Academic literature on the topic 'Federation of smart cities'

This article is devoted to the theoretical and legal foundations of the digitalization of local selfgovernment in the Russian Federation, the digital technologies being introduced in addressing issues of localimportance, the concept of «Smart City». Digital transformation is currently one of the priority areas for thedevelopment of the state. The task of the regulator is to respond in a timely manner to the ongoing changes,to introduce the latest technologies in all spheres of life, taking into account organizational and legal issues.In the last decade, a legal framework has been actively developed aimed at strengthening digital processesin all spheres of society. The author notes the positive aspects of the ongoing digital processes in the fieldof local self-government, the need to increase the role of the local community in the management of themunicipality and identifies the problems that arise in practice, suggesting ways to resolve them.

This article presents the concepts of «smart cities» origin and peculiarities of their functioning. The article analyzes the experience of foreign countries in the field of creating «smart cities», useful for the development of complex concepts of building «smart cities» in the Russian Federation. As the main element of «smart cities» functioning and development, the system of waste recycling and features of its effective work were considered. The article is intended for economists specializing in regional economics, the creation of «smart cities» and waste recycling systems.

The article is devoted to the study of a set of problems associated with the development of smart cities management standards in the Russian Federation in conjunction with the active implementation of technical and process standards. A balanced approach to standardization will allow the heads of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments to achieve sustainable digital transformation processes and improve the socio-economic indicators inherent in "smart communities" through the routinization of innovations in the technological and managerial spheres. A set of regulatory documents governing the development and application of smart city standards, adopted by both federal public authorities and at the regional level, has been systematized. Based on the logical-linguistic methods, statistical analysis and induction of defined dominants into intertied spheres of technological and management nature, the authors come to the conclusion that management standards reflecting best practices can be considered as the main mechanism for implementing smart city strategies. A comparative study of the dynamics of the processes of standardization and transformation of the architecture of international and Russian standards allows the authors to reasonably characterize the standardization phase of smart cities in Russia as an initial one, requiring standardization of basic technical entities and the ontology of the urban environment, which is especially important in the context of the active deployment of complex high-tech urban systems with poor readiness management superstructure to integrate these systems into decision-making processes. Practitioners in regional government bodies and municipalities can benefit from this study to avoid decisions-making that carry high risks of ineffective spending of budget funds and to increase the socio-economic impact when implementing smart city strategies.

The paper considers the issues of creating smart cities from the point of view of sustainable development of subjects, the role of the internet of things for a modern understanding of the development of smart communities, when the Internet has become the main means of communication not only for people, but also for subjects. The world experience of creation of normative base by technical Committee ISO/TC268 Sustainable development of communities is analyzed. The role of the internet of things (STK 1/ WG 10) is noted as an important part of the identified problem and for a understanding of the development of smart communities, when the internet has become the main means of communication not only for people but also for subjects. Particular attention is paid to the state of affairs in the standardization of requirements for «subjects of sustainable development» in theRussian Federation. Proposals have been developed for work in the establishment of common rules, regulations for such an urgent and multifunctional object of standardization, as the subject of sustainable development or a smart city.

Existing crises of arctic sustainable development and continuous increase of the VUKA world tendencies require urgent reconsidering economic and political models in the Arctic region, considering modern global trends, technological, political, socio-cultural conditions, and Russian national development goals. One of the key global trends is rapid urbanization and “smart cities” as a solution to the increasing problems of urban sustainable development. The level of urbanization in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation exceeds the average for the whole world. In this research, we focus on the problem of arctic sustainable “smart cities”. We analyzed existing approaches and concepts of “Smart City” and classified them into three main groups: system (complex) approach, technological approach, and socio-cultural approach. We showed different basic axiomatics and priorities in these approaches, which logically result in different social consequences. We suggested the socio-cultural approach as most relevant to the humanistic sense of developing smart cities and purposes of sustainable development. In particular, implying this approach in developing Arctic smart cities will allow using Arctic advantages and wealth for long-perspective human development and increasing the quality of life of Arctic people.

Research background: The global rating methods of smart cities rankings used in such international organizations as The Intelligent Community Forum, Center for Globalization and Strategy IESE and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. International ratings are considered to be a source of information that allows everyone to see and evaluate the scale of it. Along with this phenomenon, the Russian Federation develops national smart cities IQ index which creates the case in rating methodology to help researches assess and better understand smart cities revolution. Purpose of the article: Major international rankings of smart cities arise alongside one national rating through the prism of the following methodological objects: comparison criteria, scope and structure of the study, research goals and priorities, obtaining information methods, number of criteria, range of estimated values, frequency of ranking compilation and compilers. All mentioned comes up with the basics of global metarating and possibility of its creation. Methods: As for the main research methods, we turned to analysis and developed our own criteria in comparison, synthesis of metarating and approaches to the study of smart cities development. Findings & Value added: As a result of the study, the main criteria of the considered rating assessment methods and the basis of metarating were identified. Based on the study, substantiated conclusions are formulated, and scientifically based recommendations are given to provide the basis for further metarating creation and elaboration.

