Relevant bibliographies by topics / Feed levels

Academic literature on the topic 'Feed levels'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Feed levels"

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Lindén, Anna, Ing-Marie Olsson, and Agneta Oskarsson. "Cadmium Levels in Feed Components and Kidneys of Growing/Finishing Pigs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1288.

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Abstract Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in pig feeds (one control feed and one feed with reduced nitrogen content), straw, water, and pig kidney cortex were determined in 2 breeds of growing/finishing pigs (n = 96). The total Cd intake from feed was calculated. Feed mixtures and components, straw and kidney cortex samples, and certified reference samples were microwave-digested and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace technique. Total Cd concentration in the control feed was 37.1 μg/kg wet weight (w.wt). The highest Cd levels were found in nonlocally produced feed components: vitamin-mineral mixture, lime, dicalcium phosphate, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. These components contributed 70% of the Cd content in the feed. The main component, barley, which was locally produced, contributed 30% of the total Cd content in feed. The feed with reduced nitrogen content contained less soybean and rapeseed meal and a lower Cd level than the control feed. The Cd levels in kidney cortex varied from 38.0 to 105 μg/kg w.wt, with a mean level of 70.9 μg/kg. The levels differed between breeds and feeds, but not between gender. There was a significant correlation between Cd level in kidney cortex and age at slaughter, with an increase of 2.8 μg/kg w.wt in the kidney for each additional week of survival. The contribution of Cd from nonlocally produced feed components could have environmental effects through application of farmyard manure to local soils.
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Lira, Rosa Cavalcante, Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello, Paulo Vanderlei Ferreira, Geraldo Roberto Quintão Lana, Jorge Vitor Lüdke, and Wilson Moreira Dutra Junior. "Inclusion of guava wastes in feed for broiler chickens." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, no. 12 (December 2009): 2401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009001200016.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including guava wastes in the feed on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. An experiment was carried out with 300 male Cobb strain chicks, in a randomized complete design with five levels of waste and five replications. A reference diet based on corn and soybean meal and four feeds with 3, 6, 9 or 12% guava waste were evaluated. The feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were assessed weekly; the weight at slaughter and the weight and yield of eviscerated carcass, carcass without feet and head, breast, drumstick, thigh, wing, back, edible viscera and abdominal fat were assessed. The inclusion of guava waste in the feed promotes performance and carcass yield similar to that obtained with the feed based on corn and soybean meal, therefore this agro-industrial by-product can be used at levels of up to 12% in feeds for broiler chickens.
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Kondratiuk, V. M. "PRODUCTIVITY OF RAINBOW TROUT DEPENDING ON PROTEIN LEVELS IN PRODUCTIVE FEED." Animal Science and Food Technology 11, no. 4 (December 2020): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.04.045.

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The article considers the efficiency of using complete feeds with different levels of protein in rearing commercial rainbow trout. The purpose of the experiment was to establish the effect of different protein levels in nutrition of two-year old trout on its productivity. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogues. During the equalizing period, the experimental fish consumed feed of the control group. In the main period, the protein level in trout feed ranged from 44 to 52 % per 1 kg. As a result of the studies it was established that the increase of protein content in compound feed from 48 to 52 % leads to an increase in the weight of commercial fish by 13.0 % (p < 0.001), an increase in its growth intensity – by 7.4-16.7 %, while the reduction of protein in feed to 44 % leads to a reliable (p < 0.05) reduction in trout weight by 9.4 %, and a decrease in its growth intensity - by 6.5-12.1 %. It is proved that different levels of experimental trout’s protein nutrition have a highly reliable (p < 0.001) effect on the growth of marketable fish - the share of this factor’s influence is 89.8 %. Analysis of the feed costs, proves that using combined feed with 52 % protein for feeding two-year old trout, leads to a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of weight gain by 5.1 %, whereas reducing this index to 44% causes increase of feed costs by 6.4 % per a unit of product, compared to feeding fish with production feed having the protein content of 48 %. At this, the preservation of experimental fish was high enough and made 94.3 to 96.2 %. In rearing trouts according to the criteria of maximum productivity, it is recommended to feed commercial trout with production combined feeds with the protein level of 52 %, whereas, in production according to the economic optimization criteria, this index should make 48 %.
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Santana, E. O. C., A. L. Silva, H. A. Santana Júnior, A. H. C. Ferreira, A. P. Oliveira, and T. B. Freitas. "Lambs Production Fed Without Roughage in Different Feed Supply Levels." Revista Científica de Produção Animal 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15528/2176-4158/rcpa.v17n2p122-128.

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Ketta, Mohamed, Eva Tumova, and Darina Chodova. "Response of three laying hen genotypes to two feed calcium levels." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 12 (December 22, 2019): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/228/2019-cjas.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two dietary Ca levels (3.00% vs 3.50%) in three hen genotypes (ISA Brown, Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL) on their laying performance and quality of their eggs. In order to evaluate the response to dietary Ca, an experiment was conducted with 300 laying hens. One hundred birds from each genotype were divided into 10 replicates (10 birds/cage/Ca level). To reveal the differences, the following characteristics were measured: hen-day egg production percentage, daily feed intake, egg weight, albumen and yolk weights, Haugh unit, eggshell colour, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, egg shape index and eggshell index. A higher Ca level significantly increased the hen-day egg production percentage of Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL, while ISA Brown laying hens had the higher egg production percentage at a lower dietary Ca level (85.97% vs 82.41%). No significant effect of dietary Ca level was observed on any internal egg quality measurements except the Haugh unit. However, the dietary Ca level significantly affected some of external egg quality measurements, namely eggshell colour (P &lt; 0.001), eggshell weight (P = 0.003) and eggshell strength (P = 0.012). The results of the present study show that laying performance and egg quality parameters responded differently according to hen genotype and dietary Ca level. Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL laying hens required higher levels of Ca to keep egg production high, while the eggshell quality measurements were better at the lower dietary Ca level. Thus, it is recommended to adjust the Ca levels in feed to the nutritional requirements of laying hens.
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Shin, Jeoung-Hwa, and Yun-Gyong Ahn. "Levels of PBDEs in Pig Feed." Korean Journal of Community Living Science 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2012.23.3.255.

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Mwihia, Evalyn Wanjiru, Jan Ludvig Lyche, Paul Gichohi Mbuthia, Lada Ivanova, Silvio Uhlig, James K. Gathumbi, Joyce G. Maina, Eric Emali Eshitera, and Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen. "Co-Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds in Kenya." Toxins 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100627.

