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Lira, Rosa Cavalcante, Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello, Paulo Vanderlei Ferreira, Geraldo Roberto Quintão Lana, Jorge Vitor Lüdke, and Wilson Moreira Dutra Junior. "Inclusion of guava wastes in feed for broiler chickens." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, no. 12 (December 2009): 2401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009001200016.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including guava wastes in the feed on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. An experiment was carried out with 300 male Cobb strain chicks, in a randomized complete design with five levels of waste and five replications. A reference diet based on corn and soybean meal and four feeds with 3, 6, 9 or 12% guava waste were evaluated. The feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were assessed weekly; the weight at slaughter and the weight and yield of eviscerated carcass, carcass without feet and head, breast, drumstick, thigh, wing, back, edible viscera and abdominal fat were assessed. The inclusion of guava waste in the feed promotes performance and carcass yield similar to that obtained with the feed based on corn and soybean meal, therefore this agro-industrial by-product can be used at levels of up to 12% in feeds for broiler chickens.
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Hakim, Aulia Rizaldi Hafiz, Bambang Hartoyo, Sri Rahayu, Elly Tugiyanti, and Munasik Munasik. "Supplementation of Biopeptide from Chicken Feet to the Immune System and Growth of Broiler Chicken." Buletin Peternakan 47, no. 2 (May 24, 2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i2.82452.
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The safety of poultry products, especially broiler chickens, can be stated to be relatively low. Antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) is used to improve chicken performance and maintain immunity. The ban on the use of AGP triggers the innovation of other materials to replace the function of AGP. Biopeptide is a solution that can be used. Biopeptides can be made from materials with a high protein content, for example, waste from chicken slaughterhouses. The waste that can be used is chicken feet, biopeptides produced from hydrolytic proteins have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These properties can improve the performance and immune system of broiler chickens. The aim of the study was to examine the supplementation of biopeptides from chicken feet on the immune system (total Escherichia coli and internal organ) and the growth of broiler chickens. The research material was 200 day old chickens of broiler strain cobb unsex, which were reared for 42 days of the rearing period. The treatment feeds were P0: basal feed, P1 basal feed + 2% biopeptide, P2: basal feed + 4% biopeptide, P3: basal feed + 6% biopeptide. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance with the Tukey test (BNJ). The results showed that biopeptide supplementation from chicken feet had a significant (P<0.05) effect on total Escherichia coli, spleen weight, bursa of Fabricius weight, body weight gain, and feed efficiency for broiler chickens. However, the results of the study had no significant effect (P>0.05) on liver weight and Avian Influenza antibody titers for broiler chickens. Biopeptide supplementation from chicken feet can reduce total Escherichia coli, and spleen weight, and increase the bursa of Fabricius weight, body weight gain, and feed efficiency for broiler chickens. Biopeptide supplementation from chicken feet of 6% gave the best results in body weight gain and feed efficiency.
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OMG, Abu. "Assessment of Growth Performance and Survival of Clarias gariepinus Larvae Fed with Live Feed (Acartia tonsa) and Commercial Feed (Artemia)." Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 4 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000326.
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Investigation was done in the growth performance and survival of catfish larvae using five treatments at the hatchery unit of the Department of Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt. The treatments were T1 (50% Acartia and 50% Artemia) T2 (25 Acartia and 75 Artemia) T3 (75 Acartia and 25 Artemia), T4 (100% Acartia) and control (100% Artemia). They were applied in triplicate. 200 larvae were transferred to 15 experimental tanks after their exogenous feeding, and the application of treatments (feed) started 12 hours after stocking. Feeding was done three times a day at 7am, 1pm and 7pm. At the end of the experiment which lasted for 15 days, control (0.135g±0.173) and T2 had the highest weight gain (0.033g±0.0022) while T4 (0.022g±0.002) had the least. The highest in length gain was in T2 (1.0838cm±0.0578) while T4 (0.906a cm±0.130) had the least. For survival rate control (75.50% ±2.2039) and T2 (75.40%a ±1.250) were the highest while T4 (39.625%a ±3.148) was the least the values for the specific growth rate shows that T2 had the best performance while control had the least. From the research findings Treatment two (25% Acartia and 75% Artemia) and treatment three (
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Jackson, Dorothy A., Stella M. Imong, A. Silprasert, S. Ruckphaopunt, M. W. Woolridge, J. D. Baum, and K. Amatayakul. "Circadian variation in fat concentration of breast-milk in a rural northern Thai population." British Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 3 (May 1988): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880044.
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1. Twenty-five northern Thai mothers, breast-feeding their infants on demand, were studied in their homes for 24 h. All breast-feeds were test-weighed and pre- and post-feed expressed breast-milk samples (0·5 ml) taken at each feed.2. The fat concentration of milk taken during a feed showed significant circadian variation, with maximum values between 16.00 and 20.00 hours and minimum values between 04.00 and 08.00 hours. Fat concentration at the start and at the end of a feed also varied significantly over 24 h.3. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most important predictor of fat concentration at a feed was the length of time elapsed since the previous feed – the longer this interval, the lower the subsequent fat concentration. Other significant predictors were the fat concentration at the end of the previous feed, and the milk intake at the previous and at the current feed.4. Fat concentration declined between feeds in proportion to the length of time between feeds, but the decline was less between sleep feeds than between waking feeds. This would appear to be a reflection of the lower post-feed fat concentration and higher pre-feed fat concentration of sleep feeds compared with waking feeds, when other variables relating to feeding pattern are taken into account.5. The larger the milk intake at a feed, the greater was the increase in fat concentration from the start to the end of the feed. The change in fat concentration was less in feeds taking place during the sleep period than in daytime feeds.
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Schingoethe, David J. "Byproduct Feeds: Feed Analysis and Interpretation." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 7, no. 2 (July 1991): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30787-8.
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Liermann, Wendy, Mandy Bochnia, Andreas Berk, Verena Böschen, Liane Hüther, Annette Zeyner, and Sven Dänicke. "Effects of Feed Particle Size and Hydro-Thermal Processing Methods on Starch Modification, Nutrient Digestibility and the Performance and the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers." Animals 9, no. 6 (May 30, 2019): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060294.
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Influences of feed particle size (coarse, fine) and hydro-thermal processing methods (HTPM) (without–non-compacted feed, pelleting, expanding and pelleting) on feeding value and the performance and digestive tract of 624 broilers were studied. HTPM increased the starch disintegration of feed. Starch disintegration and electron microscopy indicated the highest degree of starch modification in expanded and pelleted feed. HTPM affected ether extract digestibility (p < 0.05). A grinding-by-HTPM interaction was found in case of crude protein digestibility (p = 0.008). Non-compacted feed reduced daily feed intake (DFI) and body weight gain and increased the feed to gain ratio compared to compacted feeds (p < 0.001). Compacted feeds increased proventricular size and the risk of Isthmus gastrici dilatation compared to coarsely ground non-compacted feed, except for finely ground expanded and pelleted feed. Finely ground feed reduced proventricular weights compared to coarsely ground feed and pelleted feed compared to other feeds. Non-compacted feed increased gizzard weights compared to compacted feeds. Relationships between proventricular size and Isthmus gastrici dilatation and the DFI were detected. Summarizing, the beneficial effects of pelleted feed were mainly based on the reduction of feed wastage and selection. However, the high DFI caused by pellet feeding is also a main risk factor for proventricular dilatation.
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Munguti, Jonathan, Hannington Odame, James Kirimi, Kevin Obiero, Erick Ogello, and David Liti. "Fish feeds and feed management practices in the Kenyan aquaculture sector: Challenges and opportunities." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.01.12.