Over the past ten years, the creation of "smart cities" has become a priority area for the development of the digital economy in the world, in our country this direction is just beginning to develop both in legal and regulatory documents, and in economic, social aspects. The achievement of reference points for the spatial development of the economy is due to the implementation of the Smart City project. In our country, the Smart City project is aimed at creating an effective urban management system, creating security and comfortable living conditions for citizens and increasing the competitiveness of Russian cities. The implementation of the national project "Housing and Urban Environment" and the national program "Digital Economy" is being implemented as part of the national project "Smart City", which was developed by the Ministry of Construction of Russia and started in 2018. The implementation of the "Smart City" project is gradually being implemented in various regions of the Russian Federation using digital technologies in urban infrastructure development. The implementation of this project involves taking into account the economic potential of the region, financial resources, human capital (level of education and age of the population), innovation potential, which is determined by the availability and quality of the relevant business infrastructure, scientific, technical and educational base. When implementing each project, risks are not excluded: social, economic, political, technological, which must be taken into account when implementing the Smart City project. The work considered the problems of introducing a national project in the regions, as well as during the analysis highlighted the risks in creating "smart cities." The main directions of trends in the development of "smart cities" are considered: social, economic, technological. The IQ index of the largest "smart cities" for the period 2019-2020 was analyzed. Dynamics of growth of "intellectual" index of digitalization of Russian cities revealed.

The concept of "smart city" is one of the most popular in the practice of urban management around the world. It has been adopted at the federal management level as one of the leading ones for Russian cities. The problem lies in the objectification of the concept in the strategies of socio-economic development of cities. In addition, each concept, including the "smart city" has a variety of implementation models. There are technocratic (rating), triple, quarter spiral, etc. The purpose of the work is to determine the types of models for the implementation of the "smart city" concept in the strategies of socio-economic development of large Russian cities. The focus of the research is the model of the quarter spiral, which received its author's continuation and refinement as a subject through the strengthening of the nature of its sociality. To achieve this goal, a content analysis of the strategies of socio-economic development of cities in 20 major cities of the Russian Federation was carried out. As a result, it can be argued that the concept of a "smart city" is not represented in all strategies of large cities. Where it is stated, the prevailing type of model for the implementation of the concept is the triple helix model (consumer model). The presence of elements of the subject model in strategic documents seems promising.

Sustainable development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, increase of investment attractiveness of the regions is conditioned by necessity of formation of modern infrastructure, innovative transformations in economy and also realization of effective investment projects and their information-communication promotion. The article highlights the issues of sustainable development of territories of the Russian Federation and provides examples of successful communication practices in the field of creating a comfortable urban environment. Therefore, the article considers the basic concepts of the Smart City project. Separate attention is paid to the integrated territory development standard, the emphasis is placed on innovative strategies and technologies in the management of sustainable development of "smart cities" territories on the example of Voronezh urban district.

