Relevant bibliographies by topics / Feeding and reproduction

Academic literature on the topic 'Feeding and reproduction'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Feeding and reproduction"

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Poole, Alan. "Courtship Feeding and Osprey Reproduction." Auk 102, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/102.3.479.

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Abstract A female Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) usually is fed exclusively by its mate between pair formation and egg-laying. Laying dates and courtship periods-but not clutch size, egg size, breeding success, or female weight reserves-were correlated (negatively) with the prelaying feeding rates of 12 females breeding in a coastal Massachusetts colony. However, the age of a pair and of its bond influenced laying dates and courtship periods more than food intake. Older and more experienced pairs arrived earlier and laid eggs more quickly than younger pairs. As an independent test of food limitation in Ospreys producing eggs, supplemental food was provided to 4 nests during courtship. Supplemental food did not influence a female's reproductive output or timing, but males at nests receiving extra food showed reduced rates of foraging. Egg production boosted the daily energy expenditure of female Ospreys by only about 20% and females gained little weight during courtship, suggesting that egg-laying is not a demanding process in this species. Because age and mate retention had a greater effect on the reproductive output and timing of female Ospreys than rates of food consumption during courtship, and because there was evidence that poorly fed females were less willing to copulate and less faithful to their mates than well-fed females, it is argued that Osprey courtship feeding may function primarily to ensure mate fidelity.
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Santosa, Tomi Apra, Rani Dwi Suci Hd Putri, Ramadhan Sumarmin, Dwi Hilda Putri, and Abdul Razak. "Meta-Analysis: Effectiveness of artificial feeding to increase growth rate and reproduction quality of Monopterus albus species." Jurnal Biologi Udayana 25, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbiounud.2021.v25.i01.p11.

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The use of artificial feed for fish farming has been widely used at this time, however, it is not yet known the significant effect of artificial feed on the growth and reproduction rate of Monopterus albus. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of artificial feeding on the growth and reproduction rate of Monopterus albus species. This research is meta-analysis research. The data source comes from a search of 18 national and international articles published in 2010-2020 related to feeding the Monopterus albus species. Data obtained from google scholar database, DOAJ, ScienceDirect, sagejournal, Springer, and IEEE. The data analysis technique is a qualitative descriptive analysis with JASP software. The results showed that 35% of artificial feeding affected the growth of Monopterus albus and 28.5% affected the reproductive rate with an effect size of 1.2. This shows that artificial feeding has an effect of 0.334 in increasing the growth and reproductive quality of Monopterus albus.
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Holekamp, Kay E., and Scott Nunes. "Seasonal variation in body weight, fat, and behavior of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-202.

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Annual cycles of activity and reproduction were documented in a population of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) in coastal California. Behavior, body mass, and reproduction were monitored in marked individuals between November 1983 and January 1986 through regular focal animal observation and livetrapping. Mass measures for reproductive tracts and gonadal fat pads were concurrently collected from a separate population of animals sacrificed in the laboratory. Mass and feeding behavior varied with sex and age. Surface activity, body weight, fat pad mass, and food consumption appeared to be closely related in this population. Fat pad mass was greater in nonreproductive than in reproductively active members of both sexes, as was body mass among males. Female body mass was greatest during pregnancy. Comparisons among reproductive status groups within each sex revealed significant differences in feeding, resting, vigilance, locomotor activity, and social behavior. Comparison with other populations suggested that S. beecheyi is highly variable with respect to demography, seasonal activity, timing of reproduction, and social behavior.
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Reuben, R. "Feeding and reproduction in vector mosquitoes." Proceedings: Animal Sciences 96, no. 3 (May 1987): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03180010.

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Antacli, Julieta Carolina, Marina E. Sabatini, Ricardo I. Silva, Daniel R. Hernández, Andrés J. Jaureguizar, and Rut Akselman. "FEEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE COPEPODS Drepanopus forcipatus AND Calanus australis DURING LATE SUMMER ON THE SOUTHERN PATAGONIAN SHELF (ARGENTINA, 47°-55°S)." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 62, no. 4 (December 2014): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592014073406204.

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Drepanopus forcipatus and Calanus australis are key planktonic copepods on the southern Patagonian shelf. Their feeding and reproductive patterns and population status were investigated during late summer, when environmental conditions may be critical. The presence of food in the gut and food-pellet length were recorded in adult females and the most abundant copepodite stages. Diet composition was also studied in adult females. Female reproductive status was evaluated by gonad staging. Despite generally low feeding conditions and decreasing seasonal temperature, both copepods fed to some degree. The most numerous copepodites and adult females of both species showed similarly low feeding activity. About half of the adult females of the two species and C5s of C. australis contained food in their guts, but the proportion of fed C4-females of D. forcipatus was much lower. All copepods were generally feeding at low or intermediate levels. Gonad stage distribution and population structure showed low but still ongoing reproduction in both species. Gut content findings suggest a preference for smaller nanoplanktonic particles, especially dinoflagellates by D. forcipatus, and for autotrophic prey, particularly large diatoms by C. australis. The feeding and reproduction patterns of the two copepods were likely influenced by the distributions of potential food resources and temperature.
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Barrilli, Germano Henrique Costa, Julia Gomes do Vale, Gabriela Stahelin, and Joaquim Olinto Branco. "Biological and ecological aspects of Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) (Perciformes, Gobiidae) from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 (January 29, 2021): e20216115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.15.