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Abstract Feeds and feed management practices are key to the development of the aquaculture sector. To achieve high levels of aquaculture production, fish farmers need nutritionally adequate and cost-effective feeds, which are coupled with good feed management practices. Access to high quality and cost-effective feeds is one of the prerequisites to successful fish farming. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices. The review includes constraints and opportunities in fish feeds from a farmer’s perspective. The review shows that the fish feed industry has been boosted by the development of fish feed standards, which has ensured access to high-quality fish feeds by all farmers. Feed management practices considerably impact on the economic performance in fish production. Thus, adopting appropriate feed management technologies and feeding strategies is instrumental in maximizing aquaculture productivity. Some of the major challenges faced by fish farmers in the feed sector including limited access to finance, lack of appropriate technical innovations, limited knowledge in feed formulation and processing and poor feed handling and storage are discussed. These challenges pose limitation in investment opportunities for a viable and sustainable fish feed processing and manufacturing to meet the rising demand occasioned by increased demand for fish food in Kenya. There is a huge potential to develop public-private partnerships with farmer groups to improve access to training and information dissemination on feeds availability and quality. Training fish farmers on feed formulation using locally available feed ingredients provide an opportunity to reduce feed costs, increase feeding efficiency and improve profitability. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices including constraints and opportunities from a farmer’s perspective.
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Ogbu, Cosmas Chikezie, Chuka Ezema, and John O. Okoye. "Prevalence of Escherichia coli in retail poultry feeds in Southeastern Nigeria." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2023.363.
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Poultry feed manufacturing and distribution are confronted with feed microbial quality challenges arising from disease outbreaks traceable to contaminated feeds. Lack of feed biosecurity measures at sales depots, exposure of feeds for retailing, and unhygienic handling compromise the microbial quality of feeds. Feed could hence become a source of pathogenic microbes to poultry and humans. This study evaluated the prevalence of Escherichia coli in retail poultry feeds in three States of Southeastern Nigeria using a purposive sampling method. A total of 389 feed samples were collected from four feed types (broiler finisher, broiler starter, chick grower, and layer ration) belonging to 11 feed brands (coded A to K) from retail outlets in Umuahia (Abia State), Abakaliki (Ebonyi State) and Enugu (Enugu State) for the study. Escherichia coli was isolated from some of the feed samples following standard laboratory procedures. Samples from Abia were the most bacterial and E. coli positive (87.7 and 74.6%, respectively) while feed brands G and F (100%, respectively) followed by J and A (80.7 and 72.7%, respectively) were the most contaminated. No bacterial contaminant was detected in brand D while layer ration was the most contaminated feed type (76.8%). The source of samples was significantly related to the frequency of bacterial contamination (χ2: 68.473, p < 0.000 for State; and χ2: 92.765, p < 0.000 for feed brand). Feed brand and feed type did not affect E. coli colony count but colony counts were higher than the permissible level for coliforms in feeds, and values reported for feeds in intact bags. In conclusion, exposing feeds for retailing compromises feed microbial quality. Graded bagging of retail quantities would help to preserve the microbial quality of poultry feeds from factory to farm.
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Yahaya, I., Y. Ndatsu, A. Yunusa, A. I. Musa, A. Uthman, M. Amina, M. Khadijah, H. Abdulkarim, and I. Obewa. "Proximate, Electrolyte and Biochemical Profile of Rabbits Fed with Tridax procumbens Residue Meal in Replacement of Vitamins and Minerals in Lapai Niger state Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i2.24.
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Proximate, electrolyte and biochemical profile of rabbits fed with Tridax residue meal replacing Vitamin and Mineral were evaluated in Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria using standard techniques. The dietary treatments evaluated were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 0% inclusion level of Tridax. The results obtained did not follow any pattern except Urea, Globulin and Creatinine which had significant (P<0.05) decrease in the serum biochemical profile. The highest value for crude fat was seen in feed3 with value of 11.33±0.30 and the lowest was recorded in the control feed with value of 10.38±0.21. There was no significant difference in crude protein between feeds 1 and 2 with values of 58.13±0.15 and 56.13±0. 15 but feeds feeds3, 4 and the control feed showed significant difference at (P<0.05) The result of Chloride shows no significant differences (P<0.05) in feeds1, 2 and 3, with values of 7.26±0.96, 7.25 ±3.74 and 7.55±4.81 also feeds4 and the control feed shows no significant difference with values of 6.55±2.67 and 6.46 ± 0.96 but there is significant difference between feeds1, 2, 3 and feeds4 and control feed. The prepared feed supplemented with 20 and 40% Tridax is promising compared to others, hence could be used as a supplement in the feed of rabbit which can be consumed in place of red meat. Also the low cholesterol level in the feeds makes it idle for people with cardiovascular related problem. Thus, the cost of production of feed can be reduced using Tridax plant as a substitute for Vitamin and mineral premix. It is recommended that further studies on the optimum level of inclusion of Tridax plant to be established.
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Toppo, Narayon, Md Masud Rana, Md Mamunur Rahman, and Md Sazzad Hossain. "Study on proximate composition and nutritional quality of some farm made fish feed collected from Muktagacha, Trishal and Phulpur upazila in Mymensingh district." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v2i1.64040.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed quality of farm made feed from three upazila of Mymensingh district for four months from July to October, 2015. Fish feed samples were collected from various farms at Muktagacha, Phulpur and Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district. Total 30 feed samples were analyzed to determine the proximate composition and quality of farm made feed. Only one feed sample (F- 27) contains less than 12% moisture found in Trishal upazila. Maximum moisture value (24.53%) was found in feed sample F-13 in Phulpur upazila which indicated that this feed is poor quality compared to others. These may due to lack of maintenance at processing and may be due to improper storage system. Only four feeds were found having more than 25% protein. The analyzed crude protein contents of fish feed varied from 10.85 to 27.30%. The highest protein content was observed in feed (F-20) (27.30%) and the lowest was found in 10.85% in feed (F-22). The mean crude lipid values of the analyzed fish feeds varied from 5.79 to 22.95%. Highest lipid content was observed in 22.95% in feed (F-19). The analyzed mean ash content of fish feeds varied from 8.41 to 20.99%. The fiber content was observed within 4.35-8.20%. Ash content of feed (F-22) was found higher (20.99%) than other feeds. The analyzed nitrogen free extract (soluble carbohydrate) content of farm made fish feeds varied from 18.62 to 43.25%. The highest nitrogen free extract containing feed (F-25) having 43.25% NFE. The findings of this study demonstrated that low quality feeds and ingredients were supplied to the fish farmers by majority of feed traders and the farms with few exceptions were bound to use those ingredients due to their manufacture constraints.
Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1), 1-8
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Muns, Ramon. "42. Finishing performance of pigs fed dry feed vs. wet/dry feed." Animal - science proceedings 12, no. 1 (April 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2021.03.043.
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Iegorov, В., A. Makarynska, and N. Vorona. "QUALITY EVALUATION OF PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVE AND TURKEY COMPOUND FEED." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 3 (October 21, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i3.1848.
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The article describes that there is a problem of providing the population of the planet with a complete protein in the world today. It is proved that its lack can lead to significant pathologies. This issue becomes very acute with the rapid increase in the number of people on Earth. In this situation the challenge is complicated for compound feed producers because it is necessary to provide protein feeds to farm animals and poultry to meet people's needs for animal protein products. However, feed manufacturers should not use protein raw materials that can be consumed as food. Based on cooperation with compound feed producers, the task of finding alternative sources of protein raw materials, preferably of vegetable origin, is set. The optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for soybean meal replacement in compound feeds for farm animals and poultry has been developed. PFA can be manufactured at a feed mill with portion technology by weighing portions of components and mixing in a paddle periodic action mixer. PFA can be used as a part of compound feeds for poultry farms and livestock complexes, feed concentrates for poultry and livestock farms, feed mills with advanced technology, inter-farm or mini-feed mills. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys using PFA to determine the cost-effectiveness of using PFA in compound feed. Turkeys have been chosen as a poultry because they are the most demanding birds to the quality and quantity of protein in the ration. The experimental samples of PFA were made in accordance with the developed recipes. We determined their physical properties and chemical composition. The PFA experimental samples match the quality of soybean meal according to the physical properties and chemical composition. In accordance with the developed recipes of mixed feeds for heavy type turkeys experimental samples of starter and grower feeds were made. Research of the physical properties and chemical composition of compound feeds has shown that the replacement of soybean meal with PFA in their composition does not affect the nutritional value and technological properties of the final product.