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Tecnologias e Gestão da Construção apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutora.
O desenvolvimento sucessivo de Cidades Inteligentes pelo mundo, tem criado uma atitude negativa e prejudicial que resulta na dificuldade de atração de habitantes para estes espaços. As novas tecnologias não são suficientemente impulsionadoras para garantir uma taxa de adoção sustentável dentro destas novas cidades. O conceito de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas visam resolver esta questão tendo em conta aspectos relacionados na base da habitabilidade e da sustentabilidade. Enquanto o papel da arquitetura nas Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas é ainda mais importante do que Cidades Inteligentes, os princípios que se encontram subjacentes na sua concepção e, em última instância, no seu sucesso, não foram ainda sistematicamente estudados e avaliadas. Este trabalho sistematiza e valida as necessidades de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas e propõe um conjunto de princípios para a sua planificação, concepção e manutenção. As necessidades foram validadas com os casos de estudo da cidade de ‘Songdo City’ em Incheon, na Coreia do Sul, em Ulaanbaatar na Mongólia e em Minsk na Bielorrúsia. Com a definição dos princípios orientadores subjacentes à concepção de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas, o quadro proposto permitirá que arquitetos, engenheiros, governos, e organizações internacionais afiram soluções a serem implementadas mundialmente. Estes princípios podem ser facilmente implementados em intervenções em cidades europeias, nas cidades emergentes e, em países subdesenvolvidos que estão sujeitos a um mau planeamento estratégico.
ABSTRACT: Successive deployments of Smart Cities around the world are hindered by the difficulty in attracting a critical mass of inhabitants. New technology is not enough as a driver to guarantee a sustained adoption rate within the new cities. The concept of Climate Smart City aims at solving this issue by putting aspects related to liveability and sustainability at the centre. While the role of architecture in Climate Smart Cities is even more important than in Smart Cities, the principles that underlie their design and, ultimately, their success, have never been systematically studied and assessed. This research work systematises and validates the needs of Climate Smart Cities and then proposes a framework of principles for their planning, design and maintenance. The needs are validated with field studies of Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Minsk, Belarus. By defining the guiding principles underlying the design of Climate Smart Cities, the proposed framework will also enable architects, engineers, decision-makers and, international organisations to benchmark the solutions to be implemented. These principles can be readily implemented in interventions planned for European cities, emerging cities and, underdeveloped cities subject to poorly strategic planning.
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This master’s thesis consists of two articles where the first article is theoretical and the second is the empirical study. Article I The purpose with this paper is to explore and illuminate how smart home and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and Quality of Life in elderly citizens and allow them to live longer in their home. The paper provides a brief introduction to health promotion and highlights the thesis theoretical framework and foundation of Aaron Antonovsky’s theory of Salutogenesis. In light of a growing elderly population worldwide, many nations are eager to search for new ways to meet this challenge. One of several possible solutions to this is smart homes and smart home technology. The papers concluding remarks is that even though there exists little empirical data in relation to achieved health benefits the literature shows that smart homes and smart home technology might contribute to enhance QoL in elderly citizens. Furthermore the paper is providing a proposal to a health promotional (salutogenic) framework and an example on how salutogenesis can be used in a practical and new way of thinking in relation to future development of smart homes and smart home technology. Article II The study’s primary objective is to examine in which ways smart homes and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and Quality of Life (QoL) in elderly citizens and allow them to live longer in their homes. In addition to this it aims to explore if such technology increases safety, independence and enhances social activity. Six in-depth interviews with elderly citizens living in a smart home make the basis of the result. The interview protocol included questions regarding QoL, smart homes and smart home technology, safety and security and independence. The interviews were recorded and the recordings were transcribed. To analyze the data material a content analysis  and systematical text condensation were used as inspiration. The results showed that there wasn’t a single factor that could contribute to an enhancement in QoL, but the totality of several. The study concludes that smart homes and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and QoL in elderly citizens and master to live longer in their homes, but further investigation is needed in order to draw a final conclusion.
Denne masteroppgaven er skrevet i artikkelform og består av en teoretisk og en empirisk artikkel. Artikkel I Hensikten artikkelen er å utforske og belyse hvordan smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan være med på å forbedre helse og livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker. I tillegg til dette undersøkes det om denne teknologien kan bidra til å øke eldre menneskers muligheter for å bo lengre i sine egne hjem. Artikkelen gir en kort innføring i helsefremming, og belyser masteroppgavens teoretiske rammeverk og fundament i Aaron Antonovsky’s teori om Salutogenese. I lyset av en raskt voksende aldrende befolkning verden over, er mange nasjoner ivrige etter å søke nye metoder for å møte denne utfordringen. En av flere mulige løsninger til dette er smarthus og smarthusteknologi. Artikkelens avsluttende bemerkninger er at selv om det finnes lite empirisk data på dette feltet, viser litteraturen at smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan være med å bidra til en økning i livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker, dette gjennom en økt følelse selvstendighet, trygghet, sikkerhet og trivsel. Videre blir det foreslått et mulig helsefremmende salutogent rammeverk, og gitt et eksempel på hvordan salutogenese kan brukes i praksis og som kan være med på å bidra i utviklingen av fremtidige helsefremmende smarthus. Artikkel II Studien tar sikte på å undersøke på hvilken måte smarthus og smarthusteknologi bidrar til å forbedre helse og livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker og om denne teknologien bidrar til å øke deres muligheter til å bo lengre i sine hjem. Det undersøkes også om denne teknologien bidrar til økt sikkerhet, uavhengighet og sosial aktivitet blant eldre. Det ble gjennomført seks dybdeintervjuer med eldre beboere i et smarthus som danner det empiriske grunnlaget i studien. Intervjuguiden består av spørsmål som tar for seg livskvalitet (QoL), smarthus og smarthusteknologi, sikkerhet og uavhengighet. For å analysere datamaterialet har en innholdsanalyse og systematisk tekstkondensering vært en inspirasjon. Resultatene viser at det ikke var en enkelt faktor som bidro til å øke deres livskvalitet, men det totale av det Kampen Omsorg+ (KO+) tilbød. Smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan bidra til å øke helse og livskvaliteten og i tillegg bidra til at eldre mennesker kan leve lengre i sine hjem, men det er et behov for videre undersøkelser for å kunne trekke en avsluttende konklusjon.

Lo scopo della presente tesi è quello di analizzare lo stato dell’arte della Pianificazione Energetica Territoriale tenendo presenti le varie tecnologie disponibili con particolare riferimento a quelle “low carbon”, che includono le rinnovabili. Vengono esaminati i ruoli dei vari enti europei per la Pianificazione Energetica e il Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile (PAES). Il primo esempio di “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon”, tipico del al panorama italiano come esempio scelto dei borghi antichi, è il Comune di Magliano in Toscana che ha una Convenzione di Ricerca con l’INGV dove è stata attuata un’importante riqualificazione energetico-architettonica in merito alle varie filiere nelle quali operare. Sono stati analizzati i dati sperimentali reali provenienti dal Comune stesso, includendo la Centrale a Biomasse della Azienda di Luigi Vivarelli e tutte le sue più recenti evoluzioni. Un altro esempio di sistemi “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon” presentati nella tesi è lo studio realizzato nelle isole canarie, che grazie alle loro caratteristiche territoriali e alla posizione geografica sul mare, possono utilizzare al meglio le tecnologie previste dai bandi Europei Horizon 2020 “Smart Cities and Communities”. I risultati scientifici Smart e Low-Carbon sia compilativi che sperimentali ottenuti includono considerazioni sia energetiche che economiche attraverso l’analisi di preventivi reali, per le installazioni dei sistemi energetici, di cui si fornisce una stima della produzione mensile e annuale, ipotizzando un periodo di ammortamento.Le strategie per la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, l’aumento delle FER e la diminuzione dei consumi, sono e saranno sempre più legate allo sviluppo di comuni e città intelligenti. Promuovere e sviluppare la sostenibilità, intraprendere opere di efficientamento energetico, agevolerà il passaggio alla nuova generazione tecnologica basata sulle FER, nel rispetto dell’ambiente.

