold increase in the concentration of a monoterpenoid on males feeding on soursop, and a decrease of the release of this compound males stop feeding. GC-MS analysis of volatiles identified this compound as α-terpineol. Further olfactometry assays using α-terpineol and soursop, demonstrated that this combination is double attractive to Annonaceae weevils than only soursop volatiles. The results showed a complementation effect between α-terpineol and soursop volatiles. Thus, α-terpineol is the aggregation pheromone of O. palmaris, and its concentration is enhanced by host-plant volatiles.
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Adeola, O., D. Ragland, and D. King. "Feeding and excreta collection techniques in metabolizable energy assays for ducks." Poultry Science 76, no. 5 (1997): 728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.5.728.
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Nalam, Vamsi J., Jinlong Han, William Jacob Pitt, Shailesh Raj Acharya, and Punya Nachappa. "Location, location, location: Feeding site affects aphid performance by altering access and quality of nutrients." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0245380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245380.
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Aphid feeding behavior and performance on a given host plant are influenced by the plants’ physical and chemical traits, including structural characters such as trichomes and nutritional composition. In this study, we determined the feeding behavior and performance of soybean aphids (Aphis glycines) on the stem, the adaxial (upper), and the abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces during early vegetative growth of soybean plants. Using the electrical penetration graph technique, we found that aphids feeding on the stem took the longest time to begin probing. Once aphids began probing, the sieve elements were more conducive to feeding, as evidenced by less salivation on the stem than either leaf surface. In whole-plant assays, stems harbored higher aphid populations, and aphids had shorter development time on stems than the adaxial and the abaxial leaf surfaces. We compared trichome density and length on the stem, the adaxial, and the abaxial leaf surfaces to investigate whether plant trichomes affected aphid feeding and performance. There were higher density and longer trichomes on stems, which likely resulted in aphids taking a longer time to probe. Still a negative impact on aphid population growth was not observed. Analysis of phloem sap composition revealed that vascular sap-enriched exudates from stems had higher sugars and amino acids than exudates from leaves. In artificial diet feeding assays, the population of aphids reared on a diet supplemented with stem exudates was higher than on a diet supplemented with leaf petiole exudates which is in agreement with results of the whole-plant assays. In summary, our findings suggest that the performance of soybean aphids on a specific plant location is primarily driven by accessibility and the quality of phloem composition rather than structural traits.
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Nunn, Francesca, Kathryn Bartley, Javier Palarea-Albaladejo, and Alasdair J. Nisbet. "The evaluation of feeding, mortality and oviposition of poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) on aging hens using a high welfare on-hen feeding device." F1000Research 9 (October 22, 2020): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26398.1.
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A study was performed to examine any effect of hen age on the feeding ability and mortality of different life-stages of Dermanyssus gallinae [Poultry Red Mite (PRM)] when fed using a high welfare, on-hen mite feeding device. Mite feeding assays were carried out every two weeks on a cohort of five Lohman Brown hens with devices containing adult and deutonymph PRM or adult and protonymph PRM. Feeding rates and mortality of each PRM life stage and oviposition of adult female PRM were evaluated over an 18-week period. There was a significant reduction in oviposition rates of female PRM as they fed on hens of increasing age. However, no clear trend was detected between the feeding rates of all three haematophagous life stages and hen age. The same conclusion was reached regarding mite mortality post-feeding in both deutonymph and adult female PRMs, although a weak positive association was apparent between hen age and protonymph PRM mortality. This study shows that the on-hen feeding device can be used both for short term studies to assess novel anti-PRM products (new acaricides, vaccines etc.) and longer, longitudinal studies to determine longevity of the effects of such novel anti-PRM products. It also demonstrates that blood feeding by mites on older hens is less able to sustain PRM populations than feeding on younger hens. This on-hen mite feeding device directly impacts upon reduction and refinement by greatly reducing the numbers of birds required per experimental group compared to traditional PRM challenge infestation models and by eliminating the need for birds to be exposed to large numbers of mites for extended periods of time that can cause welfare concerns. This paper describes the methodology for these studies and how to assemble pouches and handle mites both before and after feeding assays.