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Mgbeahuruike, Anthony Christian, Toochukwu Eleazar Ejiofor, Michael Ushie Ashang, Chiamaka Ojiako, Christian C. Obasi, Chuka Ezema, Obianuju Okoroafor, Mulunda Mwanza, Magnus Karlsson, and Kennedy F. Chah. "Reduction of the Adverse Impacts of Fungal Mycotoxin on Proximate Composition of Feed and Growth Performance in Broilers by Combined Adsorbents." Toxins 13, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060430.
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Synergistic interaction of adsorbents in reducing the adverse impacts of mycotoxin on performance and proximate composition of broiler feeds was investigated. Fungal growth was induced by sprinkling water on the feed. S. cerevisiae + bentonite, kaolin + bentonite or S. cerevisiea + kaolin adsorbent combinations (1.5 g/kg feed) were added and the feeds were stored in black polythene bags. An untreated group was kept as a positive control while fresh uncontaminated feed was used as a negative control. Mycotoxins were extracted from the feeds and quantified using reverse phase HPLC. Proximate composition, nutrient digestibility of the feeds, feed intake and weight gain of the broilers were measured. Deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in the contaminated/untreated feed was 347 µg/kg while aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was 34 µg/kg. Addition of bentonite and kaolin in the contaminated feed reduced AFB1 and DON to significantly lower levels. Feed intake and weight gain were low in the broilers fed the contaminated feed. The carbohydrate level was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from 62.31 to 40.10%, crude protein digestibility dropped from 80.67 to 49.03% in the fresh feed and contaminated feed respectively. Addition of the adsorbents (S. cerevisiae and bentonite) significantly (p < 0.05) improved these parameters.
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Samur, Salnan Irba Novaela, Bambang Suwignyo, and Edi Suryanto. "The effect of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on different basal feeds for hybrid duck performance." E3S Web of Conferences 200 (2020): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020003013.
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The aimed of this research was to determine effect of Supplementation of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on different basal feeds for hybrid duck performance. This research was conducted by in vivo method with 120 MA (Mojosari x Alabio) of hybrid ducks type. The method was being used in this research include 4 treatments and 6 repetitions with 5 ducks each repetition. The treatment consisteds of P1 = Commercial feed 100 %, P2 = Alternative feed 100 %, P3 = Commercial Feed 90 % + supplementation of fresh alfalfa 10 % and P4 = Alternative feed 90 % + supplementation of fresh alfalfa 10 %. Feed and water was offered Ad libitum. The Observed variables were feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The data was analyzed by the Program of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) analyzed was implanted for significant differences data. The results showed that 10 % alfalfa supplementation in commercial feeds and alternative feeds have significant lower/higher (P <0.05) value of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR value. Based on these results it can be concluded that commercial feed without alfalfa supplementation was the most optimal treatment of other treatment feeds for hybrid duck performance.
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Adamovic, M., A. Bocarov-Stancic, V. Pantic, M. Vukic-Vranjes, R. Jovanovic, and M. Panic. "Effect of pelleting agent on microbiological and mycotoxicological safety of feed mixtures." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 1209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103209a.
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The study was conducted to determine effect of pelleting agents on physical and chemical characteristics as well as microbiological and mycotoxicological safety of pelleted feed mixtures for laying hens. Four feed mixtures were analyzed: Control (K) - without supplemented pelleting agent, and three experimental ones (A, B and C) with supplemented pelleting agent. Lignocellulose concentrate-based agent was added in feed mixture A -?Arbocel? (2%), and bentonite-based agent in feed mixture B ?Bentopel? (2%), while both agents were added in feed mixture C in the concentration of 1%. The pellets of highest hardness (6 Khal J/kg ) were found in feed mixture B. The pellets of rather good hardness (5.5 Khal J/kg ) were found in feed mixture A, while the pellets in feed mixture C (3.5 Khal J/kg) were of the lowest hardness. Total number of bacteria was the highest in diet K amounting to 39000/g sample, and significantly lower in the experimental feeds mixtures ranging from 2,100 (C) to 5,000 (B). Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in the analyzed feeds mixtures. The highest number of yeast species (8) was found in feed mixture K, and in experimental feeds mixtures this number was significantly lower. In feed mixture A one yeast species was found, in feed mixture B three and in feed mixture C 6, respectively. The predominant were the representatives of the Aspergillus species, a typical mycobiota developed in the animal feed warehouses. Presence of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin) was not detected in analyzed feeds mixture.
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Mailloux, R. J. "Space-fed subarrays using displaced feed." Electronics Letters 38, no. 21 (2002): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020877.
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Kyriazakis, I., and G. C. Emmans. "The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk." British Journal of Nutrition 73, no. 2 (February 1995): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950023.
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Two experiments were carried out to investigate the capacities of pigs for bulky feeds. In Expt 1 fifteen pigs were offered, from 12 to 25 kg live weight, ad lib. access to one of five feeds which were made by progressively diluting a high-quality feed with wheat bran. Intake initially increased, and then declined, as the proportion of wheat bran was increased. The pigs became better able to accommodate to the more bulky feeds over time. In Expt 2 thirty-six pigs, initially of 12 kg live weight, were used. The feeds were the same high-quality basal feed as in Expt 1 and three others made almost entirely of either wheat bran, dried grass or dried citrus pulp, respectively. The equal-parts mixtures of each of these three bulky feeds with the basal feed were also made to give three series of feeds each comprising the basal, the mixture and the bulky feed. The three feeds in each series were given ad lib. to twelve pigs in a design of two replicated Latin squares with three time-periods. Within each series, and across periods, the intakes of the feeds that were limiting intake were directly proportional to live weight and so a scaled intake, expressed as g/kg live weight per d, was calculated. Across the six limiting feeds, scaled intakes in the final 5 d of each period, when the pigs were in equilibrium with their feeds, were directly proportional to the reciprocal of the water-holding capacities (WHC) of the feeds, as measured by a centrifugation method. There were large effects of feed changes on intake, in the short term, with previous experience of a bulky feed leading to higher intakes of another bulky feed. The intake of the basal feed was not affected by the feed given previously. It was concluded that: (a) the time of adaptation to bulky feeds needs to be considered when attempting to measure, or predict, the rates of intake on different bulky feeds and, (b) the WHC of the feeds could be an appropriate measurement of‘bulk’responsible for limiting their intake, and could be used to predict the maximum feed intake capacity of pigs on different bulky feeds.
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Munguti, Jonathan, K. Obiero, H. Odame, J. Kirimi, D. Kyule, J. Ani, and D. Liti. "Key limitations of fish feeds, feed management practices, and opportunities in Kenya’s aquaculture enterprise." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 02 (March 24, 2021): 17415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.97.20455.
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Profitability is key in fish farming, just as it is to any other enterprise. For the farmers to actualize high-profit margins, it is imperative to have access to well-balanced nutritive and cost-effective feeds, backed by sound on-farm feed management practices. This paper auditsKenya’sfish feed industry and the on-going on-farm feed management practices, and emerging opportunities for fish farmers. The development of fish feed quality standards has boosted the aquaculture sector in Kenya, providing them hope that farmers will access high quality fish feeds. Much of the fish feed currently being used in Kenya is produced on-farm or by small-scale fish feed manufacturers within the East African region, while a few are imported directly from overseas countries, notably Israel, Netherlands, Mauritius and Denmark. Fish feeds produced by small-scale manufacturers are not closely monitored by quality standard agencies and not surprising that a majority are of poor quality. The improvement in the quality of these feeds is likely to lead to increased productivity and profitability because they are cheaper and readily available to fish farmers, compared to imported fish feeds. Besides feed quality, feed management practices markedly impact both the growth and economic performance of fish production. Adopting appropriate feed management strategies, therefore, is instrumental in the maximization of fish production and economic returns. Research has demonstrated several strategies for best feed management practices, which have not hitherto, been adopted by fish farmers in Kenya. Farmers have mainly focused on the mode of delivery of feeds to the fish. Furthermore, promoting natural pond productivity and supplementary feeding is still a common practice in the East African region. Provision of species-specific feeds and targeting the nutritional requirements of the different life stages of fish is still a major issue, although some local companies like Unga Farm Care(EA)have come up with a size and species-specific feed for catfish such as Fugro catfish®.To improve access to such information,public-private partnerships should be developed and, programmes that utilize the local media platforms such as extension service outlets must also be encouraged. Feed quality checks can also be carried out amongst fish feed suppliers. Lastly, farmers should be trained in various fish feed aspects like formulation, transportation and storage to sustain a steady fishfeed supply andsave on associated feed costs.