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Bathygobius soporator (popularly known as "Maria da toca") is a species that, although abundant, is little studied in aspects regarding growth, feeding and reproduction in southern Brazil. Studies on trophic ecology still raise questions on the species’ actual diet, especially in the context of algae participating as a food resource or an accidental intake. Thus, this study aims to fill this gap, evaluating the growth, feeding, and reproduction of this species. Monthly samples from two periods (1997-1998 and 2005-2006) were analyzed for growth, feeding, and reproduction parameters, totalizing 1177 individuals evaluated. Our results demonstrate that Bathygobius soporator is a species of fast development, reaching the age of first maturation before the first year of life. It presents a sexual dimorphism, being males larger than females. Reproductive peaks occur in the spring and summer months. The species presented a broad trophic spectrum, including algae as the main food resource, not just an accidental intake. The omnivorous-opportunistic trophic ecology of this species is emphasized, agreeing with the information of previous studies.
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Fuxman, Yakov L. "Reproduction rate, feeding process, and leibich limitations in cell populations—Part 1. Feeding stochasticity and reproduction rate." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55, no. 1 (January 1993): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02460301.

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FUXMAN, Y. "Reproduction rate, feeding process, and leibich limitations in cell populations—Part 1. Feeding stochasticity and reproduction rate." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55, no. 1 (January 1993): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80068-0.

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Sutama, IK, TN Edey, and IC Fletcher. "Studies on reproduction of Javanese thin-tail ewes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880703.

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Development of puberty (oestrus with ovulation) in two groups of 13 Javanese thin-tail (JTT) ewe lambs was studied from weaning at 13 weeks of age. The animals were fed ad lib. freshly chopped elephant grass plus either sufficient concentrate to grow at about 50 g per day (L) or ad lib. (H) concentrate from weaning to 5 weeks post-conception, and then studied through two pregnancies while on common feeding levels (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, reproduction was studied in two groups of 13 JTT lambs which had been reared together and were given high or low nutrition from 5 weeks after their first conception until weaning of their second crop of lambs. The ewe lambs in Experiment 1 grew at 44 and 87 g per day (P < 0.01) for groups L and H respectively. Faster growth was associated with a younger age at first ovulation (190 v. 253 days), but differences in liveweight at first oestrus, first ovulation and puberty were marginal. Liveweight differences associated with differential feeding levels during rearing in Experiment 1 did not persist throughout the experimental period. Continuous high level feeding from early pregnancy (Experiment 2) resulted in a higher liveweight, and this was associated with higher ovulation rate (2.1 v. 1.6, P < 0.05) and an increase in the incidence of multiple births. However, this advantage in reproductive traits in the high feeding level group ewes was offset by higher wastage of ova (49 v. 20%) and higher pre-weaning lamb mortality (55 v. 33%). Average daily milk yield was non-significantly higher in the H group than in the L group in both lactations. In both experiments, improved feeding levels during rearing or thereafter reduced post-lambing re-breeding intervals. It was concluded that, while the JTT breed has unusually high, reproductive ability under low feeding regimes, most components of reproduction can be increased by strategic nutritional inputs.
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Hess, B. W., S. L. Lake, E. J. Scholljegerdes, T. R. Weston, V. Nayigihugu, J. D. C. Molle, and G. E. Moss. "Nutritional controls of beef cow reproduction." Journal of Animal Science 83, suppl_13 (June 1, 2005): E90—E106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2005.8313_supple90x.

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Abstract The livestock industry and animal scientists have long recognized the importance of proper nutrition for cattle to achieve reproductive success. Timely resumption of estrus following parturition is a major milestone that a cow must reach for optimal reproduction. Dynamic interplay among all strata of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian axis occurs during the cow's transition from postpartum anestrus to reproductive competence. The reproductive axis integrates a milieu of nutritionally related signals that directly or indirectly affect reproduction. Directing nutritional inputs toward anabolic processes is critical to stimulating key events that promote reproductive success. Although prepartum and postpartum energy balance are the most important factors affecting duration of the postpartum interval to first estrus in beef cows, other nutritional inputs likely impinge on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian axis to influence reproduction. For example, feeding fat to beef cows for approximately 60 d before calving may improve pregnancy rates in the upcoming breeding season. Supplementing postpartum diets with lipids high in linoleic acid can impede reproductive performance of beef cows. Precise mechanisms through which nutritional inputs mediate reproduction have not yet been fully elucidated. Scientists investigating nutritional mediators of reproduction, or how nutritional inputs affect reproduction, must be cognizant of the interactions among nutrients and nutritional cues responsible for mediating reproduction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feeding and reproduction"

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Fontana, Eddy Alejandro. "Effects of various male feeding regimens on reproduction in broiler breeders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43750.

