Journal articles on the topic 'Feed levels'
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Lindén, Anna, Ing-Marie Olsson, and Agneta Oskarsson. "Cadmium Levels in Feed Components and Kidneys of Growing/Finishing Pigs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1288.
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Abstract Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in pig feeds (one control feed and one feed with reduced nitrogen content), straw, water, and pig kidney cortex were determined in 2 breeds of growing/finishing pigs (n = 96). The total Cd intake from feed was calculated. Feed mixtures and components, straw and kidney cortex samples, and certified reference samples were microwave-digested and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace technique. Total Cd concentration in the control feed was 37.1 μg/kg wet weight (w.wt). The highest Cd levels were found in nonlocally produced feed components: vitamin-mineral mixture, lime, dicalcium phosphate, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. These components contributed 70% of the Cd content in the feed. The main component, barley, which was locally produced, contributed 30% of the total Cd content in feed. The feed with reduced nitrogen content contained less soybean and rapeseed meal and a lower Cd level than the control feed. The Cd levels in kidney cortex varied from 38.0 to 105 μg/kg w.wt, with a mean level of 70.9 μg/kg. The levels differed between breeds and feeds, but not between gender. There was a significant correlation between Cd level in kidney cortex and age at slaughter, with an increase of 2.8 μg/kg w.wt in the kidney for each additional week of survival. The contribution of Cd from nonlocally produced feed components could have environmental effects through application of farmyard manure to local soils.
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Lira, Rosa Cavalcante, Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello, Paulo Vanderlei Ferreira, Geraldo Roberto Quintão Lana, Jorge Vitor Lüdke, and Wilson Moreira Dutra Junior. "Inclusion of guava wastes in feed for broiler chickens." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, no. 12 (December 2009): 2401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009001200016.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including guava wastes in the feed on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. An experiment was carried out with 300 male Cobb strain chicks, in a randomized complete design with five levels of waste and five replications. A reference diet based on corn and soybean meal and four feeds with 3, 6, 9 or 12% guava waste were evaluated. The feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were assessed weekly; the weight at slaughter and the weight and yield of eviscerated carcass, carcass without feet and head, breast, drumstick, thigh, wing, back, edible viscera and abdominal fat were assessed. The inclusion of guava waste in the feed promotes performance and carcass yield similar to that obtained with the feed based on corn and soybean meal, therefore this agro-industrial by-product can be used at levels of up to 12% in feeds for broiler chickens.
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Kondratiuk, V. M. "PRODUCTIVITY OF RAINBOW TROUT DEPENDING ON PROTEIN LEVELS IN PRODUCTIVE FEED." Animal Science and Food Technology 11, no. 4 (December 2020): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.04.045.
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The article considers the efficiency of using complete feeds with different levels of protein in rearing commercial rainbow trout. The purpose of the experiment was to establish the effect of different protein levels in nutrition of two-year old trout on its productivity. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogues. During the equalizing period, the experimental fish consumed feed of the control group. In the main period, the protein level in trout feed ranged from 44 to 52 % per 1 kg. As a result of the studies it was established that the increase of protein content in compound feed from 48 to 52 % leads to an increase in the weight of commercial fish by 13.0 % (p < 0.001), an increase in its growth intensity – by 7.4-16.7 %, while the reduction of protein in feed to 44 % leads to a reliable (p < 0.05) reduction in trout weight by 9.4 %, and a decrease in its growth intensity - by 6.5-12.1 %. It is proved that different levels of experimental trout’s protein nutrition have a highly reliable (p < 0.001) effect on the growth of marketable fish - the share of this factor’s influence is 89.8 %. Analysis of the feed costs, proves that using combined feed with 52 % protein for feeding two-year old trout, leads to a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of weight gain by 5.1 %, whereas reducing this index to 44% causes increase of feed costs by 6.4 % per a unit of product, compared to feeding fish with production feed having the protein content of 48 %. At this, the preservation of experimental fish was high enough and made 94.3 to 96.2 %. In rearing trouts according to the criteria of maximum productivity, it is recommended to feed commercial trout with production combined feeds with the protein level of 52 %, whereas, in production according to the economic optimization criteria, this index should make 48 %.
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Santana, E. O. C., A. L. Silva, H. A. Santana Júnior, A. H. C. Ferreira, A. P. Oliveira, and T. B. Freitas. "Lambs Production Fed Without Roughage in Different Feed Supply Levels." Revista Científica de Produção Animal 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15528/2176-4158/rcpa.v17n2p122-128.
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Ketta, Mohamed, Eva Tumova, and Darina Chodova. "Response of three laying hen genotypes to two feed calcium levels." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 12 (December 22, 2019): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/228/2019-cjas.
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The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two dietary Ca levels (3.00% vs 3.50%) in three hen genotypes (ISA Brown, Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL) on their laying performance and quality of their eggs. In order to evaluate the response to dietary Ca, an experiment was conducted with 300 laying hens. One hundred birds from each genotype were divided into 10 replicates (10 birds/cage/Ca level). To reveal the differences, the following characteristics were measured: hen-day egg production percentage, daily feed intake, egg weight, albumen and yolk weights, Haugh unit, eggshell colour, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, egg shape index and eggshell index. A higher Ca level significantly increased the hen-day egg production percentage of Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL, while ISA Brown laying hens had the higher egg production percentage at a lower dietary Ca level (85.97% vs 82.41%). No significant effect of dietary Ca level was observed on any internal egg quality measurements except the Haugh unit. However, the dietary Ca level significantly affected some of external egg quality measurements, namely eggshell colour (P < 0.001), eggshell weight (P = 0.003) and eggshell strength (P = 0.012). The results of the present study show that laying performance and egg quality parameters responded differently according to hen genotype and dietary Ca level. Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL laying hens required higher levels of Ca to keep egg production high, while the eggshell quality measurements were better at the lower dietary Ca level. Thus, it is recommended to adjust the Ca levels in feed to the nutritional requirements of laying hens.
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Shin, Jeoung-Hwa, and Yun-Gyong Ahn. "Levels of PBDEs in Pig Feed." Korean Journal of Community Living Science 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2012.23.3.255.
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Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru, Jan Ludvig Lyche, Paul Gichohi Mbuthia, Lada Ivanova, Silvio Uhlig, James K. Gathumbi, Joyce G. Maina, Eric Emali Eshitera, and Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen. "Co-Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds in Kenya." Toxins 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100627.
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This study determined the presence, levels and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in fish feeds in Kenya. Seventy-eight fish feeds and ingredients were sampled from fish farms and fish feed manufacturing plants and analysed for 40 mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine (73%) mycotoxins were identified with 76 (97%) samples testing positive for mycotoxins presence. Mycotoxins with the highest prevalences were enniatin B (91%), deoxynivalenol (76%) and fumonisin B1 (54%) while those with the highest maximum levels were sterigmatocystin (<30.5–3517.1 µg/kg); moniliformin (<218.9–2583.4 µg/kg) and ergotamine (<29.3–1895.6 µg/kg). Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in 68 (87%) samples. Correlations were observed between the fumonisins; enniatins B and zearalenone and its metabolites. Fish dietary exposure estimates ranged between <0.16 and 43.38 µg/kg body weight per day. This study shows evidence of mycotoxin presence and co-occurrence in fish feeds and feed ingredients in Kenya. Fish exposure to these levels of mycotoxins over a long period of time may lead to adverse health effects due to their possible additive, synergistic or antagonist toxic effects. Measures to reduce fish feed mycotoxin contamination should be taken to avoid mycotoxicosis in fish and subsequently in humans and animals through residues.
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Makkar, Harinder P. S., and Philippe Ankers. "A need for generating sound quantitative data at national levels for feed-efficient animal production." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14377.