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This study determined the presence, levels and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in fish feeds in Kenya. Seventy-eight fish feeds and ingredients were sampled from fish farms and fish feed manufacturing plants and analysed for 40 mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine (73%) mycotoxins were identified with 76 (97%) samples testing positive for mycotoxins presence. Mycotoxins with the highest prevalences were enniatin B (91%), deoxynivalenol (76%) and fumonisin B1 (54%) while those with the highest maximum levels were sterigmatocystin (<30.5–3517.1 µg/kg); moniliformin (<218.9–2583.4 µg/kg) and ergotamine (<29.3–1895.6 µg/kg). Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in 68 (87%) samples. Correlations were observed between the fumonisins; enniatins B and zearalenone and its metabolites. Fish dietary exposure estimates ranged between <0.16 and 43.38 µg/kg body weight per day. This study shows evidence of mycotoxin presence and co-occurrence in fish feeds and feed ingredients in Kenya. Fish exposure to these levels of mycotoxins over a long period of time may lead to adverse health effects due to their possible additive, synergistic or antagonist toxic effects. Measures to reduce fish feed mycotoxin contamination should be taken to avoid mycotoxicosis in fish and subsequently in humans and animals through residues.
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Makkar, Harinder P. S., and Philippe Ankers. "A need for generating sound quantitative data at national levels for feed-efficient animal production." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14377.

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Increasing demand for livestock products will impose a huge demand on feed resources. Biophysical factors such as scarcity of land, soil and water, food–fuel–feed competition, ongoing global climate change and increasing competition for arable land and non-renewable resources such as fossil sources and minerals are challenging the sustainability of feed production systems. Efficient use of available feed resources is key to efficient animal production and food security. It is impossible to effectively manage a resource if its availability is not known. While Feed inventories or Feed assessments provide critical information on feed productive capacities and feed availability at a regional/country level, the sufficiency of the feed supply can only be gauged relative to demands for feeds. Essentially, this comparison between livestock requirements and feed supplies constitutes the Feed balance. In many countries Feed Balances are not usually available or accurate despite their strategic role for livestock development opportunities, for providing input data into country level food input-output analyses and for emergency prevention. Estimation of Feed Balance at a national level requires information on the amounts of feed resources available and their energy content, livestock population and herd structure. Likewise, reliable and harmonised herd structure data are also lacking. Information on what proportions of cereals being produced in a country that are diverted to feed production is critical for assessing food security situations in countries. In most situations these data are not available for most developing countries. Equally important is the information on the feeding systems i.e. how different feed resources are being fed to livestock. Assessment of environmental impacts of livestock and development of optimal feeding strategies rely on information about feeding systems and data on feed balance. Feed-use efficiency and decrease in release of environmental pollutants from livestock production systems hinges on feeding of balanced rations; and for their preparation, availability of reliable data on chemical composition and nutritional value of feed resources is a must. Also for reducing wastages, ensuring food safety through enhancing feed safety and promoting international trade, data on the presence of microbial contaminants including mycotoxins, heavy metals, antibiotic and pesticide residues must also be strengthened. Development of a National Feed Resource Information Systems linked to a Global Feed Resource Information Systems should be considered. Feed Inventories, Feed Balance, Feeding Systems, and Feed Quality including Feed Contaminants should be considered as integral components of an overall strategy or options that integrate technical (genetics, health and nutrition), policy and institutional interventions for using resources more efficiently to produce more food and feed. Both policy makers and animal feed and crop scientists have a role to play in making this possible.
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Fijalovych, L. M., Ya I. Kyryliv, B. S. Barylo, G. А. Paskevych, O. I. Petryshak, and U. V. Deneha. "Effectiveness of different protein sources and lysine levels in diets for broiler chickens." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 97 (November 5, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9717.

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The article highlights current data on the biological role of the most crucial feed nutrients - protein and lysine in the feeding of broiler chickens and their particular importance in the vital activity of the bird's body. A description of the value and quality of the main types of compound feed for poultry, recipes of compound feed with different protein and lysine content for specific age groups of broiler chickens, and practical advice on the peculiarities of feeding and rearing of poultry are given. Current brief information on amino acid feed additives and general features of more rational and practical use of various protein feed of both vegetable and animal origin in poultry feeding of meat crosses – grains of cereal crops, processed products of oil crops – soy, sunflower, and many other components are provided. Theoretically and experimentally, the expediency of using different essential feed protein sources, differing in amino acid composition and bioavailability, in poultry feeding rations has been substantiated. In particular, the main principles of adequate feeding of broilers with compound feed with an increased level of crude protein of vegetable origin and a lower level of animal protein are described. Brief information on the effectiveness of safe levels of lysine of synthetic origin in the diet based on a variety of local feeds when growing broiler chickens in the conditions of a poultry farm in the western region are presented. It was established that compound feed with a significantly increased protein content of various origins – 24 %, 22 % and 20 % – positively affects broiler chickens' productivity. The highest level of productivity was noted for the lysine content in broilers' compound feed in the first growing period – 1,22 %, in the second – 1,14 % and in the third – 1,09 %. The high quality, nutritional value, and beneficial effects of amino acid premixes are directly influenced by the available feed raw materials, mainly of vegetable origin, used for the production of compound feed in the conditions of a broiler poultry farm, the uniformity of mixing with the appropriate quality feed and the optimal dosage of amino acids in each portion of the feed mixture.
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Milligan, T., and H. K. Schuman. "Average sidelobe levels in corporate-feed arrays." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 37, no. 6 (1995): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.482074.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feed levels"

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Pugh, Jamie A. "Prediction of optimal rumen degradable protein levels in no-roughage, corn-based feedlot diets." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6277.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 16, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Leung, Stanley. "The effect of clinoptilolite properties and supplementation levels on swine performance /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82276.

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Clinoptilolite is a zeolite and an aluminosilicate that can be fed to swine in order to reduce nutrients being excreted because of their molecular sieving properties, high cation exchange capacities, and a high affinity for the ammonium ion (NH4+). Preliminary research has been carried out on utilizing zeolite's unique characteristics for dietary supplementation for livestock, however much of this research is limited and is still in its infancy.
The results from this study show that the zeolite with a particle size distribution either >250 mum or mixed (50% particles greater and smaller than 250 mum) adsorbed the most NH4+. Macro mineral and heavy metal release was similar among all particle size distributions tested, but varied between sources of zeolite. Handling properties of zeolite were not affected by moisture content or particle size. The feed trial indicated that zeolite supplementation, combined with a low crude protein and energy diet and at an inclusion level of 4%, showed potential as a feed additive in swine diets for the purposes of nutrient reduction. Nevertheless, zeolite seemed to have a greater impact on energy ingestion, as compared to crude protein. Even at 6% zeolite inclusion in the feed, hog muscle, kidney and liver tissues showed no significant increase in heavy metal contents, as compared to those fed any zeolite.
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Mullins, Chad Ryan. "Feeding high levels of wet corn gluten feed to dairy cattle." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1640.