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A study was conducted using commercial broiler breeders with the males fed a diet containing, either 120/0 or 140/0 protein and body weight maintained at either 900/0 or 1000/0 of that recommended by the primary breeder (fed separately), or allowed to eat from the female feeders (controls). Female feeders in the separately fed pens were equipped with especially designed grills, which denied access to the males. The male feeder in these pens was elevated so that females were denied access.

Males fed separately (body weight 90% or 1000/0, and dietary protein 120/0 or 140/0) had a significantly higher percentage fertility (4.20/0) than males allowed to eat with the females. No differences in percentage fertility were found among the four separately fed groups. No differences were noted in percentage hatch of fertile eggs among any of the treatment groups.

Males eating from the female feeders had significantly heavier body weights and testes weights at 65 weeks of age than breeder males in the separately fed, groups. Mean body weights were 3819g and 4773g at 35 weeks of age, and 4192g and 5443g at 65 weeks of age for males eating separately and eating with the females, respectively. Furthermore, males in the control group had significantly larger breast angle measurements when compared with the separately fed males. No differences were observed in foot scores and semen concentration among males in the various treatment groups.


Master of Science
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Hellemans, Simon. "Ecology and reproduction of neotropical soil-feeding termites from the Termes group." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/286072.

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The traditional view of a lifelong monogamy between a king and a queen has recently been challenged in termites. In several species, multiple parthenogenetically-produced secondary queens replace the primary queen and mate with the primary king; this strategy is referred to as “Asexual Queen Succession” (AQS). The aim of my thesis was to investigate the modalities of reproduction and the ecology of neotropical soil-feeding termites from the Termitinae, with a focus on the inquiline termite Cavitermes tuberosus in the Termes group.In the first axis, we investigated the modalities of reproduction of C. tuberosus. (i) AQS is the main reproductive strategy of this species. (ii) The evolution of AQS requires the propensity of parthenogens to develop into neotenic queens. In C. tuberosus, secondary queens develop from a developmental stage of “aspirants” which participate to the social tasks usually undertaken by workers, as long as the primary queen is alive. (iii) In AQS species, a female-biased sex ratio is expected in the dispersing reproductives. In C. tuberosus, sex ratio varies among years and according to the type of reproductives, and the population sex ratio is balanced. These results raise hints on queen-king conflict over the sex ratio.In the second axis, we described the ecology and symbioses of C. tuberosus. (iv) Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium mainly known for manipulating the reproduction of arthropods in order to enhance its own transmission, infects all individuals in societies. This bacterium, particularly abundant in a gut-associated bacteriome, may play a role in the nutrition of C. tuberosus; both partners would have evolved a mutualistic symbiosis. (v) Inquiline termites live in a nest built by other termite species and do not forage outside. Physico-chemical measures and microbiota sequencing revealed that C. tuberosus is a generalist nest-feeder.Finally, we expanded our study of the breeding systems in the phylogenetic proximity of C. tuberosus. (vi) We described Palmitermes impostor, a new genus and species as a sister-group to the genus Cavitermes. (vii) AQS is the main reproductive strategy in P. impostor, and queens of Spinitermes trispinosus and Inquilinitermes inquilinus are able to reproduce parthenogenetically. Therefore, it appears likely that the conditional use of sexual and asexual reproductions is a preadaptation common to the whole Termes group, and that it evolved into a stable element of their breeding system at least in some species.Overall, our results open new perspectives in the understanding of reproductive strategies in termites and their relationships with their bacterial symbionts.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Oh, Chul-Woong. "Life history and population dynamics of the crangonid shrimps Crangon crangon and Philocheras trispinsus on Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367117.

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Taylor, Robin M. "Plant nectar contributes to the survival, activity, growth, and fecundity of the nectar-feeding wandering spider Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Miturgidae)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1086114717.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 138 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Richard A. Bradley, Dept. of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-138).
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Kassetas, Cierrah Jordan. "Effects of Feeding 60% Dried Corn Distillers Grains Plus Solubles on Yearling Bull Reproduction." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31799.