There has been an exponential growth of cities in the last decade. Rural to urban migration are occurring at an unprecedented level. This is partly because cities serve as hubs of innovation offering numerous economic opportunities. However, this growth comes with its unique challenges some of which include strained mobility, pollution, growth of slums etc. The “smart cities” concept aims to address this with increased efficiency using a unique combination of data and technology in every aspect of the city. Even though it is believed that the smart cities concept inherently incorporates sustainability or ultimately leads to a more sustainable city, not all smart city concepts are aligned with sustainability targets. In this research, we provide a more holistic view studying the relationship between a “smart city” and a “sustainable city”. We conceptualised a framework to measure the connection between technology and environmental sustainability and categorised European cities based on this relationship. We provide a concise and clearer understanding of the drivers of the use of technology through the sharing economy to foster sustainability in cities by citizens. Using a weighting and meta-analysis of adoption theories, we laid the foundation for additional hypothesises which researchers can evaluate in future smart sustainable cities assessment studies and provided interesting insights for city councils and governments pushing for a citizen adoption of sustainable practices within their administrative boundaries. Lastly, we rank European capital cities based on how smart and sustainable they are using a composite index based on publicly available data. We also carried out a sensitivity analysis and validation study of our results.
En esta investigación, proporcionamos una visión más holística que estudia la relación entre una "ciudad inteligente" y una "ciudad sostenible". Conceptualizamos un marco para medir la conexión entre la tecnología y la sostenibilidad ambiental y categorizamos las ciudades europeas en función de esta relación. Proporcionamos una comprensión concisa y más clara de los impulsores del uso de la tecnología a través de la economía compartida para fomentar la sostenibilidad en las ciudades por parte de los ciudadanos. En esta investigación, proporcionamos una visión más holística que estudia la relación entre una "ciudad inteligente" y una "ciudad sostenible". Conceptualizamos un marco para medir la conexión entre la tecnología y la sostenibilidad ambiental y categorizamos las ciudades europeas en función de esta relación. Proporcionamos una comprensión concisa y más clara de los impulsores del uso de la tecnología a través de la economía compartida para fomentar la sostenibilidad en las ciudades por parte de los ciudadanos.

The aim of this work is to simplify access to information for citizens of the city of Brno and at the same time to innovate the way of communication between the citizen and his city. The problem is solved by creating a conversational agent - chatbot Kroko. Using artificial intelligence and a Czech language analyzer, the agent is able to understand and respond to a certain set of textual, natural language queries. The agent is available on the Messenger platform and has a knowledge base that includes data provided by the city council. After conducting an extensive user testing on a total of 76 citizens of the city, it turned out that up to 97\% of respondents like the idea of a city-oriented chatbot and can imagine using it regularly. The main finding of this work is that the general public can easily adopt and effectively use a chatbot. The results of this work motivate further development of practical applications of conversational agents.

La ville intelligente est un concept relativement nouveau qui pourrait devenir indispensable dans un avenir proche. Ce que nous considérons comme une idée fera partie de notre vie quotidienne. Le concept de ville intelligente diffère d'un continent à l'autre. alors que la vision américaine est davantage orientée vers la technologie, celle européenne est davantage orientée vers la collaboration. Malgré le fait que la ville intelligente ait plus d'une définition, toutes les définitions utilisées impliquent le développement, la durabilité, la résilience, l'amélioration, l'évolution et la qualité de vie. Pour nous concentrer sur les villes intelligentes et précisément sur les résultats et les résultats de ce concept relativement nouveau, nous devons rechercher le moyen le plus efficace et le plus efficient de gérer ces villes, et quoi de mieux que la gouvernance pour maintenir, évoluer et prospérer. La gouvernance peut être perçue de plusieurs manières, comme un processus entrepris par un gouvernement ou un processus lié aux ressources humaines, à des personnes intelligentes ou à la collaboration des parties prenantes. En ce qui concerne l’axe, les piliers ou les chapitres de la gouvernance, différents types de structures et de modèles de gouvernance peuvent être trouvés, ainsi que différents systèmes et outils de suivi permettant d’évaluer et de suivre les évolutions et les succès en matière de gouvernance. Malgré l'utilisation de terminologies différentes, les différents types de gouvernance partagent des concepts similaires, notamment une mission, une vision, une planification stratégique avec des objectifs intelligents, de meilleurs résultats, de meilleurs résultats, la participation, la transparence, la gestion et la reconnaissance. Tous ces concepts, une fois combinés, fournissent un cadre constitué de règles, de règlements et de procédures, ainsi que du processus de leur conception et de leur contrôle. Pour améliorer la gouvernance des villes intelligentes, le chercheur propose d'utiliser un outil d'auto-évaluation afin de fournir aux décideurs politiques un instrument efficace pour améliorer les résultats de la bonne gouvernance. L'outil d'évaluation proposé, la gouvernance des universités (University Governance Screening Card (UGSC)), a été créé par la Banque mondiale pour évaluer la gouvernance des universités. Cet outil sera adapté pour devenir la carte d'evaluation de la gouvernance de la ville intelligente (Smart City Governance Screening Card (SCGSC)) et testé sur une ville intelligente. Sur la base des résultats, le chercheur mettra à jour le SCGSC et proposera un plan d'action pour la ville intelligente sélectionnée afin d'améliorer sa gouvernance
Smart city is relatively a new concept, which might become indispensable in the near future. What we consider just an idea will become part of our daily life. The smart city concept differs between continents; while the American view is oriented more toward technology, the European one is more oriented toward collaboration. Despite the fact that smart city has more than one definition, all used definitions involve development, sustainability, resilience, improvement, evolution and quality of life. Focusing on smart cities and precisely on the outputs and outcomes of this relatively, new concept requires us to look for the most effective and efficient way to manage these cities, and what better than governance to sustain, evolve and thrive. Governance can be perceived in several ways, such as a process undertaken by a government or a process concerned with human resources, smart people or towards stakeholder collaboration. As for the governance axis, pillars or chapters, different types of governance structures and models can be found and with that comes different monitoring systems and tools that can evaluate and monitor governance developments and successes. Despite using different terminologies, the different types of governance share similar concepts, including, a clear mission, vision, strategic planning with smart objectives, better outputs, better outcomes, participation, transparency, management and recognition. All these concepts when combined provide a framework that is made up of rules and regulations and procedures, and the process of how they are designed and controlled. To improve the governance of smart cities, the researcher proposes the use of a self-assessment tool in order to provide policy and decision-makers, with an efficient instrument, with the aim of improving the outcome of applying good governance. The proposed assessment tool, the University Governance Screening Card (UGSC), was created by the World Bank to assess governance of universities. This tool will be adapted to become the Smart City Governance Screening Card (SCGSC) and tested on a smart city. Based on the findings, the researcher will update the SCGSC and will propose an action plan for the selected smart city to improve its governance