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Walker, Faith, Daniel Sanchez, Emma Froehlich, et al. "Endangered Nectar-Feeding Bat Detected by Environmental DNA on Flowers." Animals 12, no. 22 (2022): 3075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223075.
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Leptonycteris nivalis (the Mexican long-nosed bat) is an endangered nectar-feeding bat species that follows “nectar corridors” as it migrates from Mexico to the southwestern United States. Locating these nectar corridors is key to their conservation and may be possible using environmental DNA (eDNA) from these bats. Hence, we developed and tested DNA metabarcoding and qPCR eDNA assays to determine whether L. nivalis could be detected by sampling the agave flowers on which it feeds. We sampled plants with known bat visitations in the Sierra Madre Oriental in Laguna de Sanchez (LS), Nuevo León, Mexico, and in the Chisos Mountains in Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA (CB). A total of 13 samples included both swabs of agave umbels and cuttings of individual flowers. DNA metabarcoding was performed as a PCR multiplex that targeted bats (SFF-COI), arthropods (ANML-COI), and plants (ITS2 and rbcL). We targeted arthropods and plants in parallel with bats because future metabarcoding studies may wish to examine all the pollinators and plants within the nectar corridor. We developed and tested the sensitivity and specificity of two qPCR assays. We found that both DNA metabarcoding and qPCR were highly successful at detecting L. nivalis (11 of 13 for DNA metabarcoding and 12 of 13 for qPCR). Swabs and flower cuttings and both qPCR assays detected the species over four replicates. We suggest that L. nivalis leaves substantial DNA behind as it forages for nectar. We also suggest that future studies examine the time since sampling to determine its effect on detection success. The DNA metabarcoding multiplex will be useful for parallel questions regarding pollination ecology, while, with further testing, the qPCR assays will be effective for large-scale sampling for the detection of migration corridors and foraging areas. This work may be relevant to other nectar-feeding bat species, which can likely be detected with similar methodologies.
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Sweeney, Patrick, Changhong Li, and Yunlei Yang. "Appetite suppressive role of medial septal glutamatergic neurons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (2017): 13816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707228114.
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Feeding behavior is controlled by diverse neurons and neural circuits primarily concentrated in the hypothalamus and hindbrain in mammals. In this study, by using chemo/optogenetic techniques along with feeding assays, we investigate how neurons within the medial septal complex (MSc), a brain area implicated in emotion and cognition, contribute to food intake. We find that chemo/optogenetic activation of MSc glutamatergic neurons profoundly reduces food intake during both light and dark periods of the rodent light cycle. Furthermore, we find that selective activation of MSc glutamatergic projections in paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) reduces food intake, suggesting that MSc glutamatergic neurons suppress feeding by activating downstream neurons in the PVH. Open-field behavioral assays reveal that these neurons do not overtly affect anxiety levels and locomotion. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that septal glutamatergic neurons exert anorexigenic effects by projecting to the PVH without affecting anxiety and physical activities.
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Martin-Martin, Ines, Thiago Luiz Alves E. Silva, Adeline E. Williams, Joel Vega-Rodriguez, and Eric Calvo. "Performing Immunohistochemistry in Mosquito Salivary Glands." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2022, no. 10 (2022): pdb.top107699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top107699.