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URIAS, ALEJANDRO RUBEN. "EFFECT OF DIETARY CONCENTRATE LEVELS ON IN SITU DRY MATTER DISAPPEARANCE, NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER DISAPPEARANCE AND DIGESTION KINETICS OF ALFALFA HAY, WHEAT STRAW AND STEAM PROCESSED AND FLAKED MILO GRAIN." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183830.

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A replicated 3 x 3 latin square design (3 periods and 6 rumen fistulated steers) was utilized to investigate the effect of dietary concentrate levels (30, 60 and 90%) on the in situ disappearance of dry matter (ISDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and kinetics of fiber digestion of alfalfa hay, wheat straw and steam processed and flaked milo (SPFM). Concentrate levels of 30 and 60% did not affect (P > .05) ISDMD or NDF disappearance from any of the substrates. However, ISDMD and NDF disappearance of all substrates were depressed (P < .05) by the 90% concentrate diet. The degradation of the potentially digestible fiber in these substrates followed first order kinetics at all concentrate levels. Fiber digestion kinetics were not affected (P > .05) by dietary concentrate levels of 30 or 60%. Incubation of substrates in animals receiving the 90% concentrate diet resulted in lower potential extent of digestion (P > .05) and decreased rate of degradation (P > .05) for all substrates. However, digestion was not complete even after incubations of 168-h, and thus, it is possible that the potential extent of digestion was underestimated. For all substrates lag time of digestion appeared to increase in the 90% concentrate diet. However, influx of NDF-like material into the bag during incubation makes the validity of the lag times obtained in situ questionable. Ruminal pH was depressed in animals consuming the 90% concentrate diet and could be at least one of the factors responsible for the decreased (P > .05) fiber digestibility in this diet. Mean ruminal pH of 6.5 (30 and 60% concentrate diets) did not depress (P > .05) fiber digestibility while a mean pH of 6.2 resulted in a lower (P > .05) fiber digestibility in the rumen.
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Harmon, Deidre Danielle. "Phosphorus excretion in beef steers as impacted by increasing levels of corn gluten feed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50510.

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Overfeeding of phosphorus (P) is a contributing factor to P levels in surface waters. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of increasing levels of corn gluten feed (CGF) as a supplemental source of P on fecal P excretions. Eight Hereford steers (427±79 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 4 x 4 replicated Latin square design. Steers were fed chopped grass hay ad libitum (0.13% P) and 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 kg/d of dried CGF pellets. All steers were supplemented with 0.91 kg/d beet pulp, 0.34 kg/d rumen-inert fat supplement and 18.14 g/d trace mineral salt. Urea was added to the respective diets at levels of 95.25, 72.57, 49.90, and 31.75 g/d to ensure equal dietary protein across treatments. Steers were housed individually and fitted with total fecal collection bags. Steers were adjusted to each diet for 9-d followed by a 5-d collection period. Following the final collection of each period, a 10 ml jugular blood sample was collected and analyzed to determine serum inorganic P. Dietary total P increased (P < 0.05) as CGF level increased: 8.72, 12.59, 16.75 and 20.88 g/d. Dry matter digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary P increased: 50.35, 53.66, 54.25 and 55.42%. Total P excretion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CGF level: 9.66, 11.71, 14.29, 16.96 g/day. Inorganic P excretion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CGF level: 4.11, 5.93, 8.36 and 9.92 g/day. Total P excretion was highly related (P < 0.05; r2 = 0.79) to inorganic P excretion. Serum inorganic P increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary P content: 5.61, 5.87, 6.64 and 6.80 mg/dL. Fecal P increased as CGF level increased in steers fed varying dietary levels of P from plant sources. Management of P intake can be a strategic practice to reduce P fecal excretions in beef cattle.
Master of Science
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Forster, Lance Allen. "Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43855.

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Two experiments were conducted with sheep to determine the nutritional value of 'Lathco' flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris) hay. In experiment 1, a finishing trial was conducted with 50 group fed crossbred lambs (25 ewes and 25 wethers) fed diets consisting of 70% chopped forage and 30% ground corn grain for 70 d. Five pens of five wethers and five pens of five ewes were selffed diets in which the forage consisted of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 proportions of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and flatpea hay. Feed efficiencies decreased linearly (P<.05) as flatpea increased in the diet. Linear decreases (P<.05) were obtained in kidney and pelvic fat, backfat, leg conformation, and yield grade with increased flatpea in the diet. Blood urea-N (BUN), ruminal pH and NH3-N increased (P<.005) as proportion of flatpea increased. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetate concentration decreased linearly (P<.005) and propionate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.01) with increased proportions of flatpea hay. In experiment 2, 30 wether lambs were fed diets consisting of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 proportions of chopped alfalfa and flatpea hays in a digestion trial. Neutral detergent fiber (NOE), acid detergent fiber (ADE), cellulose, hemicellulose and energy digestibilities decreased linearly (P<.Ol) with increased levels of flatpea hay. Nitrogen retention was not different between sheep fed the different diets. Apparent absorbtion and retention of Ca decreased linearly (P<.05) with increased level of flatpea hay Ruminal pH and NHa-N, and BUN increased linearly (P<.OOl) as flatpea was increased in the diet. Ruminal total VEA, acetate and acetate to propionate ratio decreased linearly (P<.001) and propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.001) as level of flatpea increased.


Master of Science
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Alvarado, Mario D. "Fishmeal substituted for soybean meal fed at two TDN levels for lactating dairy cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45742.

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Thirty multiparous Holstein and twelve multiparous Jersey cows were used to determine the effect of diets (3x2 factorial) containing 0,1,2 kg of fish meal (FM) and energy levels of 70 and 75% TDN on milk production and composition. Basal diets contained 83% corn silage and 10.3% concentrate for the 70% TDN ration and 60% corn silage, 10.3% concentrate and 24.5% high moisture corn for the 75% rations. High moisture corn in the higher TDN diets decreased both acid and neutral detergent fiber, and increased dry matter content. Nitrogen degradability was lower in the higher TDN rations and decreased with increasing fishmeal levels. Dry matter degradability tended to be similar for all diets. Milk and FCM production was similar for all diets. Milk fat percentage was similar for TDN levels but decreased as fishmeal level increased. Milk protein percentage increased with 75% TDN but was not affected by fishmeal. Kilograms of milk protein produced followed a trend similar to milk protein percentage. Dry matter intake was higher with higher TDN diets, but tended to be lower during the first 4 weeks of the study with increasing levels of fishmeal. Bodyweight fluctuated during the experiment and followed a pattern similar to dry matter intake. Blood plasma urea concentration was similar for all diets.
Master of Science
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Saavedra, Aracelli Pinelli. "Vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation of sows in a hot environment : effects on reproductive performance, piglet tissue levels and aspects of immune status." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369542.