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Graham, Hadden, Chris Piotrowski, and Robert Van Barneveld. "Taking near infrared spectroscopy beyond feedstuff analysis to enhance animal production profitability." Animal Production Science 53, no. 11 (2013): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13264.
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Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy allows a cheap and rapid estimation of composition, and thus is widely used in the animal feed industry for the quality control and quality assurance of feeds and particularly feed ingredients. However, such analyses are often limited to a few variables not closely related to the nutritive value of the particular feed ingredients, and are often retrospective. This paper discusses recent developments in both hardware and software, which now allow real-time and in-line analysis of feed ingredients and feeds, and how these can be used to save substantial costs in the feed industry worldwide by reducing feed costs and giving more predictable animal performance. We also discuss how laboratory, hand-held and in-line NIR equipment could be widely used in the future for the purchase of feed ingredients and the manufacture of animal feeds.
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Aas, Turid Synnøve, Trine Ytrestøyl, Torbjørn Åsgård, Kristoffer Rist Skøien, Morten Omholt Alver, and Jo Arve Alfredsen. "Feed intake in Atlantic salmon fed with or without surface spreading of feed." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 25 (April 10, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol25iss0pp20-26.
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In intensive salmon farming, it is common practice to spread the feed over a large surface area, assuming that spreading of the feed increases feed intake in the fish. However, the impact on the feed pellets during spreading results in feed loss due to pellet breakage. In this study, feed intake, growth and signs of aggressive behavior was compared in salmon fed without or with spreading of the feed on the surface area of the tanks. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with initial body weight 0.6 kg were kept in 3.3 m 3 tanks supplied with sea water (salinity 32 %, mean temperature 11 °C) for one month. The salmon were fed one meal daily, either by dropping the feed from one point, or by spreading the feed over the water surface. Feed intake and growth was measured. Fin damage was given a score at termination of the trial as a measure of competitive behavior during feeding. The relative feed intake (i.e. percent of body weight per day) in salmon fed without spreading or with spreading of the feed was 0.63±0.05 and 0.64±0.02 %, respectively. The growth rate was identical in salmon fed without or with spreading of the feed, and no significant difference in variance in final weight was found. No difference in fin damage for salmon fed without or with spreading of the feed was revealed. The data showed that for the conditions used in this trial, spreading of feed had no influence on feed intake or growth of salmon.
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Chang'a, Edwin Peter, Emmanuel Uchenna Ahiwe, Medani Eldow Abdallh, Mohamed Al-Qahtani, Said Mbaga, and Paul Ade Iji. "Assessment of the supply and quality of broiler chicken diets from selected feed mills in Tanzania." Applied Veterinary Research 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 2024005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/avr.2024005.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the supply and nutrient composition of broiler feeds from selected feed millers in the Morogoro, Pwani, and Dar es Salaam regions of Tanzania. Nineteen feed mills were assessed, and a representative from each region was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Feed samples from each feed mill representing starter, grower, and finisher diets were collected for proximate analysis. The study showed that the average broiler feed production (tonnes/year) per feed mill was approximately 12,000 for Morogoro, 15,400 for Pwani, and 35,000 for Dar es Salaam. Feed production was mainly constrained by inadequate supply and low quality of ingredients, high costs of production equipment, restricted market access, and limited capital investment. The major feed ingredients listed were maize, maize bran, cottonseed cake, sunflower seed meal, soybean meal, and fish meal, while the micro ingredients included blood meal, salt, limestone, dicalcium phosphate, and premixes. Ingredients were mostly sourced from contract suppliers and local markets. The majority of feeds were processed in mash form, while a few were pelleted. There was considerable variation in the nutrient composition of the feeds of different producers. In most of the feeds examined, crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME), and amino acids were below the recommended levels for broiler chickens; fat, Mg, and Na were at the recommended levels; and P, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn exceeded the recommended levels. Starter feeds were more costly than grower and finisher feeds, and pelleted feeds were more costly than mash feeds. The feed ingredient prices were high between October and March and lower during the June to July crop harvesting season. In general, commercially processed feeds from different companies showed large variations in nutrient composition; the majority had values below the recommended standards for broiler chickens, while some exceeded and few attained these standards.
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Rustandi, Yudi, Ismuladi Ismuladi, and Mirna Silfiani. "Evaluasi formulasi dan pembuatan complete feed bahan pakan lokal daun kopi di peternak sapi potong Pasuruan Jawa Timur." AGROMIX 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/agx.v12i1.2337.
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This study aims to evaluate the preparation of feed formulations and the manufacture of complete feed fermentation based on local ingredients of coffee leaves. This research has three stages: preparation of complete feed formulations using trial and error methods using Microsoft Excel, trials of making complete feeds, and evaluating complete feed products. Evaluation is carried out on four aspects, namely; The nutritional composition of the complete feed has been fulfilled compared to the SNI for Beef Cattle Feed, which analyzed through a bar chart, the complete feed characteristic organoleptic test for texture, color, aroma, and presence of mushrooms through 24 respondents, palatability test carried out on six beef cattle belonging to farmer group members, and the economic aspect of the manufacturing cost component. The evaluation results show; the formulation and manufacture of complete feeds are by the SNI for Beef Cattle Feed. The characteristics of the compiled complete feeds are solid texture, not thick, not slimy and brittle, yellowish-green with sour aroma, and no fungus found are the characteristics of successful fermentation, preference test that all cows like complete feeds, and the results of the economic evaluation that each kilogram of complete feed costs Rp. 1,629.34, which is lower than the price of rice straw per kilogram.
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Al-Harbi, Mamdouh. "Effects of diet quantity on growth performance of juvenile sea cucumbers Holothuria scabra." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 51, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/oandhs-2022.2.04.
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Sea cucumbers are in high demand in the world market due to their nutritional and medicinal values. In this study, the growth performance of juvenile sea cucumbers Holothuria scabra fed with different proportions of two feeds was analyzed. Commercially available sea cucumber feed (feed-A) and formulated feed (feed-B) were used for the experiments. Animals fed with 2% feed-A showed a negative growth rate. Maximum growth was observed in animals fed with 8% feed-A and feed-B. While feed-A treated groups showed significant variation (P < 0.05) in growth performance between different percentages of diets, feed-B treated animals showed no such variation. Feed-B treated animals showed higher growth rates compared to feed-A treated sea cucumbers. Water quality parameters and anoxic conditions of the soil in culture tanks did not change due to the higher percentage of feeds. In conclusion, this study showed that diet percentage is an important factor for the optimum growth of sea cucumbers.
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Whittemore, E. C., I. Kyriazakis, G. C. Emmans, B. J. Tolkamp, P. W. Knap, P. H. Simmins, and S. Jagger. "Testing two theories of feed intake using the effect of temperature on the intake of bulky feeds in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000247.
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Currently there are two theoretical frameworks for the prediction of feed intake of animals. The first considers feed intake to be a consequence of the animal eating to achieve its genetic potential (Kyriazakis and Emmans, 1999). When potential performance is not achieved it is because feed intake is being constrained, for example through the bulkiness of the feed or the hotness of the environment. The second framework considers feed intake to be an outcome of some process of optimisation so that intake is that which allows the maximisation of biological efficiency (Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992). The two frameworks differ in their predictions of the effect of temperature on the intake of bulky feeds. In the first, feed intake on bulky feeds is seen as a function of the type of feed; in the second, feed intake is a function of both the type of feed and the environment. The first framework predicts that in the cold the intake of low, but not high, bulk feeds will increase. The second framework predicts that in the cold intake will be increased regardless of the type of feed offered. This experiment was designed to provide a severe test of the two feed intake theories.