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Thirty-six half-sibling Angus bulls were assigned one of three diets: 1) 60% corn-based (CON; S = 0.18%; n = 12); 2) 60% DDGS replacing corn (60DDGS; S = 0.55% DM; n = 12); 3) CON diet + equivalent sulfur of 60DDGS added as calcium sulfate (SULF; S = 0.54%; n = 12) to evaluate the effects of feeding diets containing DDGS or calcium sulfate on performance and semen characteristics. Bulls began the study at 9 months of age and gained 1.6 kg/day for 112 days. Treatment by day interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for glutathione peroxidase and trace mineral concentrations in seminal plasma. Effects of treatment (P < 0.05) were observed for semen kinematics and triiodothyronine in serum. Alterations observed when feeding 60% DDGS to developing bulls occurred in a manner that is not dependent on dietary sulfur; therefore, observed changes could be related to other components within DDGS.
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Vilchez, Niceas Carlos. "Effect of supplemental dietary fat on the reproductive performance of hens of turkey and Japanese quail." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61252.

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Four experiments were conducted on hens of turkey and Japanese quail. In Experiment I, turkey hens were fed diets containing either 0% added fat, 3.5% animal-vegetable fat blend (AV) or 3.5% dry fat product (DF). In Experiment II with turkey hens, 2 holding diets and 4 breeder diets were investigated. The holding diets contained either 0% added fat or 5% of AV. The breeder diets contained 0% added fat of 5% of one of the following: AV, corn oil (CO) or olive oil (OO). In Experiment III with Japanese quail, 3 pre-breeder (PB) and 3 breeder diets (BD) were studied. They contained either 0, 3.5 or 7% added AV. In Experiment IV with Japanese quail, all diets contained 97% of a semi-purified basal diet and 3% of one of the following: corn starch (CS), corn oil (CO), palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA) or linolenic acid (LN). The fatty acid composition of plasma and yolk lipids of both turkeys and quail was influenced by the fatty acid composition of the diets. Quail fed a CO diet deposited more linoleic acid in the egg than did those on a LA diet. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Wilkin, Philip John. "A study of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (L), with a strategy for its conservation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7885.

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Stephens, Lisa Anne. "The effect of feeding hay containing high levels of molybdenum on reproduction in beef heifers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ38982.pdf.

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Oresanya, Temitope Frederick. "Effects of feeding flaxseed to sows during late gestation on lactation and litter performance." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33434.

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A study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental fat from flaxseed (FL) on fatty acid (FA) profile, chemical composition, energy value of colostrum and milk, and litter performance. On day 107 of gestation a total of 59 large white sows were selected, blocked by parity and randomly allotted to one of three diets, 15% flaxseed (FL), 10% fullfat soybean (SB) or a control commercial (CO) diet containing corn and soybean meal. Diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but differed in fat content and FA composition. Colostrum and milk were collected soon after farrowing and on day 7, respectively, for fatty acid and chemical analysis. Dietary treatments did not affect sow feed consumption, weight loss, number of live pig born and weaned per litter. Similarly, pig birth weights, and day 7, 14, and 21 weights did not differ among treatment groups. FL significantly (p < 0.05) increased linolenic (LNA C18:3co3) and decreased palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids in colostrum. FL also significantly (p < 0.001) increased LNA and arachidonic acid (C20:4) in milk, while it decreased myristic (C14:0), palmitic and palmitoleic (C16:1) acids. Chemical analysis showed no significant differences in total solids (TS) and energy value of colostrum while a significant (p < 0.05) increase in TS, fat concentration and energy value was observed in milk from FL. A total of 335 piglets were used in the plasma study of lipid metabolites. Triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and glucose were not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). Feeding FL to sows during late gestation and lactation enriches sow milk and piglets with LNA.
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Skov, Martin Wiggers. "Reproduction and feeding ecology of East African mangrove crabs, and their influence on forest energy flow." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250459.

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Books on the topic "Feeding and reproduction"

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Branch, Alberta Horse Industry. Horse management: Reproduction. [Edmonton]: Alberta Agriculture [Horse Industry Branch], 1986.

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Krapu, Gary L. Feeding ecology of pintail hens during reproduction. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1985.

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Surai, Peter F. Natural antioxidants in avian nutrition and reproduction. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2002.

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Byrne, William. An evaluation of nutritional strategies and sire breed for mid-season lamb production. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1999.

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V, Gladilov V., ed. Fiziologii͡a︡ pishchevarenii͡a︡ i reprodukt͡s︡ii zhvachnykh zhivotnykh. Syktyvkar: Komi nauch. t͡s︡entr UrO RAN, 1995.

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Yaakub, Halimatun. The influences of nutrition on superovulation in ruminants. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Moore, James W. Growth, feeding and fecundity of fish in Gleniffer Lake (Dickson Dam Reservoir). Vegreville, Alta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1990.