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Summer and winter experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C of sows in hot environments on reproductive performance, placenta transfer, piglet tissue vitamin E content and some indicators of immune status of sows and their litters. In summer, sows were given the following treatment diets: control, vitamin C 1g/day, vitamin C 10g/day, vitamin E 200 mg/kg feed, vitamin E 400 mg/kg fed, and combined vitamins (vitamin E 200 mg/kg feed + vitamin C 1 g/day). In winter, sows were given the following treatment diets: control, vitamin C 10g/day, vitamin E 500 mg/kg feed, combined vitamins (vitamin E 500 mg/kg/feed + vitamin C 10g/day). Data show that vitamin E had an effect on growth, but not on reproductive performance. Placental vitamin E concentrations were low but increased with dietary vitamin E supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation resulted in an increase in vitamin E content of sow plasma, piglet serum, colostrum and milk and piglet tissues. Supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C had no consistent effect on parvovirus titer in sows. The relationship between sow plasma vitamin C and vitamin E concentrations and lymphocyte proliferation was not clear. Total Igs and IgG concentrations in piglet serum at weaning were significantly increased by the combined vitamin treatments. However, vitamins supplementation did not appear to have any effect in IgG colostrum. IgA concentration in milk was increased by the high level of vitamin E supplemented in the summer but not in the winter experiment.
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Du, Plessis J. J. P. (Johannes Jacobus Pieter). "The effect of different dietary levels of energy and protein on the production and body composition of broiler breeders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51966.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A flock of 500 Hybro broiler breeders were employed to study the effect of different levels of protein and energy on production and body composition. The daily lysine intake of the birds were 900, 1050, 1200 and 1350 mg respectively, each fed in diets with a daily energy intake of 1800 and 2000 kJ ME to provide a 4 x 2 factorial design. Lysine was used as the reference amino acid in the experiment and all other amino acids were kept in a constant ratio in every experimental diet. The total production was divided into 3 periods of 13 weeks each (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 and week 49 - 61) to determine the effect of the treatments over time. Production was evaluated by hen day production; egg weight (g/egg); egg mass (g/day); fertility; hatchability; chicks/hen/week; feed conversion and day old chick weight. Hen day production was significantly (P < 0,05) lower at the high energy intake for period week 49 to 61. Energy and protein levels significantly increased egg weight. Effect of protein was consistent during all three periods of production. Egg mass output had a significant (P < 0,05) response to increasing levels of protein for the total period of production. The birds on the high energy diet produced a significant higher egg mass per hen during the first period of production (week 23 - 35). Hatchability was reduced (P < 0,05) by the higher energy intake for the total period of production and this effect was very significant (P < 0,01) during the final period of production. Similar to hen day production, the higher energy had a significant (P < 0,05) negative effect on the amount of chicks produced. The well-known correlation between egg weight and chick weight was confirmed with the regression equation: Chick weight = 10,5 + 1,22 x Egg weight. Both energy and protein had a significant (P < 0,01) positive effect on chick weight. The feed conversion was lower at increasing levels of amino acid intake (P < 0,01). Higher energy intake significantly (P < 0,05) increased hen weight and protein had a very significant effect during the first period of production (P < 0,01). The isotope dilution technique (tritiated water) was used to estimate the body composition of the breeders. This was done at 5 different periods (week 27, 35, 43, 52 and 61) of the production period to establish changes in requirements over time. Significant correlation were found between carcass moisture and waterspace (R2 = 0,76); fat % and carcass moisture (R2 = 0,78); protein % and waterspace (R2 = 0,35) and fat % and waterspace (R2 = 0,46). The regression equations obtained from these correlation were employed to determine excess energy and lysine consumed at different ages. Energy requirements were calculated according to the effective energy (EE) system and the conventional ME system. According to effective energy the lower energy intake was not sufficient and the maximum requirement was calculated to be 1942 kj EE/day. The metabolizable energy calculations indicated sufficient intakes at every treatment with the maximum requirement 1746 kj ME/day. The lysine requirement was found to be in excess of 1050 mg lysine per day. The recommendation for daily lysine intake is 1200 mg/day and the energy intake of breeders should be 1900 to 2000 kj ME/day from week 23 to 35 and can be reduced to 1800 kj ME/day in the final period of production.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om die effek van verskillende vlakke energie en proteïen op produksie en liggaamsamestelling te ondersoek is 'n trop van 500 Hybro braaikuiken teelouers gebruik. Die daaglikse lisien inname van die henne was onderskeidelik 900, 1050, 1200 en 1350 mg, wat elk by 'n daaglikse energie inname van 1800 en 2000 kJ ME verskaf is, in 'n 4 x 2 faktoriale ontwerp. Alle aminosure is in 'n konstante verhouding met die verwysings aminosuur lisien in die rantsoen ingesluit. Om te evalueer of daar veranderinge oor 'n tydperk plaasvind weens die verskillende behandelings is die produksie periode in drie periodes van 13 weke elk verdeel (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 en week 49 - 61). Die produksie standaarde wat gemeet is, is hen dag produksie, eiergewig (g/eier), eiermassa (g/dag), vrugbaarheid, uitbroeibaarheid, kuikens/hen/week, voeromset en dagoud kuikenmassa. Hen dag produksie was betekenisvol (P < 0,05) laer by die hoër energie innames in die laaste periode van 49 tot 61 weke. Energie en proteïen het eiergewig betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Die effek van hoër vlakke proteïen was konstant in alle produksie periodes. Die daaglikse eiermassa (g/dag) het ook saam met stygende vlakke proteïen verhoog en hierdie effek was vir die totale periode van produksie. Energie het die eiermassa in die eerste periode van produksie (week 23 - 35) verhoog. Uitbroeibaarheid is verlaag (P < 0,05) vir die totale periode van produksie deur die hoër energie inname en die effek was selfs groter (P < 0,01) in die finale periode van produksie. In ooreenstemming met die hen dag produksie is die aantal kuikens geproduseer negatief beïnvloed deur die hoër energie inname (P < 0,05). Die korrelasie wat bestaan tussen eiermassa en kuikenmassa is bevestig deur die regressie: Kuikenmassa = 10,5 + 1,22 x Eiermassa. Energie en proteïen het kuikenmassa betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Voeromset was laer by stygende vlakke van proteïen inname (P < 0,01). Die hoër energie inname het henmassa ook betekenisvol (P < 0,05) verhoog en proteïen het dieselfde effek slegs in die eerste periode van produksie gehad (P < 0,01). Die liggaamsamestelling van teelhenne is bepaal met behulp van die isotoop verdunnings tegniek (tritium water). Dit is bepaal op 5 verskillende stadiums in die produksie periode (week 27, 35, 43, 52 en 61) om die moontlike verandering in behoeftes oor tyd vas te stel. Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen karkasvog en die waterspasie (RZ= 0,76); vet % en karkasvog (R2 = 0,78); proteïen % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,35) en vet % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,46). Die regressie vergelykings van hierdie korrelasies is gebruik om die hoevelheid surplus energie en lisien ingeneem te bepaal. Die" effective energy" sisteem en die konvensionele ME sisteem is gebruik in die bepaling van energie behoeftes. Volgens die " effective energy" was die energie inname nie voldoende by die laer energie innames nie en die maksimum behoefte is bereken as 1942 kJ EE/dag. Die maksimum energie behoefte volgens metaboliseerbare energie is bereken as 1746 kj ME/dag. Die lisien behoefte moet hoër as 1050 mg/dag wees. Die aanbeveling van die daaglikse lisien inname is 1200 mg/dag en die energie inname moet 1900 tot 2000 kj/dag wees tot 35 weke produksie en kan daarna verlaag word na 1800 kJ ME/dag.
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Van, der Westhuizen Liana. "The effects of fumonisins on sphinganine and sphingosine levels in hepataocyte cultures, experimental animals and humans." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51973.