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Increasing demand for livestock products will impose a huge demand on feed resources. Biophysical factors such as scarcity of land, soil and water, food–fuel–feed competition, ongoing global climate change and increasing competition for arable land and non-renewable resources such as fossil sources and minerals are challenging the sustainability of feed production systems. Efficient use of available feed resources is key to efficient animal production and food security. It is impossible to effectively manage a resource if its availability is not known. While Feed inventories or Feed assessments provide critical information on feed productive capacities and feed availability at a regional/country level, the sufficiency of the feed supply can only be gauged relative to demands for feeds. Essentially, this comparison between livestock requirements and feed supplies constitutes the Feed balance. In many countries Feed Balances are not usually available or accurate despite their strategic role for livestock development opportunities, for providing input data into country level food input-output analyses and for emergency prevention. Estimation of Feed Balance at a national level requires information on the amounts of feed resources available and their energy content, livestock population and herd structure. Likewise, reliable and harmonised herd structure data are also lacking. Information on what proportions of cereals being produced in a country that are diverted to feed production is critical for assessing food security situations in countries. In most situations these data are not available for most developing countries. Equally important is the information on the feeding systems i.e. how different feed resources are being fed to livestock. Assessment of environmental impacts of livestock and development of optimal feeding strategies rely on information about feeding systems and data on feed balance. Feed-use efficiency and decrease in release of environmental pollutants from livestock production systems hinges on feeding of balanced rations; and for their preparation, availability of reliable data on chemical composition and nutritional value of feed resources is a must. Also for reducing wastages, ensuring food safety through enhancing feed safety and promoting international trade, data on the presence of microbial contaminants including mycotoxins, heavy metals, antibiotic and pesticide residues must also be strengthened. Development of a National Feed Resource Information Systems linked to a Global Feed Resource Information Systems should be considered. Feed Inventories, Feed Balance, Feeding Systems, and Feed Quality including Feed Contaminants should be considered as integral components of an overall strategy or options that integrate technical (genetics, health and nutrition), policy and institutional interventions for using resources more efficiently to produce more food and feed. Both policy makers and animal feed and crop scientists have a role to play in making this possible.
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Fijalovych, L. M., Ya I. Kyryliv, B. S. Barylo, G. А. Paskevych, O. I. Petryshak, and U. V. Deneha. "Effectiveness of different protein sources and lysine levels in diets for broiler chickens." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 97 (November 5, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9717.
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The article highlights current data on the biological role of the most crucial feed nutrients - protein and lysine in the feeding of broiler chickens and their particular importance in the vital activity of the bird's body. A description of the value and quality of the main types of compound feed for poultry, recipes of compound feed with different protein and lysine content for specific age groups of broiler chickens, and practical advice on the peculiarities of feeding and rearing of poultry are given. Current brief information on amino acid feed additives and general features of more rational and practical use of various protein feed of both vegetable and animal origin in poultry feeding of meat crosses – grains of cereal crops, processed products of oil crops – soy, sunflower, and many other components are provided. Theoretically and experimentally, the expediency of using different essential feed protein sources, differing in amino acid composition and bioavailability, in poultry feeding rations has been substantiated. In particular, the main principles of adequate feeding of broilers with compound feed with an increased level of crude protein of vegetable origin and a lower level of animal protein are described. Brief information on the effectiveness of safe levels of lysine of synthetic origin in the diet based on a variety of local feeds when growing broiler chickens in the conditions of a poultry farm in the western region are presented. It was established that compound feed with a significantly increased protein content of various origins – 24 %, 22 % and 20 % – positively affects broiler chickens' productivity. The highest level of productivity was noted for the lysine content in broilers' compound feed in the first growing period – 1,22 %, in the second – 1,14 % and in the third – 1,09 %. The high quality, nutritional value, and beneficial effects of amino acid premixes are directly influenced by the available feed raw materials, mainly of vegetable origin, used for the production of compound feed in the conditions of a broiler poultry farm, the uniformity of mixing with the appropriate quality feed and the optimal dosage of amino acids in each portion of the feed mixture.
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Milligan, T., and H. K. Schuman. "Average sidelobe levels in corporate-feed arrays." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 37, no. 6 (1995): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.482074.
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Baran, Murat Sedat, Selçuk Altaçli, Oktay Kaplan, and Suphi Deniz. "The Determination of Nutrient Value, Digestibility and Energy Levels of Compound Feeds Used for Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 7 (July 23, 2017): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.832-835.1226.
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There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.
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Islam, M. M., S. M. L. Kabir, Y. A. Sarker, M. M. H. Sikder, S. K. S. Islam, A. H. M. T. Akhter, and M. M. Hossain. "RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHROMIUM LEVELS IN BROILER FEEDS AND MEATS FROM SELECTED FARMS OF BANGLADESH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v14i2.31381.
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the status of chromium concentration in broiler feeds with the risk assessment of chromium in broiler meat. Seven broiler farms were selected to collect the feed and meat samples of broiler. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to determine the chromium concentration in broiler feed and meat samples. The highest concentration of chromium in broiler meat samples was 1.31±0.20 ?g/g and in feed samples was 1.71±0.24?g/g. In this study, the mean (± SE) concentration of chromium in feed samples from Gazipur Sadar, Gazipur; Sreepur, Gazipur and Tangail Sadar, Tangail were 1.71(± 0.24) ?g/g,1.64(±0.61) ?g/g and 1.64(±0.61) ?g/g respectively. The mean (± SE) concentration of chromium in meat samples from Gazipur Sadar, Gazipur; Sreepur, Gazipur and Tangail Sadar, Tangail were 1.139 (±0.26) ?g/g, 1.31 (±0.20) ?g/g and 0.61 (±0.23) ?g/g respectively. The concentrations of chromium in broiler edible tissues were much higher than permissible levels determined by FAO and WHO. Precocious steps must be taken to avoid use of such health hazardous concentrations of heavy metals in poultry feeds. Considering these findings, there is a critical need to set legal limits and surveillance system for detection of heavy metals in poultry industry of Bangladesh.
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Ebel, Joseph G., Timothy Wachs, and Jack D. Henion. "Rapid Forensic Selected Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Determination of Ionophore Antibiotics Found at Toxic Levels in Animal Feeds." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.1.25.
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Abstract A rapid, accurate, and selective method was developed for the forensic determination of ionophore antibiotics in animal feeds. A simple extraction procedure and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode were used for rapid identification and confirmation of monensin and lasalocid in feed samples and for quantitation of monensin. Extracts from a homogenous portion of ground feeds were prepared using liquid–solid extraction and liquid–liquid extraction techniques. Feed extracts were further purified by a simple defatting and solvent wash step and then concentrated to dryness. Feed extract residues were reconstituted in 1 mL LC mobile phase and a 2 μL aliquot injected into the SRM LC/MS system. The latter system used a C18, 100 × 2.0 mm, LC column coupled to a PE-Sciex API 2000 tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a TurboIonSpray LC/MS interface. Feed samples were extracted and analyzed for the determination of monensin and lasalocid within a couple of hours. Control feed samples fortified with monensin at concentrations from 50 ppb to 5 ppm provided a linear response and calibration curve across this range with a correlation coefficient of 0.996.
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Kemm, E. H., F. K. Siebrits, M. N. Ras, and S. E. Coetzee. "Feed intake, growth and protein deposition of pigs fed three protein levels." Livestock Production Science 41, no. 2 (February 1995): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(94)00054-b.
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Olmos, Jorge, Leonel Ochoa, Jesus Paniagua-Michel, and Rosalia Contreras. "Functional Feed Assessment on Litopenaeus vannamei Using 100% Fish Meal Replacement by Soybean Meal, High Levels of Complex Carbohydrates and Bacillus Probiotic Strains." Marine Drugs 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2011): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md9061119.