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Nolan, Ruth. The influence of nutrition on oocyte quality and embryo yield in beef heifers. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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F, Fathalla Mahmoud, ed. Reproductive health: Global issues. Carnforth, Lancs, UK: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1990.

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Day, Joseph Plunkett. An evaluation of production strategies for early season lamb. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Feeding and reproduction"

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Dhooria, Manjit Singh. "Feeding, Development and Reproduction." In Fundamentals of Applied Acarology, 161–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1594-6_7.

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Battersby, Susan. "Midwives, Infant Feeding and Emotional Turmoil." In Emotions in Midwifery and Reproduction, 105–21. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08641-9_7.

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Halcrow, Siân E., Melanie J. Miller, Kate Pechenkina, Yu Dong, and Wenquan Fan. "The bioarchaeology of infant feeding." In The Routledge Handbook of Anthropology and Reproduction, 541–58. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003216452-43.

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Hedges, Stephanie. "The natural behaviour of the dog." In Practical canine behaviour: for veterinary nurses and technicians, 9–27. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789246810.0002.

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Grazia, Jocélia, Felipe L. Simões, and Antônio R. Panizzi. "Morphology, Ontogeny, Reproduction, and Feeding of True Bugs." In True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics, 21–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9861-7_2.

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Radhakrishnan, E. V., and Joe K. Kizhakudan. "Food, Feeding Behaviour, Growth and Neuroendocrine Control of Moulting and Reproduction." In Lobsters: Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, 177–217. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9094-5_6.

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Montero-Castaño, Ana, and Anna Traveset. "Pollination interactions promoting plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 67–89. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0067.

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Abstract Most plant species rely on, or benefit from, animal pollination. Therefore, pollination interactions are expected to play a key role in the reproduction and invasion success of non-native plants in their new areas. Understanding this role will allow us to better predict certain plant invasions. Also, it will allow us to explore the potential of invasion management measures based on disrupting or avoiding pollination interactions. In this chapter we review the available information on reproductive systems and their degree of dependence on animal-mediated pollination of non-native plant species. We review the characteristics of resident pollinators feeding on non-native plants and the different environmental setups that allow or impede non-native plants to reproduce in their new areas. Finally, we explore the scarce literature on invasion management measures based on disrupting pollination interactions and discuss their potentiality. Evidence so far shows that animal pollination does not usually act as an effective barrier to invasion. Most introduced plants are able to receive suitable pollination service from resident pollinators, while others are able to minimize their reliance on pollinators through different mechanisms (e.g. selfing or asexual reproduction). The environmental settings where the introduction occurs (for instance, the presence of neighbours with similar or dissimilar flower morphologies), can play an important role on the success or failure of non-native plants overcoming reproductive barriers. Although it seems that most introduced plants do not face pollination barriers, we consider that, for certain species, the disruption or avoidance of pollination interactions as control or prevention measures deserve further exploration.
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Swartz, Steven L., Aimee Lang, Alexander Burdin, John Calambokidis, Héloïse Frouin-Mouy, Sergio Martínez-Aguilar, Fabian Rodríguez-González, et al. "Gray Whale Sex, Reproductive Behavior, and Social Strategies." In Sex in Cetaceans, 499–520. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_21.

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AbstractGray whale sexual behavior and copulation are observed throughout their range. The most prominent period for reproductive behavior is during the southward migration from summer feeding areas to wintering areas where some breeding occurs and calves of the year are reared. The seasonal migrations of gray whales are believed to function, in part, to bring together individuals that are otherwise widely distributed during the period of estrus to facilitate mating and reproduction. Sexual behaviors and sexual strategies for this species appear to align closely with those of balaenid (not rorqual) whales, although such comparisons need further investigation. Gray whales are polygynandrous (multi-mate) breeders. There does not appear to be female choice of mates, as groups of numerous females and males aggregate, and multiple copulations occur. Female estrus begins in mid-November and continues to early December; females may undergo a second estrus, extending into February, if they fail to conceive during their first cycle. Male gray whales have large testes and concomitantly produce large volumes of sperm, so they are believed to be sperm competitors; that is, they rely on multiple copulations (and sperm volume) to produce offspring. Multiple copulations with different males during the female estrus period may increase the likelihood that the timing of conception results in the birth of a calf approximately 13 months later near or in the wintering area(s). Mating bouts can last for minutes to hours, interspersed with surface-active-social-sexual behavior. Some all-male groups have been observed with erect penises engaged in social-sexual behavior in the absence of any females. Instances of male aggression toward postpartum females with calves of the year, sometimes resulting in injury or death, have been reported. As a result of dedicated long-term research in the past several decades, the state of knowledge on gray whale reproduction has greatly expanded and updated information on this topic is summarized in this chapter.
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Zaki, Shama, Nachiappan Jayabalan, Abdulaziz Al-Marzouqi, Fatma Al-Kiyumi, and Ibrahim Al-Anboori. "Reproduction and Feeding of the Indian Oil Sardine Sardinella longiceps Val. from Mahout along the Arabian Sea Coast of Oman." In The Arabian Seas: Biodiversity, Environmental Challenges and Conservation Measures, 499–518. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51506-5_20.