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Books on the topic "Feed levels"

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues., eds. Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002.

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Welch, W. Pete. Physician fee levels: Medicare versus Canada. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1992.

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Langley, James A. State-level feed grain statistics, 1949-86. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1987.

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Frontzek, Anett. A thousand feet above sea-level. Amsterdam: [Frontzek], 1999.

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Frontzek, Anett. A thousand feet above sea-level. Amsterdam: Anett Frontzek, 2000.

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Bound feet & Western dress. New York: Doubleday, 1996.

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Bound feet & Western dress. New York: Anchor Books, 1997.

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Martin, J. An evaluation of concentrate type and levels of concentrate feeding in beef production. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1995.

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Babcock, Bruce A. The regional distribution of farm-level impacts from acreage set-asides. Ames, Iowa: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, 2000.

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Grubb, Jeff, and Owen K. C. Stephens. Tempest Feud: An Adventure for 9th-Level Heroes. Renton, Washington, United States of America: Wizards of the Coast, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Feed levels"

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Dryden, Gordon McL. "Feed nutritive value." In Fundamentals of applied animal nutrition, 43–59. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394453.0005.

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Abstract This chapter focused on the chemical composition of feeds, the availability of the nutrients in a feedstuff, characteristic levels of intake, palatability, the effects of the feed on animal health, and the effects of the feed on the quality of animal products.
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Donnan, David. "Innovation and the Quest to Feed the World." In The Innovation Revolution in Agriculture, 179–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50991-0_7.

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Abstract While global levels of hunger and malnutrition have dropped significantly in the last few decades, there are concerns that agricultural advancements and R&D spending are not enough to unlock the true agricultural innovation needed to feed the burgeoning 10 billion people. Government spending on agricultural R&D has decreased in the last decade and many of the large-scale NGO activities are now focusing on environmental and sustainability issues. With the evolution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, coupled with the growth of agricultural startups and venture funds, the role of agriculture and hunger relief has dramatically changed in the last several decades. A new focus on sustainable growth, capabilities development, and innovative approaches for smallholder farmers has created an environment of continuous innovation that has replaced many of the donation-based hunger relief initiatives of the past. Large corporations are working with local NGOs and support groups to tackle global hunger on a local basis. In the next decade, we should see more socially minded entrepreneurs that will work with NGOs and private businesses to solve the issues of smallholder farming and provide the opportunity to introduce both digital and agricultural innovations at the local level to further the quest to feed the world.
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Fayez, EL-Yassin, Haj Omar Nedal, and Abboud Mousa. "Nutritive Value and Feed Efficiency of Broiler Diets Containing Different Levels of Triticale." In Triticale: Today and Tomorrow, 819–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0329-6_109.

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Eck, Mathilde, Oliver Körner, and M. Haïssam Jijakli. "Nutrient Cycling in Aquaponics Systems." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 231–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_9.

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AbstractIn aquaponics, nutrients originate mainly from the fish feed and water inputs in the system. A substantial part of the feed is ingested by the fish and either used for growth and metabolism or excreted as soluble and solid faeces, while the rest of any uneaten feed decays in the tanks. While the soluble excretions are readily available for the plants, the solid faeces need to be mineralised by microorganisms in order for its nutrient content to be available for plant uptake. It is thus more challenging to control the available nutrient concentrations in aquaponics than in hydroponics. Furthermore, many factors, amongst others pH, temperature and light intensity, influence the nutrient availability and plant uptake. Until today, most studies have focused on the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. However, to ensure good crop yields, it is necessary to provide the plants with sufficient levels of all key nutrients. It is therefore essential to better understand and control nutrient cycles in aquaponics.
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Jankulovska, Mirjana, Sonja Ivanovska, Ljupcho Jankuloski, Mile Markoski, Biljana Kuzmanovska, and Dane Boshev. "Evaluation of advanced wheat mutant lines for food and feed quality." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 209–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0021.

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Abstract The main goals of this study were to evaluate the agronomic performance of wheat mutant lines; to detect the effect of genotype, location and different fertilizer levels on analysed traits; to assess seed and feed quality; and to select best performing mutant lines for dual-purpose growing. Ten wheat mutant lines were sown on two locations in Macedonia, for evaluation of their agronomic performance. At both locations, grain yield, straw mass, harvest index, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen and protein content in seed and straw, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in the straw were determined. In order to classify the genotypes based on all analysed traits, two-way cluster analysis was applied. According to their overall performance, at both locations and with the three different fertilization treatments, the mutant lines were classified in two main groups. The first cluster consisted of mutants 5/1-8, 2/2-21, 4/2-56 and 2/1-51, characterized by very high values for seed yield, straw yield and harvest index, and high to moderate values for all other traits. Only 4/2-56 had very low values for N and protein content in the seed. One mutant line, 6/2-2, did not belong to any of the groups and differed from all other genotypes based on its very low seed and straw yield and very high values for nitrogen and protein content in the straw and neutral detergent fibre. All other mutants belonged to the second group, with low to moderate yield and moderate to high values for the other traits. Mutant lines with the highest seed and straw yield, as well as the best quality of seed and straw under different management systems, were identified and after additional evaluation will be submitted for official variety registration.
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Kuhn, G., and W. Hardegg. "Changes in Energy Intake, Body Weight Gains, Average Feed Efficiency and Some Plasma Hormone Levels in Dogs from Different Environments." In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 317–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_49.