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Functional feed supplemented with alternative-economic nutrient sources (protein, carbohydrates, lipids) and probiotics are being considered in shrimp/fish aquaculture production systems as an option to increase yield and profits and to reduce water pollution. In this study the probiotic potential to formulate functional feeds have been evaluated using four dietary treatments: Treatment 1 (B + Bs); Bacillus subtilis potential probiotic strain was supplemented to a soybeanmeal (SBM)—carbohydrates (CHO) basal feed. Treatment 2 (B + Bm); Bacillus megaterium potential probiotic strain was supplemented to the same SBM-CHO basal feed. In Treatment 3 (B); SBM-CHO basal feed was not supplemented with probiotic strains. Treatment 4 (C); fishmeal commercial feed (FM) was utilized as positive control. Feeding trials evaluated the survival, growth, and food conversion ratio and stress tolerance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) Pacific white shrimp. Best overall shrimp performance was observed for animals fed with Treatment 1 (B+Bs); additionally, stress tolerance and hemolymph metabolites also showed the best performance in this treatment. SBM-CHO basal feed not supplemented with probiotic strains (B) presented smaller growth and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR). Shrimps fed with the fishmeal commercial feed (C) presented the lowest stress tolerance to high ammonia and low oxygen levels. Specifically selected B. subtilis strains are recommended to formulate functional and economical feeds containing high levels of vegetable; protein and carbohydrates as main dietary sources in L. vannamei cultures.
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Holland Deborah, Dixon E., and Stanley E. Katz. "Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Screening Assay for the Detection of Sulfamethazine Contamination of Animal Feeds." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.5.784.
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Abstract A sensitive screening method has been developed for detecting sulfamethazine (SMZ) contamination of feeds by using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies and a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent screening assay (ELISA). Feed samples of 25.0 g are extracted with 0.5N HCI and centrifuged. The extract is adjusted to pH 7.0 with 3.0N NaOH and recentrifuged. This pH-adjusted extract is used in the EUSA. Levels as low as 0.004 μg SMZ/g feed were detected In supplemented extracts by polyclonal antibodies; levels of 0.4 μg SMZ/g feed were detected by a monoclonal antibody.
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Tippayadara, Nisarat, Kanokkan Worawut, and Baramee Phungpis. "Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on the Stage Development and Production Performance of Nile Tilapia." ASEAN Journal of Scientific and Technological Reports 25, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55164/ajstr.v25i3.246355.
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Lack of understanding in selecting age-appropriate protein levels in the tilapia diet would result in low growth and productivity. Therefore, the effect of dietary protein levels on tilapia development and the productive potential of fry raised in concrete ponds according to the CRD experimental protocol was investigated using three treatments with four replications. Fifteen breeder fish/ponds with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2 were fed with 15.5, 25, and 30% protein for 20 weeks. The water quality was monitored and the fish's mouth was tapped every 2 weeks. The results showed that feeding of 25% protein affected egg development at all stages (Zygote, Cleavage, Gastrula, Segmentation, Pharyngula, Hatching, Early larva, and Late larva) as well as production cost better than other feeds (p<0.05). Breeders fed 30% protein had a higher average weight, specific growth rate, condition factor, and feed efficiency but the lowest feed intake, feed rate, and feed conversion rate (p<0.05). A 25% protein diet provides adequate nutrition for hatching and fries production while keeping the pond water safe for their lives.
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Basri, Hasan, and Rosalina Edy Swandayani. "PEMBERIAN FORMULA PAKAN HERBAL TERHADAP PROFIL LIPID PADA AYAM PEDAGING." MEDIA BINA ILMIAH 13, no. 12 (July 23, 2019): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v13i12.269.
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This study aims to determine the effect of herbal feeds with different formulas to increase the HSL levels and optimize cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL levels. This study is an experimental study with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Test animal used in this study were 20 broilers and divided into 4 experimental groups, i.e. P0: control given commercial feed, P1: treatment group given a feed formula, P2: the treatment group given the feed formula, P3: the treatment group given the feed formula. Each group consists of 5 replications. The test animal for each treatment was placed randomly. Data obtained was cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL levels. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan test with 95% of significance level if there were significant differences. The data were analyzed with SPSS 25 software for Windows. The results showed that the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL were not significantly different (P> 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that the provision of herbal feed formulas is not significant in reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, levels and increasing HDL levels, but is able to maintain normal physiological conditions.
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Fatema, Kaniz, Md Nazmus Sakib, Md Al Zahid, Nahid Sultana, and Md Rakibul Hassan. "Growth performances and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) cultured using different market feeds." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 47, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v47i1.42023.
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The study was conducted to determine growth performances and bioaccumulation of Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni in fish organs such as intestines, muscle and gills of study species after culturing them for twelve weeks by using different commercial fish feeds. The highest average daily gain (ADG, g/day) and specific growth rate (SGR; %/day) were found in fish fed quality feed and lowest values were found in the fish fed mega feed. Best feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was found in fish fed quality feed among five different feeds. In cultured Koi, the concentration of heavy metals were found higher than initial concentration in fish feeds and collected fingerling samples. Heavy metal levels in cultured fish was Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni and levels of bioaccumulation in individual organs was intestines > gills > muscle. The concentration of Cu, Pb and Cr exceed the tolerable limit approved by FAO in fishes cultured with the experimental feeds. Considering the present study, Koi cultured with these experimental feeds may not safe for human consumption.
Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(1): 77-88, 2019
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Mgbeahuruike, Anthony Christian, Toochukwu Eleazar Ejiofor, Michael Ushie Ashang, Chiamaka Ojiako, Christian C. Obasi, Chuka Ezema, Obianuju Okoroafor, Mulunda Mwanza, Magnus Karlsson, and Kennedy F. Chah. "Reduction of the Adverse Impacts of Fungal Mycotoxin on Proximate Composition of Feed and Growth Performance in Broilers by Combined Adsorbents." Toxins 13, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060430.
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Synergistic interaction of adsorbents in reducing the adverse impacts of mycotoxin on performance and proximate composition of broiler feeds was investigated. Fungal growth was induced by sprinkling water on the feed. S. cerevisiae + bentonite, kaolin + bentonite or S. cerevisiea + kaolin adsorbent combinations (1.5 g/kg feed) were added and the feeds were stored in black polythene bags. An untreated group was kept as a positive control while fresh uncontaminated feed was used as a negative control. Mycotoxins were extracted from the feeds and quantified using reverse phase HPLC. Proximate composition, nutrient digestibility of the feeds, feed intake and weight gain of the broilers were measured. Deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in the contaminated/untreated feed was 347 µg/kg while aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was 34 µg/kg. Addition of bentonite and kaolin in the contaminated feed reduced AFB1 and DON to significantly lower levels. Feed intake and weight gain were low in the broilers fed the contaminated feed. The carbohydrate level was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from 62.31 to 40.10%, crude protein digestibility dropped from 80.67 to 49.03% in the fresh feed and contaminated feed respectively. Addition of the adsorbents (S. cerevisiae and bentonite) significantly (p < 0.05) improved these parameters.