Our time is characterized by strong transformations that are visible in new social, economical, geopolitical arrangements and because of them there is a series of new issues and needs that only 10 years ago would have been imaginable. Urbanization is every day more consistent, it has characteristics and proportions never met before and it is forecasted that in 2050 the global population will reach the quote of 9 billion people and that 70% of population will live in cities. Smart cities are the solution found to contrast recent times' most urgent problems as the aforementioned urbanization, environmental pollution, and cities technology innovation. The objective of this thesis is to explain the concept of smart cities, making a deep analysis of all its aspects and hypothesizing a future development. At the beginning I will start with a definition and the history of this terminology, following with the analysis of the development of the first projects (first and second chapter). Secondly I will transfer this concept to the Chinese cities, making some concrete example of operation and distinguishing all main smart cities aspects: smart mobility, smart economy, smart environment, smart living, smart people and smart governance (third chapter). Lastly, the theme of surveillance and state control will be the object of the fourth chapter, with some consideration about possible further development in the future (conclusion).

2014 - 2015
One of the mega trends over the past century has been humanity’s move towards cities. Public Administration and Municipalities are facing a challenging task, to harmonize a sustainable urban development offering to people in city the best living conditions. Smart cities are now considered a winning urban strategy able to increase the quality of life by using technology in urban space, both improving the environmental quality and delivering better services to the citizens. Mobility is a key element to support this new approach in the growth of the cities. In fact, transport produces several negative impacts and problems for the quality of life in cities, such as, pollution, traffic and congestion. Therefore, Sustainable Mobility is one of the most promising topics in smart city, as it could produce high benefits for the quality of life of almost all the city stakeholders. The boldest and imminent challenge awaiting mobility in smart cities is the introduction of the electricity as energy vector instead of fossil fuels, concerning both the collective and the private transports. Electric public transport include electric city buses, trolleybuses, trams (or light rail), passenger trains and rapid transit (metro/subways/undergrounds, etc.). Even though railway systems are the most energy efficient than other transport modes, the enhancement of energy efficiency is an important issue to reduce their contributions to climate change further as well as to save and enlarge competition advantages involved. One key means for improving energy efficiency is to deploy advanced systems and innovative technologies. Additionally, electrification of the private road transport has emerged as a trend to support energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction targets. According to the International Energy Agency, in order to limit average global temperature increases to 2°C - the critical threshold that scientists say will prevent dangerous climate change -, by 2050, 21% of carbon reductions must come from the transport sector. Full electric vehicles (EVs) use electric motor and battery energy for propulsion, which has higher efficiency and lower operating cost compared to the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Today, there are more than 20 models offered by different brands covering different range of sizes, styles, prices and powertrains to suit the wider range of consumers as possible. The continuous development of lithium ion battery and of fast charging technology will be the major facilitators for EVs roll out in the very near future. However, the present EVs industry meets many technical limitations, such as high initial price, long battery recharge time, limited charging facilities and driving range. Although it is desirable a fast development from the start of electric mobility, its impact on the existing power grid must be assessed beforehand to see if it is necessary prior an adjustment of power infrastructure or/and the introduction of new services in the power grid. In fact, the interconnection of EVs on the power grid for charging their batteries potentially introduces negative impacts on grid operation: uncontrolled charging can significantly increase average load in the existing power systems, with problems in terms of reliability and overloads. If uncontrolled EV charging is added to the system, this can have effects both at the distribution and at the generation level. Controlled or smart charging will allow a much greater number of cars in the cities, avoiding local overload and allowing a faster EVs penetration without requiring an imminent improvement of the electricity generating and grid capacity. Smart charging might also allow load balancing both at sub-station and at the grid level, particularly with charging at peak wind supply times. This kind of use of EV battery capacity for storing electric energy may ease the integration of large scale intermittent electricity sources such as renewable energy sources. The proposed PhD Dissertation is developed in the context just described, mainly focusing the attention on the impact that electric mobility will have on the power systems and the effectiveness of solutions aimed to increase the reliability and resilience in the smart grid. In particular, it is addressed a scenario analysis regarding the electric vehicles charging management and some innovative solutions to increase energy efficiency in electrified transport systems. The first chapter emphasizes on the key aspects related to the sustainable mobility in the smart cities of the future. It provides a brief overview on the transport sector energy consumption expected in the next years. In particular, the chapter shows the significant contribution that the electrification of urban transport may provide to the sustainable mobility, and the serious concerns related to its impact on existing power systems. Chapter 2 proposes a solution method for an optimal generation rescheduling and load-shedding (GRLS) problem in microgrids in order to determine a stable equilibrium state following unexpected outages of