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Studying protein localization in mosquito salivary glands provides novel insights on the function and physiological relevance of salivary proteins and also provides an avenue to study interactions between mosquitoes and pathogens. Salivary proteins display compartmentalization. For example, proteins involved in blood feeding are stored in the medial and distal lateral lobes, whereas proteins related to sugar metabolism localize to the proximal portion of the lateral lobes. Immunohistochemistry assays use antibodies raised against recombinant salivary proteins to reveal the protein localization and interactions within the tissue. In this assay, permeabilization of the salivary glands allows the antibodies to enter the cells and bind their target proteins. The primary antibody–antigen complexes are later marked with fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies. Antibodies that recognize pathogen-specific proteins can also be incorporated in these assays, providing information about pathogen localization within the salivary glands or pathogen interactions with mosquito salivary proteins. Here, we introduce immunohistochemistry assays for use in mosquito salivary glands.
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George, Justin, Ramdas Kanissery, Mahesh Bashyal, Blessy Tamayo, and Lukasz L. Stelinski. "Survival and Feeding Behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Adults on Common Cover Crops in Citrus." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (2022): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122175.
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Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the bacterial pathogen responsible for citrus greening disease. To explore the possibility that cover crops in citrus groves may serve as refuges for this pathogen vector during unfavorable host conditions, psyllid feeding was investigated on six common cover crop species and citrus using electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings and behavioral bioassays. EPG recordings showed that the proportion of time spent by D. citri feeding on xylem was similar or higher on all tested cover crops (17%–32%) compared to the positive control (12%), the preferred host, Citrus macrophylla. Very little to no phloem feeding was observed on cover crops by the adults. In the choice assays, more D. citri adults settled on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) than on the host, C. macrophylla, 24 h after release. No-choice assays showed that the citrus cover crop species evaluated extend the survival of D. citri up to 8 d because of xylem feeding. Our results indicate that some cover crop species may be less suitable refuge sites for D. citri than others, but none served as breeding sites or supported more than 8 d of survival.
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Smit, Menno R., Eric O. Ochomo, Ghaith Aljayyoussi, et al. "Human Direct Skin Feeding Versus Membrane Feeding to Assess the Mosquitocidal Efficacy of High-Dose Ivermectin (IVERMAL Trial)." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 7 (2019): 1112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1063.
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Abstract Background Ivermectin is being considered for mass drug administration for malaria, due to its ability to kill mosquitoes feeding on recently treated individuals. In a recent trial, 3-day courses of 300 and 600 mcg/kg/day were shown to kill Anopheles mosquitoes for at least 28 days post-treatment when fed patients’ venous blood using membrane feeding assays. Direct skin feeding on humans may lead to higher mosquito mortality, as ivermectin capillary concentrations are higher. We compared mosquito mortality following direct skin and membrane feeding. Methods We conducted a mosquito feeding study, nested within a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 141 adults with uncomplicated malaria in Kenya, comparing 3 days of ivermectin 300 mcg/kg/day, ivermectin 600 mcg/kg/day, or placebo, all co-administered with 3 days of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. On post-treatment day 7, direct skin and membrane feeding assays were conducted using laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Mosquito survival was assessed daily for 28 days post-feeding. Results Between July 20, 2015, and May 7, 2016, 69 of 141 patients participated in both direct skin and membrane feeding (placebo, n = 23; 300 mcg/kg/day, n = 24; 600 mcg/kg/day, n = 22). The 14-day post-feeding mortality for mosquitoes fed 7 days post-treatment on blood from pooled patients in both ivermectin arms was similar with direct skin feeding (mosquitoes observed, n = 2941) versus membrane feeding (mosquitoes observed, n = 7380): cumulative mortality (risk ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95–1.03, P = .69) and survival time (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.91–1.02, P = .19). Results were consistent by sex, by body mass index, and across the range of ivermectin capillary concentrations studied (0.72–73.9 ng/mL). Conclusions Direct skin feeding and membrane feeding on day 7 resulted in similar mosquitocidal effects of ivermectin across a wide range of drug concentrations, suggesting that the mosquitocidal effects seen with membrane feeding accurately reflect those of natural biting. Membrane feeding, which is more patient friendly and ethically acceptable, can likely reliably be used to assess ivermectin’s mosquitocidal efficacy. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02511353.