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Pereyra, Carina Maricel, Lilia Renée Cavaglieri, Stella Maris Chiacchiera, and Ana María Dalcero. "Fungi and Mycotoxins in Feed Intended for Sows at Different Reproductive Stages in Argentina." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/569108.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate fungi and contamination levels of aflatoxinB1, ochratoxin A, fumonisinB1, and zearalenone in raw materials and finished feed intended for sows at different reproductive stages. Total fungi,Aspergillus,Penicillium, andFusariumspecies occurrence, were examined.Aspergillus flavus,A. niger aggregatespp., andF. verticillioideswere the prevalent species. Fungal counts exceeded the levels proposed as feed hygienic quality limits (1×104colony forming units) at all reproductive stages. AflatoxinB1, ochratoxin A, fumonisinB1, and zearalenone were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Aflatoxin levels in 80% samples of finished sow feeds were over the permitted levels of 0.02 μgg-1(mean228.2±95 μgKg−1). FumonisinB1was detected in all tested raw materials at levels that varied from 50.3 to 1137.64 μgKg−1and finished feed samples at levels that ranged from 99.8 to 512.4 μgKg−1. AflatoxinB1, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A were not detected in raw materials. All finished feeds were negative for zearalenone contamination whereas all nonpregnant gilt samples were contaminated with low OTA levels (mean0.259±0.123). This fact requires periodic monitoring to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce the economic losses, and to minimize hazards to human health.
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Munguti, Jonathan, Hannington Odame, James Kirimi, Kevin Obiero, Erick Ogello, and David Liti. "Fish feeds and feed management practices in the Kenyan aquaculture sector: Challenges and opportunities." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.01.12.
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Abstract Feeds and feed management practices are key to the development of the aquaculture sector. To achieve high levels of aquaculture production, fish farmers need nutritionally adequate and cost-effective feeds, which are coupled with good feed management practices. Access to high quality and cost-effective feeds is one of the prerequisites to successful fish farming. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices. The review includes constraints and opportunities in fish feeds from a farmer’s perspective. The review shows that the fish feed industry has been boosted by the development of fish feed standards, which has ensured access to high-quality fish feeds by all farmers. Feed management practices considerably impact on the economic performance in fish production. Thus, adopting appropriate feed management technologies and feeding strategies is instrumental in maximizing aquaculture productivity. Some of the major challenges faced by fish farmers in the feed sector including limited access to finance, lack of appropriate technical innovations, limited knowledge in feed formulation and processing and poor feed handling and storage are discussed. These challenges pose limitation in investment opportunities for a viable and sustainable fish feed processing and manufacturing to meet the rising demand occasioned by increased demand for fish food in Kenya. There is a huge potential to develop public-private partnerships with farmer groups to improve access to training and information dissemination on feeds availability and quality. Training fish farmers on feed formulation using locally available feed ingredients provide an opportunity to reduce feed costs, increase feeding efficiency and improve profitability. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices including constraints and opportunities from a farmer’s perspective.
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Noviadi, R., A. A. Candra, and D. D. Putri. "Different Levels of Protein in Complete Feed Silage Based on Cassava Leaves on The Local Goats Performance." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012012.
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Abstract Protein is an important nutrient for building body tissues so it must be available in feeds in sufficient quantities to meet the needs of goats for basic living and production. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of different protein tingkats in cassava leaves complete feed silage on the performance of goats. The research was carried out in March-August 2021 at the Research Center of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Lampung State Polytechnic. A total of 24 goats were used in the study using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments applied were different protein levels in complete feed silage based on cassava leaves R0 = 12%; Rl = 13%; R2 = 14%; R3 = 15%; R4 = 16%; R5 = 17%. The results showed that different levels of protein in complete feed silage based on cassava leaves affected the performance of local goats and the highest feed consumption was obtained at a protein level of 17%, the highest average daily gain at a protein level of 17%, and the lowest feed conversion ratio at a protein level of 14%.
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Zakes, Z., A. Przybyl, M. Wozniak, M. Szczepkowski, and J. Mazurkiewicz. "Growth performance of juvenile pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.) fed graded levels of dietary lipids." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 4 (December 12, 2011): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4294-cjas.
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The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of graded lipid content in experimental isoprotein feed (6, 10, 14% lipids and 45% protein) on the growth performance of juvenile pikeperch (initial body weight P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) attained the most advantageous values in this group of fish. The application of the experimental feed had a significant effect on the lipid values in fish bodies and viscera (P < 0.05) although no relationship was detected between the lipid content of the feed and that of the fish muscles. The lipid content was approximately 7.7% in all the experimental groups and the differences between the groups were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05).
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Galey, Francis D., Leticia E. Mendez, William E. Whitehead, Dirk M. Holstege, Konnie H. Plumlee, and Bill Johnson. "Estrogenic Activity in Forages: Diagnostic Use of the Classical Mouse Uterine Bioassay." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5, no. 4 (October 1993): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879300500416.
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The classical mouse uterine bioassay was evaluated and adapted for routine diagnostic use in response to requests for evaluation of forages suspected of being estrogenic. Forages were extracted in acetone or 10% ethanol in acetone (v/v). Extracts were mixed with ground corn-based mouse feed. Immature female mice (n = 3/group) were fed a total of 100 g of the ground feed for 5 days. Body weights were monitored before and after the trial. After 6 days, the mice were euthanized and uterine weights were determined. Mean uterine weights were compared using 1 -way analysis of variance with preselected contrasts for individual means. Selected uteruses were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histologic examination. Control feeds, diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol, coumestrol, feeds with no reported estrogenic properties, and a feed that caused hyperestrogenism in cattle were tested. Moderate levels of estrogenic compounds resulted in dose-responsive uterine enlargements (10-270 ppm coumestrol over 5 days). Extremely high levels of estrogen frequently resulted in feed refusal and lack of uterine enlargement (10 ppm DES, 100 ppm estradiol). Diagnostically significant estrogenic activity was recovered from the feed known to have been estrogenic in cattle. The classical mouse uterine bioassay was relatively inexpensive, quick, repeatable, and capable of detecting clinically relevant coumestrol levels in hay.
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Nur, Indriyani. "Levels Consumption of Sea Rabbit (Dolabella auricularia) Extract Microcapsule Mixed Feed in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 5, no. 4 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000393.
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This research aimed to determine the level of sea rabbit (Dolabella auricularia) extract microcapsule-mixed feed on consumption in goldfish (Carassius auratus). The extraction process was done by maceration method using a single solvent, namely ethyl acetate, while in making microcapsules, 1% of sodium alginate was used as a coating. The animals tested which used were goldfish with their size 7.56 ± 0.3 g and they were kept for 30 days. These animals tested were divided into two groups; the fish group that was fed with 7.7% sea rabbit extract and the control fish group or without sea rabbit extract microcapsules. The foods given was as much as 3% of fish body biomass in the morning and evening with protein ranging from 42-44%. The results showed that the highest absolute growth rate in feeding which had been mixed with sea rabbit extract microcapsules had a value of 3.16 g, food consumption rate was 62.84 g, the efficiency of feeding was as much as 29.49% while the value of conversion ratio of feeding was 3.39. From those results of this research, it can be concluded that the use of feed which had been mixed with sea rabbit extract microcapsules could increase the absolute growth, feed consumption level, the efficiency of feeding so that it was potential to be developed as a supplement in fish feed.
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Kondratiuk, V. M. "EFFICIENCY OF USING MIXED FEEDS WITH DIFFERENT ENERGY LEVELS IN FEEDING LARVAE AND FRY RAINBOW TROUT." Animal Science and Food Technology 11, no. 2 (June 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.02.048.
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The article considers the effectiveness of the use of mixed feeds with different levels of metabolic energy for the cultivation of larvae and fry of rainbow trout. The aim of the experiment was to establish the influence of different levels of energy supply of trout on its performance. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogues. During the equalization period, the experimental fish consumed feed of the control group. In the main period, the level of metabolic energy in trout feed ranged from 14 to 18 MJ. As a result of the conducted researches it is established that the increase of energy content in compound feed for trout larvae and fry from 16 to 18 MJ contributes to the increase of their weight by 11.1 % (p < 0.05) and growth intensity - by 5.6-14.2 %, while the reduction of energy content to 14 MJ / kg contributes to a probable decrease (p < 0.05) in mass by 11.9%, and a decrease in growth intensity by 6.0-14.7 %. It is proved that the feed consumption per 1 kg of weight gain in trout larvae and fry, which received feed with an energy content of 18 MJ was lower by 5.1 %, and with its content of 14 MJ - 4.8 % higher compared to fish consuming feed with an energy content of 16 MJ / kg. The safety of the experimental fish throughout the experiment was close and ranged from 83.1 to 84.9 %. However, it is most economically feasible to grow trout that consume feed with a nutritional value of 16 MJ of metabolic energy, compared with a decrease or increase of this indicator to 14 or 18 MJ, respectively.