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Mo, F., Y. X. Wang, Z. Xing, Y. F. Yang, and X. B. Chen. "The Effect of Diffe Rent Levels of Feed Intake on the Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives in Chinese Yellow Cattle." In Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply in Ruminants Using Urinary Purine Derivatives, 103–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2844-1_12.

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Soejono, M., L. M. Yusiati, S. P. S. Budhi, B. P. Widyobroto, and Z. Bachrudin. "Purine Derivative Excretion and Recovery of 14C-Uric Acid in Urine of Ongole Cattle Given Different Levels of Feed Intake." In Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply in Ruminants Using Urinary Purine Derivatives, 56–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2844-1_6.

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Herrero, Mario, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Philip K. Thornton, Jessica Fanzo, Jonathan Rushton, Cecile Godde, Alexandra Bellows, et al. "Livestock and Sustainable Food Systems: Status, Trends, and Priority Actions." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 375–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_20.

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AbstractLivestock are a critically important component of the food system, although the sector needs a profound transformation to ensure that it contributes to a rapid transition towards sustainable food systems. This chapter reviews and synthesises the evidence available on changes in demand for livestock products in the last few decades, and the multiple socio-economic roles that livestock have around the world. We also describe the nutrition, health, and environmental impacts for which the sector is responsible. We propose eight critical actions for transitioning towards a more sustainable operating space for livestock. (1) Facilitate shifts in the consumption of animal source foods (ASF), recognising that global reductions will be required, especially in communities with high consumption levels, while promoting increased levels in vulnerable groups, including the undernourished, pregnant women and the elderly. (2) Continue work towards the sustainable intensification of livestock systems, paying particular attention to animal welfare, food-feed competition, blue water use, disease transmission and perverse economic incentives. (3) Embrace the potential of circularity in livestock systems as a way of partially decoupling livestock from land. (4) Adopt practices that lead to the direct or indirect mitigation of greenhouse gases. (5) Adopt some of the vast array of novel technologies at scale and design incentive mechanisms for their rapid deployment. (6) Diversify the protein sources available for human consumption and feed, focusing on the high-quality alternative protein sources that have lower environmental impacts. (7) Tackle antimicrobial resistance effectively through a combination of technology and new regulations, particularly for the fast-growing poultry and pork sectors and for feedlot operations. (8) Implement true cost of food and true-pricing approaches to ASF consumption.
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Corbett, Wayne T., Cecil F. Brownie, Gary D. Dial, Kathy Loesch, and Winston M. Hagler. "An Epidemiological Study of the Association Between Delayed Estrus in Swine and Low Levels of Aflatoxin B1, in Naturally Contaminated Feed." In Biodeterioration Research, 145–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9453-3_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Feed levels"

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Mounika, Simhadri Naga, Prem Kumar Kanumuri, Kathari Narasimha rao, and Suneetha Manne. "Detection of Stress Levels in Students using Social Media Feed." In 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICCS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccs45141.2019.9065720.

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Prasad, K. M., and L. Shafai. "Feed tilt for optimization of sidelobe levels in offset paraboloids." In 1986 Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/antem.1986.7856370.

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Mbeong, Yustus Serani No, Nafiatul Umami, Chusnul Hanim, Andriyani Astuti, and Muhlisin Muhlisin. "Effect of Mycorrhizal Provision at Different Watering Levels and Frequency on Nutrient production of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.012.

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Nugroho, Yuhud Agung, Zaenal Bachruddin, Widodo Widodo, Yuny Erwanto, and Chusnul Hanim. "The Ks and µmax Determination of Proteolytic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Colostrum of Dairy Cattle with Differences in Energy Source Levels." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.005.

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Putriyana, Aulia Miftahunnisa Exa, U. Hidayat Tanuwiria, and Didin S. Tasripin. "The Effect of Ca-PUFA, Protein Protected by Tannin and Organic Minerals (Zn, Cu, Cr, and Se) on Thyroxine Levels in Dairy Calves." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.052.

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Moore, Jacob D., Christopher C. Easterby, and David G. Bogard. "Experimental and Computational Investigation of Film Cooling Performance and External Flowfield Effects due to Impingement Coolant Feed in the Leading Edge of a Turbine Blade." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60015.

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Abstract The effects that leading-edge impingement coolant feeds have on the external flowfield and on film cooling performance in the showerhead have not been studied thoroughly in the literature. To isolate the influence of the impingement feed, experimental adiabatic effectiveness and off-the-wall thermal field measurements were made using a shaped hole geometry fed by an ideal plenum coolant feed and by an engine-realistic impingement coolant feed. The impingement configuration exhibited around 10% higher adiabatic effectiveness levels than the plenum configuration did — a finding in agreement with the few studies isolating this effect. CFD RANS simulations of the impingement and the pseudo-plenum configurations from a companion study were consulted to investigate the root cause of this difference in performance because the experimental data alone did not sufficiently explain it. In the impingement feed simulation, flow remained better attached throughout the hole (both at the inlet and at the diffuser) due to a rotation caused by the impingement flow, leading to better attachment on the exterior surface. This was most significant for the suction side holes at higher blowing ratios wherein the pseudo-plenum caused much more severe separation in the holes than the impingement configuration did.
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Shea, Zachary, and Bo Zhang. "Enhancing Soybean Meal Demand and Market by Developing Soy Meal Based Aquafeeds." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/gbos5039.