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Clark, A. J., and K. L. Perry. "Transmissibility of Field Isolates of Soybean Viruses by Aphis glycines." Plant Disease 86, no. 11 (2002): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.11.1219.
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During the 2001 growing season, 191 symptomatic soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants were dug from production plots in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Kentucky. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Peanut stunt virus (PSV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) were identified. No mixed infections were observed. The ability of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsamura) to transmit field isolates of these viruses was tested. Using naturally infected field- or greenhouse-grown soybean plants as sources, six isolates of SMV and two isolates of AMV were transmitted using a short feeding assay. One of two isolates of TRSV was transmitted by A. glycines in one of four experiments using an extended feeding transmission assay. BPMV was not transmitted by A. glycines in assays involving 11 field isolates and over 840 aphids. One field isolate each of BYMV and PSV were tested and no transmission by A. glycines was observed.
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Peñuela-Sierra, Lina Maria, Ivan Moreira, Paulo Levi Oliveira Carvalho, Juliana Beatriz Toledo, Liliane Maria Piano Gonçalves, and Adriana Gomez Gallego. "Canola meal on starting pigs feeding." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6 (2015): 3977. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6p3977.
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Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values and evaluate the performance of piglets fed on canola meal. In experiment I, a digestibility assay was conducted using fourteen barrow pigs, with an initial body weight of 20.62±3.30 kg. The evaluated feedstuff was canola meal, with a level of 250 g/kg in the basal diet (corn + soybean meal-based). The experimental unit consisted of one pig, with a total of seven experimental units per diet. The values as (fed basis) of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy of canola meal were 2,995 kcal/kg and 2,796 kcal/kg, respectively. In experiment II, ileal digestibility assays were carried out to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility coefficient and digestible amino acids. Three crossbred pigs were used, with a BW of 38.6±1.98 kg. The treatments consisted of two diets, with a single source of protein (canola meal) and one protein-free diet (OFD). The values of digestible amino acids in canola meal were as follows: lysine: 11.8 g/kg; methionine+cystine: 9.1 g/kg; threonine: 7.9 g/kg; tryptophan: 2.4 g/kg; leucine: 15.7 g/kg; and isoleucine: 8.7 g/kg. In experiment III, 60 piglets (BW= 15.08±0.72 kg to 30.26±2.78 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four diets with increasing levels of canola meal (50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg), six replicates and experimental unit consisted of two pigs. Additionally, a control diet was formulated containing 0.0 g/kg CM. Regression analysis indicates that there was no effect (P?0.05) of the level of canola meal inclusion on pigs performance. The performance results suggest that it is feasible to use up to 200 g/kg of canola meal in starting pigs diet, without impairing performance and the feeding cost.
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Vasconcelos, Marcelo Augusto, Thiago Costa Mendes, Wagner Luiz Soares Fortes, and Renato Crespo Pereira. "Feeding and decoration preferences of the epialtidae crab Acanthonyx scutiforms." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, no. 2 (2009): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592009000200006.
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Studies on the feeding preferences of marine herbivores are very important for our better understanding of the biology and the ecological role of these organisms. Members of the family Epialtidae are usually herbivores that mask themselves with pieces of seaweed and other materials to avoid predation. In order to better understand the mechanisms of food and decorating choices of the decorator crab Acanthonyx scutiformis, two multiple-choice feeding assays were performed using fresh seaweeds and artificial food containing crude extracts of the four seaweeds Osmundaria obtusiloba, Plocamium brasiliense, Sargassum sp., and Dictyota menstrualis, offered simultaneously to this crab species. In both assays the seaweed most consumed was O. obtusiloba, followed by P. brasiliense and Sargassum sp., while D. menstrualis was the least consumed. It is suggested that A. scutiformis is a generalist feeder, but with some preference for the perennial red seaweed O. obtusiloba and the chemically-defended seaweed P. brasiliense. Decorating behavior observations revealed the preferences of A. scutiformis by P. brasiliense. This decorating behavior can be interpreted as a mechanism to avoid generalist predators, since feeding and decorating preference were not associated and the crab used only small pieces of chemically defended algae.