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Gater, J., and T. Counsell. "A comparative study of equine compound feeds for leisure and performance horses." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042671.
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A wide variety of equine compound feeds are now available, aimed at simplifying the feeding of horses, by removing the need for detailed nutritional calculations previously necessary with ‘straights’. It is assumed that the majority of feed sales are based on the name of the manufacturer and the branding of the individual product rather than the nutritional content. Research in equine nutrition has accelerated in the last decade and a greater academic understanding of equine nutrition has now been reached (Pagan 1998; Pagan 2001; Lawrence 2001). It appears that an ever-widening gap is being created between academic research and the end consumers, with regard to ration formulation and the nutritional requirements of horses. This gap is mainly being bridged by the compound feed manufacturers who are widely trusted to deliver correctly balanced compound feed. The objective of the present study is to investigate energy levels and sources of energy in compound feeds against peer-reviewed research standard levels (NRC 1989; Lawrence 2001) to ascertain whether feed manufacturers are delivering metabolically efficient and nutritionally balanced sources of energy in compound feeds for horses.
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Barkley, G. R., H. M. Miller, and J. M. Forbes. "The ability of laying hens to regulate phosphorus intake when offered two feeds containing different levels of phosphorus." British Journal of Nutrition 92, no. 2 (August 2004): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041182.
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The ability of laying hens to adjust their intake of available P (AP) was investigated with a maize–soyabean diet fed to forty-eight individually caged birds in a 2×4 factorial experiment. From 19 to 25 weeks of age (phase 1) twenty-four birds were fed a normal-P (NP) diet (2·2 g AP/kg DM) and twenty-four were fed a low-P (LP) diet (1·1 g AP/kg). LP eggs were lighter (51 v. 54 (sem 1·0) g; P>0·05), providing evidence that the LP diet was deficient in AP. From 25 to 28 weeks of age six hens from each phase 1 treatment were fed either the NP or LP diet alone or a choice of the LP and NP feeds or a choice of the LP feed and a phytase-supplemented (PP) feed (LP diet with 400 microbial phytase units/kg). With a choice of the NP and LP feeds, the hens fed the LP diet in phase 1 ate a smaller proportion of the LP feed (34 (sem 12·0)%) than the hens fed the NP diet in phase 1 (72 (sem 12·0)%; P>0·05), showing that P deficiency influenced subsequent selection for AP, i.e. an appetite for P was demonstrated. In those birds offered the LP and PP feeds, the presence of phytase in one of the two feeds significantly alleviated the effect of P deficiency on egg and body weights. The proportion of the LP diet chosen was not significantly affected by phase 1 treatment; it was not necessary for the hens to eat more than 50% of PP feed.
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Mhya, Daniel Hassan, and Abdulrashid Mohammed. "Effect of Consuming Different Varieties of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Seeds on Glycaemia and Lipid Profile of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Rats." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 5-S (October 15, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-s.5011.
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Background: Bambara groundnut seed is reported to possess high fibre and good nutritional content, and is locally used as a daily dietary therapy by diabetic patients in northern Nigeria. The plant seeds are of different varieties and whether the antidiabetic effect may vary with the varieties is largely unknown. This has prompted the current study to investigate effect of consuming different varieties of Bambara groundnut seeds on glycaemia and lipid profile of diabetic and non-diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: Bambara groundnut seed’s varieties were processed into flour and use in formulating feeds which were given to diabetic and non-diabetic rats as follows; group A (ALK01 feed), group B (ALK02 feed), group C (ALK03 feed), group D (ALK04 feed), group E (Basal feed), and group F (Normal animal’s feed) for 28 days during which blood glucose and weights were measured weekly while lipid profile was assayed at the end of the study.
Results: The result of the study showed continuous increase in glycemic levels for diabetic rats fed basal and normal feeds compared to those fed plant seed formulated feeds. While, glycemic levels for non-diabetic rats fed plant seed formulated feeds, normal or basal feeds remain within normal range. The lipid components of diabetic rats fed basal and normal feeds were elevated and are significantly different (P<.05) from those fed plant seed formulated feeds.
Conclusion: The study concluded that consumption of different varieties of Bambara groundnut seed could ameliorate hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia by a variety dependent manner.
Keywords: Bambara groundnut, seed varieties, effect, glycaemia, lipid profile, rats
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Lepage, Olivier, Olof Tottmar, and Svante Winberg. "Elevated dietary intake of L-tryptophan counteracts the stress-induced elevation of plasma cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 23 (December 1, 2002): 3679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.23.3679.
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SUMMARYJuvenile rainbow trout were isolated in individual compartments and allowed to acclimate for 1 week, during which they were fed commercial trout pellets. The feed was then replaced by pelleted feed supplemented with L-tryptophan(TRP) at two, four or eight times the concentration in the commercial feed. Fish were fed these supplemented feeds daily to satiety for 1 week, after which half of the fish were stressed, by lowering the water level for 2 h,while the remaining fish were left undisturbed. In undisturbed fish,supplementary dietary TRP resulted in slightly elevated plasma cortisol levels. In response to the stress, fish that had been fed control feed showed elevated plasma cortisol levels, but fish fed the TRP-supplemented feed displayed a significant reduction in this stress-induced elevation of plasma cortisol levels. Plasma and brain TRP levels were elevated in fish fed TRP-supplemented feed. TRP is the precursor of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin. Brain serotonergic activity was elevated by stress and also tended to be increased by elevated dietary TRP intake. The central serotonergic system is involved in the control of the hypothalamic—pituitary—interrenal axis, the action of serotonin being to stimulate or inhibit this neuroendocrine axis through different projections.
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Ologhobo, A. D., H. I. Adegede, and E. N. Maduagiwu. "Occurrence of Nitrate, Nitrite and Volatile Nitrosamines in Certain Feedstuffs and Animal Products." Nutrition and Health 11, no. 2 (July 1996): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609601100203.
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Nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines were analysed in poultry feeds, meat and eggs. The poultry meat was boiled and roasted while the eggs were raw and boiled, and the effects of these processing treatments on the level of these compounds were investigated. Nitrate levels in the meat samples were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by boiling and roasting, with boiling being more effective. Nitrite levels were also reduced significantly by processing (P < 0.05). The feed samples contained levels of nitrate which were significantly different (P < 0.05) from one producer to another. Nitrite levels were generally low in all feed samples. Nitrosamines were not detected in any of the feed samples and in the meat samples except in two samples of boiled meat which contained 0.001 g/kg each.
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Kurbatska, O. V., and O. L. Orobchenko. "Toxicological evaluation of feeds with different levels of heavy metals using luminescent microorganisms Photobacterium рhosphoreum." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 106 (July 16, 2022): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10624.