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Generally, about 50-70% of aquaculture production costs are feed related since fish meal is highly expensive ($1,500/metric ton). Due to this, there is a pressing need to find alternative and sustainable sources for fish meal. While soy meal is one alternative, it is limited at how much can be used for fish feed due to the presence of antinutritional factors, such as trypsin inhibitors (TI). This study examines Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed five different diets that varied in how much soy meal was present, either 0%, 30%, or 60%, and the if the soy came from a low or high TI variety. The five diets were the fish meal control that had no soy meal present, two diets using commercial soy meal with high levels of TI at 30% and 60% inclusion levels (30% and 60% SBM) and two diets using the low-TI variety VT Barrick at 30% and 60% inclusion levels (30% and 60% VSBM). Each diet was fed to three 100 L tanks with 10 fish each for 7 weeks. Fish were weighed at the start of the trial, after 2, 4, and 7 weeks to measure specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and percentage weight gain. After 7 weeks, four fish from each diet had their liver and viscera weighed to determine hepatosomatic index (HIS) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) as well as collecting fecal samples for microbiota analysis. Fish fed the FM, 30% SBM and 30% VSBM were found to have similar growth performances, while the 60% SBM and 60% VSBM were found to have lower growth than the other three diets with the 60% VSBM having the lowest growth.
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Salomons, Elad, and Avi Ostfeld. "Inclusion of Variable Disinfection Levels in Slug Feed Optimal Disinfection of Water Distribution Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480625.058.

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Tahuk, Paulus Klau, and Gerson F. Bira. "Blood Glucose and Blood Urea Levels from Castrated, Non-Castrated Male, and Female Domestic Goats that were Fed Complete Feed." In International Conference on Improving Tropical Animal Production for Food Security (ITAPS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220309.040.

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Ferry, W., and Y. Altintas. "Virtual Five-Axis Flank Milling of Jet Engine Impellers: Part 2 — Feed Rate Optimization of Five-Axis Flank Milling." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41353.

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This paper presents optimization schemes for the five-axis flank milling of jet engine impellers based on the mechanics model explained in Part I. The process is optimized by varying the feed automatically as the tool-workpiece engagements, i.e. the process, varies along the tool path. The feed is adjusted by limiting feed-dependent peak outputs to a set of user-defined constraints. These outputs are tool shank bending stress, tool deflection, maximum chip load (to avoid edge chipping) and the torque limit of the machine. The linear and angular feeds of the machine are optimized by two different methods — a multi-constraint based virtual adaptive control of the process and a non-linear root finding algorithm. The five-axis milling process is simulated in a virtual environment, and the resulting process outputs are stored at each position along the tool path. The process is recursively fitted to a first order process with a time varying gain and a fixed time constant, and a simple Proportional Integral controller is adaptively tuned to operate the machine at threshold levels by manipulating the feedrate. As an alternative to virtual adaptive process control, the feedrate is optimized by a non-linear root-finding algorithm. The optimum feed is solved for iteratively, respecting tool stress, tool deflection, torque and chip load constraints, using a non-linear root finding algorithm. Both methods are shown to produce almost identical optimized feed rate profiles for the roughing tool path discussed in Part I of the paper. The new feed rate profiles are shown to considerably reduce the cycle time of the impeller while avoiding process faults that may damage the part or the machine.
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Reports on the topic "Feed levels"

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Sadler, Larry J., Anna K. Johnson, John Newton, Kenneth J. Stalder, and Jack C. M. Dekkers. Grow-Finish Pigs Activity Levels When Fed Using a Feed Intake Recording Equipment (F.I.R.E.) Feeder. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-196.

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Meiri, Noam, Michael D. Denbow, and Cynthia J. Denbow. Epigenetic Adaptation: The Regulatory Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Plasticity that Determine Stress-Response Set Point. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593396.bard.

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Our hypothesis was that postnatal stress exposure or sensory input alters brain activity, which induces acetylation and/or methylation on lysine residues of histone 3 and alters methylation levels in the promoter regions of stress-related genes, ultimately resulting in long-lasting changes in the stress-response set point. Therefore, the objectives of the proposal were: 1. To identify the levels of total histone 3 acetylation and different levels of methylation on lysine 9 and/or 14 during both heat and feed stress and challenge. 2. To evaluate the methylation and acetylation levels of histone 3 lysine 9 and/or 14 at the Bdnfpromoter during both heat and feed stress and challenge. 3. To evaluate the levels of the relevant methyltransferases and transmethylases during infliction of stress. 4. To identify the specific localization of the cells which respond to both specific histone modification and the enzyme involved by applying each of the stressors in the hypothalamus. 5. To evaluate the physiological effects of antisense knockdown of Ezh2 on the stress responses. 6. To measure the level of CpG methylation in the promoter region of BDNF in thermal treatments and free-fed, 12-hour fasted, and re-fed chicks during post-natal day 3, which is the critical period for feed-control establishment, and 10 days later to evaluate longterm effects. 7. The phenotypic effect of antisense “knock down” of the transmethylaseDNMT 3a. Background: The growing demand for improvements in poultry production requires an understanding of the mechanisms governing stress responses. Two of the major stressors affecting animal welfare and hence, the poultry industry in both the U.S. and Israel, are feed intake and thermal responses. Recently, it has been shown that the regulation of energy intake and expenditure, including feed intake and thermal regulation, resides in the hypothalamus and develops during a critical post-hatch period. However, little is known about the regulatory steps involved. The hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that epigenetic changes in the hypothalamus during post-hatch early development determine the stress-response set point for both feed and thermal stressors. The ambitious goals that were set for this proposal were met. It was established that both stressors i.e. feed and thermal stress, can be manipulated during the critical period of development at day 3 to induce resilience to stress later in life. Specifically it was established that unfavorable nutritional conditions during early developmental periods or heat exposure influences subsequent adaptability to those same stressful conditions. Furthermore it was demonstrated that epigenetic marks on the promoter of genes involved in stress memory are altered both during stress, and as a result, later in life. Specifically it was demonstrated that fasting and heat had an effect on methylation and acetylation of histone 3 at various lysine residues in the hypothalamus during exposure to stress on day 3 and during stress challenge on day 10. Furthermore, the enzymes that perform these modifications are altered both during stress conditioning and challenge. Finally, these modifications are both necessary and sufficient, since antisense "knockdown" of these enzymes affects histone modifications, and as a consequence stress resilience. DNA methylation was also demonstrated at the promoters of genes involved in heat stress regulation and long-term resilience. It should be noted that the only goal that we did not meet because of technical reasons was No. 7. In conclusion: The outcome of this research may provide information for the improvement of stress responses in high yield poultry breeds using epigenetic adaptation approaches during critical periods in the course of early development in order to improve animal welfare even under suboptimum environmental conditions.
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3

Shapira, Roni, Judith Grizzle, Nachman Paster, Mark Pines, and Chamindrani Mendis-Handagama. Novel Approach to Mycotoxin Detoxification in Farm Animals Using Probiotics Added to Feed Stuffs. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592115.bard.