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Bousema, Teun, Thomas S. Churcher, Isabelle Morlais, and Rhoel R. Dinglasan. "Can field-based mosquito feeding assays be used for evaluating transmission-blocking interventions?" Trends in Parasitology 29, no. 2 (2013): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2012.11.004.
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Harkey, Gail A., Susan Kane Driscoll, and Peter F. Landrum. "Effect of feeding in 30-day bioaccumulation assays usingHyalella aztecain fluoranthene-dosed sediment." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, no. 4 (1997): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160421.
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Machado, Glauco B. O., Fosca P. P. Leite, and Erik E. Sotka. "Nutrition of marine mesograzers: integrating feeding behavior, nutrient intake and performance of an herbivorous amphipod." PeerJ 6 (November 9, 2018): e5929. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5929.
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Consumers can regulate the acquisition and use of nutrients through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Here, we present an experimental approach that simultaneously integrates multiple nutritional traits, feeding assays, and juvenile performance to assess whether a marine herbivore (the amphipod Ampithoe valida) regulates the intake of elements (carbon and nitrogen), macronutrients (protein and non-protein) or both when offered freeze-dried tissues of seaweeds varying in nutritional content. We assessed behavioral regulation of nutrients in three ways. First, during no-choice assays, we found that amphipods ingested similar amounts of carbon, but not nitrogen, non-protein and protein, across algal diets. Second, herbivore intake rates of carbon, protein and non-protein components across no-choice assays was similar to intake rates when offered a choice of foods. Third, variation in intake rates of carbon and non-protein components among algal diets was significantly greater than was tissue content of these components, while variation in intake rates of nitrogen was significantly lower; differences in protein intake variation was equivocal. While these analytical approaches are not uniformly consistent, carbon and nitrogen seem to emerge as the nutrient components that are more strongly regulated by A. valida. Juveniles reared on single diets shown patterns of survivorship, growth and reproduction that could not be predicted by these feeding preferences, nor nutrient content. We conclude that an integrative approach that considers the intake of multiple nutrients potentially yields insights into feeding behavior and its performance consequences.
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Joseph, Shimat V., and Steven T. Koike. "Could Broccoli and Cauliflower Influence the Dispersal Dynamics of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Lettuce in the Salinas Valley of California?" Environmental Entomology 50, no. 4 (2021): 995–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab050.
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Abstract The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an important, worldwide vector of two tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae; Genus Tospovirus), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). In the Salinas Valley of California, INSV causes severe necrosis, stunting, and crop losses to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Because broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) are major rotation crops with lettuce in the Salinas Valley, it is critical to understand if these Brassicas influence the dispersal dynamics of F. occidentalis. In 2013 and 2014, surveys were conducted evaluating yellow sticky cards and plant samples in lettuce, broccoli, and cauliflower fields in three regions of the Salinas Valley. F. occidentalis were collected on sticky cards from April to November and on foliage in all three regions. Two-choice oviposition assays as well as no-choice and two-choice feeding assays were conducted where F. occidentalis adults were exposed to leaves of lettuce, broccoli, and cauliflower. A significantly greater number of eggs was found on lettuce than on broccoli or cauliflower leaves in the choice assay, whereas for the broccoli and cauliflower choice assay, the number of eggs retrieved was low and not significantly different between hosts. The number of F. occidentalis feeding spots and leaf area injury ratings were similar on broccoli and lettuce leaves but were significantly lower on cauliflower than on lettuce and broccoli leaves. The implications of these results on thrips and plant virus management are discussed.