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Assessment of the toxicity of pollutants is an integral part of the quality and safety control of the animal feed. Today, when determining the toxicity of a particular substance, alternative methods are increasingly being used, which involve using cell cultures, protozoa, and photobacteria in a toxicological experiment. The bioluminescence effect of bacteria makes it possible to use them as a substitute for laboratory animals or as an additional test to determine the effect of toxicants, which significantly reduces the cost of work due to the simplicity and speed of research, high sensitivity, and reproducibility. This work aimed to conduct a toxicological assessment of feeds with different levels of heavy metals using the luminescent microorganisms Photobacterium phosphoreum. Under the study of heavy metals, corn grits, which did not possess toxic properties, were used as a “matrix.” Heavy metals were used in the form of State standard samples: Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Copper, and Zinc. Before adding heavy metals to the feed, the “matrix” was previously examined for their content (background). Toxicants were added to the “matrix” in different concentrations, taking into account the “background” indicators (5 series each), which were prepared by diluting in distilled water, depending on the maximum residue limits (MRL). As a result of the work, the possibility of using luminescent microorganisms Photobacterium phosphoreum (strain IMV B-7071; Sq3) was established for rapid toxicological evaluation of feeds with different levels of heavy metals based on the decrease in the intensity of the glow. However, if for Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu under the conditions of the study of feed with the content of heavy metals at the MRL (0.4; 0.1; 25.0 and 120.0 mg/kg, respectively), the feed was characterized as “non-toxic,” then for Pb and As according to the MRL (5.0 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively), the feed was characterized as “toxic,” which indicates the need for further studies on the toxicological characteristics of heavy metals in the body of laboratory and productive animals, possibly with a further revision (downward) of the MRL of the relevant pollutants in feed in Ukraine.
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Dalle, N. S., S. Sembiring, and E. J. L. Lazarus. "Effect of Including Fermented Feather Meal as Substitution of Concentrate in the Basal Diet With Different Levels on the Performance of Landrace Crossbred Pigs." Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jspi.id.17.1.44-50.
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The study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding fermented feather mael (FFM) on pigs' performance, intake, and digestibility. There were 16 landrace crossbred pigs 2-3 months old with 6-19 kg (average 13.59 kg; CV= 29.59%) initial body weights used in the study. Trial method using complete block design 4 treatments with 4 replicates procedure was applied in the study. The 4 treatment feeds were formulated as: R0: basal diet with 100% concentrate without TBAT (control); R1: basal diet with 90% concentrate + 10% FFM; R2: basal diet with 80% concentrate + 20% FFM; and R3: basal diet with 70% concentrate + 30% FFM. Variables evaluated were feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion (performance) landrace crossbred pigs. Statistical analysis shows no significant (P>0.05) on feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion. The conclusion were that that including FFM into basal diet gave relative the same results in the feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion.
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Yancey, Misty R., and Elizabeth A. Forys. "Black Skimmers Feed When Light Levels are Low." Waterbirds 33, no. 4 (December 2010): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.033.0417.
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Hutchins, Scott H., and Larry P. Pedigo. "Feed-Value Approach for Establishing Economic-Injury Levels." Journal of Economic Entomology 91, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/91.2.347.
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Falculan, Ken N. "Digestive Morphology of Native Pig Supplemented by Different Levels of Fermented Vigna radiata L." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology 5, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v5i2.113.
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Enhancing feed efficiency in converting feed mass into pig body mass is a critical phase for the profit in producing pig. To improve the metabolic utilization of dietary nutrients, it relies heavily on a healthy gut or gastrointestinal tract, and only a healthy digestive can result in better feed digestion and better nutrient absorption. Thus, the study investigates the growth performance, the response of the digestive morphology of native pigs, which treatment will stretch higher output and variations under different levels of fermented mungbean. The experimental research design was employed to determine the response of the three (3) pigs treated with mungbean for 70 days. The growth performance of pigs treated with different levels of fermented mungbean has a total gain weight of 7.50kg for Treatment 1; Treatment 2 is 9.00kg and, Treatment 3 is 6.50kg and is observed no significant difference on the final weight and the total weight with a p-value of > 0. 050; the response on digestive morphology such as small intestine, large intestine, heart, stomach, liver, lungs, esophagus, spleen, and kidney of pigs shows no variations on their length, width, and weight with a p-value of >0.050 under the different level of fermented mungbean; and resulted with high output treated with different level of fermented mungbean is observed on Treatment 2 with a lowest feed conversion efficiency of 3.89 for feeds and 1.39 for mungbean. Treatment 2 has the highest gain weight among the treated sample; the intestinal morphology of pigs was comparable under the three treatments; treatment 2 has the lowest feed conversion efficiency.
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Borisov, R. R., N. P. Kovatcheva, R. V. Artemov, I. N. Nikonova, M. V. Arnautov, A. V. Artemov, and V. V. Gershunskaya. "Efficiency assessment of the use of compound feeds with protein different levels for juveniles Australian red claw crayfish in RAS conditions." Trudy VNIRO 187 (June 20, 2022): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2022-187-128-137.
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The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of compound feeds with different levels of protein on the growth of juveniles of the Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Used methods: To solve this problem, two experiments were carried out in the aquariums of aquaculture invertebrate department at VNIRO: the first was on juveniles weighing 0.017 ± 0.004 g and 0.87 ± 0.08 mm long; the second one was on juveniles weighing 0.31 ± 0.14 g and 23.7 ± 3.9 mm long. The duration of the experiments was 30 and 40 days, respectively. Feeding of juveniles was carried out with three variants of compound feed recipes with an estimated protein content of 25 %, 35 % and 45 %. The main part of the formulations consisted of components of plant origin. Tetra Wafer Mix food for fish and crustaceans (Germany) with a protein content of 45 % was used as a control. The duration of the experiments was 30 and 40 days, respectively. Feeding of juveniles was carried out with three variants of compound feed recipes with an estimated protein content of 25 %, 35 % and 45 %. The main part of the formulations consisted of components of plant origin. Tetra Wafer Mix food for fish and crustaceans (Germany) with a protein content of 45 % was used as a control. Newness: Development of a feed formulation for rearing juveniles of the Australian red claw crayfish in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Results: These experiments showed that the growth rate of juvenile Australian red claw crayfish is directly dependent on the proportion of protein in the feed. It was established that the relative content of protein in the muscles of crayfish depends on its content in compound feed. An analysis of our own and published data indicates that feeds with protein content below 35 % cannot be recommended for growing of juveniles’ Australian red claw crayfish. Feeds with a protein content of 45 % are optimal for the growth of juveniles. It was established that the effectiveness of compound feeds depends not only on the protein content and energy value, but also on their taste attractiveness. Practical significance: The obtained results will be used in the development of mixed feed for juveniles Australian red claw crayfish.
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Blake, J. P., and J. B. Hess. "Performance of bobwhite quail fed different levels of protein and feed additive supplementation." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22, no. 2 (July 2013): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00685.
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Kondratiuk, V. "The efficiency of growing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different levels of lysine and methionine in feeding." Agroecological journal, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2021.227260.