generation or sudden increase in demand. The chapter mainly focuses on the mathematical formulation of the GRLS problem and the proposed solution algorithm. Finally, simulations results carried out by using a real case study data are presented and discussed. In Chapter 3, a simple and effective methodology is proposed to analyze data acquired during the fulfillment of the COSMO research project, and to identify typical load pattern for the EVs charging. The chapter also presents a novel scheduling problem formulation, flattening the demand load profile and minimizing the EVs charging costs, according to the electricity prices during the day. Finally, some simulations results are discussed, showing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Chapter 4 introduces some innovative solutions for energy efficiency in urban railway systems focusing, in particular, on energy storage systems and eco-drive operations in metro networks. The mathematical formulation of these optimization problems and the proposed solution algorithms are illustrated and discussed. The obtained results are part of the activity carried out in the SFERE research project. Finally, Chapter 5 ends the Dissertation with some concluding remarks and further developments of the proposed research activity. [edited by author]
Una delle grandi tendenze nel corso del secolo scorso è stata la concentrazione della popolazione nelle città. Attualmente, le Pubbliche Amministrazioni e i Comuni si trovano ad affrontare un compito impegnativo per armonizzare uno sviluppo urbano sostenibile e offrire agli abitanti delle città le migliori condizioni di vita. Le smart cities sono ormai considerate una strategia urbana vincente in grado di aumentare la qualità della vita utilizzando la tecnologia, sia per il miglioramento della qualità ambientale che per fornire servizi migliori ai cittadini. A tale scopo, la mobilità risulta essere un elemento chiave per sostenere questo nuovo approccio nella crescita delle città. Infatti, i sistemi di trasporto urbano producono diversi effetti negativi sulla qualità della vita urbana, come ad esempio, inquinamento, traffico e congestione. Pertanto, la mobilità sostenibile è uno degli argomenti più interessanti per le smart cities, in quanto in grado produrre elevati benefici per la qualità della vita di quasi tutte le parti interessate degli agglomerati urbani. La sfida più audace e imminente per la mobilità nelle smart cities del futuro è l'introduzione dell'elettricità come vettore energetico al posto dei combustibili fossili, per quanto riguarda sia il trasporto collettivo che quello privato. I mezzi per il trasporto pubblico comprendono autobus elettrici, filobus, tram, treni passeggeri e trasporto rapido (metropolitane, etc.). Anche se i sistemi di trasporto su ferro sono più efficienti rispetto ad altri modi di trasporto, l’incremento dell'efficienza energetica è un tema importante per ridurre ulteriormente il loro contributo alle emissioni inquinanti e al consumo di energia. Le più promettenti soluzioni per migliorarne l'efficienza energetica consistono nell’implementazione di sistemi avanzati per il recupero dell’energia di frenata e tecnologie di controllo innovative. D’altro canto, l'elettrificazione del trasporto individuale su strada è emersa come una tendenza finalizzata a sostenere gli obiettivi di efficienza energetica e di riduzione delle emissioni di CO2. Secondo l'Agenzia Internazionale per l'Energia, al fine di limitare, entro il 2050, l'aumento della temperatura media globale a 2 °C - la soglia critica che gli scienziati suggeriscono di non superare per evitare pericolosi cambiamenti climatici -, il 21% delle riduzioni di biossido di carbonio deve provenire dal settore trasporti. I veicoli elettrici (EV) utilizzano un motore elettrico e l'energia accumulata nelle batterie per la propulsione, in modo da avere una maggiore efficienza e minori costi operativi rispetto ai veicoli convenzionali con motore a combustione interna. Oggi, esistono in commercio più di 20 modelli offerti da diverse case produttrici che coprono una ampia gamma di modelli che differiscono per dimensione, stile, prezzo e motorizzazione in modo da soddisfare il maggior numero di consumatori possibile. Il continuo sviluppo delle batterie al litio e delle tecnologie di ricarica rapida saranno i principali fattori abilitanti per la diffusione degli EV in un futuro molto prossimo. Tuttavia, l'attuale industria dei veicoli elettrici incontra molte limitazioni tecnico-economiche, come elevati costi, autonomia e tempi di ricarica della batteria, capillarità delle infrastrutture di ricarica. Sebbene sia auspicabile un rapido sviluppo della mobilità elettrica, il suo impatto sulla rete elettrica esistente deve essere investigato a fondo per verificare la necessità di potenziamenti delle infrastrutture e/o l'introduzione di nuovi servizi nella rete elettrica. Infatti, l'interconnessione dei veicoli elettrici con la rete di distribuzione dell’energia necessaria per la ricarica delle batterie può causare effetti negativi sul normale funzionamento del sistema elettrico: una ricarica degli EV non controllata può aumentare significativamente il carico medio negli impianti esistenti, introducendo problemi di affidabilità e sovraccarico. La ricarica intelligente o controllata degli EV consente, invece, di gestire un numero molto maggiore di autovetture elettriche nelle città, riducendo le possibilità di sovraccarico locale e di velocizzare la penetrazione della mobilità elettrica senza che rendere necessari imminenti potenziamenti dei sistemi di produzione di energia elettrica e incrementi della capacità di rete. La ricarica intelligente, inoltre, può anche influire sul bilanciamento del carico sia a livello della sottostazione elettrica che a livello di rete di distribuzione, in particolare quando si verificano molte sessioni di ricarica nelle ore di punta. Infatti, l’utilizzo della capacità della batteria degli EV per l’accumulo di energia elettrica può facilitare l'integrazione su larga scala delle fonti di energia non programmabili, come quelle rinnovabili. Il lavoro di tesi si sviluppa nel contesto di riferimento appena descritto, focalizzando l'attenzione soprattutto sull'impatto che la mobilità elettrica ha sui sistemi elettrici e sull'efficacia di nuove soluzioni finalizzate all’incremento dell'affidabilità nelle smart grids. In particolare, viene proposta un'analisi di scenario per quanto riguarda la gestione intelligente delle ricariche dei veicoli elettrici e alcune soluzioni innovative per aumentare