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Snewin, V. A., S. Premawansa, G. M. Kapilananda, et al. "Transmission blocking immunity in Plasmodium vivax malaria: antibodies raised against a peptide block parasite development in the mosquito vector." Journal of Experimental Medicine 181, no. 1 (1995): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.181.1.357.
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One approach towards the development of a vaccine against malaria is to immunize against the parasite sexual stages that mediate transmission of the parasite from man to mosquito. Antibodies against these stages, ingested with the blood meal, inhibit the parasite development in the mosquito vector, constituting "transmission blocking immunity." Most epitopes involved in transmission-blocking immunity depend on the tertiary conformational structure of surface antigens. However, one of the transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies we have raised against Plasmodium vivax reacts with a linear epitope on both asexual stages and gametes. This monoclonal antibody (A12) is capable of totally blocking development of the parasite in the mosquito host when tested in membrane feeding assays with gametocytes from P. vivax-infected patients. Immune screening of a P. vivax lambda gt11 genomic expression library with A12 led to the isolation of a clone to which was mapped the six-amino acid epitope recognized by A12. Antisera raised in mice against a 12-mer synthetic peptide containing this epitope coupled to bovine serum albumin not only had high titers of antipeptide antibodies as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but in addition recognized the same 24- and 57-kD parasite components as A12 on Western blots and reacted with the parasite by immunofluorescence. When tested in membrane feeding assays, these antibodies have significant suppressive effects on parasite development in the mosquito.
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Kreuger, Betty, and Daniel A. Potter. "Does Early-Season Defoliation of Crabapple (Malus sp.) by Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Induce Resistance to Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?" Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 3 (2003): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.3.457.
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We tested the hypothesis that early-season defoliation of flowering crabapple, Malus sp., by eastern tent caterpillars, Malacosoma americanum F., induces localized or systemic resistance to Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding on the same trees in late June. ‘Candymint Sargent’ crabapple trees were inoculated with M. americanum egg masses, resulting in extensive defoliation during March and April. Second flush leaves of defoliated trees were smaller and thinner than those of control trees. In laboratory feeding assays with non-damaged foliage, beetles generally preferred fully expanded leaves over partially expanded ones, regardless of whether or not the source tree had been defoliated. Detached first flush leaves with caterpillar damage were fed upon less than comparable non-damaged leaves, suggesting that early-season wounding causes some within-leaf reduction in palatability to P. japonica. Other assays with detached first- and second-flush leaves, however, indicated absence of induced, systemic resistance. Previously-defoliated and control trees sustained comparable damage from natural beetle populations in the field. Our results suggest that defoliation of Malus sp. by tent caterpillars in early spring is unlikely to reduce feeding damage by Japanese beetles later in the same growing season.
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Lantero, Elena, Jessica Fernandes, Carlos Raúl Aláez-Versón, et al. "Heparin Administered to Anopheles in Membrane Feeding Assays Blocks Plasmodium Development in the Mosquito." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (2020): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081136.
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Innovative antimalarial strategies are urgently needed given the alarming evolution of resistance to every single drug developed against Plasmodium parasites. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin has been delivered in membrane feeding assays together with Plasmodium berghei-infected blood to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. The transition between ookinete and oocyst pathogen stages in the mosquito has been studied in vivo through oocyst counting in dissected insect midguts, whereas ookinete interactions with heparin have been followed ex vivo by flow cytometry. Heparin interferes with the parasite’s ookinete–oocyst transition by binding ookinetes, but it does not affect fertilization. Hypersulfated heparin is a more efficient blocker of ookinete development than native heparin, significantly reducing the number of oocysts per midgut when offered to mosquitoes at 5 µg/mL in membrane feeding assays. Direct delivery of heparin to mosquitoes might represent a new antimalarial strategy of rapid implementation, since it would not require clinical trials for its immediate deployment.
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Prator, Cecilia A., and Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. "A Lectin Disrupts Vector Transmission of a Grapevine Ampelovirus." Viruses 12, no. 8 (2020): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080843.