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The article considers the issue of the effectiveness of the use of complete feed with different levels of lysine and methionine for the cultivation of rainbow trout. Experimental studies on this yearling rainbow trout є (Walbaum, 1792) were conducted in the farm «Shipot» Perechyn district of Transcarpathian region. The aim of the experiment was to establish the effect of different levels of amino acid nutrition of this yearling trout on its performance. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogues. The experiment lasted 55 days and was divided into two periods: equalization (5 days) and basic (50 days). During the equalization period, the experimental fish consumed feed of the control group. In the basic period, the level of lysine and methionine in experimental feeds for different experimental groups of trout ranged from 2.7 to 3.1% and from 0.85 to 1.05%, respectively. Trout were fed 6 times a day during the growing season. The required amount of feed was calculated according to the indicators of individual weight of young and the temperature of the environment at the time of feeding. Trout were grown in ponds at a water level of 1 m. Weighing of experimental young trout was performed once every 5 days. It is proved that the reduction of lysine content to 2.7% and methionine to 0.85% in compound feed for this year trout weighing more than 10 g causes a significant (p<0.05) decrease in fish productivity. In particular, it was found that feeding compound feeds with the above amino acid levels helps to reduce trout weight by 10.4% and reduce growth rate by 9.1–19.9% compared to fish fed lysine and methionine at level 2.9 and 0.95%, respectively. The increase in these indicators in the feed for trout this year is accompanied by some positive trend to increase their productivity, but no significant difference has been established. In the course of research it was determined that the feed consumption per 1 kg of weight gain in this year of trout, which received feed with a content of lysine 3.0% and methionine 1.0% were lower by 10.3%, and with the content of these amino acids at level 2.7 and 0.85%, respectively — 17.1% higher compared to fish that consumed food with a content of lysine 2.9 and methionine 0.95%. The use of complete feed with different levels of lysine and methionine for feeding trout this year did not significantly affect the safety of fish, which was in the range of 82.0–83.1%. For the production of trout products in terms of maximum productivity and economic optimization criteria, for feeding trout weighing more than 10 g, it is recommended to use complete feed with a level of lysine — 3.0% and methionine — 1.0%.
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Ugwuowo, L. C., and N. H. Anyaokei. "Tolerance of African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) to varying levels of table Salt." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.106.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the growth response of African giant land snail Archachatina marginata fed diets containing different levels of sodium chloride. One hundred and twenty snails were subjected to four dietary treatments of T1, T2, T3 and T4 with 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% sodium chloride respectively. The treatments were replicated thrice with 10 snails per replicate. The measured parameters included weight gain, feed intake, shell length, shell circumference and shell thickness. Feed cost, cost of feed per kg weight gain and feed conversion ratio were also calculated. Results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed cost and shell thickness but there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in cost of feed per kg weight gain, shell length and shell circumference in the snails fed the treatment diets. Treatment 2 had the highest average daily weight gain (0.07±0.01), average daily feed intake (0.91±0.08) and feed cost (7.19±0.64) but the lowest feed conversion ratio (13.15±61.76) while treatment 1 had the lowest average daily weight gain (0.04±0.01), average daily feed intake (0.70±0.20) and feed cost (5.54±0.18) but the highest feed conversion ratio (15.86±0.5). This shows that inclusion of sodium chloride above 0.25% in the diet of Archachatina marginata affects both the feed intake and weight gain of the snails.
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Mohamed Ali, Syada Awad. "THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHYTASE ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE, SOME CARCASS PROPERTIES AND ECONOMICS OF BROILER CHICKENS." Agrobiological Records 4 (2021): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2020.025.
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Plant origin feeds contain some important nutrients that are not available to poultry due to their inability to analyze them and benefit from them. An experiment was fulfilled to study the performance of broiler chicken using supplemented diets with four levels of phytase enzyme 0.0 FTU/kg feed (T1), 500 FTU/kg feed (T2), 1000 FTU/kg feed (T3) and 1500 FTU/kg feed (T4). A completely randomized design (CRD) using four treatments, with three replicates each with 12 Ross 308 male chicks, was performed. Results indicated significant (P≤0.05) differences in feed intake (FI), body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The highest feed consumption was recorded with (T1), where (T4) recorded the highest body weight and best FCR followed by (T3, T2 and T1) respectively. There were significant (P≤0.05) differences in carcasses, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the associated parts weights, and some GIT organs lengths. However, other parts including heads, necks, shanks and abdominal fat weights were non-significantly (P>0.05) different. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in individual sensory evaluation attributes (taste, flavor, color and tenderness), but there were significant differences in overall sensory evaluation. There were no significant differences in the mortality rates among treatments. However, there were significant (P≤0.05) differences in the economics appraisal were (T4) recorded the least cost and the highest revenue. It reveals that using the (1500FTU/kg) level of phytase enzyme had performance parameters and economic appraisal. It could be concluded that supplementing broiler chicken diets with (1500FTU/kg) is good for production performance and returns.
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Filipiak, Jarosław. "Effects of different dietary lipid levels in extruded food on the growth of 1+-old carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) cultured in cooling water." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 28, no. 2 (December 31, 1998): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1998.28.2.03.
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Carp of the initial individual weight of 1020 g (+55 g) were fed in cages with four kinds of extruded, isoprotein feeds differing in the lipid content (7.5% in feed A, 11.6% in feed B, 15.3% in feed C, and 19.5% in feed D). The main source of lipids was a poultry fat. After the completion of the 52-day-long experiment the following values of the SGR and FCR indices were achieved (respectively): A-1.59 and 1.58, B-1.47 and 1.42, C-1.59 and 1.30, and D-1.59 and 1.29. The stage results, calculated every 7 days, as well as, the above-mentioned final values f FCR and SGR indicated, that throughout the entire period of study, the most favourable results of rearing were achieved while feeding the carp with the feed containing 15.3% of lipids, regardless of the water temperature, which ranged from 22.0-30.0°C at the time of the experiment.
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Van Kuijk, Sandra J. A., Marleen A. Fleuren, Anke P. J. Balemans, and Yanming Han. "Weaned piglets prefer feed with hydroxychloride trace minerals to feed with sulfate minerals." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz035.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether newly weaned piglets had a preference for diets containing hydroxychloride trace minerals (HTM). To test this, two preference tests were set up. In Exp. 1, the piglets could choose between HTM or inorganic, originating from sulfate trace minerals (STM) in the form of sulfates. Two treatments were applied with high Cu levels (160 ppm Cu added) or low Cu levels (15 ppm Cu added). All diets contained 110 ppm added Zn from the same source as Cu in the respective diet. The pigs could choose between a diet with hydroxychloride Cu and Zn or with Cu and Zn originating from sulfates at the same mineral levels. The piglets were included in the study from weaning until 34 d after weaning. In Exp. 2, the piglets could also choose between HTM and STM. However, automated feeding stations were used to collect individual feed intake data. Similarly two treatments were applied, one with high Cu levels (160 ppm added Cu) and one with slightly lower Cu levels (140 ppm added Cu until 28 d after weaning, thereafter 15 ppm added Cu). All diets contained 110 ppm added Zn from the same source as Cu in the respective diet. The piglets were followed until 35 d after weaning. The current studies showed that when piglets were given a choice, they preferred diets with HTM. This effect resulted only in a significant (P < 0.05) preference for HTM at high dietary Cu levels (160 ppm) ranging from 76% to 81% in the first and second week of Exp. 1 to between 53.4% and 57.8% in the overall experiment period of Exp. 2. This preference was less pronounced at levels of 140 ppm added or less. Individual feed intake and gain measurements did not show any link between the preference and the performance.
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Nishimwe, Kizito, Erin Bowers, Jean de Dieu Ayabagabo, Richard Habimana, Samuel Mutiga, and Dirk Maier. "Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination and Associated Risk Factors in Feed and Feed Ingredients in Rwanda." Toxins 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050270.
Full textAbstract:
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate crops, food, and animal feeds. Aflatoxins and fumonisins are among the mycotoxins that have been increasingly reported to affect health and productivity of livestock globally. Given that the health and productivity of livestock can directly influence human food safety and security, a study was conducted to assess the levels and factors for aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in feed and feed ingredients in Rwanda. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were analyzed in 3328 feed and feed ingredient samples collected at six time points between March and October 2017 in all 30 districts of Rwanda. Of the 612 participants providing samples, there were 10 feed processors, 68 feed vendors, 225 dairy farmers, and 309 poultry farmers. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used for aflatoxin and fumonisin analyses. Mean aflatoxin levels of 108.83 µg/kg (Median (MD): 43.65 µg/kg), 103.81µg/kg (MD: 48.4 µg/kg), 88.64 µg/kg (MD: 30.90 µg/kg), and 94.95 µg/kg (MD: 70.45 µg/kg) were determined for dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed vendors, and feed processors, respectively. Mean fumonisin levels were 1.52 mg/kg (MD: 0.71 mg/kg), 1.21 mg/kg (MD: 0.56 mg/kg), 1.48 mg/kg (MD: 0.76 mg/kg), and 1.03 mg/kg (MD: 0.47 mg/kg) for dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed vendors, and feed processors, respectively. Aflatoxin contamination was significantly affected by time of sampling and district from which feed samples originated (p < 0.05). Fumonisins did not show any correlation trends. Ninety-two percent of survey participants were unaware of aflatoxins and fumonisins and their adverse effects. This study has provided the basic understanding of the extent of feed contamination across the country and has established a baseline for future interventions in Rwanda. Further studies are needed to explore strategies for mitigating mycotoxins in the feed value chain in Rwanda.