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Sunagawa, Katsunori, Bambang W. H. E. Prasetiyono, and Akihisa Shinjo. "Significance of Hypovolemia in Feed Intake Control of Goats Fed on Dry Feed." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.1267.
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Kyriazakis, I., and J. D. Oldham. "Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements." British Journal of Nutrition 69, no. 3 (May 1993): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930064.
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To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.
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Olstorpe, Matilda, Karin Lyberg, Jan Erik Lindberg, Johan Schnürer, and Volkmar Passoth. "Population Diversity of Yeasts and Lactic Acid Bacteria in Pig Feed Fermented with Whey, Wet Wheat Distillers' Grains, or Water at Different Temperatures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 6 (January 25, 2008): 1696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02231-07.
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ABSTRACT The diversity of populations of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in pig feeds fermented at 10, 15, or 20°C was characterized by rRNA gene sequencing of isolates. The feeds consisted of a cereal grain mix blended with wet wheat distillers' grains (WWDG feed), whey (W feed), or tap water (WAT feed). Fermentation proceeded for 5 days without disturbance, followed by 14 days of daily simulated feed outtakes, in which 80% of the contents were replaced with fresh feed mixtures. In WWDG feed, Pichia galeiformis became the dominant yeast species, independent of the fermentation temperature and feed change. The LAB population was dominated by Pediococcus pentosaceus at the start of the fermentation period. After 3 days, the Lactobacillus plantarum population started to increase in feeds at all temperatures. The diversity of LAB increased after the addition of fresh feed components. In W feed, Kluyveromyces marxianus dominated, but after the feed change, the population diversity increased. With increasing fermentation temperatures, there was a shift toward Pichia membranifaciens as the dominant species. L. plantarum was the most prevalent LAB in W feed. The WAT feed had a diverse microbial flora, and the yeast population changed throughout the whole fermentation period. Pichia anomala was the most prevalent yeast species, with increasing occurrence at higher fermentation temperatures. Pediococcus pentosaceus was the most prevalent LAB, but after the feed change, L. plantarum started to proliferate. The present study demonstrates that the species composition in fermented pig feed may vary considerably, even if viable cell counts indicate stable microbial populations.
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Cropper, M., M. Lloyd, G. C. Emmans, and C. E. Hinks. "Choice feeding as a method of determining lamb nutrient requirements and growth potential." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015816.
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The experiment described here was designed to test the proposition that lambs, given access to two feeds, as a choice, one abundant in crude protein (CP), the other deficient, can both select a diet which supports their potential growth rate and which avoids excesses of protein intake.Twenty four Suffolk x Greyface wether and females, at a mean liveweight of 20.2 kg (s.e. 0.6) were individually housed and their feed intake and liveweight recorded weekly.The four pelleted feeds used were highly digestible and had estimated energy yields of 10.5 MJ ME/kg freshweight. The basal feed (A) was made from equal parts barley and sugar beet pulp plus a vitamin/mineral mix. It contained 91 g CP/kg FW. Feed D was made by substituting fishmeal for the barley in feed A such that it contained 383g CP/kg. Feed B contained one third D and two thirds A and contained 182g CP/kg. Féed C contained two thirds D and one third A, giving a CP content of 266g CP/kg. Thus each of the four feeds A, B, C and D could be described in terms of either the proportion of feed A or the crude protein which it contained.Four lambs were offered feed A alone, and four lambs received feed B only. Twelve of the lambs were given ad 1ibitum access to both the basal feed A and one of the three other feeds B, C and D, for ten weeks. Four lambs were offered a choice between feed B and feed D for four weeks.
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Bitao, Irish Wilson M., and Oliva M. Gaffud. "Performance of Philippine Native Pig Fed with Ensiled Pongapong." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (May 1, 2024): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).12.
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Native animals are regarded as an essential component of most agricultural production systems in rural settings. Amorphophallus campanulatus can be used as food and animal feed, however its application is limited due to its high oxalate concentration and low crude protein level. Fermentation with oxalolytic bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, which produces the oxalate decarboxylase enzyme, has been utilized to boost the nutritional value of pongapong. This study aims to determine the growth performance of native pig fed with fermented pongapong as feed supplement. Specifically, to determine the effect of fermented/ensiled pongapong on the body weight-gain in weight, growth increment, feed conversion efficiency and feed conversion ratio on Philippine native pigs; determine the best level of silage pongapong to growth of Philippine Native pigs; determine the nutrient composition of fermented Amorphophalus campanulatus; and determine the economics of fermented pongapong as feed supplement for native pigs in one production cycle. The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was utilized in the study. The treatments were follows:T1=Formulated feeds ,T2=75% Formulated feeds + 25% silage AC ,T3=50% Formulated feeds 50% silage AC, T4=25% Formulated feeds + 75% silage AC, T5= Pure ensiled AC. Based on the analysis of variance shows insignificant among the treatments as to the initial weight, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate. Also, there are significant differences in the body weight, gain weight and feed conversion ration while it shows highly significant feed consumption throughout the duration of the study. Thus, 75% formulated feeds and 25% fermented pongapong and 50% Formulated feeds + 50% fermented pongapong results to best growth. It demonstrates that feeding native pigs with formulated feed including fermented pongapong was employed as an alternative diet that is potentially cost effective and useful in native pig production in the province. This information could help growers reduce feed costs.
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Yang, Feng-hui, Min Wang, Liang Dong, and Shuo-biao Shi. "Design and research of feed switching system for 40m radio telescope." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2477, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2477/1/012056.
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Abstract For a large-aperture radio telescope, the working frequency of the feed and receiver determines its working range and capability. Many telescopes are designed with relatively few feed sources. With the development of deep space explorations and astronomical technologies, the existing feed of the antenna cannot meet the needs of observation tasks. To further adapt to the needs of the lunar exploration project, deep space explorations, and other astronomical observations, the feed of the 40 m antenna was upgraded with multiple feeds and feed switching systems. Based on not changing the existing antenna structure, the original S/X dual band feed is removed, a new S/X dual band feed is installed, C band and Ku band feeds are added, and rapid electrical switching of three feeds was realized. This paper gives a detailed design scheme and an implementation scheme of the feed-switching system. After being upgraded, the performance indexes of the antenna meet requirements, and the 40m telescope has multi-band reception capability, which lays a foundation for making the best of the telescope and making more scientific research outputs.
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Lazaren, Cornelia Coraima, I. Wayan Gede Astawa Karang, and Elok Faiqoh. "Perbandingan Laju Pertumbuhan Tukik Penyu Lekang (Lepidochelys olivacea) dengan Pemberian Pakan Ikan Tongkol, Udang Rebon Kering dan Pakan Campuran." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 4, no. 1 (September 3, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2018.v4.i01.86-95.
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The population of olive ridley has declined in Indonesia, so that efforts are needed to preserve this turtle population through conservation. In conservation of olive ridley, the selection of the precise feed will affect for a good growth. Feed that has high protein content one of them is dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish. The utilization of feed from dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish, especially mix feed of these two feeds for olive ridley baby is still very limited information. This research aims to determine the comparison growth rate of olive ridley with a feeding of tongkol fish, dried rebon shrimp and mixed feed also to know the percentage of feed efficiency. The research was conducted for six weeks at the conservation center TCEC Serangan, Bali. The design method used was Completely Randomized Design (CDR) with one control and three treatments, each treatment getting five repetitions. ANOVA analysis was used to analyze the mean differences between groups and the calculation of feed efficiency was performed to see the percentage of feed that was most efficient in the body of the hatch. The results showed different feeds gave different growth rates. The high protein on mixed feeds has produced the highest growth rates compared with dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish feed. Similarly, the percentage efficiency of mixed feed is more efficient compared with dried rebon shrimp and tongkol fish feed.