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Grapevine leafroll disease is one of the most important virus diseases of grapevines and occurs in every major grape-growing region of the world. The vector-transmission mechanisms of the causative agent, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), remain poorly understood. We show that the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus, feeds through a membrane feeding system on GLRaV-3 viral purifications from both V. vinifera and N. benthamiana and transmits the virus to test plants from plants from both species. Building on this strategy, we used an immunofluorescence approach to localize virions to two retention sites in P. ficus mouthparts. Assays testing molecules capable of blocking virus transmission demonstrated that GLRaV-3-transmission by P. ficus could be disrupted. Our results indicate that our membrane feeding system and transmission-blocking assays are a valid approach and can be used to screen other candidate blocking molecules.
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Kajla, Mayur K., Gregory A. Barrett-Wilt, and Susan M. Paskewitz. "Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents." Science Advances 5, no. 1 (2019): eaau6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6141.
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Antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genusXenorhabdushave been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feeding-deterrence have not been reported. Here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated fromXenorhabdus budapestensisin vitro cultures exhibits potent feeding-deterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors:Aedes aegypti,Anopheles gambiae, andCulex pipiens. We demonstrate that the deterrent active fraction isolated from replicate bacterial cultures is highly enriched in two compounds consistent with the previously described fabclavines, strongly suggesting that these are the molecular species responsible for feeding-deterrence. The mosquito feeding-deterrent activity in the putative fabclavine-rich fraction is comparable to or better than that ofN,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (also known as DEET) or picaridin in side-by-side assays. These findings lay the groundwork for research into biologically derived, peptide-based, low–molecular weight compounds isolated from bacteria for exploitation as mosquito repellents and feeding-deterrents.
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Venkataraman, Krithika, Veronica Jové, and Laura B. Duvall. "Methods to Assess Blood and Nectar Meals in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2022, no. 6 (2022): pdb.top107657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top107657.
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Male and female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes survive by feeding on floral nectar for metabolic energy, but females require blood protein, obtained from biting a host, for egg development. Although males exclusively derive energy from nectar sugars, females must select the meal that best matches their present metabolic and reproductive needs. In females, blood and nectar promote independent feeding behaviors with distinct sensory appendages, meal sizes, digestive tract targets, and metabolic fates. Understanding how male and female mosquitoes recognize, locate, and metabolize nutrients is essential for characterizing the survival and reproductive capabilities of this mosquito. Here, we provide an introduction to blood versus nectar feeding and methods to quantify nectar and blood meal sizes in individual Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Precise quantification of meal size is crucial for ensuring consistency in assays that record events downstream of feeding behavior, including host attraction or fecundity.
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Wang, Qing, Minwei Huang, Cheng Peng, et al. "MT-Feeding-Induced Impermanent Sex Reversal in the Orange-Spotted Grouper during Sex Differentiation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (2018): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092828.
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In this study, we systematically investigated the process of sex reversal induced by 17-methyltestosterone (MT) feeding and MT-feeding withdrawal at the ovary differentiation stage in orange-spotted groupers, Epinephelus coioides. Gonadal histology showed that MT feeding induced a precocious sex reversal from immature ovaries to testes, bypassing the formation of an ovarian cavity, and MT-feeding withdrawal led to an ovarian fate. In both the MT feeding and MT-feeding withdrawal phases, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B (cyp11b) gene expression and serum 11-KT levels were not significantly changed, suggesting that the MT-treated fish did not generate endogenous steroids, even though active spermatogenesis occurred. Finally, by tracing doublesex-expressing and Mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1)-expressing cells and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2-deoxyuridine, 5-triphosphate nick end labeling) assays, we found that the efferent duct formed first, and then, the germ cells and somatic cells of the testicular tissue were generated around the efferent duct during MT-feeding-induced precocious sex reversal. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex reversal induced by exogenous hormones during sex differentiation in the protogynous orange-spotted grouper.