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Lukefahr, Steven D., James I. McNitt, Peter R. Cheeke, and Nephi M. Patton. "Rabbit management." In Rabbit production, 60–82. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249811.0005.

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Abstract This chapter describes the behaviour, handling, breeding, mating, pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, reproductive diseases, kindling, housing, mortality, feeding, mortality and marking of rabbits in production systems.
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Conference papers on the topic "Feeding and reproduction"

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Kareem, A., I. D. Begum, G. Mantha, and K. Sivakkumar. "Biodiversity, feeding and reproduction of copepods of Chennai coast-India." In Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492). IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2003.178193.

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Morari-Pirlog, Alisa, and Anatol Carapirea. "Влияние скармливания биологически активных препаратов (ЛБ-МП) на воспроизводительную функцию свиноматок." In Scientific and practical conference with international participation: "Management of the genetic fund of animals – problems, solutions, outlooks". Scientific Practical Institute of Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61562/mgfa2023.43.

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The importance in intensifying the reproduction of pigs, increasing the fertility of the broodstock, as in any industry, is associated with the breeding of pigs, and the reproduction of the herd plays the main role in increasing the profitability of pig breeding. The object of the study were hybrid Landrace-Large White sows. The purpose of our research was to test a method for increasing the reproductive function and productivity of pigs using a new drug obtained from beer production waste. It was found, that feeding sows a biologically active drug (MP-MB) 30 days before farrowing and within 30 days after farrowing in the amount of 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml per head per day has a significant effect on the average daily gain in live weight of piglets, contributes to a decrease in the number of stillborn piglets, an increase in live ones per farrow and the safety of piglets at 2 months of age.
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Zhu, Jiwei. "Mevalonate-farnesal biosynthesis and neuroendocrine regulation of blood feeding and reproduction in ticks." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108513.

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L Aquino, Daniel, M. V. Del Rosario, K. F. Vergara, and L. C. Cruz. "Augmented Feeding with By-passed Amino Acid and Slow-released Non-protein Nitrogen Supplement on Milk Peak, Lactation Persistency, and Post-partum Reproduction of Brazilian Buffaloes." In Augmented Feeding with By-passed Amino Acid and Slow-released Non-protein Nitrogen Supplement on Milk Peak, Lactation Persistency, and Post-partum Reproduction of Brazilian Buffaloes. Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.104-114.

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Pragasam, Sathishkumar. "Eco Friendly Lighting Options for Offshore Installations and Related Design Challenges." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207994-ms.

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Abstract The impact of artificial lighting on birds and animals has been a subject of research for many decades. These studies have established that light pollution from offshore facilities result in disturbing effects on migratory birds and marine animals. It is understood from the various studies that light emanating from offshore structures attract birds at night and disorient them during their migratory flight. As they are distracted from their flight path, they are either found trapped by the light that they keep circling around the installations or make them to take shelter in the installations, ultimately making them miss their migratory journey. This results in reduced winter survival and reduced reproduction success. Many birds are also found to die eventually because of bird strike or by getting themselves incinerated in flares. Congregation of birds in offshore installations also lead to risks related to helicopter landing / take-off. It is also observed that artificial light attracts marine species like turtles and fishes, which result in adverse effects like alteration of feeding habits, impacted circadian rhythm and interference with their reproductive function. From the knowledge of aforementioned disruptive effects of artificial lighting, significant efforts have been made to develop lighting systems for offshore installations that are eco-friendly. Various means of mitigating the undesirable effects of artificial lighting in offshore installations are being tried in the last couple of decades.
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Balayara, Assa. "Invasive mango-feeding fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Diptera: Tephritidae), in Senegal: Effect of organic insecticides (neem oil and Surround WP) on behavior and reproduction." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.115180.

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Costache, Mioara, Daniela Radu, Nino Marica, Mihail Costache, and Mariana Cristina Arcade. "GROWTH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN STURGEON ( POLYODON SPATHULA ) DURING THE POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT PERIOD IN PROTECTED AREAS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/3.1/s12.08.