l'efficienza energetica nei sistemi di trasporto elettrificati. Il primo capitolo sottolinea gli aspetti chiave relativi alla mobilità sostenibile nelle smart cities del futuro e fornisce una breve panoramica sul consumo energetico del settore trasporti previsto nel prossimo futuro. In particolare, vengono evidenziate da un lato il significativo contributo che l'elettrificazione dei trasporti urbani può fornire alla causa della mobilità sostenibile, e dall’altro, le gravi preoccupazioni legate all’impatto sui sistemi elettrici esistenti di un notevole incremento della domanda. Il Capitolo 2 propone un metodo per la soluzione del problema congiunto di scheduling dei generatori e load shedding (GRLS) all’interno di microgrids portando in conto l’incertezza sia sulla domanda che lato generazione. Il fine è determinare un nuovo stato di equilibrio stabile in seguito a guasti, riduzione della generazione da fonte rinnovabile o improvviso aumento della domanda. Il capitolo si concentra principalmente sulla formulazione matematica del problema GRLS e sull'algoritmo di soluzione proposto. Infine, sono presentati e commentati i risultati di simulazione basati su un caso studio reale. Nel Capitolo 3, è proposta una metodologia semplice ed efficace per identificare profili di carico tipico relativi alla ricarica di veicoli elettrici: in particolare, l’analisi condotta si basa sull’analisi dei dati acquisiti durante lo svolgimento del progetto di ricerca COSMO. Il capitolo, inoltre, introduce una formulazione matematica del problema dello scheduling delle ricariche dei veicoli elettrici, che garantisce un appiattimento del profilo di carico e riduce allo stesso tempo il costo della ricarica per gli utenti. Infine, sono commentati i risultati delle simulazioni eseguite dimostrando l'efficacia della metodologia proposta. Il Capitolo 4 introduce alcune soluzioni innovative per l'efficienza energetica nei sistemi di trasporto urbani: l’attenzione viene posta, in particolare, sui sistemi di accumulo dell’energia e sulla condotta di guida Eco-Drive in reti metropolitane. In dettaglio, nel capitolo, vengono introdotti e commentati la formulazione matematica dei problemi di ottimizzazione proposti e i rispettivi algoritmi di soluzione. I risultati ottenuti fanno parte delle attività svolte nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca SFERE. Infine, il Capitolo 5 conclude la tesi con alcune osservazioni finali e con i possibili sviluppi dell'attività di ricerca proposta. [a cura dell'autore]
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Smart city is an approach to managing and coping with urban challenges in search for innovative solutions leading to better quality of life and sustainability in cities. Several initiatives have been undertaken, with a significant worldwide growth trend in the coming years. Such initiatives, however, may require non-trivial public investment, and failures resulting from them can have important consequences such as monetary loss, loss of reputation, reduced confidence and lack of public value. This research aims at setting a methodology in smart cities composed of a reference model and an assessment method from the Public Value perspective. These artifacts were evaluated based on the perception of 23 representatives of the Quadruple Helix (government, industry, university and citizens) and on the results of the applicability in practice, through an initial pilot evaluation, in the city of Nova Santa Rita. It follows Design Science as its epistemological paradigm and Design Science Research as its method, uniting theoretical and methodological rigor as well as practical utility for society. The results showed that the artifacts developed in this research can help in the design and assessment of smart cities in a gradual way, bringing together best practices considered intelligent and that allow for the expansion and/or generation of Public Value, consisting of a prescriptive scientific contribution. Among the contributions are the protocol, contingency and construction heuristics, which detail how these artifacts were rigorously designed and developed, under the Design Science paradigm, to solve the problem identified in this research. They are specific and useful knowledge, generated from this research, aimed at the practice and resolution of real problem, and can be used for future evolutions of the artifacts developed in the research and/or design of new artifacts, in different contexts and classes of problems.
Smart city corresponde a uma abordagem para gerenciamento e enfrentamento de desafios urbanos, em busca de solu??es inovadoras para melhor qualidade de vida e sustentabilidade nas cidades. Em raz?o disso, diversas iniciativas v?m sendo feitas, com tend?ncia de crescimento significativo nos pr?ximos anos, em ?mbito mundial. Entretanto, tais iniciativas podem requerer investimentos p?blicos n?o triviais e falhas podem ter consequ?ncias importantes como perda monet?ria, preju?zo em rela??o ? reputa??o, redu??o de confian?a e aus?ncia de valor p?blico para as partes interessadas. Este trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia em smart cities, sob a perspectiva de Valor P?blico, composta por um modelo de refer?ncia e um m?todo de avalia??o, avaliados com base na percep??o de 23 representantes da Qu?drupla H?lice (governo, ind?stria, universidade e cidad?os) e nos resultados da aplicabilidade na pr?tica, por meio de uma primeira avalia??o piloto, na cidade ga?cha de Nova Santa Rita. Adota Design Science como paradigma epistemol?gico e Design Science Research como m?todo de pesquisa, unindo rigor te?rico-metodol?gico e utilidade pr?tica para a sociedade. Os resultados mostraram que os artefatos desenvolvidos nessa pesquisa podem ajudar na concep??o e na avalia??o de smart cities de um modo gradual, reunindo melhores pr?ticas consideradas inteligentes, que possibilitam amplia??o e/ou gera??o de Valor P?blico, consistindo numa contribui??o cient?fica de car?ter prescritivo. Entre as contribui??es t?m-se tamb?m o protocolo, as heur?sticas contingenciais e de constru??o, que detalham como esses artefatos foram projetados e desenvolvidos com rigor, sob o paradigma de Design Science, para a resolu??o do problema identificado nessa pesquisa. Constituem conhecimento espec?fico e ?til, gerado a partir da pesquisa, voltado ? pr?tica e ? resolu??o de um problema real, podendo ser usado para futuras evolu??es dos artefatos desenvolvidos na pesquisa e/ou no projeto de novos artefatos, em diferentes contextos e classes de problemas.