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Bárdos, Boróka, György Kövér, András Szabó, Zsolt Gerencsér, and Nagy István. "Feed preference and feeding behavior of different mouse species in laboratory housing." Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis 26, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31914/aak.3376.
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The feed preference of two species of wild mice, the house mouse (Mus musculus), and the mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus) was investigated (kept in our laboratory for 25 generations). Our interest focused on the feed preference (i.e. if the mice choose the type of feed closest to their natural food). The proximate composition of the two granulated feeds offered to mice differed minimally; the crude fat and crude fibre content of the natural feed mixture was higher, and only this feed contained insect protein. Based on the obtained results, both wild mice species approached the natural feed mixture more frequently than the two other granulated feeds. The same tendency was observed for feed consumption where the animals mostly consumed the natural feed mixture. During the 5-day long study, the consumption of the natural feed mixture increased continuously, while the consumption of the granulated laboratory feed decreased significantly. The average feed consumption was also influenced by room temperature. Our studies can help to develop the optimized indoor keeping and breeding of small domesticated mammals.
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Kolawole, A. A., and A. K. Mustapha. "Farmed Fish Feeds: Use of Non-Conventional Feed as Fishmeal Replacement in Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 7 (July 29, 2023): 1387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i7.8.
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Fish feeds are an integral part of commercial and personal aquaculture, which provides a balanced diet and nutrition for farmed fish. High cost and competition with human food of fish feed is a major concern amongst the livestock and aquaculture feed industries. The objective of this paper is to analyze the current state of understanding on the use of non-conventional feed to replace normal fish feeds in Nigeria using information from secondary data. The mastery and use of substitute sources of fishmeal at all stages of fish development is crucial to reducing the demand on aquatic resources caused by the use of fishmeal in fish feed. Non-conventional feed ingredients are not usually the traditional ingredients used for commercial fish feed production. Many unconventional sources are of very good nutrient profiles which when incorporated into feeds can meet parts of the protein and energy requirements of the fish. Most of these indigenous fish feed resources are non-competitive in terms of human consumption, their prices are relatively very low and sometimes are of no cost value. They are usually byproducts or waste products from agricultural industries, domestic waste, and wild plants, thus their utilization as feed resources can help to reduce the cost of fish feeds and fish production in Nigeria.
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Sarker, Baadruzzoha, Md Mamunur Rahman, and Mohammad Nurul Alam. "A study on fish feed manufacture with its nutritional quality and impacts on fish production." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 2, no. 2 (September 16, 2015): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v2i2.25021.
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This study was conducted to assess the procedure of fish feed production, analysis of nutritive value of feeds and its effect on growth of fish in selected fish farms. Five fish feed mills and fifteen fish farmers were randomly selected from Mymensingh district. Fish feeds were used by fifteen farmers among every three farmers used the feed of each mill. These feed Mills collect their Saudi Bangla and ACME fish feed are more preferable to the farmer due to higher protein and lipid content resulting more fish production. In this experiment, Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill (3843 Kg/ha/yr), Sunny fish feed mill (3761 Kg/ha/yr), Shushama fish feed mill (3581 Kg/ha/yr), Al-momen fish feed mill (3669 Kg/ha/yr), ACME fish feed mill (3796 Kg/ha/yr) was produce fish. Capital cost, operating cost, depreciation cost, total cost, revenue income and net profit were calculated and evaluated during the experimental period. In this study, those feed mills production capacity was 45000 ton/yr Saudi-Bangla fish feed mill, 45000 ton/yr Sunny fish feed mill, 35000 ton/yr Shushomo fish feed mill, 35000 ton/yr Al-momen fish feed mill,15000 ton/yr ACME fish feed mill. The fish production mainly carps and pangus were highly occurs chronologically Saudi-Bangla, ACME fish feed, Sunny fish feed, Al-momen fish feed, Shushama fish feed mill, respectively. Among those the nutritive value of Saudi-Bangla fish feed was the best than other fish feed.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(2): 353-362, August 2015
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Melese, Gashu, Tamir Berhan, and Urge Mengistu. "Effect of Supplementation with Non-Conventional Feeds on Feed Intake and Body Weight Change of Washera Sheep Fed Urea Treated Finger Millet Straw." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 2 (March 15, 2014): 067–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2014.2.1202131003.
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Aitkaliyeva, Aigerim, Shokhan Alpeisov, and Asem Ibazhanova. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOLOGICAL STATE OF TROUT SEEDING AND COMMODITY SPECIES WHEN USING FORAGE WITH PROBIOTIC ADDITIVES." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-1-131-137.
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The article highlights the experience of using the preparation Biocons and its effects on the physiological status of fish, its liver, gills and muscles. The results of the comparative analysis of muscle tissue showed that muscle reactions in both control fish and experimental fish have a whole spectrum of similar destructions. The use of domestic production feed with and without probiotic Biocons does not have a toxic effect on the liver structure. Therefore, the feed is safe for rearing fish. The purpose of the work is to justify experimentally the effectiveness of using the probiotic preparation Biocons as an additive in feed. The research tasks were set: experimental rearing of rainbow trout fry using various feeds, as well as feed with Biocons; conducting a comparative analysis of the results of rearing trout juveniles on various feeds, as well as feeds with Biocons as applied to farming and biological parameters; identifying the effect of various feeds on the physiological state of rainbow trout juveniles, their liver, muscles and gills. According to the research results based on the comparative analysis of the impact of three types of experimental starting and production artificial feed (feed without probiotic; feed with Biocons probiotic made in Kazakhstan and imported feed by AllerAqua, Dane) on the fish-breeding and biological indicators of trout juveniles and fingerlings it has been found that good results were obtained when using all of the above mentioned feeds.
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Patil, Vishal, Radha Gupta, Rajendran D, and Ravinder Singh Kuntal. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FEED FORMULATION SOFTWARE- A SHORT REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 4RAST (April 30, 2017): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i4rast.2017.3311.
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The paper highlightsthe different feed formulation software’s for least cost formulation of livestock and animals, where the comparison of techniques is donebased on different aspectslike data collection, software used, price, scope and limitations. Feed formulation requires large amount of data about the composition of feeds, environment conditions,and availability of feeds.Development of Software’sfor feed formulations is changing with change in computer. With advancement of technology, the feed formulation can be calculated for ‘n’ number of feed stuff but still Linear Programming is used as base for mathematical modelling, where uses of non-linear programming is very less. Maximum number of feed formulation software’s is developed to select the feeds for formulation within budget of the farmers or dairy industry.
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de Lange, C. F. M., and H. Birkett. "Characterization of useful energy content in swine and poultry feed ingredients." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-057.
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For effective use of feed ingredients in diets for the various classes of animals, it is important that the feeding value of feed ingredients is properly estimated. This applies in particular to the useful or bio-available energy content, as feed energy generally represents the single largest cost-factor in animal production. In spite of their limitations, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) systems are used widely in North America to estimate the useful or bio-available energy content of feeds and feed ingredients for pigs and poultry, largely because experimental procedures to establish DE and ME values are relatively simple. Some of the limitations of DE and ME systems can be overcome by using empirical net energy (NE) systems, whereby feed or feed ingredient NE content is predicted from digestible nutrient contents. However, empirical NE systems require estimates of the animal’s maintenance NE needs, which cannot be measured directly and have been estimated to vary between 489 and 750 kJ kg-1 BW0.60. Moreover, estimated feed or feed ingredient NE contents only apply to one particular animal state. The practical application of NE prediction equations requires an accurate characterization of nutrient contents and digestibility of feeds and feed ingredients. An accurate and flexible assessment of animal and feed effects on energy utilization requires the use of mathematical models in which transformations and use of dietary nutrients for different body functions are represented. Effective use of such nutrient flow models requires accurate characterization of feeds and feed ingredients and of animals in aspects of nutrient partitioning for the various body functions. This type of model can be used to predict accurately the useful energy supply from feeds and feed ingredients for specific animal states for diet formulation purposes. Nutrient utilization models may be refined to explore additional aspects of nutrient utilization, such as dynamics of nutrient absorption, the utilization of nutrients via alternative and competing metabolic pathways and inter-organ nutrient metabolism. Key words: Digestible energy, energetics, feed ingredients, metabolizable energy, net energy, nutrition, pigs, poultry
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Garcia-Launay, Florence, Léonie Dusart, Sandrine Espagnol, Sarah Laisse-Redoux, Didier Gaudré, Bertrand Méda, and Aurélie Wilfart. "Multiobjective formulation is an effective method to reduce environmental impacts of livestock feeds." British Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 1298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518002672.