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Alqaisi, Othman, and Eva Schlecht. "Feeding Models to Optimize Dairy Feed Rations in View of Feed Availability, Feed Prices and Milk Production Scenarios." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010215.
Full textAbstract:
In the global dairy production sector, feed ingredient price and availability are highly volatile; they may shape the composition of the feed ration and, in consequence, impact feed cost and enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of changes in feed ingredients’ prices and feed ingredients’ availability on dairy ration composition, feed cost and predicted methane yield under different levels of milk production. To meet the research aim, a series of multi-period linear programming models were developed. The models were then used to simulate 14 feed rations formulations, each covering 162 months and three dairy production levels of 10, 25 and 35 kg milk/d, representing a total of 6804 feed rations altogether. Across milk production levels, the inclusion of alfalfa hay into the feed rations declined from 55% to 38% when daily milk production increased from 10 to 35 kg, reflecting the cows’ increased energy requirements. At a daily milk production level of 35 kg, CH4 production (per kg milk) was 21% and 53% lower than in average and low milk producing cows, respectively, whereas at 10 kg of milk production the potential to reduce CH4 production varied between 0.6% and 5.5% (average = 3.9%). At all production levels, a reduction in CH4 output was associated with an increase in feed costs. Overall, and considering feeding scenarios in low milk producing cows, feed cost per kg milk was 30% and 37% higher compared to that of average and high milk production, respectively. The feed ration modeling approach allows us to account for the interaction between feed ingredients over time, taking into consideration volatile global feed prices. Overall, the model provides a decision-making tool to improve the use of feed resources in the dairy sector.
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MacLachlan, D. J., B. J. Blaney, L. G. Cook, E. Klim, R. Scholl, M. Sexton, J. Spragg, and R. Watts. "A review of potential contaminants in Australian livestock feeds and proposed guidance levels for feed." Animal Production Science 53, no. 3 (2013): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12048.
Full textAbstract:
Contaminants of man-made and natural origin need to be managed in livestock feeds to protect the health of livestock and that of human consumers of livestock products. This requires access to information on the transfer from feed to food to inform risk profiles and assessments, and to guide management interventions such as regulation or Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point approaches. This paper reviews contaminants of known and potential concern in the production of livestock feeds in Australia and compares existing but differing state and national regulatory standards with international standards. The contaminants considered include man-made organic chemical contaminants (e.g. legacy pesticides), elemental contaminants (e.g. arsenic, cadmium, lead), phytotoxins (e.g. gossypol) and mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins). Reference is made to scientific literature and evaluations by regulators to propose maximum levels that can be used for guidance by those involved in managing contamination incidents or developing feed safety programs.
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Otchenashko, V. V. "Digestibility of nutrients in quails at different levels of energy in feed." Animal Husbandry of the Steppe of Ukraine 1, no. 2 (November 18, 2022): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2786-6750.1.2.2022.166-170.
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The relevance of the study is due to the limited existing research, mainly on Japanese quails, the lack of data on the dynamics of changes in nutrient use during the productive cycle of meat quails and the impact of energy levels. The aim of the study is to study the dynamics and relationship of feed nutrient digestibility with energy levels of pharaoh laying quails. The experiment was conducted by the method of groups. According to the scheme of the experiment at the age of 45 days, 150 quails were selected, from which, according to the principle of analogous groups, 5 groups were formed – control and 4 experimental, 30 heads (25 females and 5 males) in each. The level of metabolic energy in the feed of the control group was 13.4 MJ / kg, the 2nd group – 10.7 MJ, the 3rd group – 12.1 MJ, the 4th group – 14.7 MJ, the 5th group – 16.1 MJ Quails of all groups received loose complete feed, compiled according to special recipes. During the experiment, three series of physiological experiments were conducted to study the digestibility of nutrients. For this purpose, three laying hens at 116, 200 and 284 days of age were selected from each group according to the principle of analogues. Zootechnical analysis of samples was carried out according to generally accepted methods according to the Weende analysis scheme. It is established that the use of compound feeds with different content of metabolic energy affects the digestibility of nutrients. The highest levels of nutrient utilization were observed when feeding feed with a metabolic energy content of 1.34 MJ. The nature of the changes depends largely on the age of the quails. The absence of a noticeable difference in digestibility during 2-5 months of laying for feeding feeds with an energy content of 1.09 to 1.34 MJ is a prerequisite for the development of special feeding programs aimed at minimizing costs. The presence of insignificant influence of the level of energy nutrition of quails on the digestibility of protein (rs = - 0.34, P> 0.1) was noted. The age of quails is inversely related to protein digestibility (rs = - 0.57; P <0.05).
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Markovic, Radmila, Nebojsa Jovanovic, Dragan Sefer, and Zlatan Sinovec. "Mould and mycotoxin contamination of pig and poultry feed." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 109 (2005): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0519089m.
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During ten-year period (1995-2004), a total of 756 analyses of pig and poultry feed was performed. Standard methods were used for microbiological determination. Qualitative and quantitative analyze of mycotoxins was performed by TLC technique. Feed for young categories contained from 100 to 3,400,000 CFU/g of feed. In 35.71% of all samples the detected amount was above acceptable levels. Feed for adult categories contained from 800 to 8,000,000 CFU/g of feed. In only 7.54% of samples this amount was over the tolerable level. Species determination revealed great heterogeneity, with the most common findings of Penicillium spp. (28.38%), Aspregillus spp. (26.37%) Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) and Rhizopus spp. (9.22%). The amount and type of mycotoxin varied depending on the feed category as well as on year of detection, implicating a strong influence of climatic factors and average humidity of the specified year. In a total of 320 analyzed feeds for pigs and poultry the characteristic finding was a combined contamination with two or three mycotoxins. In 161 samples of feed for young animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 36, 161 and 161 samples respectively, while in 33, 83 and 71 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels. In 159 samples of feed for adult animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 32, 159 and 159 samples, respectively while in 31, 65 and 99 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels.
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Kyriazakis, I., C. C. Emmans, and C. T. Whittemore. "The ability of growing pigs to control their protein intake when fed in different ways." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001655x.
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On a single feed an animal can increase its intake of a nutrient (eg. protein), as its ratio to energy is reduced, only by increasing its rate of energy intake. When given, as a choice, two feeds of a different protein but equal energy contents, it can vary its protein intake independently of Its energy intake by varying the proportion of each feed in its diet.The experiment described here was designed to investigate the effect of feed protein content on the feed intake of young pigs and to test the proposition that young pigs, when given a choice between two feeds of different protein contents, a combination of which is non-limting, will select a diet which meets their protein requirements. In addition an investigation of the rules which govern the diet selection was carried out.Four feeds (L, A, B and H) with similar energy contents (16.5 MJ DE per kg fresh feed) but different levels of crude protein (CP) were formulated and made into pellets. All feeds were intended to be non-limiting in vitamins and minerals.