The article presents the results of a study of foreign practices of "smart" city concept implementation in territories with uneven landscape. Territories located in the foothills with a significant height difference from 0 to 600 meters above sea level are considered as territories with an uneven landscape. The study addresses the problem of assessing the management readiness level of cities to determine relevant experience for its implementation in the Russian Federation. The authors of the study developed seven criteria for assessing the readiness of cities to implement the "smart" city concept, using the elaborated method of the management readiness level determination. The study was conducted on the basis of an expert assessment of criteria and subsequent ranking of cities according to their integral indicators. The authors conclude that due to the similarity of the geographical and demographic characteristics of Bilbao and Cuenca with the regions of the North Caucasus, as well as the high management readiness level of these cities, their experience is applicable to the Russian Federation.

This article shows that the deployment of modern high-tech companies in the regions affects the development of smart cities. In particular, it was noted that high-tech companies not only create high-tech products, but also are an example of optimization of management processes, economical consumption of various types of resources, and also serve as one of the factors for the accumulation of intellectual capital and the quality of life of the population in the regions. It is shown that modern advanced technologies of a smart city affect not only the social aspects of the region’s development, serve to improve its legislative, managerial and social foundations, but also encourage megacities to solve the problems of efficient use of the environment.

The building and construction industry has witnessed many developments over the past few years. The most important of these developments is the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM technologies have contributed to the development of this industry significantly. So far, they have been used at the level of individual buildings and projects. Nowadays, the continuous need for development is forcing the transition to BIM on a wider level to include cities, through integration with other systems, mainly Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The integration between BIM and GIS will contribute to obtaining digital models for cities, or so-called City Information Modeling (CIM). CIM will contribute significantly to supporting the decision-making process, in addition to developing urban planning processes for cities. Furthermore, the CIM models will form the base for creating digital twins in order to conduct smart cities projects. In this research paper, we will explain how to take advantage of the overlap and integration between BIM and GIS in order to create a CIM model for a small region, as exemplified by Nizhny Novgorod in the Russian Federation. The area studied includes four main properties (a school, a garage, and two residential properties).

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components. The tight integration of a wide range of heterogeneous components enables new functionality and quality of life improvements in critical infrastructures such as smart cities, intelligent buildings, and smart energy systems. One approach to study CPS uses both simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) to test the physical dynamics of hardware in a controlled environment. However, because CPS experiment design may involve domain experts from multiple disciplines who use different simulation tool suites, it can be a challenge to integrate the heterogeneous simulation languages and hardware interfaces into a single experiment. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is working on the development of a universal CPS environment for federation (UCEF) that can be used to design and run experiments that incorporate heterogeneous physical and computational resources over a wide geographic area. This development environment uses the High Level Architecture (HLA), which the Department of Defense has advocated for co-simulation in the field of distributed simulations, to enable communication between hardware and different simulation languages such as Simulink® and LabVIEW®. This paper provides an overview of UCEF and motivates how the environment could be used to develop energy experiments using an illustrative example of an emulated heat pump system.

This report is an outcome of close collaboration between the Australia-Brazil Smart City Research and Practice Network's member institutions. The report focuses on understanding the smartness levels of the Brazilian capital cities through the lens of a smart city performance assessment framework. This report focuses on Brazilian cities to develop an evaluation model for smart cities and bring metrics that contribute to public managers seeking balance and smartness in the life of their cities. The smart city concept in this report concerns of smart economy, smart society, smart environment, smart governance, and smart technology domains that seek community-enabled technology and policy to deliver productivity, innovation, livability, well-being, sustainability, accessibility, and good governance and planning.

Este relatório é resultado de uma estreita colaboração entre as instituições membros da Australia-Brazil Smart City Research and Practice Network. Essa pesquisa traz um modelo de avaliação para Cidades Inteligentes com foco nas cidades brasileiras com o objetivo de trazer métricas e contribuir com os gestores públicos a fim de buscar o equilíbrio na vida das cidades. As cidades inteligentes neste estudo estão com olhar sob os aspectos de economia inteligente, sociedade inteligente, Meio Ambiente Inteligente, Governança inteligente e tecnologia inteligente e busca Habilitado pela comunidade, tecnologia e política para entregar produtividade, inovação, habitabilidade, bem-estar, sustentabilidade, acessibilidade e boa Governança e planejamento. Este documento se propõe a demonstrar aos gestores públicos, por meio de indicadores de produtividade e inovação, habitabilidade e bem-estar, sustentabilidade e acessibilidade, governança e planejamento, conectividade e Inovação na performance das cidades nos quesitos apresentados.