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T-2 toxin, a toxic product belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxins, attracts major interest because of its severe detrimental effects on the health of human and farm animals. The occurrence of trichothecenes contamination is global and they are very resistant to physical or chemical detoxification techniques. Trichothecenes are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood stream. The hypothesis of this project was to develop a protecting system using probiotic bacteria that will express trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) that convert T-2 to a less toxic intermediate to reduce ingested levels in-situ. The major obstacle that we had faced during the project is the absence of stable and efficient expression vectors in probiotics. Most of the project period was invested to screen and isolate strong promoter to express high amounts of the detoxify enzyme on one hand and to stabilize the expression vector on the other hand. In order to estimate the detoxification capacity of the isolated promoters we had developed two very sensitive bioassays.The first system was based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Human liver cells proliferation was used as the second bioassay system.Using both systems we were able to prove actual detoxification on living cells by probiotic bacteria expressing Tri101. The first step was the isolation of already discovered strong promoters from lactic acid bacteria, cloning them downstream the Tri101 gene and transformed vectors to E. coli, a lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcuslactis MG1363, and a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei. All plasmid constructs transformed to L. casei were unstable. The promoter designated lacA found to be the most efficient in reducing T-2 from the growth media of E. coli and L. lactis. A prompter library was generated from L. casei in order to isolate authentic probiotic promoters. Seven promoters were isolated, cloned downstream Tri101, transformed to bacteria and their detoxification capability was compared. One of those prompters, designated P201 showed a relatively high efficiency in detoxification. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of P201 and another promoter, P41, revealed the consensus region recognized by the sigma factor. We further attempted to isolate an inducible, strong promoter by comparing the protein profiles of L. casei grown in the presence of 0.3% bile salt (mimicking intestine conditions). Six spots that were consistently overexpressed in the presence of bile salts were isolated and identified. Their promoter reigns are now under investigation and characterization.
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Zhou, Ting, Roni Shapira, Peter Pauls, Nachman Paster, and Mark Pines. Biological Detoxification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) to Improve Safety of Animal Feed and Food. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613885.bard.

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The trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of grains, is produced by members of the Fusarium genus. DON poses a health risk to consumers and impairs livestock performance because it causes feed refusal, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolytic effects and cellular injury. The occurrence of trichothecenes contamination is global and they are very resistant to physical or chemical detoxification techniques. Trichothecenes are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood stream. The overall objective of this project was to develop a protecting system using probiotic bacteria that will express trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) that convert T-2 to a less toxic intermediate to reduce ingested levels in-situ. The major obstacle that we had faced during the project is the absence of stable and efficient expression vectors in probiotics. Most of the project period was invested to screen and isolate strong promoter to express high amounts of the detoxify enzyme on one hand and to stabilize the expression vector on the other hand. In order to estimate the detoxification capacity of the isolated promoters we had developed two very sensitive bioassays.The first system was based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Human liver cells proliferation was used as the second bioassay system.Using both systems we were able to prove actual detoxification on living cells by probiotic bacteria expressing Tri101. The first step was the isolation of already discovered strong promoters from lactic acid bacteria, cloning them downstream the Tri101 gene and transformed vectors to E. coli, a lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcuslactis MG1363, and a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei. All plasmid constructs transformed to L. casei were unstable. The promoter designated lacA found to be the most efficient in reducing T-2 from the growth media of E. coli and L. lactis. A prompter library was generated from L. casei in order to isolate authentic probiotic promoters. Seven promoters were isolated, cloned downstream Tri101, transformed to bacteria and their detoxification capability was compared. One of those prompters, designated P201 showed a relatively high efficiency in detoxification. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of P201 and another promoter, P41, revealed the consensus region recognized by the sigma factor. We further attempted to isolate an inducible, strong promoter by comparing the protein profiles of L. casei grown in the presence of 0.3% bile salt (mimicking intestine conditions). Six spots that were consistently overexpressed in the presence of bile salts were isolated and identified. Their promoter reigns are now under investigation and characterization.
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5

Certa, P. J., W. H. Grams, C. M. McConville, L. W. L. W. Shelton, and E. J. ,. Westinghouse Hanford Slaathaug. Low-level waste feed staging plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/293376.

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6

Harpaz, Sheenan, Steven G. Hughes, and Pinhas Lindner. Optimization of Diet for Post Larvel/Juvenile Sea Bass and Hybrid Stripped Bass Based on Enzymatic Profiles of their Digestive Tracts. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604924.bard.

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The overall goal of this research work was to identify the main proteolytic activities which take place in the digestive tracts of young bass fish, and use the knowledge acquired in order to improve feed protein utilization in juvenile fish based on their digestive capacity. The results of the work clearly showed that the young fish possess the entire profile of proteolytic enzymes which is found in adult fish. Yet, in the young fish the level of activity is substantially lower per gram tissue (or gram protein) as compared with the activity found in the digestive tracts of the same fish at an older (larger) age. In addition it was found that the main proteolytic enzyme in these fish is chymotrypsin which accounts for almost 80% of the proteolytic activity. An effort aimed at enhancing this activity has lead to the interesting finding that alcohol substantially enhances the proteolytic activity of fish intestines. Fish intestinal homogenates were used in order to evaluate the suitability of various feeds for the fish. Potential feed proteins were subjected to the proteolytic activity of the fish enzymes in vitro, in a manner simulating the natural process. The proteolytic activity was monitored by the valuation of the products, i.e. amino acid released. This method has proven to be a powerful tool which enables us to predict with a very high degree of accuracy the potential of a feed to promote growth. Selection of feed based on the proteolytic capacity of the fish degestive tracts can now be implemented in feed formulation, as anticipated in the original research proposal.
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7

Certa, P. J. Preliminary low-level waste feed staging plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16097.

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8

Wiemers, Karyn D., Michael C. Miller, and Gertrude K. Patello. High-Level Waste Feed Data Quality Objectives. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/965245.

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9

Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.

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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
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10

Uhrig, Bettina, and Barbara Spanó. Working on impact and contributing to R&I policies – looking back and ahead. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.557.

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This article presents impact case studies at research project and organisational levels by exploiting the Horizon Europe concept of pathways to impact and the proposed indicators. In Horizon Europe, which is the European Commission’s funding programme for research and innovation, time-sensitive Key Impact Pathways and related indicators are used as a tool for assessing the different types of impact: scientific, societal, and economic. Based on many years of experience with stakeholder engagement and impact, the authors focus on the indicators for assessing societal impact. In this way, the authors would like to contribute to the discussion on creating societal impact through research projects and institutional strategies. Leading questions are 1) Can Research & Innovation (R&I) policies be improved by using Horizon Europe Key Impact Pathways and related indicators? And 2) Can an institutional impact project and even a research project benefit from using Horizon Europe indicators and at the same time feed into R&I policies?
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