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AbstractEnvironmental and economic performances of livestock production are related largely to the production of complete feeds provided on commercial farms. Formulating feeds based on environmental and economic criteria appears a suitable approach to address the current challenges of animal production. We developed a multiobjective (MO) method of formulating feed which considers both the cost and environmental impacts (estimated via life cycle assessment) of the feed mix. In the first step, least-cost formulation provides a baseline for feed cost and potential impacts per kg of feed. In the second, the minimised MO function includes normalised values of feed cost and impacts climate change, P demand, non-renewable energy demand and land occupation. An additional factor weights the relative influence of economic and environmental objectives. The potential of the method was evaluated using two scenarios of feed formulation for pig, broiler and young bulls. Compared to baseline feeds, MO-formulated feeds had lower environmental impacts in both scenarios studied (−2 to −48 %), except for land occupation of broiler feeds, and a moderately higher cost (1–7 %). The ultimate potential for this method to mitigate environmental impacts is probably lower than this, as animal supply chains may compete for the same low-impact feed ingredients. The method developed complements other strategies, and optimising the entire animal production system should be explored in the future to substantially decrease the associated impacts.
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Chen, Jun, Guofang Wu, Huili Pang, Jiyun Hua, Yifei Guan, Miao Zhang, Yaoke Duan, et al. "Effect of Mixed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum- and Bacillus subtilis-Fermented Feed on Growth, Immunity, and Intestinal Health of Weaner Pigs." Fermentation 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2023): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9121005.
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Bamei pigs, an eximious local breed reared on the Tibetan Plateau of China, are facing problems such as feed shortages, weaning stress, and antibiotic abuse. This study aimed to improve the quality of feed, growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and immunity of Bamei pigs through feeding with potentially probiotic-fermented feed. Different feeds were administered to weaned Bamei piglets for 60 days, creating the following five experimental treatment groups: basal feed group; Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-fermented-feed group; Bacillus subtilis-fermented-feed group; mixed-fermented-feed group; and antibiotic-supplemented-feed group. The results showed that the pH, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of the potentially probiotic-fermented feeds were significantly reduced; organic acids were produced; and Coliform bacteria, Clostridium, and aerobic bacteria were effectively inhibited. Feeding with potentially probiotic-fermented feed not only reduced the feed-conversion ratio but also improved immunity by increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and typical inflammatory pathways. The 16s rDNA high-throughput-sequencing results showed that probiotic-fermented feed improved the diversity of intestinal microbiota, inhibited the growth of the opportunistic pathogens Clostridium and Streptococcus, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella, and promoted gut health, demonstrating the promising application prospects of potentially probiotic-fermented feed.
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Kamal, MT, MA Hashem, M. Al Mamun, MM Hossain, MA Razzaque, and JH Ritu. "Investigating the Quality of Commercial Beef Cattle Feeds and Feed Ingredients Used in Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 18, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v18i1.48393.
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The study was undertaken to evaluate the quality of commercial beef cattle feed and feed ingredients which are available in Bangladesh. For this purpose, chemical analysis and in vitro digestibility (IVD) were estimated for nine commercial feeds and different feed ingredients which were collected from different regions. Chemical analysis of samples was carried out in triplicate for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. Metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated mathematically for feed samples by using standard formula. The analysis revealed the difference between the manufacturer’s claim and actual analyzed value. In commercial feeds DM content ranged from 90-92%. While CP content of commercial feeds was either lower or higher than the written value of feed industries. In Provita feed CP content (20.72%) was higher and Care feed had much lower CP content (7.54%) than written value. In vitro digestibility of DM in feed ingredients varied from 18.27 in straw to 75.77% in soybean meal. The fiber component (NDF and ADF) was negatively correlated with IVDMD and CP was positively correlated with IVDMD because fiber rich components were less digestible than the non-fibrous component (protein). Analysis of commercial feed samples revealed that the values claimed by the manufacturers are quite different from the actual analyzed values. This is a matter of concern and needs to be checked through better quality control measures by systematic feed analysis and ensure that manufacturers declare the true composition of the marketed feeds.
SAARC J. Agri., 18(1): 197-208 (2020)
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Varvikko, T. "Microbially corrected amino acid composition of rumen-undegraded feed protein and amino acid degradability in the rumen of feeds enclosed in nylon bags." British Journal of Nutrition 56, no. 1 (July 1986): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860093.
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1. In the previous work (Varvikko & Lindberg, 1985), 15N-labelled rapeseed (Brassica napus), barley, ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and barley straw were incubated in the rumen in nylon bags for 5, 12 and 24 h and microbial nitrogen in the residues was quantified using the feed 15N-dilution method. In the present study, residual amino acids (AA) of these feeds were analysed, and microbially corrected AA of feed origin (feed AA) were estimated as the difference between total residual AA and respective microbial AA, assuming a constant AA composition for the microbial protein.2. In barley and barley-straw residues, and also in ryegrass incubated in the rumen for 24 h, very large enrich- ment by microbial N and AA-N was found. The microbial enrichment was rather small in rapeseed residues and ryegrass incubated for 5 or 12 h. During the rumen incubation, feed N and AA-N (g/kg feed dry matter (DM)) decreased very clearly in all the feeds, and feed and incubation time effects were always statistically significant (P < 0.001).3. The slow degradation of essential (E) feed AA compared with the respective non-essential (NE) AA degradation increased the proportion of feed EAA (g/kg determined feed AA) in barley and barley-straw residues. In rapeseed and ryegrass, residual feed EAA: NEAA remained very similar to the original. Branched-chain (Br) AA tended to increase proportionally in all the feed residues, suggesting these AA to be, on average, more resistant against microbial degradation in the rumen than other AA. Similarly, lysine was clearly increased in barley residues. A rumen degradation faster than the average rate caused decreased residual feed glutamic acid in rapeseed; methionine, alanine and glycine in barley; arginine and alanine in ryegrass; and methionine, asparagine and tyrosine in barley straw. Feed and incubation time effects were significant (P < 0.054–001) for feed AA (g/kg determined feed AA) grouped as EAA, BrAA or NEAA, and for most individual AA, as well as for feed AA disappearance (%) and relative amounts (%) of feed AA in the respective residual AA.4. According to present findings, AA composition of the rumen-undegraded vegetable feed residues may markedly differ, either quantitatively or qualitatively (or both), from their original AA composition. When determining the feed AA composition of nylon-bag residues, the microbial error may be very large with starchy or fibrous feeds of low protein content. The microbial AA do not, however, considerably confuse the AA determination of protein-rich feeds.
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Setiawati, Mutia, Idiannor Mahyudin, and Irma Febrianty. "Contribution Analysis of the Use of Alternative Feed in Catfish Business Media Ground Pools in Labuan Tabu Village Banjar Regency." Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 23, no. 4 (July 10, 2023): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2023/v23i4606.
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Fish cultivators with catfish farming business conditions so far use a combination of commercial feed and alternative feed, and the sensitivity is also calculated if the catfish cultivator uses all commercial feed whether the business is still feasible, so that the contribution of alternative feeds to catfish farming can be known. The aim of this research is to analyze the contribution of using alternative feeds in the catfish business in Labuan Tabu Village, Banjar Regency. This research was conducted in Labuan Tabu Village, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Determination of respondents in this study were taken from catfish cultivators in Labuan Tabu Village, Banjar Regency, as many as 3 people. The contribution of the use of alternative feeds to catfish farming in ground pond media in Labuan Tabu Village, Banjar Regency, it was concluded that Respondent I: Contribution of alternative feed was 91.74%, Respondent II: Contribution of alternative feed was 70.48%, and Respondent III: Contribution alternative feed as much as 62.5%.