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Brown, Elizabeth, Kurtresha Worden, Yuanyuan Li, Pavel Masek, and Alex C. Keene. "Innate and Conditioned Taste Processing inDrosophila." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 6 (2023): pdb.top107864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top107864.
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Peripheral detection of tastants allows animals to detect the dietary value of food and its potential toxicity. Many tastants such as sugars and fats elicit reflexive appetitive responses, whereas other foods such as quinine induce aversion. The relative value of food can change in accordance with an animal's internal state and prior experience. Understanding the neural and genetic bases for the detection and response to tastants, as well as how these behaviors change with experience, is central to sensory neuroscience. The presentation of attractive tastants to the proboscis or legs of the fruit flyDrosophila melanogasterinduces a robust and reflexive proboscis-extension response (PER). This quantifiable response can be used to study the receptors underlying taste detection, the neural circuits involved in sensory processing, and the musculature required for a simple feeding behavior. Furthermore, we have developed a memory assay pairing appetitive and bitter tastants, resulting in aversive taste conditioning, in which the PER response to attractive tastants is diminished. Unlike many memory assays, this assay does not require specialized equipment and can be readily implemented in teaching and research laboratories. Here, we introduce protocols for studying the PER feeding response and aversive taste memory inDrosophila.
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Zalucki, Jacinta M., David G. Heckel, Peng Wang, et al. "A Generalist Feeding on Brassicaceae: It Does Not Get Any Better with Selection." Plants 10, no. 5 (2021): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050954.
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Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) are ostensibly defended in part against generalist insect herbivores by toxic isothiocyanates formed when protoxic glucosinolates are hydrolysed. Based on an analysis of published host records, feeding on Brassicas is widespread by both specialist and generalists in the Lepidoptera. The polyphagous noctuid moth Helicoverpa armigera is recorded as a pest on some Brassicas and we attempted to improve performance by artificial selection to, in part, determine if this contributes to pest status. Assays on cabbage and kale versus an artificial diet showed no difference in larval growth rate, development times and pupal weights between the parental and the selected strain after 2, 21 and 29 rounds of selection, nor in behaviour assays after 50 generations. There were large differences between the two Brassicas: performance was better on kale than cabbage, although both were comparable to records for other crop hosts, on which the species is a major pest. We discuss what determines “pest” status.
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Flonc, Brianna, Mary Barbercheck, and Imtiaz Ahmad. "Observations on the Relationships between Endophytic Metarhizium robertsii, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Maize." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (2021): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060713.
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Fungi in the genus Metarhizium are entomopathogens that can establish endophytically inside plants and benefit them through growth promotion and pest suppression. Lab- and greenhouse-based experiments were conducted to examine the effects of endophytic M. robertsii colonization in maize (Zea mays) on fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda). Maize seeds were inoculated with M. robertsii conidia, plants were evaluated for endophytic colonization, and then relative growth rate (RGR) and feeding behavior of larval FAW fed leaves from inoculated and uninoculated maize were measured. Endophytic M. robertsii was recovered from 60.5% of inoculated maize. In feeding bioassays, the RGR of larval FAW fed leaves of inoculated maize was no different than the RGR of larvae fed leaves from uninoculated maize. The RGR of larval FAW was positively correlated with the proportion of endophytic colonization of maize leaf and root tissues; however, in feeding assays, FAW larvae demonstrated no preference for consuming leaf tissue from inoculated or uninoculated maize. The proportion of leaf tissue consumed was unrelated to the proportion of M. robertsii-colonization of leaf or root tissue from source plants. We discuss possible reasons why FAW were not affected by endophytic M. robertsii in the context of assay methodology, FAW physiology, and induced maize defenses.
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Bousema, Teun, Rhoel R. Dinglasan, Isabelle Morlais, et al. "Mosquito Feeding Assays to Determine the Infectiousness of Naturally Infected Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Carriers." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (2012): e42821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042821.
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