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The article includes the results obtained in the growth experiments during the postembryonic development period of the North American sturgeon species Polyodon spathula. The experiments took place in the years 2020 and 2021. Sturgeon larvae aged 5 days old, obtained through artificial reproduction at SCDP Nucet, were stocked and raised until the age of 35 days in two variants, in concrete tanks (useful volume -120 m3 /tank), located in the pilot station intended for fish culture experiments from the SCDP Nucet genetic library. The experimental variants consisted in testing the support capacity of the tanks when stocked with sturgeon larvae in densities of 40,000 ex/tank, respectively 333 specimens/m3 (V1); and 20,000 ex/tank respectively, 166 ex/m3 (V2). The sturgeon larvae were fed with zooplankton ( Moina sp., Daphnia sp.) and artificial feed. Feeding regime was found to contribute significantly to final size and growth rate. In variant 1 (V1) sturgeon fry with an average mass of 7.4 g/ex. were obtained (survival rate of 30.3 %) and in the second variant the sturgeon fry recorded an average mass of 9.8 g/ex. (survival rate 48.4%). The differences in survival between the two variants of the rearing experiments were due to the fact that the adaptation to artificial feed was made more difficult. Also, overcrowding causes typical manifestations that consist in the appearance of large differences between individuals that favor cannibalism.
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Молчанова, Елена, Виталий Баркар, and Е. Трибунцова. "Разведение хищных клопов Orius для защиты растений от вредителей." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.31.

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Experiments were carried out with Orius laevigatus (Fieber, 1860) from laboratory population. For breeding orius used: reproductive cage; the bowl for the hydroponic garden; the cage for raising the predator; bean plants. Feeding was carried out with pre-frozen eggs of the grain moth. Bean plants with bug eggs remained viable until larvae emerged from them. The largest number of bugs was obtained during the first 14 days.
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Bruhn, T. C., J. M. Morton, and C. L. Levesque. "The effects of phase feeding lysine during gestation on piglet vigor and sow reproductive performance." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_96.

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Sargsyan, Anyuta, F. Tkhruni, L. Agabekyan, M. Sargsyan, and Arev Israyelyan. "The role of probiotic lab in feedstuff." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.31.

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Frequent uncontrolled use of feed antibiotics in intensive production of feedstuff has led to the formation of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. The use of feed antibiotics has resulted in increased productivity of farm animals due to the suppression of the pathogenic microflora of the digestive system. The situation is exacerbated by animal stresses due to poor feed quality and poor conditions. Often there are cases of dysbacteriosis, especially in young animals, reduced cows’ reproduction, excess live weight of young animals, increased infectious and alimentary (caused by defective unbalanced feeding) origin is growing diseases. Based on the results of scientific of previous grants supported by the State Committee on Science of the Republic of Armenia and the ANSEF at the laboratory of Artsakh Scientific Center was developed a new technology for enrichment of feedstuff in accordance with the main nutritional resources of Artsakh and with probiotic lactic acid bacteria Enterococcus durans KE5, Lactobacillus acidophilus 1991, Streptococus lactis and Streptococcus termophilus. The data show that after the use of probiotic bacteria, the quality of the feed increases. The activity of probiotic bacteria suppresses the growth of fungi and pathogenic microflora. The results of the content of amino acids and protein during silage of the green mass of corn are given in Table 1. Table 1. The content of amino acids and protein source-grass from the Herher region Source-corn from the Herher region Amino acids, mg / ml Protein, % Lys Arg Ala Glut Val Isol Tre Met Fal Start The amount of amino acids mg / ml Control 1,6 1,2 1,6 2,4 2,4 2,4 0,8 3,2 0,4 0,8 16,8 16,5 Consortium LAB 1,6 0,8 1,2 0,4 1,6 2,4 1,2 1,6 0,4 0,8 12,0 28,0 Consortium LAB+yeast 1,6 1,2 1,2 0,8 1,6 2,4 1,2 1,6 0,4 0,8 12,8 24,0 The data obtained show that during silage of the green mass of corn, the addition of a consortium consisting of yeast and LAB or only LAB can increase the protein content by an average of 50%, which is higher than when silaging a mixture of grass, regardless of the source of its use. Conclusions The property of lactic acid bacteria to synthesize lactic acid is used for silage of green biomass. However, we have shown that the use of a consortium of LAB strains and yeast with probiotic properties leads to an increase in the content of protein and essential amino acids in silage, a decrease in its infectivity, and the effectiveness of the method used depends on the source and nature of the used method of green biomass and strains. Therefore, the use of starter culture from the consortium of investigated probiotics LAB and yeast in silage should be introduced as widely as possible, as they have a positive effect on the health of animals. Acknowledgments. This work was supported in the frame of the research projects MESC AR scs 19AA-002, ANSEF biotech 52-52.
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Reports on the topic "Feeding and reproduction"

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van Emous, Rick, Gisabeth Binnendijk, and Henk Gunnink. Het effect van twice-a-day-feeding en splitfeeding op reproductie, eischaalkwaliteit en gedrag van vleeskuikenouderdieren. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/554347.