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Jin-Sen Chen. "Dual-frequency annular-ring slot antennas fed by CPW feed and microstrip line feed." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, no. 1 (January 2005): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2004.838799.
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Kin-Lu Wong and Tzung-Wern Chiou. "Broadband dual-polarized patch antennas fed by capacitively coupled feed and slot-coupled feed." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 50, no. 3 (March 2002): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.999625.
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Pavlovic, Marija, Ivan Pavlovic, Milan Radovic, and Snezana Ivanovic. "Nutritive and microbial quality of feed for laying hens from the Serbian market in 2018." Veterinarski glasnik 73, no. 1 (2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl180221009p.
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Introduction. Complete feed mixtures for laying hens are formulated to meet the requirements of the animals, for which various recommendations exist. Because of its nutritive value, feed provides a favorable environment for the growth of microorganisms. Prominent bacterial pathogens in poultry feed include Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Clostridium. There is a strong link between poultry feeds contaminated with bacteria pathogenic to humans and food borne disease occurrence, due to the feed-poultry-food-human chain. Materials and Methods. A total of fifty samples of complete feed mixtures for laying hens were collected during 2018 as a part of official controls. Feeds were analyzed for crude protein, crude ash, crude fat, crude cellulose, calcium and phosphorus, total numbers of bacteria, numbers of molds, Salmonella spp. and sulfite-reducing clostridia. Results and Conclusions. The feeds contained total bacteria and molds each at the level of 103 cfu g-1. Additionally, no Salmonella spp. or sulfite-reducing clostridia were detected in any feed sample. Saprophytic bacteria are frequently found in complete feed mixtures, but rarely are present in numbers considered as microbiologically unsafe. However, the presence of saprophytic bacteria can decrease the nutritive value of feed. The total number of bacteria and molds below the regulatory limits, as well as absence of pathogens in the commercially available poultry feed, indicates a high level of compliance with regulation. Furthermore, these results indicate the adequate implementation of controls and supervision of these poultry feed products in the Serbian market.
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Ezekiel, M. O., M. M. Salaudeen, O. M. Esan, I. A. Uzoalu, and C. L. Igwe. "Fatty acid composition of fish feeds vended in Lagos state, Nigeria." Journal of Aquatic Sciences 36, no. 2 (June 13, 2022): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v36i2.14.
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Fatty acid compositions of the lipids extracted from various fish feeds (Eco-float, Blue-crown, Uncle - frances, Triton, Stretting, Crown, Jik, Shaldac, Solace, Coppens, Vital, Local sinking, Local feed, Aqualis and Local floating) vended in Lagos State were determined. These feeds were designated as Feeds A to O respectively. Feed samples were procured from major fish feed markets and fish farms within Lagos metropolis and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Methylation was carried out after oil extraction to convert the fats to their methyl esters and the fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) were separated by gas chromatography. Fatty acids were analysed using a HP Agilent 5890 system gas chromatograph equipped with SP-2330 and a flame ionization detector (FID). Results revealed that the highest values for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA) and ∑n-3 unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) were 58.26% in feed F, 38.7% in feed M and 3.59% in feed N respectively while the lowest values for PUFA (19.76%) and SFA (15.53%) were recorded in feeds M and J respectively. The results also showed that, though feed samples were high in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (55- 22%) and PUFA (58-19%), they were low in n-3 HUFA {eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6n-3)} with the values of 0.3-3%. The shortfall in EPA and DHA of these feeds may imply that fish fed these feeds may be nutritionally deficient in these fatty acid compositions. Thus, further manipulation may be needed to improve the value of these feeds in terms of EPA and DHA.
Keywords: Fish feeds, n-3 HUFA, n-6 HUFA, Nutritional quality, aquaculture
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Ariana, Dedi, Roni Bawole, and Vera Sabariah. "Pemanfaatan limbah padat Ikan Tuna melalui kegiatan budidaya Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus), Studi kasus di Perusahaan abon UD Madurasa Kabupaten Manokwari." Cassowary 1, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v1.i1.2.
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The tuna waste in Manokwari has an economic potential that can be used as fish meal animal feed or fish feed. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical contents of tuna waste flour, examine of tuna waste meal, determine the feed test impact to the tilapia growth, analyze the impact of feed to water quality and analyze the feed manufacturing businesses. The study was conducted for six months (January to June 2015) at UD Madurasa. This study used, a completely randomized design with five treatments, there were feed A (control) and four test feeds formulated using tuna waste flour and bran (feed B, feed C, feed D and feed E). The feeds were tested using tilapia sized 5-8 cm and weighted 9-10 g in average (belo phase), then a 750 belos were used and allocated into 15 containers (50 belos / container). Feed was given twice a day in the morning (7:00 a.m. to 08:00) and afternoon (16:00 to 17:00) for six weeks. The feed amount was 5% of the body weight. The results show that tuna waste flour contain nutrients over the nutritional needs by tilapia. The tested feed has nutritional value better than feed A. Feed A has the highest efficiency and value of relative growth of 24.56% and 92.79%. Feed C has an efficiency of 22.83%, Feed E (20.37%), Feed B (19.30%) and Feed D (17.82%), also the growth of relative feed values of C (87.14%), Feed E (64.69%), Feed B (63.04%) and Feed D (55.53%). The variance analysis was not difference, however all feed gave same effect on tilapia growth. The tested feed did not pollute the water and categorized as 2nd and 3rd of water quality. It is assumed that this business is properly to be run with breakeven point will be achieved when sales reached to 8 kg (Rp 130,000.00) or at 4.5 months.
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Urbansky, David, Sandro Reichert, Klemens Muthmann, Daniel Schuster, and Alexander Schill. "An Optimized Web Feed Aggregation Approach for Generic Feed Types." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 5, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v5i1.14161.
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Web feeds are a popular way to access updates for contentin the World Wide Web. Unfortunately, the technology be-hind web feeds is based on polling. Thus, clients ask the feedserver regularly for updates. There are two concurrent prob-lems with this approach. First, many times a client asks forupdates, there is no new item and second, if the client’s up-date interval is too large it might be notified too late or evenmiss items. In this work we present adaptive feed polling algorithms. Thealgorithms learn from the previous behaviors of feeds andpredict their future behaviors. To evaluate these algorithmswe created a real set of over 180,000 diversified feeds andcollected a dataset of their updates for a time of three weeks.We tested our adaptive algorithms on this set and show thatadaptive feed polling reduces traffic significantly and pro-vides near-real-time updates.
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Solomon, Shola Gabriel, Lateef Oloyede Tiamiyu, Victor Tosin Okomoda, and Kamwan Adaga. "Effects of storage conditions on quality characteristics of commercial aquafeeds and growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0006.
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Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage conditions on the quality of feed and the aftermath effect of feeding fish with such feeds. Three commercial diets used for this study included Coppens®, Multifeed® and Vital feed®. Feed was stored either by opening the bag to the atmosphere (WO), the bag opened with neck tied using a rubber ring to prevent exposure to the atmosphere (OT) or sealed (SC) until the start of the feeding trials. The feed was stored under these conditions for six months. Nutrient analyses revealed significant changes in feeds held under the WO condition when compared with other storage conditions. Nutritive changes also varied with commercial feed type. Mould infestation of the feed was noticeable more in the WO condition of storage compared to the SC condition. After feeding C. gariepinus for fifty-six days, lesions were observed on fish fed mouldy feed held under the WO condition, which led to mass mortalities. Growth performance was higher in all fish fed SC stored feed, and for those fed Coppens® and Multifeed® under OT storage conditions. It is advised that storage of fish feeds up to six months should be undertaken with considerable care and attention.