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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Horton, David, Victoria Soroker, Peter Landolt, and Anat Zada Byers. Characterization and Chemistry of Sexual Communication in Two Psyllid Pests of Pears (Homoptera: Psyllidae). United States Department of Agriculture, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592653.bard.

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Pear-feeding psyllids in the genus Cacopsylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) are among the most important arthropod pests of pears worldwide. These pests are exceedingly difficult to control, and new management tools are needed. Sex attractantpheromones have been used in IPM programs for pests of pome fruits (especially Lepidoptera), but not as yet for pest Hemiptera. Results of the current project showed that males of two psyllid pests of pears, Cacopsylla bidens (Israel) and Cacopsylla pyricola (North America), use volatile or semi-volatile compounds to locate female psyllids for mating. For both species, the attractants can be collected from the cuticle of females by washing live female psyllids with an appropriate solvent. Analysis of these washes by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry led to the following discoveries: Psyllid cuticles contain a mix of hydrocarbons, straight chain and branched alkanes, and long chain aldehydes The two species have different chemical profiles Chemical profiles change seasonally and with reproductive status Chemical profiles differ between male and reproductive female psyllids Several specific compounds found to be more abundant in attractive females than males were identified and synthesized. Behavioral assays (olfactometer) were then used to determine whether these compounds were attractive to males. Two compounds showed promise as attractants for male psyllids: 7-methylheptacosane (C. bidens) and 13-methylheptacosane (C. pyricola and C. bidens). These are the first sex attractantpheromones identified for any psyllid species. Field tests showed that the chemicals could be used to attract males under orchard conditions, but that effectiveness in the field appeared to be seasonally variable. Future research plans include: (a) test mixtures of compounds; (b) explore seasonality in field response to compounds; (c) determine whether chirality of the two compounds affects their attractiveness; and (d) compare different types of traps and release devices to optimize lure performance.
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Butler, Walter R., Uzi Moallem, Amichai Arieli, Robert O. Gilbert, and David Sklan. Peripartum dietary supplementation to enhance fertility in high yielding dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587723.bard.

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Objectives of the project: To evaluate the effects of a glucogenic supplement during the peripartum transition period on insulin, hepatic triglyceride accumulation, interval to first ovulation, and progesterone profile in dairy cows. To compare benefits of supplemental fats differing in fatty acid composition and fed prepartum on hepatic triglyceride accumulation, interval to first ovulation, progesterone profile, and uterine prostaglandin production in lactating dairy cows. To assess the differential and carry-over effects of glucogenic and fat supplements fed to peripartum dairy cows on steroidogenesis and fatty acids in ovarian follicles. To determine the carry-over effects of peripartum glucogenic or fat supplements on fertility in high producing dairy cows (modified in year 3 to Israel only). Added during year 3 of project: To assess the activity of genes related to hepatic lipid oxidation and gluconeogenesis following dietary supplementation (USA only). Background: High milk yields in dairy cattle are generally associated with poor reproductive performance. Low fertility results from negative energy balance (NEBAL) of early lactation that delays resumption of ovarian cycles and exerts other carryover effects. During NEBAL, ovulation of ovarian follicles is compromised by low availability of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but fatty acid mobilization from body stores is augmented. Liver function during NEBAL is linked to the resumption of ovulation and fertility: 1) Accumulation of fatty acids by the liver and ketone production are associated with delayed first ovulation; 2) The liver is the main source of IGF-I. NEBAL will continue as a consequence of high milk yield, but dietary supplements are currently available to circumvent the effects on liver function. For this project, supplementation was begun prepartum prior to NEBAL in an effort to reduce detrimental effects on liver and ovarian function. Fats either high or low in unsaturated fatty acids were compared for their ability to reduce liver triglyceride accumulation. Secondarily, feeding specific fats during a period of high lipid turnover caused by NEBAL provides a novel approach for manipulating phospholipid pools in tissues including ovary and uterus. Increased insulin from propylene glycol (glucogenic) was anticipated to reduce lipolysis and increase IGF-I. The same supplements were utilized in both the USA and Israel, to compare effects across different diets and environments. Conclusions: High milk production and very good postpartum health was achieved by dietary supplementation. Peripartum PGLY supplementation had no significant effects on reproductive variables. Prepartum fat supplementation either did not improve metabolic profile and ovarian and uterine responses in early lactation (USA) or decreased intake when added to dry cow diets (Israel). Steroid production in ovarian follicles was greater in lactating dairy cows receiving supplemental fat (unsaturated), although in a field trail fertility to insemination was not improved.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.

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- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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Effects of supplemental feeding on survivorship, reproduction, and dispersal in San Joaquin kit foxes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10174389.

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